INTERN STUDY MATERIAL

1. DIGITAL ELECTRONICS(Asked in each and every

company)
A . For basics read the ‘Made Easy’ pdf mentioned at the end of
this pdf.
For practice, you can solve previous year gate questions
mentioned at the end of this pdf.
Note: Some companies give direct gate questions in their test.
*In logic families only TTL(imp.) and DTL
B. Read Morris Mano.
C. Clock frequency divider ( by fraction, even integer, odd
integer) with different duty cycles.
Sounds difficult but it's easy. Just watch the below videos.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfgTki4dzLs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgsyQgliuYc
D. Static Hazards.
(http://www.doe.carleton.ca/~shams/ELEC3500/hazards.pdf)
The pdf might seem to be a bit lengthy but it’s interesting and
won’t take much time.
E. FSM (Mealy and Moore) - Comparison, Advantages &
Disadvantages. Conversion from Mealy to Moore & vice versa.
-> Watch Neso academy videos for this.
F. Some other topics
-> One hot encoding (comparison with binary encoding)
-> Q-M method (finding essential prime implicants)
* Watch Neso academy.
-> Race around conditions in edge triggered flip-flop. (with
waveform)
 -> Shanon’s Expansion Theorem
-> Priority and Parallel Encoder
G. MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS (Read them at last only if you have
time left)
-> Clock synchronization (For Cadence intern interview)
A. Fast to slow
* FIFO Buffer (For numerical read below made easy pdf,
Imp. for ADI intern test)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NfynzIDonfpg_IIbkCrk0XkA7wwpMG6H
/view?usp=sharing
* FIFO Implementation (Clock domain Crossing)
B. Slow to Fast
* Two Flop Synchronizer
* Toggle Synchronizer
* Mux based Synchronizer
* Handshake Synchronizer
* Handshake based Pulse Synchronizer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fs0AJmESX3c&list=PLdcY8Cf-
O1Zon-8c9NDhgY2F8r_O7oeC4
***all the topics mentioned above will be covered in the above
7 videos. (Watch videos in the order of topics mentioned
above)
-> Fault Models (Only for cadence)
*Just watch the below NPTEL videos.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bevAfHg140o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Pvwnd97w4I
2. MOSFET( Basics asked in almost all company
interviews)
A. Construction and working
B. Strong inversion condition
C. Unwanted power dissipation
D. Various charachterisics (Id vs Vds, Id vs Vgs, gm vs (Vgs-Vt), gm
vs Id, gm vs (Vgs-Vt) at const Id)
E. Body effect, Channel length modulation, Velocity saturation,
Subthreshold condution, surface mobility degradation effect
F. Mosfet capacitance and its charachteristics
***For some of the above topics you can watch Razavi Videos
(29 to 34).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQDfVJzEymI&list=PLiDoPUX9nLkJ8
dnPgKoVEOiAb8BfulKRR

3. CMOS VLSI DESIGN

A. Sung-mo-cang (Chapter 5 to 8)
TIPS
 No need to learn any formulae. Just see the derivation
once.
 No need to understand the complex layouts in chapter 7
and 8. Just skip them.
 You can skip chapter 8 if time is less.
 Comparison b/w CMOS and TTL is imp.
*** Working and transfer charachteristics of CMOS is imp.
***U shall be able to make CMOS circuit of any given logic
function.
B. Extra Topics
 CMOS fabrication process (approx 14 steps)
 Input and output resistance of CMOS.
4. VERILOG
  Read Samir Palnitkar (chapter 1 to 7) and practice
exercise. Soln of exercise questions is given below for
your reference.
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1oVLIvNNZd85PjYrAZJt-
b4AxDnQlZaLY?usp=sharing
 Diff b/w Task and Functions
 RTL (Register Transfer level): Just know about basics.
 ASIC flow design in VLSI(below link)
https://www.einfochips.com/blog/asic-design-flow-in-vlsi-
engineering-services-a-quick-
guide/#:~:text=ASIC%20design%20flow%20is%20a%20mature%20an
d%20silicon%2Dproven%20IC,steps%20involved%20in%20the%20pro
cess.

5. Static Timing Analysis (Asked in ADI intern test)

 See chapter-2(skip 2.4-c) & 3 from the vlsi-expert blog to
understand the basic concept of STA:-
http://www.vlsi-expert.com/2011/03/static-timing-analysis-sta-basic-
timing.html
 To practice numericals see the Important pdf in point 10.

6.
A. C Programming
i) U can read the topics from javatpoint.
ii) Practice geeksforgeeks topic wise quizzes. (Very
Important).
iii) File handling is not required.

B. Data Structure and OS

i) Linked list, Stack and Queue from C in depth (don’t
skip anything)
 ii) for tree, graph and OS, syllabus taught in 2nd year is
enough.(Don’t skip OS. It’s imp. for Qualcomm)

iii)Practice geeksforgeeks topic wise quizzes. (Very

Important).
***Process and CPU scheduling is most imp. in OS.

*** If you have time left, u can read oops concepts from
javatpoint (Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Abstraction).

7. Microprocessor(imp. for Qualcomm)

 8085 (Read from Ramesh Gaonkar)
i) Study basic architecture
ii) Read all the instructions and its machine cycles.
***You shall be able to write output of a given 8085
code.
 8086 ( only Architecture )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmwOSdwzZ3E
 RISC vs CISC Processor
 Von-neumann & Harvard Architecture

8. Aptitude (Asked in every company’s test)

 Practice tests given in Pariksha.com
***Download app in mobile for free tests.
 Qualcomm aptitude test has 1 tricky logical game that
contains 5 questions out of the total 20 asked. Do
practice them well.
https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/logical-games/
 Do practice the puzzles given on geeksforgeeks. (some
companies ask exactly same questions.)
*** Never take aptitude for granted. It can be a game
changer.
 9. Important PDF
 After completion of syllabus, do practice the below pdf.
Its very very imp. (Almost 50% questions in Cadence and
ADI intern were asked from it)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10_eH0YiWgQa3yWodciSE2Zpq-
cXpdhR0/view?usp=sharing

Other Topics
A. Network is very imp. as it serve as basics for many other
subject . Practice basic network questions, diff. theorem
questions (thevenin, Norton etc.,), Transients, 2 port etc.
***You can refer to below pdf for network
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eFIOAcmVVqVjZwXHDCa65n54
AVb_ekhh
***Alternately, you can also refer to ‘Made Easy’ for networks.
B. Signal system (DFT question asked in ADI intern)
*** Its bit lengthy and might take some time. Refer made easy
pdf for theory and questions mentioned at the end of this pdf.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/19Zd0861n7oFlnGx0CUq3ZjOzaQMu_Z7
O/view?usp=sharing
C. Opamp (can be asked in test and interviews)
D. Basic knowledge of Analog Electronics taught in 3rd sem.
***You can refer to neso academy videos.
E. After completion of syllabus, go through the interview
experiences.
F. Study your projects in depth. In almost every interview your
project will be discussed.
For Gate questions (2nd PDF)
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1eN3AVA-5uT7InNCOXmgHClSq8-
i9Z2qS
 For Made easy theory of any Subject
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=12UVLBkBbQ46HOQ_y3hoh48iVbWid
hlih

ALL THE BEST