Digital Signal Processing - Lecture 6

Z - Transform
Z - Transform
 1- Mapping from S-Plane to Z-Plane
 2- Definition of Z-Transform
 3- Z-Transform of some elementary signals
 4- Region of Convergence ROC
 5- Main Z-Transform theorems
 6- Transfer Function
 7- Inverse Transform
 8- Stability of discrete-time Systems
Z - Transform
Mapping between S-Plane to Z-Plane

𝒁 = 𝒆𝑺𝑻 𝑺 = 𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎
∴ 𝒁 = 𝒆𝝈𝑻 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝑻 𝒁 = 𝒆𝝈𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝑻 + 𝒆𝝈𝑻 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝑻)
𝒁 = 𝒖 + 𝒋𝒗
∴ 𝒖 = 𝒆𝝈𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝑻 ∴ 𝒗 = 𝒆𝝈𝑻 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝑻)

𝒋𝝎 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 Unit Circle

LHP Inside the Unit Circle

RHP Outside the Unit Circle Discrete

Z - Transform
Definition of Z-Transform

𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 Z in Discrete

∞ 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑭 𝑺 = 𝒇 𝒕 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒏𝑻
−∞
∞

𝒇 𝒏 𝒆−𝒔𝒏𝑻 𝒆𝒔𝑻 = 𝒁
𝒏=−∞
∞

∴𝑭 𝒁 = 𝒇(𝒏)𝒁−𝒏
𝒏=−∞
Example: f(n) = {2, 3, -4, 0, 5, 8}

F(Z) = 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒁−𝟏 − 𝟒𝒁−𝟐 + 𝟓𝒁−𝟒 + 𝟖𝒁−𝟓

Z - Transform
Z-Transform of Some Elementary Signals
A)𝒇 𝒏 = 𝜹 𝒏 𝑭 𝒁 = ∞
𝒏=−∞ 𝜹 𝒏 𝒁−𝒏 = 𝟏

B)𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒏 𝑭 𝒁 = ∞
𝒏=−∞ 𝒁
−𝒏= 𝟏 + 𝒁−𝟏 + 𝒁−𝟐 + ⋯
𝟏 𝒁
𝑭 𝒁 = =
𝟏 − 𝒁−𝟏 𝒁−𝟏

C) 𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒖 𝒏 𝑭 𝒁 = ∞ 𝒏=𝟎 𝒂𝒏 −𝒏
𝒁 = ∞
𝒏=𝟎 (𝒂𝒁−𝟏 𝒏
)
𝟏 𝒁
𝑭 𝒁 = −𝟏
=
𝟏 − 𝒂𝒁 𝒁−𝒂
 Z - Transform
Region of Convergence (ROC)
Definition: ROC is the region where the Z-Transform X(Z) or H(Z) converges

𝐀) 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝜹 𝒏 𝑿 𝒁 =𝟏
ROC all the Z-Plane

B) 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝜹 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝑿 𝒁 = 𝒁𝟏
ROC all the Z-Plane except Z=∞

C) 𝐱 𝐧 = 𝜹 𝒏 + 𝒌 , 𝒌 > 𝟎 𝑿 𝒁 = 𝒁𝒌
ROC all the Z-Plane except Z=∞
Z - Transform
Region of Convergence (ROC)

𝑫) 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓 𝑿 𝒁 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟑𝒁−𝟐 + 𝟒𝒁−𝟑 + 𝟓𝒁−𝟒

ROC all the Z-Plane except Z=0

E) 𝒙 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓 𝑿 𝒁 = 𝒁𝟐 + 𝟐𝒁 + 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟓𝒁−𝟐

ROC all the Z-Plane except Z=0 & Z=∞

 Z - Transform
Region of Convergence (ROC)

ROC of Causal and Non Causal

𝒏
𝟏
𝐅) 𝒙 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖) 𝒖 𝒏 𝑿 𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝒁−𝟏 < 𝟏 |𝒁| > 𝟎. 𝟖
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒁−𝟏
ROC 𝒁 > 𝟎.8

G) 𝒙 𝒏 = −(𝟎. 𝟖)𝒏 𝒖 −𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑿 𝒁 =− −𝟏 𝒏 −𝒏
𝒏=−∞(𝟎. 𝟖) 𝒁
∞ ∞
𝒏=𝟏(𝟎. 𝟖 𝒁) =
−𝟏 𝒏 −𝟏 𝒏
𝑿 𝒁 =− − 𝒏=𝟎(𝟎. 𝟖 𝒁) +𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 =− + 𝟏=
𝟏−𝟎.𝟖−𝟏 𝒁 𝟏−𝟎.𝟖𝒁−𝟏

ROC 𝒁 < 𝟎. 𝟖
Z - Transform
Region of Convergence (ROC)

𝒏
𝝅𝒏 𝟏 𝝅𝒏
𝒏 𝒋𝟐
𝟏 𝝅𝒏
𝒏 −𝒋 𝟐
𝐇) 𝒙 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖) 𝒆 𝒖 𝒏 + (𝟎. 𝟖) 𝒆 𝒖 𝒏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝒋)𝒏 𝒖 𝒏 + (−𝟎. 𝟖𝒋)𝒏 𝒖(𝒏)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑿 𝒁 = 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒋𝒁−𝟏 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒋𝒁−𝟏
ROC 𝒁 > 𝟎. 𝟖𝒋 𝒁 > 𝟎. 𝟖

𝑰) 𝒙 𝒏 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, , … }
𝑿 𝒁 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟑𝒁−𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟑𝒁−𝟐 𝒁−𝟑 + ⋯
−𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟔 𝟏+𝟐𝒁−𝟏 +𝟑𝒁−𝟐
𝑿 𝒁 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒁 + 𝟑𝒁 𝟏+𝒁 +𝒁 +⋯ =
𝟏−𝒁−𝟑
ROC 𝒁−𝟑 < 𝟏 𝒁 >𝟏
Z - Transform
Region of Convergence (ROC)

𝑱) 𝒙 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖)𝒏 𝒖 𝒏 + (𝟏. 𝟑)𝒏 𝒖 𝒏

ROC 𝒁 > 𝟏. 𝟑

𝑲) 𝒙 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖)𝒏 𝒖 𝒏 − (𝟏. 𝟑)𝒏 𝒖 𝒏 − 𝟏

ROC 𝟎. 𝟖 < 𝒁 < 𝟏. 𝟑

𝑳) 𝒙 𝒏 = −(𝟎. 𝟖)𝒏 𝒖 −𝒏 − 𝟏 − (𝟏. 𝟑)𝒏 𝒖 −𝒏 − 𝟏

ROC 𝒁 < 𝟎. 𝟖
 Z - Transform
Properties of the Z-Transform

1- Scaling

𝒇 𝒏 𝑭 𝒁

𝒈 𝒏 = 𝑪𝒇 𝒏 𝑮 𝒁 = 𝑪𝑭(𝒁)
 Z - Transform
Properties of the Z-Transform

2- Linearity

𝒇𝟏 𝒏 𝑭𝟏 𝒁

𝒇𝟐 𝒏 𝑭𝟐 𝒁

𝒈 𝒏 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒇𝟏 𝒏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒏 𝑮 𝒁 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑭𝟏 𝒁 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑭𝟐 𝒁
 Z - Transform
Properties of the Z-Transform

3- Time Shift

𝒇 𝒏 𝑭 𝒁

𝒈 𝒏 = 𝒇 𝒏 − 𝒏𝒐 𝑮 𝒁 = 𝒁−𝒏𝒐 𝑭(𝒁)

S ≡ 𝒁−𝟏
 Z - Transform
Properties of the Z-Transform

4- Convolution
𝒙(𝒏) h(𝒏) 𝐲 𝒏 = 𝒙 𝒏 ∗ 𝒉(𝒏)

𝒁 − 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎

𝑿(𝒁) 𝑯(𝒁) 𝒀 𝒁 = 𝑿 𝒁 𝑯(𝒁)

𝒀(𝒁)
𝒀 𝒁 = 𝑿 𝒁 𝑯(𝒁) 𝑯 𝒁 =
𝑿(𝒁)
Z - Transform
Transfer Function H(Z)

𝒁−𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎
𝒉 𝒏 𝑯 𝒁

𝒁−𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒀(𝒁)
𝑫. 𝑬 = 𝑯(𝒁)
𝑿(𝒁)

𝒁−𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒀(𝒁)
𝑩. 𝑫 𝑫. 𝑬 = 𝑯(𝒁)
𝑿(𝒁)
 Z - Transform
Transfer Function H(Z)

Examples
1) 𝒉 𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟓)𝒏 𝒖(𝒏)

𝟏 𝒁
𝑯 𝒛 = −𝟏
=
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒁 𝒁 − 𝟎. 𝟓

2) 𝒚 𝒏 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟓𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒙 𝒏 − 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒚 𝒏 − 𝟏
−𝟎. 𝟑𝐲 𝐧 − 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝐲(𝐧 − 𝟑)

𝟑 − 𝟓𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒁−𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒁−𝟑

𝑯 𝒁 =
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒁−𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒁−𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒁−𝟑
Z - Transform

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