(v)Py(sending end power)

vaxVxsxcos, x 10 Mw
where Vs is expressed in kV, and 1, in A]

3 x 261.073 x 189.34 x 0.997 x 10

= 85.359 MW
Given PR (receiving end power) = 80 MWV

(transmission efficiency)
PRx 100 = 80
x 100 =93.72%
Ps 85.359

Example 3.14: A three phase, 33 kV overhead power line has effective resistance and reactance.
nce of
72 and 20 2 per phase, respectively. The three phase load at the receiving end is 30 MW, operatin
with 0.8 power factor (lagging). Find the voltage at the sending end. What will be the kVAR ratingof t
compensating equipment inserted at the receiving end so as to maintain a voltage of 33 kV at each endo
Find also the maximum load that can be transmitted.

Solution: From the given data,

Power 30 x 10
- 2 - cos' 0.8
3xV x cos v3 x 33 x
10 x08

receiving end p.f. is 0.8 lag)

= 5242-36.86° A.

Given Z= (7+ j20) 2 = 21.18470.7

33 x 10
3+
V= V+Z= +5242-36.86° x 21.18/70.7°

19.05 x 10° +11098.32 L33.84

= (28268.2 + j6180.38) V = 28.93212.33° kV

Or, V 28.93/3212.33° kV (L-L) =50.1212.33° kV.

According to the given problem,
PR+jO= 30+j30 tan (cos'0.8)
=
(30 +j22.5) kVA
We know that

D -
Vsaos (@- ) cos -

where & is the line angle (= B).

 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 127

Here. 1zl=21.182, 6 =70.7°. |Vs=33 kV (L-L) =|V»|l. with receiving end voltage maintained at the
end voltage.
evel of sending
We have

(33)2 ( 7 0 . 7 ° - - ) cos 70.7

30
S 21.18 cos 21.18
= 51.41 cos (70.7°-)-16.99
cos (70.7° - ) = 0.91
Or,
70.7°-23.92° =46.77.

sin (-5)- sin 6

Now,
Z 12
(33) (33)2 sin 70.7°
=
21.18n
21.18
(70.7°-46.77°)- -

1
21.18
20.85-48.52 = -27.67 MVAR

where =|V
But Q, (reactive power demand at load bus)
= PR tan o= Pz tan (cos 0.8)
22.5 MW
need to supply the samne
total inductive load of (27.67 +22.5) MVAR, we
Hence to compensate the must be capacitive.
bus and this reactive power injection
amount of reactive power at the
load

Qc (capacitive) =27.67+ 22.5

50.17 MVAR

for transfer of maximum power

We know, 0=6.
(33)2
(33)(1-cos 70.7°)
This gives Pmax 21.18
= 34.42 MW
line has resistance
and inductance
transmission
400 km long phase) of
Example 3.15: A three phase, 50 Hz, has line capacitance (per
p l e 3,.15: mH/km, respectively.
It
(per
pnase) 0.035 Q/km and I
of
the value of the shunt
ving negligible
reactor having
Find
0.01 LF/km. The sending end voltage is 275 kV. the ends when the
275 kV at both
VKm. The
to maintain
is possible
losses inse at the receiving
end so that it
SCrted
line is at no load. (for entire line)
Soution d00- 4 2
 30 33)
21.18 cOs (70.7-8-3
21.18
cos 70.7°
=
51.41 cos (70.7°-5)-16.99
cos (70.7° -

5) =
0.91
S =
70.7° -23.92°
. =46.77°.

Now, -aain (0--MP

sin 6

3
1)S2i n (70.7° - 46.77) (33)2 sin 70.7
21.18
=
20.85 -48.52 =
-27.67 MVAR
where Vs=VR
But Q, (reactive power demand at load bus)
=
PR tan do =
PR tan
(cos 0.8)
22.5 MW
Hence to compensate the total inductive load of
(27.67+22.5) MVAR, we need to supply the same
amount of reactive power at the load bus and this reactive
power injection must be capacitive.
Qc(capacitive) =27.67 +22.5
= 50.17 MVAR
for transfer of maximum power
We know, 0=6.

This gives P 33)

max 21.18-cos 70.7)
34.42 MW
Example 3.15: A threephase, 50 Hz, 400 km long transmission line has resistance and inductance
(per phase) of 0.035 Q/km and 1 mH/km, respectively. It has line
capacitance (per phase) of
0.01 uF/km. The sending end voltage is 275 kV. Find the value of the shunt reactor having negligible
losses inserted at the
receiving end so that it is possible to maintain 275 kV at both the ends when the
line is at no load.
Solution: R= 0.035x 400 142 (for entire line)

X= 400 x 2xTx50x1x103
= 125.6 Q (for entire line)
 128 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL

Z= (14+j125.6) 2
= 126.3783.6° Q

Y=j314 x 0.01 x 10-6x 400

= jl.256 x I10 U

1.256 x 10* L90° U

Using nominal r method,

A= 1+2

=1+x1.256x 103290°x126.37283.6

= 1+0.0792173.6
= 1+(-0.078 +j0.008)
= 0.922 +j0.008
= 0.92220.490

B Z= 126.37 283.6°2.
We know that

P cos(B-9-1cos
PAB |B| (-a)
Here
=
|V =275 kV
B= 126.372 A=6.922
B 83.6
a = 0.49°
PR 0 (since line is at no load)

(275)2 0.922
0
0=
126.37
(83.6-)126.37
598.44 cos (83.6)-66.19
(2.751? cos (83.6°-0.49)

Or,

66.19
cos (83.6-8)
598.44
or, 83.6-8 83.64
or, S = 0.04°

Also, ,- sin (B- )- cos (-a)

 129
STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES -

ee p = 2

7
7 5 2

sin (83.6°- o.04°) - 275(275 sin (83.6° - 0.49)

So 126.37
= 594.66 - 547.77

= 46.89 MVAR

Thius, to have Vs r at light or no load condition, we need to compensate the capacitive QR whose
the rating of the inductive compensator should be 46.89 MVAR so as to
waue is just obtained. Hence,
end at nominal value.
keep the bus voltage at the receiving
Determine
3.16:
Example 3.16:
Example The shunt admittance of a 200 km transmission line is Y= j7 x 10- U/km.
of a shunt reactor that will compensate for 60% of the total shunt admitance.
the ABCD constants
Total Y= j7x 10° x 200
Solution:
= j1400 x 10 5
60% compensation means

B,= 0.6 x 1400 x 10-6

i.e.

840 x 10-° U

generalised constants are

We know, for inductor the
A D=1
B 0
C= -jB, = - j840 x 10-6
E3.8) when we have
be represented by an equivalent T (Fig. network
Note: The shunt inductor can
shunt inductor).]
A=D=1, B =0 (no series impedance), C= Y, (the admittance ofthe
R

O
Flg. E3.8

complex power S at its load bus, find

transmission line delivering
Example 3.17:
Xample 3.17: For a radial power
How the expression gets
modified if |Vs|=1.00 p.u.
CXpression for the receiving end bus voltage.
and load bus
p.f. is unity'? at load bus. Obviously.
Solur S, represent the demand of complex power
Pp +jPp tan o
Sp Pp + jep =

where is the p.f. angle at load bus

Reactive factor
sin o- ta
Also, tan= cos
(cos )
Power factor

m (say).
 OPERATION AND CONTROL
ANAL YSIS
SYSTEM
POWER
130
Write,
we can
At load bus,
Vs1Vl sin osa
Pp-Ps Xse
S stands for sending
end and "*°
for receiving end. Also, |Xe=l.
where suffix

ep-Rs cos OsR

cos" osn +sin" ose =I, weget

Eliminating Sx from equations (1) and (ii) and using

mPp. Xs (vVe-F
Rearranging, we get a quadratic equation in |V

M2m -Kof)v.f +0-m~x, =0

/2

or,

With V= 1.0 and cos Ù=1(i.e.form =0), we get

i--
ql/2
the negative root of V; is neglected)

This is the required expression.

Example 3.18: 3 phase power is transferred through a 300 km power line having surge
350 2. If the power angle be 36° and wavelength of the voltage wave be 4x 10 m, find he
40
impedance loading (P,) for this line. Assume the sending end and the receiving voltages
(LL) at SIL. Also, find the line loadability in terms of SIL.
Solution: We know from text that for a power line,

SIL Zo
 P 400X4O0.457.14 MW
Here,
350
in terms of SIL is represented as
laadability
Line
P sin o
SIL sin 6

0=BD=xD
36° 360
P= SIL xSin x 300
Here sin 27 4000
= 270

0.588
P 457.14x x = 592.067 MW
Ol, 0.454
Jence the ine loadability is 592.067 MW while the SIL value is 457.14 MW.

Line loadability 1.295.

SIL

having reactancé
interconnector of
Example 3.19: Figure E3.9 represents power flow through an
stations. If the voltage profile in thee
5/ph (resistance is negligible) linking two generating
the power angle and the station power
interconnector is 33 kV (L-L) throughout the line, estimate
factors.

V,40°
- V,20° 2 T V46

10 MW
(R+jX) 30 MW load
50 MW load
(0.8 p.f. lag) (0.75 p.f. lag)
Fig. E3.99

Solution: At bus-1,
Load P + j0 = 50 +j50 tan (cos- 0.8)
= (50+j37.5) MVA
At bus-2,
Load= P, +j0, = 30 +j30 tan (cos 0.75)

= (30 +j26.46) MVA

Also, Vs=VR=33kV(L-L)
and
Ps=PR= 10 MW (given)
Also,
Ps=PR x sin 6
132 POWER SYsTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND
CONTROL

33 x 33
Here 10= sin

2.63.
Hence, the operating power angle is 2.63°, i.e. Vz£6 =33 kV22.63° while V28 = V.
V, V
V, to send real power from bus-2 to bus -I).
Next, we compute the reactive power.

- V_cs
-cos8
when =e=|Vl

cos 2.63
Here ,-
8.07 MVAR
-8.07=37.5 8.07 = 29.43 MVAR
Q,
-

, (reactive power at station-1) =

Thus, station-1 or bus-1 has reactive power of 29.43 MVAR (net).

1
cos (p.f. at station-1) =cos| tan
P
-1 29.43
Cos tan 50
= 0.862 (lag)
Q, (reactive power at station-2)
26.46 +8.07 =34.53 MVAR
1, +Os =

Station-2 or bus-2 has then reactive power of 34.53 MVAR (net).

cos o (p.f. at station-2) = cos tan 2

=cos tan 34.53

30
0.655 lag. sending end station
Thus, the p.f. at the receiving end station (bus-1) is 0.862 lag while that at the sending en
(bus-2) is 0.655 lag.
edance
Example 3.20: A radial power transmission line is terminated
by its characteristic in
in ters

Find an expression for driving point impedance (Z) voltage gain and current ga |
of secondary constants of the line. What is the
expression for transmission efficiency
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION
OF TRANSMISSION LINES 133
ution:
We know that the sending end voltage (V,) and current (I,) can be represented in terms of
eceiving end voltage (V) and current (1,) using the following relations:
he

V= V2 cosh yD + 1,Z, sinh yD )

sinh7D +h coshD (i)

fthe line is terminated

in
2, then
V =20d2 and hence
V=V (cosh 7D + sinh yD) =V,e" =V,aD D
=12 (cosh yD + sinh 7D) = 1,e" =1,e.eiD
and

:a+jß=
Z
impedance (Z1) becomes Z the surge impedance of the line.
Thus, the driving point
from the first equation (equation (i)),
Next, we find

have
and from the second equation,
we

-OD
e

the length of the

and of value e , D being
current gain both are equal
Therefore, the voltage and
the sending end
when it flows from
line. is that value
be the reference
flow of current (7,)
Let us that the positive
assume of receiving end
current

Let this direction end as (-S21).

end (end-2). at the receiving
end-1) to the receiving the complex power
can represent
Lcetion and hence we

Also,
2aD
= Sy2e

d21-2aD
S12 can be calculated
as,
efficiency
Since transmission

1s real,
-h12aD in p.u.
P G=0, 2,=
a n d r=
javle.]

line is
lossless,
i.c. R =0,
The reader may 'note here that ifthe
 Z(B- a) = (82.74 -0.522) = 82.220

MVAR

-38.38 MVAR
MW

82.22

Radius
(475.79 MVA) (509.69 MVA)

Fig. E3.10

By measurement, we find from Fig. E3.10 that MVAR (Q.) is 38.38 MVAR. Thus, the shunt reactor
should be rated as 38.38 MVAR to maintain 220 kV at the receiving side of the line.

Example 3.22: A 3 phase, 50 Hz, 400 kV power transmission line has a series reactance of 81.6 ohm
with negligible series resistance and shunt susceptance of 6.29 x 10 290° mho. The line length is
200 km.
) Determine the reactance and rating of an inductance shunt reactor to be connected at the
receiving end if the receiving end voltage is to be maintained at 400 kV or no load
(ii) If the line delivers 650 MVA at 0.8 p.f. lag at the receiving end, compute the capacitance and
MVAR of the shunt capacitor connected at the receiving end to maintain 400 kV load bus
voltage.
Solution: () Let us assume that the receiving end bus is unloaded. From equation Vs= V cosh yD +
sinh yD, we get for I =0

i.e. Vs I*r=a+ jBand a =0

Vs= V cosh yD VR cosh BD
In this problem,

r and g both equal to zero

Z Y
 36 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
OPERATION AND CONTROL
Z
jX, j81.62
=
and Y=j0.000629 =jc
Hence L (line inductance) = L=. X_81.6=0.26H
27T X50

and 0.000629
20 10'F
C 2Tx 50
= x

0.26
360 2
20x 107

YD= ZY =j81.6x j0.000629

= jx0.227 jBD
Thus, cosh yD =cosh (0 + j0.227)
: cosh 0x cos 0.227+j sinh 0 x sin 0.227
= 0.974 + j.0 x 0225 = 0.974

400/3 237.11 kV (ph-N)

VR cosh BD 0.974
or, VR= 410.68 kV (ph-ph)
We need to bring down this higher value of V, to 400kV using shunt reactorat load/teceivingea
(Fig. E3.11).

Load bus
(receiving end)
Is

Fig. E3.11
Here, the receiving end current is given by

By
jXsh
substituting the value of Ip in the
expression of Vs we get
VsVCos (BD) +j2, sin BD xR
jX sh
cosh (iBD) =cosh (0 + jßD)
cosh 0.cos
(BD) +j sinh 0.s1n (BD)
cos(BD)
Or,
cos (BD) +20 sin (BD) }
Xsh VR
 STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES 137

Simplification yields

sin (BD)
sh Vs
Vcos (BD)
VR
. represents the value of required inductive reactance to compensate for the voltage rise at no load for
the line.
In this problem
360 x sin (0.22)
1-cos(0.227)
-3158.18 /ph
rating 2sh is obtained as
Shunt reactor

RMV
sh
AR/ph.
Sincewe require V=|s
Osh (237.11)=17.8
3158.18
MVAR/ph.
(i) Real power delivered at the receiving end is 650 x 0.8 = 520 MW.
bus

P sin 6,, [suffix 1 stands for sending end and suffix 2 stands for receiving end]
X12
PaX12 520x81.6 -0.2652
Here, sin Vs|V 400x400
2 = 15.38°.

expresSion for receiving end reactive power is given by

= sin (B- 8-AVe -

sin (ß- a)

Here, = |V= 237.11 kV

B| = Z sinh 7D

360 x sinh (0 +j0.0227)

360 sinh 0.cos 0.227+j
cosh 0.sin 0.227

360 j0.225
j81.02 Q=81.02L90°N
and
A = cosh yD = 0.974 20°.
 CONTROL
OPERATION AND
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
138 POWER

237.11x 237.11 sin (90°- 15.38°)--

0.974 x237.1sin (90° -0°)
R 81.02 81.02
81.02

= 669.07 -675.875 =- 6.805 MVAR/ph

650 i.e. 130 MVAR/ph,
the receiving end bus is MVA x 0.6,
Also, the reactive load on
3

Thus, in order to maintain the rated voltage at the receiving end, Og= 6.805 MVAR/ph is to bedmdrawn
reactive power status at the load bus is diagrammal
alongwith the reactive load demand. The
represented in Fig. E3.12.
R.E.
From
S.E. +130 MVAR/ph
-6.805
MVAR/ph Load

Fig. E3.12
We now can write

or,
-6.805 +Q= 130
O= 130 +6.805
The compensating shunt capacitor should
have 136.805MVAR/ph
of
=

rating
voltage at the specified load level. 136.805 MVAR/ph to keep load bu

Also,

xea 237.113
Oc 136.805410.95 Q
or,

C 410.95

C2x50 x
7.75 uFlph.
410.95
.A 3 phase, 50
Receiving end Hz, 20 km long
EXERCISES
Load delivered voltage
at
33 kV transmission line has the
Impedance
Findout the
receiving end 20 MW at
per phase following data:
per km 0.8
sending end (0.8+ p.f. lagging
Ans. voltage, linej0.5)current
Q

Vs(LL)=47.21L- 144° kV; and

vollage
I =4.437 regulation of the line