0.

62 x 10
and C =

B 89.775264.07° 2 distributed paras

has the following
A 132 kV (L-L),
3 phase, 50 Hz power line meters
Example 3.9:
km: = Ix103H
per phase per
c 1x10-°F
r= 0.12

the receiving end e .

load of 60
MVA at 0.7 p.f. (lag) at find the
and delivers a
200 km long factor and efficiency.
If the line be power
current.
sending end voltage, Length
Length (r +jod)=
x
Zx
Solution: Z
xxx50 x1x 107*)x 200
=
(0.1+jx 2
2
200 =
(20+ j62.8)
(0.1+ j0.314)
= 65.9272.33° 2
x 10 x 107 x 200
length =
jx2 xTx50
Y=jor x

mho.
6.28 x 10*L90°

x 6.28 x I0*L90°
yD= VzY 65.9272.33°
=

=
0.2034281.165° = (0.031 + j0.2)

cosh yD = cosh (0.031 + j0.2)

Thus. sin 0.2
cosh 0.031 x cos 0,2 +j sinh 0.031x
+j0.031005x0.1987
= 1.00048 x 0.980067
0.9820.36°
(0.98+ j0.0062)
=

sinh yD = sinh (0.031 +j0.2)

cosh 0.031 x sin 0.2
sinh 0.031 x cos 0.2 +j
= 0.031 j1.00048 x 0.1987
x 0.98 +
0.0304+j0.1979 =0.201281.27
132
Also, 0 = 76.220° kV (ph-N)
(Power (MVA), 3 phase) 10
3xV (ph-N) kV x 10*
60 x 10
262.46 A
3x 76.2 x10
With V, as reference,
262.462- cos 0.7 A
262.464-45.57 A
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 119

we have
From text,
V= Vcosh yD + I2, sinh yD

76.220° x0.9820.36° +262.462- 45.57° x 10x 65.9272.33

V6.28 x 10*L90°
x0.20181.27
74.6760.36° + 0.262462- 45.57° x
=

323.942-8.835°x0,201281.27
74.67620.36° +17.09L26.865°
=
(74.674+j0.4692) + (15.246 +j7.723)
=
(89.92+ j8.192) 0.29 25.21° kV (ph-N)
=

I=sinh D+I cosh 7D

76.220°
x0.201281.27°+0.262464-45.57° x0.9820.36°
323.942-8.835
= 0.0473290.105° +0.25722-45.21°
= -0.000087+ j0.0473 +0.1812-j0.1825
= (0.1811- j0.1352) kA=0226/-36.74° kA
Angle between Vy and I, is (5.21° + 36.74°), i.e. 41.95° (, lags V).
The p.f. at the sending end is cos 41.95° = 0.744 (lag)
Next, we find P, (sending end power).

Py= 3x|| (ph-N) x|s|xcos 41.95

= 3x 90.29x0.226 x 0.744
= 45.545 MW
60 MVA 0.7 = 42 MW
P (receiving end power) x
=

7 (transmission efficiency)= R PRx 100

x 100
Ps
4 x 100 = 92.216%
1.e. noe 45.545
Hence, we obtain the results as summarized below
V=90.29L5.21° kV(ph-N)
= 156.38Z5.21° kV (L-L)

2262-36.74° A
Sending end p.f. = 0.744 (lag).
Transmission efficiency = 92.216%.
of
km long transmission line has series impedance
Example 3.10: A three phase, 50 Hz, 300
x 10 L90° U/km. The
load on the line is 100 MW
admittance of 0.0005
O6/68 km and shunt and power at the sending end and voltage
G 0 0 KV with 0.7 p.f. lag. Find out
the voltage, current
 AND CONTROL
ANALYSIS OPERATION
POWER SYSTEM
120
regulation of the line. Also, obtain
the per unit values sending
of end
voltage and
voltage and current
cCum
as well
of wave in the line.
wavelength and velocity of propagation he
the entire line.
Solution: Z= 0.087268° x 300 2 for
2
i.e. Z 26.1268°2 (9.77+ j24.19)
=

for the entire line.

Y= 10x0.0005290°x 300, mho

i.e. Y 10x0.15290°U =j10 x0.15U.

YD= VYz y0.15 x 10'x 26.1290° +68°

=

= 0.0625279° =(0.012+ j0.0614)

Z VZ Vo.26.1268=417.134-11°0
15 x10L90°
cosh yD= cosh (0.012+ j0.0614)
cosh 0.012 x cos 0.0614 +j sinh 0.012 x sin 0.0614
=
1.00007x 0.998 +j0.012 x 0.0614
0.998+ j0.00074 =0.99823.53
=

sinh yD= sinh

(0.012+j0.0614)
sinh 0.012 x cos 0.0614
+j cosh 0.012 x sin 0.0614
0.012 x 0.998 +j1.00007 x 0.0614
0.01198 + j0.0614 0.0622 L26.98°
=

Also, 220 x 10
20° (ph-N)

=
127x 10 20° v
100 x 10
3 x127 x10 0374.9 A

I= 374.94-cos 0.7 =
V= Vcosh 7D + I0 sinh374.92-45.57°
yD
A
=
127 0°x0.99823.53°
x0.0622L26.98°
+0.3752-45.57° x
417.132- 11°
=
126.496+j7.81 + 8.465 -j4.81
=
134.96+ j3.0 135L1.273°
=
kV (ph-N)
=
233.82L1.273° kV (LL)
I=sinh yD +g cosh 7D
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 121

127x 10 20°
417.13Z-I1*O622 226.98° +374.92-45.57 +0.998L3.53°

-
304.46211° x 0.0622 L26.98° + 374.152-42.04°
=
14.93+ jl 1.66 + 277.87 -j250.55
=
292.8-j238.89 =377.892L- 39.21° A
Voltage regulation =
135-12x 100
127
6.299%
angle between Vs and 7, is (1.273° + 39.21°), i.e. 40.48°
(sending end power)
. P
3 Vs| (ph-N) x |/s|x cos 40.48°
= 3x 135 x0.378 x cos 40.48°
= 116.44 MW
Next, it is required to obtain p.u. values of sending end voltage and current.
We take 220 kV as the base voltage and 374.9 A as the base current.
VR= 100 p.u. =220 kV LL)

R= 1.00 p.u. = 374.9 A.

is
Also, the base impedance

220 x 10*/3 338.8122

374.9

Thus, we are now able to represent the values of Vssand Z in terms of base values.
233.82
Vs 233.82 kV =. = 1.0628 p.u.
220

377.89
's = 377.89 A= =1.008 p.u.
374.9

417.13
|o=417.13= 338.812=1.231 pu.
of the wave in the line.
We will now find wavelength and velocity of propagation
We have yD= aD+ jßD
= 0.012+ j0.0614.
BD =0.0614

1.e.
0.0614 0.06142.05 x 10" rad./km
D 300
 122 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL

Since wavelength (2) is obtained from 2 =

(27/B), here
A = 2x 3.14/2.05 x 10-4
= 3.06 x 104 km
Velocity = Af=3.06 x 10* x 50
=
153 x 10 km/sec.
Evamnl
 Exampe 3.13: phase, S0 Hz
a
power transmission line delivers of
load 80MW at 0.8 p.f.
and the
(lag) at its receiving end. If the series impedance ofthe entire line is 200L80°
S2 per phase
Sdnt
0.0013L90° mho per phase. find i) the surge impedance
admittance is
of the line, (11) SIL, (ii)
line, and (V) the transmission
Constant, (iv) the sending end voltage. current and p.f. of the
efficiency.
Solution:
20080°392.232-5°S2
Vo.0013L90°
v2 220 x 220
(i) SIL= - =
392.23
=
123.397 MW (3 phase)
Zo
80x10
(iii) , 220127 kV: 'R3x 220x 10° x0.8 262.44 A
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 125

reference phasor.
Let V be the
V= 12720° kV (ph-N) =127000(1 + j0) V

I= 262.44/cos 0.8 =262.44 (0.8 j06)

and
=
(210-jl57.46) A=262.432- 36.87° A
nominal-T method,
We have, from

A= D= l+=1+0.0013L00° x 220280
= 1+0.132170° = 1 -0.128+ j0.0226
(0.872+ j0.0226) =0.87221.5°

B-21-200.280r1x0.013490 x 200280

200280° [-0064+ j0.0113

200 80° (0.936 + j0.0113)
200280° x0.93620.69° = 187.2L80.69° 2

C Y= 0.0013290° mho
A D= 0.87221.5°

B 187.2L80.69° 2.
iv) Vs AVg+ Blg
= 0.87221.5° x 12700020° +187.2280.69° x 262.432-36.87

= 146146 + j3.6915 = 150735214.18° V

kVZ14.18°
V (ph-N) 150.735
=

V,(L-L)= V3 x 150.735L14.18
261.073214.18° kV
I= CV+ D 262.434-36.87
= 0.0013290° x 127000L0° +0.87221.5° x
= 165.1290° +228.842-35.37
189.3429.93° A
= (186.57 + j32.66) A =

14.18-9.93° = 4.25°
Sending end p.f. angle
=

4.25° = 0.997 lag.

Cos os (sending end p.f.)
= cos

261.073214.18° kV (L-L)
Thus, V
I= 189.3429.93° A

cos s= 0.997 (lag)

 126 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL

(v)P (sending end power)

= 3 xs|x|x cos x10" MW
where V, is expressed in kV, and I in A]

3 x 261.073 x 189.34 x0.997 x 10

= 85.359 MW
Given P (receiving end power) = 80 MW
(transmission efficiency)
R x100 80
x 10093.72%
85.359

Example 3.14: A three

phase, 33 kV power overhead line has
effective resistance and
7 and 20
per phase, respectively. The three phase load at the reactanonce of
with 0.8 povwer factor receiving end is 30 MW, opeTatin
(lagging). Find the voltage at the sending end. What will be ating
compensating equipment inserted at the the kVAR
rating of tha
Find also the maximum
load that can be
receiving end so as to maintain a
voltage of 33 kV at each endo
transmitted.
Solution: From the
given data,

V 3 xV
Power 3 0 30 x 10
xcos o 3 x 33x 10 x0.8 2- cos"0.8

5244-36.86° A.. receiving end p.f. is 0.8 lag

Given Z= (7+
j20) N=21.18L70.7

Vs= V+Z=33xv310
-+5242-36.86° x 21.18L70.7
19.05 x 10
+11098.32 L33.84
(28268.2+ j6180.38) V =
=

of,
Vs 28.93y312.33° kV 28.9312.33° kV
According to the given (L-L)=50.112.33° kV
PR+ Q =30+ tanproblem,
j30 (cos'0.8)
We know that
=
(30+ j22.5) kVA

P cos (8-)-cos
where is the line angle Z iCos
(= B).
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 127

Here. |z=21.18 2.e= 70.7".|V|= 33 kV (L-L) =Vwithreceivingend voltage maintained at the

end voltage
level of sending
We have

3 0 (33)?
30 cos (70.7-6)- 33) cos
cos 70.7
7
21.18 21.18
=
51.41 cos (70.7°- 8)- 16.99
cos (70.70- 8) = 0.91
or.
70.7-23.92° =46.77

Now, s i n(0-)-sin &

(33) in (70.7°- 46.77)--sin 70.7

21.18 21.18
20.85-48.52 =-27.67 MVAR
where s=
But Q, (reactive power demand at load bus)

P tan =Pa tan (cos 0.8)

= 22.5 MWN
Hence to compensate the total inductive load of (27.67 + 22.5) MVAR, we need to supply the same
amount of reactive power at the load bus and this reactive power injection must be capacitive.
Q Capacitive)= 27.67 +2.5
= 50.17 MVAR
for transfer of maximum power
Weknow, 6=6.

This gives P (33) 1-cos 70.7)

21.18Cos 70.7°)
max

34.42 MW
Example 3.15: A three phase, 50 Hz, 400 km long transmission line has resistance and inductance
(per phase) of 0.035 2/ km and 1 mH/km, respectively. It has line capacitance (per phase) of
001 uFkm. The sending end voltage is 275 kV. Find the value of the shunt reactor having negligible
losses inserted at the receiving end so that it is possible to maintain 275 kV at both the ends when the
line is at no load.
Solution: R= 0.035 x 400 = 14 2 (forentire line)

X= 400 x 2xrx 50x1x 107

= 125.62 (for entire line)
 AND CONTROL
128 POwER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION

Z= (14+ j125.6)2
= 126.37L83.6° Q
Y= j314 x 0.01 x 10 6x 400

jl.256 x 10" U
1.256 x 10Z90° U
Using nominal 7 method.

A= I+

=
1+x1.256 10 x L90° x 126.37483.6°
= 1+0.079 L173.6°
= 1+(-0.078+ j0.008)
0.922 + j0.008
0.922 0.49°
We know that
Z 126.37 283.6°
B
2.

P B os (B-
Here cos (6- a)
vs= |V,| =275 kV
B 126.37Q
a
B 83.6
= 0.49
A=6.922
PR=0 (since line is at no
load)
0 275)2
Os,
126.37 COs (83.6° 5)-0.922|
0
598.44 cos 126.37.75)" cos (83.6-0.49°)
cos
(83.6° -

8) -

66.19
(83.6- 0) =

or, 83.6 5 598.44

Or,
=83.64
d = 0.04°

Also,
sin (-6-AlV
B -

B cos
(B --

a)
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 129

(275)
sin (83.6° 0.04°) 0922015 sin (83.6°-0.49°)
126.37 126.37
- 594 66- 547.77
46.89 MVAR

tohave V= |Vat light or no load condition, we need to compensate the capacitive Q, whose
Thus
e is iust obtained. Hence, the rating of the inductive compensator should be 46.89 MVAR so as to

keep the bus voltage at

the receiving end at nominal value

Byample 3.16: The shunt admittanceofa 200 km transmission line is Y= j7 x 10 U/km. Determine
constants of a shunt reactor that will compensate for 60% of the total shunt admittance.
the ARCD
Total Y= j7 x 107° x 200 3
Solution:

jl400 x10- 3
60% compensation means
B=0.6 x 1400 x 10-6

840 x 10-° U
We know. for inductor the generalised constants are
A D=1
B=0
C=-jB=-j840 x 106
[Note: The shunt inductor can be represented by an equivalent T network (Fig. E3.8) when we have
A=D= 1,B =0 (no series impedance), C = Y (the admittance ofthe shunt inductor).]

O-
Fig. E3.8

Example 3,17: For a radial power transmission line delivering complex power S, at its load bus, find
an expression for the receiving end bus voltage. How the expression gets modified if |V,=1.00 p.u.
and load bus p.f. is unity?
Solution: Let S, represent the demand of complex power at load bus. Obviously,

S Po+ jep Pp + jPp tan =

where is the p.f. angle at load bus.

Also, tan =Sn p_Reactive factor

cos Power factor
= m (say).
 130 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL

At load bus, we can write,

PPsaB= sin dsR

where snffi S stands for sending end and 'R' for

receiving end. Also, |Xsa= Xp
ep--ens vcos8s8
XSR
Eliminating ox from equations (i) and (ii) and using cos osr + sin dsr =
1, we get

Reamanging. we get a quadratic equation in VR

- -

mPpXsR 4
1/2
or.
- mPps -PXs PX +m|)|
With Vs= 1.0 and cos = 1 (i.e.
for m =0), we get

1/2
Or,
[the negative root of V is neglected]
This is the required expression.
Example 3.18: 3
phase power is transferred through a 300 km power line
having surge impedanceof
3502. If the power
angle be 36° and wavelength of the voltage wave be 4x 10' m, find the surge
impedance loading (P,) for this line. Assume the sending end and the
(L-L) at SIL. Also, find the line loadability in receiving voltages to be at 400 k
terms of SIL.
Solution: We know from text that for a
power line,

SIL Z
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 131

400 x 400
P, = 457.14 MW
Here, 350
in terms of SIL is represented
Liine
loadability as

P sin 6
SIL sin

:0-BD-xD
P= SIL x SIn36° 360
x 300
Here sin 27 4000
= 27

P 457.14x .588 592.067 MW

or. 0.454
line loadability is 592.067 MW while the SIL value is 457.14 MW.
Hence the
Line loadability 1.295. =
SIL

Rample 3.19: Figure E3.9 represents power flow through an interconnector having reactance of
50ph (resistance is negligible) linking two generating stations. If the voltage profile in the
interconnector is 33 kV (L-L) throughout the line, estimate the power angle and the station power
factors.

V,40
-V,20° -V,48
10 MW
(R + jX)
50 MW load 30 MW load
(0.8 p.f. lag) (0.75 p.f. lag)
Fig. E3.9

Solution: At bus-1,
Load P, +jQ = 50 + j50 tan (cos '0.8)
= (50 + j37.5) MVA
At bus-2,
Load= P + jQ, =30+j30 tan (cos 0.75)
= (30+ j26.46) MVA

Also, =Va=33 kV(L-L)

and Ps=P= 10 MW (given)

Also,
PPa vsMlgin
 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL
132

3333
Here 10 sin

263
while V,Zo =
V,20° (V, lead.
Hence. the operating power angle is 2.63°, i.e. V,Z8 =33 kVZ2.63° ds
, to send real power from bus-2 to bus -1).
Next, we compute the reactive power.

cos o, when V= |Ve=|VI

X
332
,- 33 cos 2.63
Here 5

= 8.07 MVAR
29.43 MVAR
, (reactive power at station-1)
=
2, -8.07 =37.5-8.07
Thus. station-1 or bus-1 has reactive power of 29.43 MVAR (net).

cos (p.f. at station-1)

=
cos| tan

= cos tan
-1 29.43
50
= 0.862 (1ag)
at station-2)
0, (reactive power 26.46 +8.07 =34.53 MVAR
=
+Qs =

of 34.53 MVAR (net).

Station-2 or bus-2 has then reactive power

cos (p.f.at station-2) cos tan

- =

P
Cos tan-!34.53
= cos tan30
30

=0.655 lag. end station

lag while that at the sending
at the receiving end
station (bus-1) is 0.862
Thus, the p.f.
(bus-2) is 0.655 lag.
is terminated by its characteristic impedance Z
Example 3.20: A radial power transmission line

(Z,) voltage gain

and current gain interms
Find an expression for driving point impedance

expression for transmission efficiency?

of secondary constants of the line. What is the
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF
TRANSMISsION LINES 135
We know that the
Solution: We sending end voltage (V,) and current (d,) can be
ceiving endd voltage (V,) and current (7,) using the represented in terms of
the following relations:
V=V,cosh yD +1,2 sinh yD ()

7Vsinh yD +1, cosh yD (ii)

is terminated in
, then V, Zd, and hence
=

f the line

V,= V, (cosh yD + sinh yD) =

V,e =V,".eP
and =1, (cosh yD+ sinh yD) =l,e =1,.eiD
a+jß=y7

Thus. the driving pont impedance (1) becomes Zg, the surge impedance of the line.
Next we find from the first equation (equation (i)),

= aD

and from the second equation, we have

e a D

Therefore, the voltage and current gain both are equal and of value e , D being the length of the
line.
end
Let that the
us assume positive flow of current is that value when it flows from the sending
reference
(end-1) to the receiving end (end-2). Let this direction of receiving end current (,) be the
direction and hence we can represent the complex power at the receiving end as (- S21).

Also, -S V, =Veae BD.1;-aD.e D

=

S2e 2aD

2aD

S2
Since a is real, transmission efficiency can be calculated as,

7 - 2aD in p.u.

i.e. R 0, G=0,2,= =
and r=javlc.]
Unereader may note here that if the line is lossless,
 OPERATION AND CONTROL
134 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Hence for a lossless line,

S2 - Pz1 -1(=)
S12 P2
The line becomes an ideal line with 100% transmission efficiency ().

Also, P2 Re Vi|=Re Zo

P12 Re VxV
Z
the SIL value of the line.
Since V, is the reference and Z, is real, we have P2 Zo
Also, PaRei]=Re|z,4fF
-[2.4]