Delhi Public School

Kolar Road Bhopal

Subject –Biology (Notes)
Class -X
Chapter-8 : PART II
TOPIC: Sexual Reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS :-

Structure of Flower(Longitudinal section)

Flower consists of four parts:

a) Calyx
b) Corolla
c)Androecium
d) Gynoecium
 PARTS OF FLOWER WITH FUNCTIONS

FLOWER

SEPALS PETALS STAMENS CARPEL

PROTECTION ATTRACTION OF
FLOWERS

GERM CELLS

STAMEN
CARPEL

PRODUCES PRODUCES
MALE GAMETE FEMALE
GAMETE

POLLEN
OVA/EGG
TYPES OF FLOWER ON THE BASIS OF REPRODUCTIVE PARTS
:-
▪ Unisexual : Contain either stamen or carpel. Example :
Papaya, watermelon, cucumber etc.

▪ Bisexual : They contain both stamen and carpel.

Example : Hibiscus, gram, mustard etc.

CARPEL

STIGMA OVARY
STYLE

(STICKY), TERMINAL (SWOLLEN), BOTTOM

PART (ELEGATED), MIDDLE PART
PART

Fertilization :-
▪ The fusion of male and female gamete to form zygote is
called Fertilization.
▪ Zygote is capable of growing into a new plant.

Pollination :-
▪ The transfer of pollen grain from stamen to stigma is
called pollination.
 POLLINATION

SELF POLLINATION CROSS POLLINATION

TRANSFER OF POLLEN TRANSFER OF POLLEN

GRAINS IN THE SAME GRAINS FROM ONE
FLOWETR OR FLOWER TO ANOTHER
DIFFERENT FLOWERS FLOWER.
OF SAME PLANT.

Agents of pollination :-
▪ Wind
▪ Insects
▪ Animals
▪ Water
Germination of pollen on stigma :-
 ▪ Pollen grains land on the suitable stigma to reach the
female germ cell which are in the ovary.
▪ As pollen grains germinates the pollen tube grows out
of the pollen grain and travels in the style to reach the
ovary.
▪ The pollen grain contains two male gamete.
▪ It enters the ovary through a small opening called
micropyle.
▪ One male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form
zygote and this is called fertilization.
▪ The second male gamete fuses with the polar nuclei
(central cell) to form the endo sperm (it provides
nutrition to the developing embryo)
▪ Since fertilization takes place two times it is termed as
double fertilization.
POST FERTILIZATION CHANGES:
Zygote divides several times to form embryo.
• Ovule develops a tough coat & gradually
develops into seed.
• Ovary grows rapidly & ripens to form fruit.
• The petals, sepals, stamen ,style & stigma may
falloff.
GERMINATION:
The seed contains the Future plant /embryo
which develops into seedling under appropriate
condition .This is called germination.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

Primary sex organs:

Testes: (Plural) ,Testi ( Singular) : Produce germ cells/sperms.
Penis (Copulatory organs): It delivers the germ cells or the
sperms to the site of fertilization.
FUNCTION OF TESTES:
a) Produce germ cell/the sperm
b) Secretion of the hormone testosterone.
LOCATION OF TESTES AND WHY:
a) Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity and
inside the scrotum.
b) They are located outside because sperm production
requires 2℃ to 3 ℃ lower temperature than that of
 body .Due to lower temperature sperms do not die or
degenerated.
FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE:
a) Regulation of formation of sperms.
b) Changes in the appearance of boys during puberty.
WHAT IS SPERM: Sperms are tiny bodies that consist of
mainly genetic materials and long tail that helps them to
move towards female germ cell.
FUNCTION OF VAS DEFERENS:
They are tube like structure that carry sperms from the testes
to the seminal vesicles.
ACCESSORY GLANDS:
A) SEMINAL VESICLES: It has alkaline medium that provides
nutrition to sperms.
B) PROSTATE GLANDS:It provides fluid to make transport
easy and provides nutrition to sperms.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

The female reproductive system in humans in entirely within
the pelvic cavity. It comprises of the following structures:

PRIMARY SEX ORGANS:

OVARIES: a) production of ova/egg.

b. Secretion of hormones oestrogen and Progesterone.

PARTS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

Ovaries: They give rise to the female gamete or the egg.
Each ovary releases one egg alternatively each month.
Ovulation is the process of release of an egg from either one
of the ovaries.
• Fallopian tubes: Also known as the oviducts, these tubes
arise from the ovaries. Their function is to carry the egg
once it is released into the uterus.
• It is the site of fertilization.
• Uterus: It is a highly elastic bag where implantation of
zygote takes place.
• Cervix: Is a circular muscle ring that is connection
between uterus & vagina.
• Vagina: The vagina functions as the pathway sperms.
What happens when egg is fertilised:
a) Formation of zygote.
b) Implantation of Zygote in uterine wall.
c) Division & development of Zygote.
d) The uterine wall thickens & becomes highly
vascularised.
PLACENTA: This is a disc shape tissue which are embedded
in the uterine wall through which the embryo gets nutrition
from the mother’s blood.It contains villi on the embryo side of
tissue. On the mother’s side blood spaces are present that
surrounds villi.
Functions:
a) It transfers glucose & oxygen from mother to the embryo.
b) It collects the waste from the embryo & sends to the
mother’s blood.
What happens when egg is not fertilised:
a) Uterine wall ruptures.
b) As a result the lining of uterus slowly breaks & sheds off
through vagina as blood & mucous.
c) It lasts for 2-3 days & is repeated after every 28 days.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES:

A)Bacterial Infection: Gonorrhoea, Syphilis

B) Viral Infection: AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
 HIV: Human ImmunoVirus
Q. How to prevent STD’S?
Ans: By using Physical Barrier: Condoms
Contraceptive measures:

Mechanical Barrier Hormonal Barrier Surgical barrier

Mechanical Barrier: Stops the entry of sperms into vagina.
Eg: Male condoms, Female condoms, vaginal caps, copper T
loops, Cervical caps
Hormonal Barrier: Stops the release of egg & thus stops the
fertlization .
Eg: Oral pills. They too have side effects.
Surgical Barrier: If the vas deferens is blocked, then sperm
transfer be prevented. This is called Vasectomy.
The fallopian tube is blocked in female so egg will not reach
to the uterus. This is called Tubectomy.