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Digestive System

Digestive Tract
• Mouth

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Pharynx

• Esophagus
• Stomach
NERIZZA JAY CATLI,RMT,MD • Small intestine
• Large intestine

Digestive System
WALL OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

Associated Organs FOUR LAYERS (TUNICS):

•Mucosa
• Salivary Glands
•Submucosa
• Pancreas
•Muscularis propria (externa)
• Liver
•Adventia layer (or serosa)
• Gallbladder

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WALL OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Mucosa
• Innermost layer
• Mucous epithelium
• Lamina propria
•glandular tissue and
loose connective
tissue
• Muscularis mucosa
•Smooth muscle
WALL OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Muscularis
• Layers of smooth
muscles
• Layers:
• Inner circular
• Outer longitudinal
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WALL OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Submucosa
• Thick layer of loose
connective tissue
• Contains:
•Blood vessels
•Lymphatics
•Nerve fibers
(submucosal plexus)
•Submucosal glands
WALL OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
Adventitia/Serosa layer
• Outermost layer
•Adventitia
•composed entirely
of loose
connective tissue
•Serosa
•Connective tissue
fused with serous
epithelial
tissue(visceral
peritoneum)
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PERITONEUM
WALL OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

Serous membrane covering

the organs and inner wall of
the abdominal cavity
Visceral Peritoneum: portion
that covers the organs
Parietal Peritoneum: portion
that lines the cavity walls

MESENTERIES MESENTERIES

Lesser Omentum
 Extensions of the peritoneum
– between the lesser
 Composed of thin sheet of connective tissue curvature of the stomach,
sandwiched between 2 layers of serous membrane the liver and diaphgram
 Support the visceral organs Greater Omentum
 Mesentery proper: mesentery associated with small – connects the stomach’s
intestine greater curvature to the
transverse colon and
posterior abdominal wall
– Omental bursa: pocket or
cavity formed

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY

• Lips (labia)
– protect the
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT anterior opening
– Formed by
orbicularus oris
muscle

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY

• Cheeks • Hard palate

– form the – forms
the anterior bony
lateral walls roof
– buccinator
muscle

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY

• Soft palate
– forms • Vestibule
the posterior roof
– consists of – space between
skeletal muscle and lips externally
connective tissue and teeth and
gums internally
• Uvula
– fleshy
projection of the
soft palate

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY

• Oral cavity • Tongue

– area contained – mass of
by the teeth muscle with
mucous
epithelium
containing taste
buds

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ORAL CAVITY

• Tonsils
• Tongue
– frenulum • Palatine tonsils
➢ Thin fold of • Lingual tonsil
tissue
anchoring its
underside to
the floor of
the mouth

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TEETH UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TEETH

• 32 permanent • Incisor
teeth
•Central
• Located in
mandible and • Lateral
maxillae
- Cutting teeth

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TEETH UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TEETH

• Premolars
• Canine
• First premolar
• Second premolar
- Tearing tooth

- Tearing and cutting

teeth
- Each with 2
points/cusps

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TEETH UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TEETH

• Molars • 20 primary teeth

• First molar - Milk or baby teeth
• Second molar - Lost during childhood
• Third molar (wisdom tooth)

- Grinding teeth
- with 3 flattened cusps

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Crown
- Superior or visible
portion
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Root
- Portion within the alveoli
- Anchors in the mandible
or maxillae
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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Neck
- Below the crown
- Narrow portion
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Pulp cavity
- Central space of the
tooth
- Filled with pulp
(connective tissue, blood
vessels, nerves)
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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Dentin
- Surround the pulp cavity
- Living, cellular, calcified
tissue
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Cementum
- Covers the surface of
Dentin in the root
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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Enamel
- Covers the Dentin of the
tooth crown
- Hard, acellular,
mineralized substance
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH
• Gingiva
- Mucous epithelial
covering of the alveolar
ridges
- Dense fibrous connective
tissue and moist stratified
squamous epithelium
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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: TOOTH UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SALIVARY GLANDS

• Periodontal membrane • Parotid Gland

- Fibrous lining of the - Largest pair
alveolar walls
- Anterior to the ear
- Where periodontal
ligaments projects to the
root of the tooth

PAROTID GLAND
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SALIVARY GLANDS

• Submandibular Gland
- Medial to the angle of the
mandible
- Ducts empty: lateral to
the frenulum

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SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SALIVARY GLANDS

• Sublingual Gland
- Smallest pair
- Lie below the mucous
membrane in the floor of
the mouth
- Ducts opens onto the
floor of the oral cavity

SUBLIGUAL GLAND UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: PHARYNX

• Nasopharynx
– not part of the
digestive system

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: PHARYNX
• Oropharynx – posterior to
oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx – below the
oropharynx and connected to
the esophagus
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH
• Inferior to the diaphragm, at
the end of esophagus
• Food enters at the
cardioesophageal sphincter
• Food empties into the small
intestine at the pyloric
sphincter
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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: ESOPHAGUS
• Long muscular tube, 25 cm
• Runs from pharynx to
stomach through the
diaphragm
• Upper esophageal sphincter
• Lower esophageal sphincter
UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH
• Regions of the stomach
• Cardiac region
– around the
gastroesophageal opening
– near the heart
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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH

• Regions of the stomach • Regions of the stomach

• Fundus • Body
– most superior part – main portion
– forms greater curvature
and lesser curvature

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH

• Regions of the stomach • Rugae – internal folds of the

• Pyloric region/ Pylorus mucosa
– near the pyloric opening

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL

• Gastric pits • Gastric glands

• Invaginations • Simple tubular gland
from the • From gastric pits
epithelium of lumen to the base
the mucosa of
the fundus
and body of
the stomach

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL

• Surface Mucous • Mucous neck cells

cells • Secretes acidic fluid
• Secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin
containing mucin

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UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL

• Parietal (Oxyntic)
• Chief cells
cells
• Found in the bases of gastric
• Concentrated in the glands
isthmus
• Basally located nuclei
• Also found in the base
and neck of glands • Strongly basophilic granular
cytoplasm
• Large pale staining
cells with a central • Secretes Pepsinogen and
spherical nucleus Gastric Lipase
• “Egg-fried” appearance
• Responsible for
hydrochloric acid and
intrinsic factor
production

UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT: STOMACH WALL

• G cells
• Found in the bases of

LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT

the glands
• Secrete gastrin

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LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE

• Duodenum • Jejunum
– short, 25 cm – long, 2.5 m
– C shaped – middle section
beginning of of small intestine
small intestine

LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE

• Ileum • Ileocecal junction

– Very long, 3.5 m – junction of ileum
with large intestine
– end section of
small intestine

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LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE WALL LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE WALL

• Circular folds/ plicae • Villi

circulares
– Fingerlike
– Deep folds of the structures
mucosa and formed by the
submucosa mucosa
– Run perpendicular to – Give the small
the long axis of the intestine more
digestive tracts surface area

LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: SMALL INTESTINE WALL LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE

• Microvilli • Larger in diameter, but

shorter than the small
– Cytoplasmic intestine
extensions
of • Frames the internal
epithelial/ abdomen
absorptive
cells • 3 major sections:
• Cecum
• Colon
• Rectum

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LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE

• Cecum • Colon subdivision:

– saclike first part of the • Ascending
large intestine
• Transverse
• Appendix
• Descending
– wormlike, blind sac
attached to the • Sigmoid
posterior wall of cecum

LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE

• Colon • Colon
• Haustra • Teniae coli
– pocketlike sacs on – 3 bands of muscle
the wall of colon formed by the
longitudinal layer of
muscularis of the
colon

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LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE

• Rectum • Anal canal

•Short, straight • Short, 2.5 cm

muscular tube at the • Muscular canal
end of sigmoid colon • End of the rectum

LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LARGE INTESTINE LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LIVER

• Anal canal • Large gland

• Internal anal sphincter • URQ
– superior end • Produces bile
– smooth muscle • Right hepatic duct and Left
hepatic duct
• External anal sphincter
– inferior end
– conduct bile from the liver
– skeletal muscle – fuse to form Common
Hepatic duct

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LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: GALLBALDDER LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LIVER

• Gallbladder • Common Hepatic duct

joins the cystic duct of
– small sac on the the gallbladder to form
inferior surface of the Common Bile Duct
liver
– stores concentrated
bile

LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: LIVER LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT: PANCREAS

• Common Bile Duct joins • Cradled in the C-shaped

the Pancreatic Duct and form of duodenum
opens into the
Duodenum at the • Pancreatic duct
Duodenal papilla – exocrine pancreas
secretions flow
– joins the common bile
duct forming
hepatopancreatic
ampulla before
emptying into the
duodenal papilla

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References
Marieb, Elaine N and Keller, Suzanne M. 2017. Essentials of
Human Anatomy and Physiology. 12th Ed. San Francisco,
CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
Thank you
Patton,K. Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual. 10th Ed.
Elsevier(Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
Vanputte, C., Regan,L., Russo, A. Seeley’s essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology. 10th ed. McGraw-Hill

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