GROUP 1:
Gender-BasedViolence
Refers to any harm perpetrated against a person’s will
on the basis of gender, the socially ascribed differences
between males and females.
In the Philippines, gender-based violence has
clearly been placed in the realm of women’s
humanrights over thepast decade. Prior to 1993, most
governments regarded violence against women largely
as a private matter between individuals.
Gender-based violence cuts across public and
private spheres, including home, school and work, and
takes place during peace time and conflict. It is both a
human rights and a development issue, with negative
consequences for both women and men.
Gender-based violence experienced by women and girls
refers to battering and other forms of intimate partner
violence including:
Rape, Sexual Violence, Dowry-related violence, Female
infanticide, Sexual abuse of female children in the
household, Honor crimes, Early marriage, Forced
marriage, female genital cutting
CONSEQUENCESOF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
These consequences include serious, immediate, and
long-term impacts on the sexual, physical, and
psychological health of survivors.
HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
-include unwanted pregnancies, complications from
unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted infections
including HIV, injuries, mental health, and psychosocial
effects. Violence also affects children’s survival,
development, and school participation.
SOCIALCONSEQUENCE
-extend to families and communities. Families can also
be stigmatized as a consequence of gender-based
violence.
ECONOMICCONSEQUENCES
-include the cost of public health and social welfare
systems and the reduced ability of many survivors to
participate in social and economic life.
SURVIVOR
- Is the preferred term (not a "victim") of a person who
has lived through an incident of gender - based violence
PERPETRATOR
is a person, group, or in institution that inflicts,
supports, or condones violence or other abuse against a
person or group of persons.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERPETRATORSINCLUDE:
Persons with real or perceived power;
Persons In decision-making positions; and
Person in authority
In all incidents of GBV, there is always a survivor/victim
and perpetrator. Therefore, all actions in the prevention
and responses to GBV need to address both the survivor
and the perpetrator
Three important Concepts behind Gender-Based
Violence
POWER
- perpetrators can have “real” or “perceived” power.
There are different types of Power and powerful people
such as:
a.Social – peer pressure, bullying, leader, teacher,
parents The ability of one person (or group) to get
others to do his or her will
b.Economic – the perpetrator controls money or access
to goods/services/money/favors; sometimes the
husband or the father
c.Political – elected leaders, discriminatory laws,
President of the United States
d.Physical – strength, size, use of weapons, controlling
access or security; soldiers, police, robbers, gangs
e.Gender-based (social) – males are usually in a more
powerful position than females
f.Age-related – often, the young and elderly people
have the least power
USEOFFORCE/VIOLENCE
- “Force” might be physical, emotional, social or
economic in nature. It may also involve coercion or
pressure. Force also includes intimidation, threats,
persecution or other forms of psychological or social
pressure. Violence consists of the use of physical force
or other means of coercion such as threat, inducement
or promise of a benefit to obtain something from a
weaker or more vulnerable person. Using violence
involve forcing someone to do something against
her/his will – use of force.
INFORMEDCONSENT
-Consent means saying “yes,” agreeing to something.
Informed consent means making as an informe choice
freely and voluntarily by persons in an equal power
relationship.
Acts of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) occur without
informed consent. Even if she says “yes,” this is not true
consent because it was said under duress – the
perpetrator(s) used some kind of force to get her to say
yes. Children (under age 18) are deemed unable to give
informed consent for acts such as female genital cutting
(FGC), marriage and sexual relations.
CYCLE OFVIOLENCE
-The cycle of violence refers to repeated acts of violence
in a relationship. It starts with minor incidents and
moves on to more serious levels of violence. The cycle
of violence may start in a child who is a victim or
witness to violence and may be repeated when the child
becomes an adult.
-The impact of being a victim or a witness on a child is
traumatic. -When children understand that violence is
not acceptable, they will grow up into adults who
respect other people.
GROUP 2:
The 1987 Constitution
The Philippines is know for its very liberal and
progressive Constitution that was formulated during the
euphoria of People Power Revolution in 1986. Gender
equality is a key element of this Charter and as
enshrined in Article II Section 14 of the 1987
Constitution, "the State recognizes the role of women in
nation-building and shall ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of women and men."
Various Laws Promoting Gender Equality
Legal Government Code of 1991
Provides for the election of sectoral representation,
including women, in local legislative councils.
Party List Law
Provides for the creation of women- oriented or
women- based parties to compete under the party-list
system.
Labor Code (1989)
Covers issues, such as night work prohibition,
species that employers must provide special facilities
for women, prohibition of discrimination against
women in respect to terms and conditions of
employment, and prohibition of discrimination by
reason of marriage of a woman worker.
WOMEN IN NATION BUILDING LAW
Republic act 7192 (1991) is an act promoting the
integration of women as full and equal partners of men
in development and nation building.
1998 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
Gave filipino women the right to own land that
previously reverted to sons and other male family
members.
Republic Act 7688 (1994)
An act giving representation to women in social security
commission.
Anti Sexual Harassment Law. RA 7877 (1995)
An act declaring sexual harassment to be an lawful in
the employment, education, or training environment.
Republic Act 7822 (1995)
An act providing assistance to women engaging in micro
and cottage business enterprises.
Republic Act 8355 (1997)
An act expanding the definition of the crime of rape,
reclassifying the same as a crime against persons.
Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive Development
(1995- 2025).
The National Philippine Plan for Gender Women that
consolidates the action commitments of the Philippines
during the Beijing World Conference on Women. This is
the overall frame that is also the point of reference for
the discussions and monitoring of gender
mainstreaming.
Gender and Development Budget (GAD).
Integral to the national plan, it is aimed
“institutionalizing gender concerns in the mainstream
development process and agenda and not just
peripheral programs and projects of the government.”
Concretely, it prescribes for the allocation of 5%of the
government agency's/local government unit's budget
on gender- responsive activities and projects.
Framework Plan for Women (FPW)
This is part of the Philippine Plan for Women developed
to focus on three thrusts, namely promoting women's
economic empowerment advance and protect women
human rights; and promote gender responsive
governance. This plan identifies to concrete gender
issues that will be addressed pinpoint targets and
indicators, name program formulates the
implementation plan, and set-up tools for monitoring
and evaluation.
Women's Right to Participate
Women's expressions of involvement in civil society
could be through organizing along gender-specific
issues and formation of all-women groups within broad
coalitions as power-enhancing mechanisms. Groups
such as the PILIPINA feminist movement, the militant
GABRIELA women's group, the Ugnayan ng Kababaihan
sa Pulitika (UKP- Network of Women in Politics), the
KILOS KABARO (Act Sisters Coalition), and SIBOL
Legislative Network have trail blazed women advocacies
both in policies and in legislations.
Women's Involvement in Civil Society
Women's expressions of involvement in civil society
could be through organizing along gender-specific
issues and formation of all-women groups within broad
coalitions as power-enhancing mechanisms. Groups
such as the PILIPINA feminist movement, the militant
GABRIELA women's group, the Ugnayan ng Kababaihan
sa Pulitika (UKP- Network of Women in Politics), the
KILOS KABARO (Act Sisters Coalition), and SIBOL
Legislative Network have trail blazed women advocacies
both in policies and in legislations.
WOMEN AND EDUCATION
The Philippine educational system is a combination of
public and private institutions with the State providing
free education for elementary and secondary levels.
Artcle XIV, Section 2
Establish and maintain, a system of free public
education in the elementary and high school levels.
Without limiting the natural rights of parents to rear
their children, elementary education is compulsory for
all children of school age
ONE GLARING ISSUE
Gender stereotyping of fields of study and specialization
and its onward translation into the world of work.
Lesson 18 "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR
CHILDREN ACT" REPUBLIC ACT NO.9262
Republic Act 9262 or Anti Violence Against Women and
their Children (Anti-VAWC) Act of 2004.
Important features of the law include:
#1 Four kinds of violence against women and children
are defined.(Physical,Psychological, Sexual and
Economic)
#2 VAWC is a public crime
#3 Protection orders can be issued against the
perpetrator
#4 Stronger community mechanisms to respond to
cases
Protection Order
An order issued for the purpose of preventing further
acts of violence against a woman and her child specified
in Section of this Act and granting other necessary
relief.
The Law enumerates the following reliefs that may be
availed of through a protection order:
1. Prohibition of the respondent (perpetrator) from
threatening to commit or committing personally or
through another, any of the acts penalized by the Anti-
VAWC law;
2. Prohibition of the respondent from harassing,
annoying, telephoning, contacting, or otherwise,
communicating with the petitioner (victim- survivor)
directly or indirectly;
3. Removal and exclusion of the respondent from the
residence of the petitioner whether temporarily or
permanently;
4. Directing the respondent to stay away from the
petitioner and any designated family or household
member at a distance specified by the court;
5. Directing lawful possession and use by the petitioner
of an automobile and other personal effect regardless
of ownerships;
6. Granting a temporary or permanent custody of a
child/children to the petitioner;
7. Directing the respondent to provide support to the
woman and/or her children if entitled of legal support;
8. Prohibition of the respondent from any use or
possession of any firearm or deadly weapon and order
him to surrender the same to the court for appropriate
disposition by the court including revocation of license
and disqualification to apply for any license to use or
possess a firearm;
9. Restitution for actual damages caused by the violence
inflicted, including, but not limited to, property damage,
medical expenses, childcare expenses and loss of
income;
10. Directing the DSWD or any appropriate agency to
provide petitioner may need; and
11. Provision of such other forms of relief as the court
deems necessary to protect and provide for the safety
of the petitioner and any designated family or
household member, provided petitioner.
Rights of Victim-Survivors of VAWC Cases
Section 35 Right of Victims
In addition to their rights under existing laws, victims of
violence against women and their children shall have
the following rights:
(a) to be trated with respect and dignity;
(b) to avail of legal assistance from the Public Attorney's
Office and the Department of Justice or any public legal
assistance office;
(c) to be entitled to all legal remedies and support as
provided for under the Family Code; and
(d) to be entitled to support services from the DSWD
and the LGU's
(e) to be informed of their right to apply for a
protection order
DUTIES OF NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
OFFICES
Section 39 of RA 9262 provides for the creation of the
Inter-Agency Council on Violence against Women and
their children (IAC-VAWC), which shall formulate
gender-sensitive programs and projects according to
their respective agency mandates, including capability
building programs for their employees.
The IAC-VAWC consists of the following agencies:
The implementing rules and regulations of the Anti-
VAWC Act state the following duties and responsibilities
of LGUs or the Barangay in addressing VAWC cases,
apart from the issuances of Barangay Protection Orders:
*Section 47. Duties and Functions of Barangay Officials-
In order to eliminate violence against women and their
children, barangay officials shall:
(a) undertake an education program on Republic Act
No. 9262 and on violence against women and their
children and why it exists, the rights and remedies of
victim-survivors, and the duties of residents and all
barangay officials.
(b) have a family violence prevention program, including
peer counseling for men;
(c) support organizing efforts and development
programs for women in the community;
(d) prioritize livelihood projects for victim survivors.
(e) involve women in planning and implementation of
all programs and projects in the barangay.
(f) have an Anti-VAWC desk officer in the barangay who
shall coordinate a one-stop help desk. As much as
possible, this help desk shall be open for 24 hours.
(g) ensure that all barangay officials,barangay health
workers, barangay nutrition scholars, other barangay
workers, and tanod or barangay security officers
undergo gender sensitivity seminars to enable them to
respond to victims of violence;
(h) develop a system to document and report cases of
VAWC and assistance program to victims thereof; and
(i) if applicable/ necessary, prescribe additional
guidelines and standards provided that these are
consistent with the act.
LESSON 19: LAWS AND POLICIES ON VIOLENCE AND
DISCRIMINATION OF THE MEMBER OF LGBTQ+
ANG LADLAD LGBT PARTY VS. COMELEC
ANG LADLAD
Ang Ladlad was a political organization composed of
members of the Filipino LGBT community. And it was
founded on September 1, 2003 by Danton Remoto
The COMELEC denied the petition of the ANGLADLAD to
become a partylist.
2006- Petition Denied Due to the lacked members.
2009- Petition Denied due to Immorality.
VIOLENCE AND DISCRIMINATION
Despite of the widespread anecdotal evidence of crimes
perpetrated against the LGBTQ+ Community in the
Philippines most data on these case have not
undergone to official verification & collation.
In March 2016, The trans Murdered Monitoring Or the
TMM project listed 41 reported Cases Of transgender
people murdered in the Country since 2008.
JENNIFER LAUDE “JEFFREY”
Born on November 4, 1987, Died on October 11,
2014 (26 Years old)
She was engaged to a German national named
Marc Sueselbeck.
Killed By U.S.
Marine Lance Cpl. Joseph Scott Pemberton
VIOLENCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST LGBTQ+
YOUTH IN EDUCATION
A. ANTI-BULLYING ACT OF 2013 (REPUBLIC ACT 10627)
- INCLUDES GENDER-BASED BULLYING AS A PROHIBITED
AND PUNISHABLE ACT.
B. CHILD PROTECTION POLICY 2012 -THIS POLICY
INCLUDES THE PROTECTION OF STUDENTS FROM ANY
FORM OF VIOLENCE REGARDLESS OF THEIR SEXUAL
ORIENTATION OR GENDER IDENTITY.
C. SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD
ABUSE, EXPLOITATION, AND DISCRIMINATION ACT OF
1992 (ANTI-CHILD ABUSE ACT OR REPUBLIC ACT 7610)
-PARENTS OF CHILDREN WHO SUFFER ABUSE AT THE
HANDS OF TEACHERS OR MEMBERS OF THE SCHOOL'S
ADMINISTRATION VIOLATES RA 7610 OR THE ANTI-
CHILD ABUSE ACT.
VIOLENCE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST LGBTQ+ IN
THE WORKPLACE
A. THE LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 442)
-the national law covering employment for the private
sector in the Philippines. With the exception of
prohibitions against discrimination of women, it does
not contain any provision that prohibits discrimination
on the basis of gender identity particularly on the
members of the LGBTQ+. Nonetheless, while the law is
quiet on gender identity and expression, it is clear in its
Declaration of Policy (Article 3) that the “State shall
afford protection to labor, promote full employment
ensure equal work opportunities.”
B. CSC NO. 01-0940 THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION'S
POLICY ON ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT
-The Civil Service Commission Administrative
Disciplinary Rules on Sexual Harassment Cases includes
other less grave, punishable offences. These include
prohibiting “derogatory and degrading remarks or
innuendoes directed toward the members of one's sex
or one's sexual orientation or used to describe a
person.”
NAME AND GENDER MARKER CHANGES
On November 26, 2002, petitioner Rommel Jacinto
Dantes Silverio filed a petition for the change of his first
name and sex in his birth certificate in the Regional Trial
Court of Manila, Branch 8. The petition, docketed as SP
Case No. 02-105207, impleaded the civil registrar of
Manila as respondent
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that there was no
mistake to be corrected as the birth record is not
dispute, as the sex of the person was determined by the
birth attendant at the time of birth. It elaborated that
sex as term does not contemplate inclusion of persons
who have undergone “sex reassignment”. Likewise, it
argued that allowing her to change her name and
gender maker will alter established laws on marriage
and family relations.
On December 11, 2003,respondent Jennifer
Cagandahan filed a Petition for Correction of Entries in
Birth Certificate2 before the RTC, Branch 33 of Siniloan,
Laguna.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Civil Register of
Pakil, Laguna is hereby ordered to make the following
corrections in the birth
[c]ertificate of Jennifer Cagandahan upon payment of
the prescribed fees:
a) By changing the name from Jennifer Cagandahan to
JEFF CAGANDAHAN; and
b) By changing the gender from female to MALE.
IT IS LIKEWISE ORDERED THAT PETITIONER’S
SCHOOL RECORDS, VOTER’S REGISTRY, BAPTISMAL
CERTIFICATE, AND OTHER PERTINENT RECORDS ARE
HEREBY AMENDED TO CONFORM WITH THE
FOREGOING CORRECTED DATA.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
INTRODUCTION
1. SOGIE- AN ACRONYM FOR SEXUAL ORIENTATION,
GENDER IDENTITY, AND EXPRESSION. THIS IS AN ASPECT
OF THE GENDER OF PERSON WHICH MUST BE
CONSIDERED AND GIVEN ATTENTION.
2. ANTI-DISCRIMINATORY BILL- PROPOSED LEGISLATION
BEFORE THE PHILIPPINE CONGRESS INTENDED TO
PREVENT VARIOUS ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC
ACCOMMODATION- RELATED ACTS OF
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PEOPLE BASED ON THEIR
SOGIE.
UNIVERSAL POLICY
Articles 2(1), 3, and 26 of the convention provide for the
respect, equality, and non-discrimination of all
individuals on the ground of inter alia, race, and sex.
In the landmark decision of Toonen v Australia in 1994,
it is found not only that the reference to “sex” in Article
2(1) and 26 must be taken to include sexual orientation,
but also that the law which criminalizes consensual
homosexual acts expressly violate the privacy of the
law.
NATIONAL AND LOCAL POLICIES
Presently, the Anti-Discriminatory Bill is still pending
before Congress. This bill is expected to be signed into
law before the end of the Duterte Administration. Prior
to these bills, several LGUs have enacted ordinances
and resolutions to address these issues.
GERALDINE ROMAN
“Our fight for equality never stops,” says Bataan 1st
District Representative Geraldine Roman, the first
transgender lawmaker in the Philippines.
SEN. RIZA HONTIVEROS
It took over a year before it “received enough
signatures to report it out on the floor.”- Hontiveros.
TITO SOTTO
“Anti-discrimination on persons, p’wede. Pero focused
on gays, which the SOGIE bill is, and religious and
academic freedom impeded plus smuggling of same-sex
marriage? No chance!”-Tito Sotto.
QUEZON CITY/ALBAY/BACOLOD/ANGELES CITY
In Quezon City, anti-discrimination in employment was
enacted in 2004 and LGBT-friendly provisions are
supplemented in the Quezon City Gender and
Development Ordinance. Albay Province and Bacolod
City passed an anti-discrimination ordinance. Angeles
City not only passed anti-discrimination legislation but
created a Gay Rights Desk as well.
REPRESENTATIVE RAYMOND PALATINO OF THE
KABATAAN PARTY-LIST FILED HOUSE RESOLUTION
NO.1333, WHICH SEEKS TO INVESTIGATE PREJUDICIAL,
DISCRIMINATORY, AND UNJUST PRACTICES AND
POLICIES AGAINST LGBTQIA+ STUDENTS IMPLEMENTED
AND TOLERATED IN SCHOOLS, PARTNERING WITH THE
DEPED AND OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.
IN MAY OF 2012, THE DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION ISSUED DEPED ORDER NO. 40 OR,“THE
DEPED CHILD PROTECTION POLICY” TO GUARANTEE
THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS FROM ANY
FORM OF VIOLENCE, ABUSE OR EXPLOITATION
REGARDLESS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER
IDENTITY.
EFFECT OF STATE DISCRIMINATION IN SOCIETY
THE STATES'S TREATMENT OF LGBT
INDIVIDUALS INTENSIFIES DISCRIMINATION ON THE
BASIS OF SOGIE WITHIN PHILIPPINES SOCIETY AND
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS.
BEING YOUNG AND NOT CONFORMING TO THE
GENDER ROLES ASSIGNED TO ONE'S SEX INCREASES THE
RISK OF DISCCRIMINATION AND ABUSE FOR LGBT
PERSONS. THE VICTIMIZATION IS AGGRAVATED BY THE
ABSENCE OF SUPPORT MECHANISMS AND SCHOOL
SUPPLIES ADDRESSING THIS CONCERN, AS WELL AS THE
FAILURE OF SCHOOLS TO SAFEGUARD STUDENTS FROM
BEING ABUSED BY OTHER STUDETNS, STAFF,
ADMINISTRATORS, ANG TEACHERS.
HOMOPHOBIA - dislike of or prejudice against gay
people
LGBT Youth are often targeted by parents who,
upon discovering their child's sexual orientation and/or
gender identity.
DISCRIMINATION BY THE CATHOLIC
THE CATHOLIC BISHOPS CONFERENCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES (CBCP) AND EPISCOPAL COMMISION ON
FAMILY AND LIFE (ECFL) HAS BEEN FERVENTLY
DEMANDING CONGRESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF "SEX,
GENDER, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER
IDENTITY" IN THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-
DISCRIMINATION ORDINANCES FILED IN THE SENATE
AND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, CLAIMING
THAT ITS INCLUSION WILL ONLY "CREATE PROBLEMS
REGARDING ETHICS, MARRIAGE, THE FAMILY AND
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM" AND REASONS THAT "THE
DIFFERENCE IN SEX OR GENDER DOES NOT BELONG TO
THE SAME LEVEL AS THE DIFFERENCE IN RACE, COLOR,
RELIGION, OR ETHNICITY"
Antagonists of the anti- disccrimination bill
claim that the passage of an anti-disdcrimination
legislation will open the door for the same-sex
marriages.
PARTICIPATION OF THE MEMBERS OF LGBTQ+ IN
PUBLIC LIFE
ARTICLE 25 OF THE CONVENTION
“TO PROVIDE FOR THE RIGHT OF EACH CITIZEN TO
PARTICIPATE IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS, TO VOTE, AND TO
HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE
COUNTRY.”
DISCRIMINATION IN THE MILITARY
·PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION (ARTICLE 2) - TO ADMITS
GAY, LESBIANS AND BISEXUAL PERSONS IN MILITARY
AND POLICE SERVICES.
·THERE IS ALSO AN ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED
FROM LGBT APPLICANTS AND CADETS THAT
DEMONSTRATES LINGERING PREJUDICE AND NEGATIVE
STEREOTYPES.
·THE GENERALIZED NEGATIVE STEREOTYPING OF LGBT
PERSONSAND THE MISCONCEPTION THAT A PERSON’S
SEXUAL ORIENTATION DEFINES ONE’S GENDER
EXPRESSION.
·THE UNIFIED OUTPUT CAN RESULT TO A CLASS
PROGRAM OR ACTIVITY ADDRESSING DISCRIMINATION
CONCERN.
LESSON 21: UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL HARASSMENT
SEXUAL HARASSMENT- It is an act or a series of acts
involving any unwelcome sexual advances, request, or
demand for a sexual favor, or other verbal or physical
behavior of a sexual nature, committees by a
government employee or official in a work-related,
training; or education-related environment.
Sexual Harassment
Harassment and Sexual Harassment are
recognized as a form of discrimination on the grounds
of sex. Like many other crimes, sexual harassment is all
about power, control, and domination. In the
Philippines, Republic Act No. 7877 or the "Anti-Sexual
Harassment Act of 1995“.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT
1. NATURAL/BIOLOGICAL THEORY
According to this model, men have stronger sex drives,
and are therefore, biologically motivated to engage in
sexual pursuit of women. A key strength of
Natural/Biological perspective is that it acknowledges
the innate human instincts potentially during sexually
aggressive behavior.
2. SEX ROLE SPILLOVER THEORY
This theory is based on the proposition of irrelevant
gender-based role expectations that individuals bring to
the workplace in guiding their interactions with women.
Men hold role perceptions of women based on their
traditional role in our culture.
3. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY
This theory proposes that sexual harassment results
from the opportunities presented by power and
authority relations which derive from hierarchical
structures of organizations.
4. SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
Socio-Cultural theories examine the wider social and
political context in which sexual harassment is created
and occurs. According to this perspective, sexual
harassment is a logical consequence of the gender
inequality and sexism that already exists in society
(Gutek 1985; Thomas and Kitzinger 1997).
5. FEMINIST THEORY
According to the feminist perspective, sexual
harassment is linked to the sexist male ideology of male
dominance and male superiority in the society.
Therefore, feminists theories view sexual harassment as
the product of a gender system maintained by a
dominant, normative form of masculinity.
RELEVANCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT THEORIES
An interpretation of these theoretical
perspectives reveals that both biologically, as well as
socio-culturally, men happen to have always occupied a
dominant position over women in societies, of which
the workplace are only a part.
Considerable data have accumulated confirming
that harassment is widespread in both the public
(Culbertson et al. 1992; Fitzgerald el al. 1997) and the
private sectors and it has significant consequences for
the employees health and psychological well being
(Fitzgerald 1993; Schneider et al. 1997)
Philippine Laws on Sexual Harassment Republic
Act No. 7877, or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of
1995 (RA 71377), is the governing law for work-,
education-, or training-related sexual harassment.
SPECIFICALLY IN A WORK-RELATED OR EMPLOYMENT
ENVIRONMENT. SEXUAL HARASSMENT COMMITED
WHEN:
1. The sexual favor is made as a condition in the hiring
or in the employment, re-employment or continued
employment of said individual, or in granting said
individual favorable compensation, terms a conditions,
promotions, or Privileges; or the refusal to grant the
sexual favor results in limiting, segregating, or
classifying the employee which in any way would
discriminate, deprive, or diminish employment
opportunities or otherwise, adversely affect said
employee;
2. The above acts would impair the employee's rights or
privileges under existing labor laws; or
3. The above acts would result in an intimidating,
hostile, or offensive environment for the employee.
ON THE OTHER HAND, IN AN EDUCATION OR TRAINING
ENVIRONMENT. SEXUAL HARASSMENT IS COMMITTED:
A. If against one who is under the care, custody, or
supervision of the offender;
B. Against one whose education, training,
apprenticeship, or tutorship is entrusted to the
offender;
C. When the sexual favor is made a condition to the
giving of a passing grade, granting of honors and
scholarships, or the payment of a stipend, allowance or
other benefits, privileges, or consideration; or
D. When the sexual advances result in an intimidating,
hostile, or offensive environment for the student,
trainee, or apprentice.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN CIVIL SERVICE
Sexual harassment in the Civil Service is
punishable by civil service commission.
No. OI- 0940, also known as Administrative
Disciplinary Rules on sexual harassment cases.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT CAN BE COMMITTED AT THE
FOLLOWING PLACE:
1. In the premises of the workplace or office or of the
school or training institution;
2. In any place where the parties were found, as a result
of work or education or training responsibilities or
relations;
3. At work. education, or training related social
functions;
LESSON 22: WOMEN’S ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT – the process in which someone or
something grows or changes and become more
advanced.
• WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT – approach of
development projects that emerged in the 1960s,
calling for treatment of women’s issues in development
projects.
• WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT – approach comes from
the perspective that equality will be essential to
improving women’s positions, but still frames change in
terms of providing women access to the productive
sector.
• GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT – was developed in the
1980s, stepped away from both WID and WAD and was
founded in socialist-feminist ideology (Rathgeber
1990,493), The GAD approach holds that the oppression
of women stems largely from a neoliberal focus on
improving women’s reproductive and productive
capacities.
WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID)
WID (Women in Development) concept is based
on a recognition of the importance of the roles and
status of women in development process. It is meant to
give special attention to the women's role, while
extending development assistance.
The Women in Development (WID) approached
this issue, the exclusion of women from development
program and approaches. The main task, therefore, was
to improve women’s access to resources and their
participation in development. The WID approach
emphasized the importance of the integration of
women into development programs and planning.
Accordingly, this was the best way to improve women’s
position in society.
WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (WAD)
As a result of criticisms of the WID approach,
the Women and Development (WAD) approach arose in
the latter part of the 1970s. Adopting a Marxist feminist
approach, the main argument of WAD was that women
had always been part of the development processes.
WAD asserts that women have always been important
economic actors.
The main focus of WAD is on the interaction
between women and development processes rather
than purely on strategies to integrate women into
development. WAD saw both women and men as not
benefiting from the global economic structures because
of disadvantages due to class and the way wealth is
distributed. WAD argued that the integration of women
into development was to their disadvantage and only
made their inequality worse. WAD saw global
inequalities as the main problem facing poor countries
and the citizens of those countries.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
In the 1980s, further reflections on the development
experiences of women gave rise to Gender and
Development (GAD). It brought together both the
lessons learned from, and the limitations of, the WID
and WAD approaches. GAD looks at the impact of
development on both women and men. It seeks to
ensure that both women and men participate in and
benefit equally from development and so, emphasizes
equality of benefit and control. It recognizes that
women may be involved in development, but not
necessarily benefit from it. GAD is not concerned with
women exclusively, but with the way In which gender
relations allot specific roles, responsibilities, and
expectations between men and women, often to the
detriment of women.
PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
WOMEN
1. THE WELFARE APPROACH
Until the early 1970's, development programs
addressed the needs of women almost entirely within
the context of their reproductive roles. The focus was
on mother and child health, child- care, and nutrition.
POPULATION CONTROL- or family planning.
2. THE EQUITY APPROACH
Feminist calls for gender equality were
important in bringing about this approach, the main aim
of which was to eliminate discrimination.
The equity approach also dealt with both the
productive and reproductive roles as responsibility of
government.
 The equity approach, in contrast to the welfare
approach, saw women as active participants organizing
to bring about necessary changes.
3. THE ANTI- POVERTY APPROACH
This approach focuses on both the productive and
reproductive role of women with an emphasis on
satisfaction of basic needs and the productivity of
women.
4. THE EFFICIENCY APPROACH
This approach aims to have increased
production and economic growth with an emphasis on
full use of human resources. Advocates of this approach
argue that gender analysis makes good economic sense.
5. THE EMPOWEREMENT APPROACH
The aim of the empowerment approach is to increase
the self- reliance of women and to influence change at
the policy, legislative, societal, economic, and other
levels to their advantages. It's main strategy is
awareness- raising, and situates women firmly as active
participants in ensuring change takes place.
LESSON#23 GENDER INEQUALITY IN MARRIAGE AND
CRIMINAL LAWS
Gender Inequality in Marriage and Criminal Laws
MARRIAGE LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES ARE ONLY
BASED ON SEX AND NOR ON GENDER. IN THE 1987
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, MARRIAGE IS STATED AS
"AN INVIOLABLE SOCIAL INSTITUTION. IS THE
FOUNDATION OF THE FAMILY AND SHALL BE
PROTECTED BY THE STATE". (ART. W. SECTION 1987
CONSTITUTION)
- Under the Family Code, marriage is defined as
a special contract of permanent union between a man
and a woman entered into in accordance with law for
the establishment of conjugal and family life (Article 1,
The Family Code of the Philippines).
Apart from marital laws. various personal laws present
this picture of inequality in its provisions.
- The crime of adultery presents harsher
requisites than the crime of concubinage (Articles 333
and 334 of the Revised Penal Code).
- Vagrants and prostitutes pertain only to
women (Article 202 of the Revised Penal Code).
- Gender equality issues on night work
prohibition (Article 130 of the Labor Code), disputable
presumptions (Rule 131, Section 3 of the Rules of Court)
- ; and removal of criminal liability for rapists
under RA 8353 should also visited.
THE PRIMACY OF THE DECISION OF THE HUSBAND/
FATHER
UNDER THE ARTICLE 14 OF THE FAMILY CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES, IT IS PROVIDED THAT:
"Art 14. In Case either or both of the contracting
parties, not having been emancipated by a previous
marriage are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-
one, they shall, in addition to the requirements of the
preceding articles, exhibit to the local civil registrar, the
consent to their marriage of their father, mother,
surviving parent or guardian, or persons having legal
charge of them, in the Order mentioned."
ON THE ADMINISTRATION AND ENJOYMENT OF
COMMUNITY PROPERTY OR CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP,
ARTICLE 96 AND 124 OF THE FAMILY CODE PROVIDE
THAT:
“Art. 96. The administration and enjoyment of the
community property shall belong to both spouses
jointly. In case of disagreement, the husband’s decision
shall prevail, subject to recourse to the court by the
wife for proper remedy, which must be availed of within
five years from the date of the contract implementing
such decision x x x.”
“Art. 124. The administration and enjoyment of the
conjugal partnership shall belong to both spouses
jointly. In case of disagreement the husband’s decision
shall prevail, subject to recourse to the court by the
wife for proper remedy, which must be availed of within
five years from the date of the contract implementing
such decision x x x."
ON THE EXERCISE OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY OVER THE
PERSON AND LEGAL GUARDIANSHIP OVER THE
PROPERTY OF COMMON CHILDREN, ARTICLES 21 1 AND
225 OF THE FAMILY CODE STATE THAT:
"Art. 211. The father and the mother shall jointly
exercise parental authority over the persons of their
common children. In case of disagreement. the fathers
decision shall prevail, unless there is a judicial order to
the contrary x x x”
“Art. 225. The father and the mother shall jointly
exercise legal guardianship over the property of the un-
emancipated common child without the necessity of a
court appointment. In case of disagreement. the father
decision shall prevail, unless there is a indicial order to
the contrary x x x.”
"HIGHER BURDEN ON WOMEN/WIVES THAN
MEN/HUSBANDS”
The crimes of ADULTERY and CONCUBIINAGE
include the concept of MARITAL INFIDELITY. Under
Article 333 of the Revised Penal Code, Adultery
is committed by a married woman who shall have
sexual intercourse with her PARAMOUR not her
husband. and the circumstances ;
Article 334 of the Revised Penal Code Reclusion perpetua
Concubinage is committed by a married man who shall Sexual Intercourse.
have sexual intercourse with his CONCUBINE not his imprisonment from 20 to 40 years
wife. Prision mayor
Sexual Assault
"A married man is liable for Concubinage only when he imprisonment from six to 12 years
does any of the three acts specified in Article 334 of the WHERE TO GET HELP:
Revised Penal Code:" Philippine National Police (PNP)
a. keeping a mistress in the conjugal dwelling; National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
or Public Attorneys Office (DOJ-PAO)
b. having sexual intercourse under scandalous Women's Desk
circumstances with a woman who is not his wife; or DOH Hospital's Women and Children protection Unit
c. cohabiting with her in any other place. Department of Social Welfare and Development
PENALTY: (DSWD)
ADULTERY Women's Crisis Center (WCC)
The guilty wife and her paramour may
imprisoned for up to 4 to 6 years . PROSTITUTION
CONCUBINAGE - The practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate
For guilty husband may imprisoned for up to 4 sexual activity in general with someone who is not a
years and 1 day only. While his spouse or friend, in exchange of immediate payment in
Concubine may "BANISHED" but noot be imprisoned. money valuables.
CHANCES : It is applicable in Adultery and The principal cause of prostitution is poverty.
Concubinage: The main reason for prostitution in all group is
CONSENT - granted prior to the adulterous act. money.
PARDON - is given after the ilicit affair.
EXCLUSIVE DEFINITION OF PROSTITUTION
FORGIVENESS CLAUSE IN THE CRIME OF RAPE (RA 8353 - article 202 of the revised penal code,
OR THE ANTI RAPE LAW) amended by Republic Act 10158, retained the decades
ANTI-RAPE LAW (RA 8353) of old definition of prostitutes as “ woman who, for
"AN ACT EXPANDING THE DEFINITTION OF THE CRIME money or profit, habitually engaged in sexual
OF RAPE AND RECLASSIFYING THE SAME AS CRIME intercourse or lascivious conduct X X X.”
AGAINST PERSONS". OTHER CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION
Who can be a rape victim? - BAD COMPANY
Who can commit rape? - FAMI LY PROSTITUTES
Rape is committed under the following circumstances: - LACK OF SEX EDUCATION
1. A man has sexual intercourse with a woman, - PRIOR INCEST AND RAPE
> through force, threat or intimidation; when the victim - IGNORANCE AND ACCEPTANCE OF PROSTITUTION
is deprived of reason or is unconscious; "COUNTRIESWHEREPROSTITUTIONISL
>through fraudulent machination or grave abuse of EGALIZED"
authority and - Germany
>when the victim is under 12 years of age or is - Switzerland
demented, even if none of the above conditions are - Austria
present. - Greece
-QUESTION: A man/boys can be victim of Rape? - Turkey
2. Any person who, under any of the above conditions, - Netherlands
commits an act of sexual assault through oral or anal
sex or by inserting an instrument or object into the anal EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION
or genital orifice of another person.
SOCIETY INDIVIDUAL
MARITAL RAPE
HIV/AIDS
is the act of intercourse with one's spouse
MORALLY CORRUPTED
without the spouse's consent.
FAMILY CONFLICT UNWANTED PREGNANCY
How is the crime punished/penalty?
CONNECTION WITH
The penalty varies depending on the act itself
HUMAN TRAFFICKING OR SEX TRAFFICKING
PORNOGRAPHY COMES HAND IN HAND
INDIVIDUAL
EMOTIONAL CONFLICT
DRUG ABUSE
UNWANTED PREGNANCY
HEALTH PROBLEMS
INTIMACY PROBLEMS
LESSON #24: CRITIQUE ON THE RESPONSIBLE
PATENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEATH ACT OF
2012, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354 ALSO KNOWN AS
REPUBLIC HEALTH ACT LAW
Rationale of the RH Law
The "Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012" or RA 10354, also known as the "RH Law"
was primarily enacted on a vision that the poor will
have access to Reproductive Health (RH) goods and
services which they cannot afford. With this law, the
poor will likely have sufficient access to information
about the proper use and effectiveness of these RH
products.
Apparently, the failure of the market of RH
goods and services to reach marginalized women
compelled the Philippine Government to step in and
initiate measures to address this occurrence.
However, RH Law was depicted by paintings of
promoting abortion and abortifacient products thus,
sinful and frowned upon by the Catholic Church.
Elements of RH Law
The elements of the recently enacted RH Law are as
follows:
(1) family planning information and services;
(2) maternal, infant, and child health and nutrition,
including breast feeding:
(3) prevention of abortion and management of post-
abortion complications;
(4) adolescent and youth reproductive health guidance
and counseling;
(5) prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections (RTIS), HIV/AIDS, and STIS;
(6) elimination of VAWC and other forms of sexual and
GBV; CO
(7) education and counselling on sexuality and
reproductive health;
(8)treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers
and other gynecologic conditions and disorders;
(9) male responsibility and involvement and men's RH;
Salient Provisions
Midwives for skilled birth attendance
The law mandates every city and municipality to
employ an adequate number of midwives and other
skilled attendants.
Emergency obstetric care
Each province and city hall shall ensure the
establishments and operation of hospitals with
adequate facilities and qualified personnel that provide
emergency obstetric care.
Hospital based family planning
The law requires family planning services like ligation,
vasectomy, and intrauterine device (IUD) placement to
be available in all government hospitals.
Contraceptives as essential medicines
Reproductive health products shall be considered
essential medicines and supplies and shall form part of
the National Drug Formulary.
Reproductive health education
RH education shall be taught by adequately trained
teachers in age-appropriate manner.
Employers responsibilities employers employers
shall respect the reproductive health rights of all their
workers. Women shall not be discriminated against in
the matter of hiring, regulation of employment status,
or selection of retrenchment. Employers shall provide
free reproductive health services and education to
workers.
Capability building of community-based
volunteers workers
community based-workers shall undergo additional and
updated training on the delivery of reproductive health
care services and shall receive not less than 10%
increase in honoraria upon successful completion of
training.
PROHIBITED ACTS
The law also provides for penalties for persons who
perform certain prohibited acts such as the following:
Knowingly (with malicious intent)withholding or
impending dissemination of information about the
programs and services provided for in this act or
intentionally giving out incorrect information.
Refusing to perform voluntary ligation and
vasectomy and other legal and medically safe
reproductive health care services on any person of legal
age on the ground of lack of spousal consent or
authorization.
Refusing to provide reproductive health care
services to an abused minor and/ or an abused
pregnant minor, whose condition is certified by an
authorized DSWD official or personnel, even without
parental consent particularly when the parent
concerned is the perpetrator;
Refusing to extend reproductive health care
services and information on account of the patients civil
status, gender or sexual orientation, age, religion,
personal circumstances, and nature of work: provided
that all conscientious objections of health care service years after the said TRO, the FDA then certified that
providers based on religious ground shall be respected. Implanon and Implanon NXT are not abortifacients.
Requiring a female applicant or employee, as a
condition for employment or continued employment, to GENDER AND LABOR
involuntarily undergo sterilization, tubal ligation, or any LABOR – activities pertaining to developing goods and
other form of contraceptive method. deliver services for economic reasons.
LE G ISLATING RH WORKPLACE – a sector in the population engaged in
The road to the enactment of the RH Law was a economic productive activities.
painstaking path. The main blockade was the
1.EMPLOMENT SECTORS
constitutional provisions, particularly that provided in
AGRICULTURE
Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Constitution which
Women farmers do not have equal opportunity
mandates that: “The State recognizes the sanctity of
to acquire land or register it in their own name. Women
life... It shall equally protect the life of the mother and
are also hindered in their access to extension services;
the life of the unborn from conception.”
skills development, including training in management
In this regard, the 1987 Constitution itsel
and marketing skills; and improved farming equipment.
mandates that the Philippine Government must
Industry and Manufacturing
recognize the importance of life and protect the life of
The number of women working in economic
the mother and unborn. Inasmuch as artificial family
zones is estimated to represent 64% of total
planning methods (i.e. IUDs, Condoms) are labeled as
employment and may be much higher in some
“anti-life” and against conception, these are interpreted
industries such as electronics and apparel (World Bank,
to be against the sanctity of life-making them contrary
2011). Women’s share of employment in the export-
to the said fundamental law of the land. In addition,
processing zone is much greater than women’s share of
these “pro-life” groups strongly advocate the use of
the labor force as a whole, and the condition of
natural methods (i.e. Abstinence, Calendar Methods).
employment are of concern.
THE LONG POLITICAL BATLE Tourism
Talks about a unified reproductive health policy Within tourism industry, relatively few women
had been roaming the spheres of the Philippine have the educational qualifications or foreign language
Government way back the 1960s with the creation of a skills to compete for front-of-house positions in the
Population Commission as a measure of population hotel industry, as tour guides, or travel agencies, and
control to manage high fertility rates and alleviate women are more likely to be employed as
poverty. Henceforth, the backlash of the CBCP was housekeepers, waitresses, or similar low-level positions.
unrelenting.
Business Processing Outsourcing
The RH Law, which was finally enacted in 2012,
Is a business practice in which an organization
was a product of a 14-year struggle. After its enactment,
contracts with an external service provider to perform
lobbyist of this law thought that victory was already
an essential business task.
achieved. However, in March 2013, the law was
It administrates and manages the selected
challenged before the SC of the Philippines, delaying its
processes based on defined and measurable
full implementation. A year after, the law was held to be
performance metrics.
valid, except for clauses therein, that allowed minors to
According to Philippines Information
access reproductive health services without the written
Technology-Business Process Outsourcing that, it is not
consent of a guardian and penal measures for
gender responsive and does not address women’s
government officials who did not implement the Law.
constraints in accessing higher paid work in non-voice
In 2015, a further temporary restraining order
services, as well as the pay differential between men
(TRO) issued again by the nation’s SC prevented the
and women, and employment conditions, it requires
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Philippines
specific government attention.
from procuring, distributing, or issuing new certificates
Government Services
of product registration on more than 50 different
Public sector employment is an important
contraceptives, allowing many licenses to eventually
source of jobs.
expire.
Gender Equality and Women’s empowerment
The TRO was launched after the FDA registered
are part of the sustainable development goals. The
a contraceptive implant called Implanon, which
Philippines has strong gender mainstreaming programs,
accordingly, could be used to induce abortion. Two (2)
which has given women greater access to government
employment generally, but women in the civil sector
may still be underpaid, given their levels of education,
experiences and ability.
There was a rapid increase and proportion of
female entrepreneurs in developing countries. There is
a study that indicates the increase in employment
opportunities for women and contribute to wider
development goals.
Entrepreneurship
It also indicates that women entrepreneurs are
more likely than men to be motivated by necessity.
They are livelihood-oriented entrepreneurs.
2. Salient Policies on Gender Equality in Labor Market
The Philippines has ratified 34 ILO Conventions
and is party to all of the fundamental United Nations
human rights covenants and conventions.
The 1987’s constitution has enshrined these
rights in the Section 3, Article XIII (Bill of Rights), and the
Section 14, Article II, which ensures fundamental
equality of women and men before the law.
DIFFERENT POLICIES THAT SUPPORT EQUALITY AND
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION
Chapter 1 of the Labor Code, Article 3
“The State shall afford protection to labor, promote full
employment, ensure equal work opportunities
regardless of sex, race or creed and regulate the
relations between workers and employers. The State
shall assure the rights of workers to self-organization,
collective bargaining, security of tenure, and just and
humane conditions of work.”
Republic Act 6725 - Prohibition on
Discrimination Against Women
An Act Strengthening the Prohibition on Discrimination
against Women with Respect to Terms and Conditions
of Employment, amending for this purpose article 135
of the Labor Code, as amended.
Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development
and Nation Building Act
An Act Promoting the Integration of Women as Full and
Equal Partners of Men in Development and Nation
Building and for other purposes.
Republic Act 7877 – Anti-Sexual Harassment Act
of 1995
An Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the
Employment, Education or Training Environment, and
for other purposes.
Republic Act 9710 - Magna Carta of Women
The Magna Carta of Women is a comprehensive
women's human rights law that aims to abolish gender
discrimination by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling, and
promoting the rights of Filipino women, particularly
those in the marginalized sector.
Republic Act 8551- Philippine National Police
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998
An Act providing for the Reform and Reorganization of
the Philippine National Police and for other purposes,
amending certain provisions of Republic Act Numbered
Sixty-Nine Hundred and Seventy-Five Entitled, "An Act
establishing the Philippine National Police under a Re-
Organized Department of the Interior and Local
Government, and for other purposes"
ILO Domestic Workers Convention (No. 189)
Domestic workers are guaranteed minimum labor
protections on accordance with other kinds of workers
by Convention No. 189, but providing for substantial
flexibility in implementation.
Philippines was the first asian country that
ratified ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No.
189)
Philippines ratified the ILO Domestic Workers
Convention, 2011 (No. 189) in the year 2012. Mauritius
and Uruguay also ratified the convention on the same
year.
Republic Act 10361 (Domestic Workers Act) –
Batas Kasambahay
Domestic workers are protected against abuse, debt
bondage, and the most heinous kinds of child labor
under the Act. It establishes minimum wage, rest hours,
as well as other benefits for domestic workers.
Furthermore, it extends social security and public health
insurance to the industry, as well as measures for rapid
response to violations and easily accessible means of
resolving concerns.
GENDER AND MEDIA
Communication- the process of exchanging information
and co-creating meaning through various means.
Media- means through which information is transferred
or received.
1. MEDIA REPRESENTATION
Media representation is how the media
presents or frames "aspects of society, such as gender,
age, or ethnicity." (BBC, 2019)
• Media ultimately represents our social
realities as it mirrors the ideologies, belief systems, and
stereotypes
• TV uses one way mode of communication,
wherein feedback is rarely received or encourage.
2. MEDIA STREOTYPES
“are simplified representations of a person,
groups of people or a place, through basic or obvious
characteristics- which often are exaggerated” (BBC
2019). Although stereotypes can help people connect
with the content as they reflect it in their own realities,
it can have negative effects on disadvantaged groups
like the LGBT community by reinforcing negative and
even false stereotypes.
The LGBT community are highly misinterpreted
in the Philippine Media. There are many stereotypes of
the LGBT in the media and most are not flattering.
Often they are used as a comic relief in their
portrayal of the loud and boisterous “bakla”, the
straight male who acts like a “bakla” with exaggerated
gestures, the sex-deprived muscular male homosexual,
or the awkward “tomboy” who eventually becomes a
feminine woman after meeting the man of her dreams.
There are very few LGBT main characters in the
international television and even very scarce in the
Philippine Television. They are often relegated as
sidekicks, victims, or villains. Although there are a few
LBGT celebrities in the Philippines who are out and
proud of their sexual orientation such as Boy Abunda,
Vice Ganda, Aiza Seguerra, and Jake Zyrus, their
sexuality is rarely the focus of the programs they are in.
In fact, references on LGBT topics in children
shows cause controversy so they are omitted in this
broadcast.
News outfits followed popular ideologies of
portraying homosexuality as a sickness, The AIDS
pandemic in the 70’s also added to the negative
stereotyping of the gay male as a sexual deviant.
Media Stereotypes
In the Philippines, there is a lack of awareness
on SOGIE among media practitioners as they are often
left confused on the LGBT terms and labels. Most news
from the LGBT community are often on coming out
stories of celebrities (Aiza Siguerra, Jake Zyrus (Charice
Pempengco), and Rosana Roses), Pride March events,
hate crimes, and controversies. Media coverage of the
LGBT community in the Philippines went from no-
coverage, ridicule, censorship, to limited portrayal.
However limiting, it is taken as a sign of greater social
acceptance as compared to its total black out just
decades ago.
There are landmark TV shows about the LGBT
community such as My Husband's Lover (2013) and The
Rich Man’s Daughter (2015). There are also a handful of
LGBT themed movies that featured the different aspects
of the LGBT person from realization of their sexual
orientation, their coming out, to their acceptance in
their families and communities.
L E S S O N 2 7 : GENDER A N D ACTIVISM
ACTIVISM - collective efforts to shape and transform
political, sociocultural, and other environmental status
quo
PARTICIPATION - Contributing in transforming social
realities by engaging and taking part in various aspects
of an initiative or reform.
COLLABORATION - working together towards a goal.
UNDERSTANDING HETERONORMATIVITY
Heteronormativity
“of relating to, or based on the attitude that
heterosexuality is the only normal and natural
expression of sexuality” (Meriam-Webster Dictionary) it
is when we assume that everyone is heterosexual or
straight and that it is the standard for everyone
With a heteronormative point of view, straight
people are placed at a privileged group by viewing them
as the standard and normal. Anyone who does not
adhere to that standard are viewed as lesser. LESBIAN,
GAYS, BISEXUALS, TRANSGENDER, and OTHER PEOPLE
WHO REJECT THE NOTION OF GENDER BINARIES
Heteronormativity has been so ingrained in our
social and political institutions that it has almost
become invisible. Like assigning BLUE FOR BOYS and
PINK FOR GIRLS.
But, what happens when a boy wants pink toys?
They are reprimanded and criticized in a
process called normalization. This normalization limits a
person’s choices and freedoms.
For the LGBT, it means they are marginalized,
treated as inferior, discriminated on, branded as
abnormal, and are treated as second class citizens.
This leads to: ❄Homophobia ❄Transphobia
❄Biphobia ❄Prejudice Discrimination ❄Violence
❄Other hostile acts towards LGBT people.
One example of heteronormative violence is the
murder of LGBT men and women during the Nazi
holocaust
In present day, it means punishing LGBT
children for expressing who they are or being vocal
about who they are attracted to. It may occur in:
❄WORKPLACE ❄HOME ❄POLITICS
CHALLENGING HETERONORMATIVITY THROUGH
ACTIVITISM
HETERONORMATIVITY
is the concept that heterosexuality is the
preferred or normal mode of sexual orientation.
❄ a social construct and history has proven
society's changing attitudes on homosexuality. For
example: Pink is for girls and blue is for boys. Feminity
and Masculinity.
LGBT activism have had various social
movements to advocate for LGBT people's equal rights
(2000's), liberation (1960's-1970's) and self-repentance
through the homophile movement (1950's).
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS:
❄ Street Rallies ❄ Pride Marches ❄ Law Lobbying ❄
Engaging the Media ❄ Arts ❄ Research or many other
activities. ❄ Dissent is so powerful it can make
significant changes in our society.
LGBT Community Events:
May 17 International Day against Homophobia and
Transphobia (IDAHOT)
March 31 International Transgender Day of Visibility
November 20 Transgender day of Remembrance
June June Pride Month
L E S S O N 2 8 : GENDER A N D OTHER CROSS CUTTING
ISSUES Education, General Health, Mental Health)
Two of the primary needs of individuals are: (a) access
to education (b) access to health services.
GENDER AND EDUCATION
The UNICEF (2011) report on adolescence show
that while there is already an increase in access to
education for all genders, there remains to be many
girls and women who are unable to go to school.
HOWEVER, Interesting trends can be observed
from the 2013 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass
Media Survey (FLEMMS).
The study showed that there are more males
(4.6 in a 1000) children aged 6-14 who are able to
attend school compared to females (2.4 in a 1000)
However, for people aged 15 to 25, there are
actually more females (24 in a 1000) who are able to go
to school compared to males (11.2 in a 1000)
(Philippines Statistics Authority 2015)
Meaning, while there are more males who are
able to receive basic education, there are more females
who are able to proceed to higher education.
Practically, this only shows that interventions
towards making education accessible to women and
men may also differ, e.g., encouraging younger girls to
go to basic education and providing opportunities for
men to earn college degree.
Should gender be a deciding factor for people
to access education? Are there specific needs that
women, men and LGBTQ+ have in school? If yes, what
are those? How do you think the educational system in
the Philippines is addressing these gender needs?
❄ Males and Females have unique health needs.
❄ This also means that in terms of health services, all
genders should be able to access services.
❄In turn, health services should also be gender-
responsive.
Mental Health
❄ includes our emotional, psychological and
social wellbeing. It affects how we think, feel and act. It
is important at every stage of life, from childhood and
adolescence through adulthood.
People are challenged to pay attention not only
to their physical health, but also to their psychological
wellness. Anxiety and depression are the most common
problems, with around 1 in 10 people affected at any
one time. How do mental health problems affect
people? Anxiety and depression can be severe and
longlasting and have a big impact on people's ability to
get on with life.
Some issues in terms of gender and sexuality
❄Coping with sexual reproductive health issues
❄Psychological impacts of SOGIE - related concerns
and gender roles expectations
❄Psychosocial concerns emerging from romantic
relationships
❄Psychological trauma from GBV
Guidance counselor
Psychologist
Psychiatrist

GENDER AND HEALTH

Health Service: Another basic social service we all need.
Health - according to Word Health Organization, does
not only mean absence of diseases but a state of well-
being.
The Department of Health of the Philippines
follows a cluster approach in health, wherein there are
mode primary clusters:
(a) public health
(b) water sanitation and hygiene
(c) nutrition
(d) mental health and psychosocial support.