CHAPTER 2 -

COMPUTERS IN
OUR DAILY LIFE
LIVING IN THE IT ERA
HOW COMPUTERS WORK
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

❖ Computers are made up of CPU, memory

(storage devices), input and output devices.

❖ Computers cannot understand us since we

are using human/natural language but
computers uses machine language and one
which is:

❖ Binary Language – a machine language that

uses only 1 and 0 for communication and
representation for decimal number and
letters and special characters.
HOW COMPUTERS WORK

Example:

BINARY LANGUAGE HUMAN LANGUAGE

01100011 01101111
01101101
01110101
01110000
01110100
C O M P UT E R
01100101 01110010

The Input data from keyboard, it will be processed by the CPU and
convert it to binary language that the machine can understand then converted
back to characters when displayed on the monitor/screen.
COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal Number System

- consists of ten digits from 0 – 9. These digits can be used to represent any numeric
value. The base of the decimal number system is 10. It is most widely used number system.
Humans use the decimal number system to count , measure and compute.

Binary Number System

- is a method of representing numbers with 2 as its base and uses only the digits 0 and 1;
each successive digit represents a power of 2.

Octal Number System

- consists of eight digits from 0 to 7 and each digit-position in this system represents a
power of 8.
COMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEM

Hexadecimal Number System

- hexa means 6; deci means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to represent its values. Includes a
subscript of 16 or in most cases, appended with the lowercase letter ‘h’ to denote
hexadecimal notation.

How Computers Interpret Data

With the different types of number systems, it is important to understand how
computers interpret the letters on the keyboard through a series of 0’s and 1’s. This is
normally done through the number system conversion. Depending on the standard used,
computer systems convert characters from the keyboard and later display them on the
monitor. Refer to the following steps:
HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA

1. From the keyboard, pressure pads typically found underneath each key. Upon typing a
letter, the pressure pads sends information to the CPU for processing.
2. The information is then transmitted in the form of 0’s and 1’s using ASCII code.
3. The CPU determines what character has been typed and sends the information to the
computer monitor, again in 0’s and 1’s
4. The monitor displays the information in its equivalent character, this time readable and
understandable by humans.

Majority of computer systems use the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) for converting characters into 0’s and 1’s. The ASCII code is a 7 – bit code
used to represent letters, numbers, and basic special characters.
HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA
HOW COMPUTERS WORK

❖ Computer Program (Software) – is also

known as code, written instruction that a
computer can understand so that it can
perform a certain task; the act of writing
of programs is called programming or
coding.

❖ Programmer – people who write

programs, usually IT or software expert.
HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA

However, looking at a long

string of 0’s and 1’s (binary
format) might be considered
too confusing for the
programmer, causing errors
during code.
HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA

Symbol Binary The programmer might miss out on a few digits while
creating a program. Thus, to make it easier, machines codes are
C 01000011
made “more human” by making them readable and similar to
O 01001111 the human language. This is identified with the different levels
of programming languages.
M 01001101
P 01010000 So how does the computer know that 01000011
01001111 01001101 10100000 01010101 01010100 01000101
U 01010101
01010010 is the same as the word “COMPUTER”? Each
T 01010100 character is converted from the ASCII table’s hexadecimal,
octal, or decimal presentation into binary language. For
E 01000101
example, the letter “C” is equivalent to 43 in hexadecimal
R 01010010 which when converted into binary is equal to 01000011.
 EXERCISE NO.1
CONVERT CHARACTERS INTO BINARY FORM
(10 POINTS)

1. A - 01000001

2. Pass - 01010000 01100001 01110011 01110011

3. Words - 01010111 01101111 01110010 01100100 01110011

HOW COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER

Computer uses different ways to

connect to certain devices. The
computer monitor uses a wire to
connect to the computer unit while the
mouse wirelessly connects to the
laptop, etc. Depending on the situation,
computers use different connection
methods to do their tasks.
HOW COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER

System Bus - is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data from a computer’s
peripheral devices (monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.) to the CPU and the main memory.
THREE TYPES OF BUSES

Data Bus – can transfer data to and from the memory of a computer, or into or out of CPU. Example of
pieces of information that traverse the data bus include files transferred from a flash drive to the
computer’s hard drive and a document sent to the printer for printing.

Address Bus – is used by the CPU to specify a physical address for instructions, files, and other devices
within the computer system. For example, in a given computer unit, there are typically 6 – 8 USB ports.

Control Bus – is used by the CPU’s to communicate with other devices within the computer system. The
control bus carries the commands or instructions from the CPU. It also sends status signals from the
devices, identifying if it is ready or not.

Halt Instructions – The CPU sends a halt instruction via the control bus, stopping the data to be sent
through the data bus, often seen as an error message prompt.
HOW COMPUTERS CONNECT TO OTHER COMPUTERS

The next step in knowing

how a computer is able to
connect to other devices is to
understand how a computer
connects to another computer.
Computer can be connected
with another computer with or
without wires.
COMPUTER NETWORK SYSTEMS

Computers are able to communicate with one another over

networks. A computer network is an interconnection of two or more
computers. This interconnection gives these computers capability to
share information and resources. There are several types of networks,
mostly depending on the number of computers in it, how they ae
used, and what type of technology is used in its connectivity.
COMPUTER NETWORK SYSTEMS

Below are some of the computer network system.

❖ Personal Area Network (PAN) – Is a type of connection which is often limited to an individual person
and his or her personal devices. Normally, these devices must be within the range of 10 meters with
each other.

❖ Local Are Network (LAN) – is a connection In which a group of computers and other devices, such as
network printers, share a common communications line within a certain area such as building or a small
campus. LAN’s are often found in schools and offices to secure the organization’s information.

❖ Wide Area Network (WAN) – may be less restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may differ within
its coverage. A WAN may be made of several LANs and PANs. A WAN can also be made up of several
more WANs .This is why WAN is considered synonymous to the internet.
Persona Area Network Local Area Network

Wide Area Network

METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

Wired Communication

Different types of cables are

used to connect to a given
network. There are coaxial
cables, fiber-optic cables,
Ethernet cables, and traditional
telephone lines.
WIRED COMMUNICATION
Computer systems have different connections which usually depend on the motherboard’s form
factor. Popular wired connection nowadays include the following:

❖ Universal Serial Bus (USB) – Is a connection or interface that allows the computer to communicate
with system peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. as well as other devices like digital
cameras and portable fans.

❖ FireWire – is a type of connector that can transmit data to and from devices which have typical high
data rates, such as external hard drive.The transfer speed of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB.

❖ Ethernet cable – transmits signals between a computer and network devices such as a router, switch, or
other computers.

❖ High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) - is a connector for transmitting audio/video data which
are compatible to computers, projectors, and digital tv’s.
 USB FIREWIRE

ETHERNET CABLE HDMI

WIRED COMMUNICATION
Older computer units have connections that include the following:

❖ Video Graphics Array (VGA) – the 15-pin VGA connector has been provided on many video cards,
computer monitors, laptop computers, and projectors. It is now slowly being phased out in favor of the
faster and more compact HDMI connector

❖ Serial – An RS-232 serial connection was once a standard feature of a personal computer used for
connections to modem , printer, mouse and other peripheral devices. Now, it has been replaced by USB
connections.

❖ Parallel – similar to the serial connection, parallel connections were used before to connect other
computer peripherals such as printers . It has also been replaced since then by the USB connections.

❖ PS/2- is a 6-pin connector used to connect the mouse and keyboard to a computer. It is also color-
coded to identify which peripheral will be connected to which port.
 VGA SERIAL

PARALLEL PS/2
 WIRED COMMUNICATION

❖ Audio Jacks – The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks used for microphones (as input), and speakers (as
output). It uses color codes as well to indicate the type of input and output lines.

Pink: Mic in
Blue: Line in
Green: Front speakers out
Black: Rear speakers out
Orange: Center/subwoofer out
Gray: Middle speakers out
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Wireless communications include microwave transmission, satellite communication , cellular

transmission, and radio transmission such as WiFi connectivity. Wireless technologies differ hugely from
one another, but the most popular types are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) – uses radio waves

to wirelessly transmit information across a
network. Wi-Fi’s signals are transmitted in
frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz
(GHz), which are higher than radio and TV
signals to avoid interference. Wi-Fi often
used in schools, companies, and business
establishments, among others. This is to
provide network connections to multiple
users without the needs for cables.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Bluetooth – uses radio waves to

connect other devices. The connection
via Bluetooth is called pairing. Once
paired, devices are able to send and
receive information provided they are
within a given range which is typically
10 meters.
HOW HUMANS COMMUNICATE WITH COMPUTERS

❖ Reading a long string of 0’s and 1’s can

be very confusing and taxing. As such,
people who invented the computer
identified two areas in computer
systems; Computer Hardware and
Computer Software.

❖ Through computer software, humans

are able to “ communicate ” with the
computer
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer Software

❖ a combination of instructions, data, and programs that the computer needs in order
to do a specific task.
❖ Another term used for computer software is computer programs. Everything the
computer does can basically be controlled through these programs.
❖ Programs are a set of codes or instructions which are usually designed or written
by computer programmers using specific programming language.
❖ The most common type of programming language used by programmers is called
object-oriented programming.
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

This programming language includes:

Microsoft C# Hypertext Preprocessor JavaScript

TWO TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Programmers have developed two types of computer software.

❖ Application Software - most of the day-to-day tasks done in front of a computer

involve the use of application programs (e.g., typing a school assignment using
Microsoft Word, editing a photo using Adobe Photoshop, browsing through
Facebook using Google Chrome, or listening to music using Apple ’ s iTunes.

❖ System Software - also called an operating system (OS) is the most important
software running on a computer since it manages the computer ’s memory and
instructions and has the ability to control all the connected hardware and
installed software applications.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE INTERACTION

The Operating System (OS)

allows a person to interact with
the computer from the hardware
components and peripherals to all
the installed software applications
and files one has stored on the
computer.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE INTERACTION

The interaction can occur in two ways:

❖ Command Line Interface (CLI) - the

computer responds according to the text
command that is typed. (e.g., DOS)

❖ Graphical User Interface (GUI) - pictures

and buttons through mouse clicks and
keyboard entries. (e.g.,Windows)
SYSTEM PLATFORMS

Platform – hosts the application software installed in the system.

Desktop system differ from mobile systems in terms of how each platform treats
the application software installed in the system. A desktop or a laptop computer usually
needs an application program to run a certain application on it, or possibly, multiple
ones at the same time.
Examples: Google Chrome

• Gmail
• YouTube
• Wikipedia
TRIVIA ☺
MOBILE APPLICATION

Using a smartphone in accessing the same websites is a different experience. Instead

of using a web browser to access all three websites, mobile applications are used.

Mobile Applications – have the

capacity to run directly on top of
the operating system without using
web browser. Facebook, YouTube,
and Gmail are typical examples of
desktops applications that have
mobile counterparts.
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Two of the most popular desktop system software or OS nowadays are:

SMARTPHONE OS MARKET
CHART
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
The table below identifies the different types of applications programs and their corresponding software that are
available in the market.
Application Program Type Examples
Word processing software MS Word, WordPad and Notepad
Database software Oracle, MS Access etc.
Spreadsheet software Apple Numbers, Microsoft Excel
Multimedia software Real Player, Media Player
Presentation Software Microsoft Power Point, Keynotes
Enterprise Software Customer relationship management system

Information Worker Software Documentation tools, resource management tools

Dictionaries: Encarta, Britannica

Educational Software Mathematical: MATLAB
Others: Google Earth, NASA World Wind
Simulation Software Flight and scientific simulators
Content Access Software Accessing content through media players, web browsers
Application Suites OpenOffice, Microsoft Office

Software for Engineering and Product Development IDE or Integrated Development Environments
ONLINE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Specific application software

products, called software packages,
are available from the different
vendors. Usually, these software
packages cost money although a lot of
application software is now being
made available for free.
ONLINE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

❖ Online application software - is now

introduced with the improved internet
speed being made available to consumers.
(e.g., Google Docs, Google Sheets, and
Google Slides).

❖ Online productivity tools – are also available

for organizations, such as data collection
and analysis, especially for those in
marketing industry. (e.g., Zoho Survey,
Survey Gizmo, Campaign Monitor
GetFeedback, Checkbox Survey, and etc.)
 ONLINE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

There are several popular applications available in the App store and Google Play listed by
Tomsguide.com that can increase productivity, improve efficiency, and provide convenience. Below are
some of the apps on their list.

1. Any.do – a scheduler and reminder notification app.

2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint – available for free download in both Android and iOS.
3. WPS Office – another office productivity suite that does the same as MS Word, Excel, and
PowerPoint.
4. Adobe Acrobat Reader – a PDF reader and annotation app which lets you view and sign PDF forms.
5. Microsoft Outlook – for reading emails, managing contacts, and calendar.
6. Newton Mail – for accessing all email accounts in one “unified inbox”.
7. Forge – a mobile drawing app that allows the user to create sketches and edit photos.
HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY LIFE

Education

❖ Teachers can do research and enhance their teaching

materials.
❖ Students use computers with internet access as one
of their reference tools.
❖ School administrators use computers for
administrative work to ensure that the entire
operation of the school runs proficiently.
❖ Electronic learning (e-learning) is the newest
teaching methodology in which students and teachers
can communicate and collaborate with each other
online.
HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY LIFE

Banking

❖ Automated teller machine (ATM)

❖ Cheque deposit
❖ Electronic fund transfer
❖ Direct deposit
❖ Pay by phone system
❖ Personal computer banking
❖ internet banking
HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY LIFE

Workforce Industry

❖ Computers are used to expedite production

planning and control systems, to support chain
management, and to facilitate product design in
the industrial sector.
❖ Some of the large industrial companies that
implement ICT include Toyota Philippines,
Honda Philippines, and San Miguel Corporation.
❖ However, the use of ICT can be perceived as a,
threat to assembly-line and factory workers as
robots or machines take over their jobs.
HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY LIFE

Electronic Commerce

❖ Electronic commerce or simply

e-commerce helps boost the
economy.
❖ With computers, internet, and
shared software as the main
tools needed, buying and selling
activities are made easier, more
efficient, and faster.
HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY LIFE

Hospitals

❖ The use of computers in hospitals offers many

benefits to both doctors and patients.
❖ Hospitals are creating patients ’ databases of
health records, treatment records, and medical
records.
❖ Blood test, urine test, brain testing, ultrasound,
echocardiography, complete blood count (CBC),
mammography, bone density study, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), X-rays, and body
scanning, among others are made possible
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