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Emergence of Zero Modes in Disordered Solids Under Periodic Tiling
Emergence of Zero Modes in Disordered Solids Under Periodic Tiling
minimum. In this manuscript, we prove this claim and discuss ways in which periodic boundary
conditions succeed to capture the physics of repeated structures and where they fall short.
Proof
N d − Nc = F − S (2)
and 2N d − 2Nc = F 0 − S 0 (3)
Figure 1. A packing of spheres that has been duplicated.
where N d is the number of degrees of freedom and Nc
The red lines display a state of self-stress. The thickness
of each line represents the magnitude of the stress on the is the number of contacts in the original packing. If we
corresponding bond. Replicating the state of self-stress for the substitute F = F 0 = d and solve for S 0 ,
original system gives a state of self-stress for the duplicated
system. S 0 = 2S − d. (4)
be written as for RD with singular value σ. Note that these vectors are
orthonormal. Shown explicitly,
Rc Rp
R=
0 Rb2 + Rb1
1 T T ~v
~u ~u RD
2 ~v
where 0 Rb2 + Rb1 corresponds to the contacts
Rc Rp 0 0 ~v1
crossing boundary x. This matrix has singular val- 1 T T 0 Rb2 0 Rb1 ~v2
ues {σi } that correspond to the floppy modes of = ~u ~u
2 0 0 Rc Rp ~v1
the system. The matrix defined as
0 Rb1 0 Rb2 ~v2
Rc Rp Rc Rp ~v1
RDHC ≡ 1 T T
0 Rb2 − Rb1 0 R b2 + R b1 ~v2
= ~u ~u
2 Rc Rp ~v1
has singular values {i } . Duplicating the packing 0 Rb2 + Rb1 ~v2
across boundary x results in a system where the 1 T T R~v
rigidity matrix has singular values {σi , i }. = ~u ~u
2 R~v
= σ.
Proof
This means {σi } are also singular values for RD . This
is not surprising, as these are modes that correspond to
Consider b contact bonds that cross boundary x, with
the particles moving in concert with their replicas. In
p particles involved in making these boundary contacts.
a similar fashion, consider ~x and w ~ to be the left and
We separate the rigidity matrix,R, into columns that do
right singular vectors for R
DHC with singular
value . We
not involve these p boundary particles and columns that
~
x w
~
do. We further separate R into rows that do not involve can now show that √12 and √12 are left and
−~x −w~
these b contacts and rows that do. This gives
right singular vectors for RD with singular value . Again,
Rc Rp
note that these vectors are orthonormal and consider,
R= (7)
0 Rb2 + Rb1
1 T T
w
~
~x −~x RD
where Rc represents the contacts that are formed be- 2 −w~
tween non-boundary particles, Rp represents contacts 1 T T
RDHC w ~
= ~x −~x
that involve the p boundary particles but do not cross 2 −RDHC w ~
the boundary themselves, Rb1 are the rows that involve
= ~xT RDHC w
~
boundary contacts where the rightmost vectors in each
row are zeroed out, and Rb2 are the rows of the bound- = .
ary contacts where the leftmost vectors in each row are
zeroed out. This means that {i } are also singular values for RD . To
Replicating the system across boundary x results in a complete the proof, notice that
new system with rigidity matrix RD , that can be written
1 T T ~xT
as ~u ~u =0
2 −~xT
Rc Rp 0 0
0 Rb2 0 Rb1 and
RD = . (8)
0 0 Rc Rp 1 T T w
T
~
0 Rb1 0 Rb2 ~v ~v =0
2 −w~T
~u1 ~v1 Since RD has precisely twice as many singular values as
If we consider ~u = and ~v = to be left and
~u2 ~v2 R and since the above orthogonality condition holds, all
right singular vectors (respectively) for R with corre- of the singular values for RD must be given by {σi , i } .
sponding singular value σ such that ~uT R~v = σ, then Now we can use this information to prove the theorem.
~u1
From the rank-nullity theorem, we know that for a system
~u ~u with d trivial rigid motions,
we can demonstrate that √2 1
= √2 2 and
1
~u ~u1
~u2
~v rank(R) = N d − d
1
√1
~v 1 ~ v2
2 ~
= 2 are left and right singular vectors
√
On the other hand, the maximum rank that the RDHC
v ~v1
~v2 matrix can have is the minimum of its number of rows
4
H1 H2 H3
T
H4 H0 H4
THEOREM III:
Proof
While we have explained why most amorphous, un- If we solve the first system of equations for ~xna and sub-
stressed systems with d or more states of self-stress are stitute the solution in to the second system of equations,
typically jammed upon replication, it is worth noting that we find that
this does indeed hinge on a statistical argument. It is pos- T −1
sible to create non-amorphous packings of hard spheres C = Hεε − Hxε (Hxx ) Hxε (18)
which are not jammed upon replication. In Fig. 4, we cre-
−1
ate two packings based on the triangular lattice. These where (Hxx ) is the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse [19]
packings were proven to be jammed by using a linear for the singular matrix Hxx .
programming algorithm [16–18]. However, when these Now that we have an expression for the stiffness matrix
packings are tiled, one finds that novel floppy modes are of the original packing, we need to find the stiffness ma-
introduced. trix for the duplicated packing, CD . We can express the
7
CD = 2C. (23)
We thank Jayson Paulose for his perspective and use-
ful discussions. This work is supported by the Simons
This means that the stiffness matrix is extensive when Collaboration on Cracking the Glass Problem via awards
we tile space with a jammed packing. 454939 (EIC and RCD) and 348126 (VFH).
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