Matrix of Related Literature

Persons with Physical Disability-Inclusive Transportation

Author Mobility Challenges Accessibility
Disabilities Transport Facilities and Vehicles
• Reducing physical • The physical barriers • Various accessibility
Gervais, Z. (2019) barriers in public in public solutions dedicated to
transport systems are transportation for the people with reduced
necessary for people physically disabled mobility was
with physical include unsuitable implemented on
disability and steps, significant many countries. In
reduced mobility. height difference Lyon, France, metro
between floors, long stations are equipped
distances, slippery with lifts and
floors, huge space dedicated gates.
gaps between Whereas in New
platform and vehicle, York, subways have
and access heights. been equipped with
automatic entry/exit
gates called
AutoGate. Several
other solutions were
also applied
including stop
request button and
ram request button in
Barcelona,
retractable thresholds
for easy boarding,
bus stops with belt
and grab bar for
people in wheelchairs
in Spain, and etc. to
name a few.
• Mobility Constraints • Mobility • Urban and inter- • Accessible transport
World Bank (2015) exacerbates the improvements can urban transport systems have become
social, economic, and drastically uplift the systems remain either the rule rather than
personal isolation of lives of persons with completely off-limits exception with
PWDs which pushes disabilities as or incredibly difficult today’s supporting
them further into transport gives access to access for persons legislations.
poverty hence to jobs, schools, with disabilities
making it a major healthcare, markets, around the world.
obstacle in disability- leisure.
 inclusive
development.
Frye, A. (2013)
• The road safety • The measures also
Ting, K. (2019) advocate said Batas take into account the
Pambansa 344 or the vulnerability of
35-year-old Act people around or
which calls for the those who assist
enhancement of PWDs. “If one of the
mobility for PWDs people assisting you
• Different facilities to • Accessibility for the • There is universal
increase the safety of disabled is not only lack of standards for
the disabled are being limited to physical basic infrastructure
introduced in many access to vehicles and design such as
countries. In Finland, systems but also minimum footway
the “Helsinki for All” include information widths or ramp
project was dissemination in gradients.
established wherein a forms that are useable
new type of kerb for by everyone,
wheelchair users and transport staff
visually impaired trainings to
was developed. accommodate the
Tactile surfaces and needs of the disabled,
audible signals in and design and layout
crossings were on urban areas to
integrated in many enable their mobility.
developed countries Door-to-door
particularly in services such as
Europe. Wayfinder shared-taxis,
was also introduced minibuses and pick-
in the United up trucks are a major
Kingdom (UK) to form of transport in
enable users to access many cities
audio information to particularly in
help them navigate. Manila. These
transport services
offer greater
flexibility and greater
penetration into
residential areas
hence became the
major mode of choice
for the disabled.
• Above all, Fullo, • According to Barba, • We started our
Malinao and Barba transport should be auditing in some bus
agree that teaching accessible for all, non stations in Cubao.
road safety should be – disabled and There have to be
a priority in homes disabled individuals, toilets and ramps in
and schools. but can’t be easily buses. In the
achieve straightaway. Paranaque Integrated
 serve as their guide in slips while carrying • “You have to start Presently, the Terminal Exchange
PWD-friendly you, you fall. You them young,” said accessibility (PITX), before we
infrastructure. But can get injured. Barba, who cited the guidelines in public checked, there were
while there is an That’s why we are Paranaque utility vehicles no accessibility
existing law, a lot giving solutions to Elementary School (PUV) modernization plans. Good thing we
more can be done to buses to get a and the nearby San programs aren’t checked it just time
improve the set movable ramp. It is Dionisio Elementary completely prepared while construction
standards, he said. still in the production School as good yet. was still going on.”
• Last July, a bill was stage so it will take examples because • “We believe that if
filed in the House of time to fully develop they teach kids about (roads) are
Representative many of them.” road safety. accessible, they are
aiming to • “Everything we do is • “They teach them to safe not just for
institutionalize concerned with have road safety commuters and
PWD-friendly disability,” he said, commitments so they pedestrians, but also
transportation adding that many know better when for cars, and
programs to address among the elderly they grow older.” establishments,” he
the needs of PWDs as have some kind of • Malinao agrees it is said.
commuters. disability, whether important to teach not • Their group, formed
• Under the proposed due to hearing or only road safety to in March 2019, is
House Bill No. 2224 sight,” said Barba. students but also responsible for
or the ‘PWD-friendly There are 1.4 million about inclusivity of assessing the quality
and Safe PWDs across the PWDs. “Not all roads of transport and road
Transportation Act’ country based on the are accessible to conditions for PWDs.
authored by 2010 Population PWDs so people • For the pilot testing,
Congresswoman Ma. Census of the should be more some hybrid buses
Lourdes Arroyo, all Philippine Statistics considerate.” already have labels
PUV operators and Authority. • Fullo thinks while designating seats for
owners are mandated there have been senior citizens, small
to upgrade their moves towards children, and
PUVs by providing greater inclusivity, pregnant women. For
passenger boarding more needs to be PWDs, they will have
ramps or lifts, spaces done to better aid a space to park their
for wheelchairs and them. wheelchairs in the
other safety center.
accessories such as • “We designed it with
seatbelts, clamps, and the DOTr. The doors
grab bars to provide will also be bigger to
safety and comfort to accommodate
PWD commuters. wheelchair users,”
• The bill also requires Barba said in an
the Department of interview.
Public Works and
 Highways to • The task force is
designate a certain building ‘special
portion of roadway or tools’ for the blind,
highway as pick-up such as stop lights
points for PWDs. with sounds to signal
• Around the same the blind if they can
time, Senator Leila de cross the roads.
Lima filed Senate
Bill 188, which aims
to transform the
National Council on
Disability Affairs
into a National
Commission for
Disability Affairs.
The shift is designed
to “further strengthen
its role as the primary
agency responsible
for the
implementation of
policies aimed at
fulfilling the rights of
the PWD sector.”
• Amidst of the • Before the time of the According to the • So, what can be done
Ola Mobility pandemic, India has covid-19 pandemic, International Labour to improve the
Institute(2021) set its goal to achieve Persons with Organization, India’s accessibility and
a more resilient and Disabilities (PwDs) GDP can increase to inclusivity of
successful economy. are continuing living 7 percent when the transport systems?
The country the challenges in cost of Persons with The report makes
encourages its citizen public transportation. Disability is several
to grasp their full In Mumbai, a student excluded. With an recommendations:
potential, and to using a wheelchair approximate $2.8 (1) Mandate
accomplish that the can’t enter local train trillion estimation of collection of up-to-
country should first stations because of 2021-22 GDP, which date gender age and
focus to its transport the stairs in the could lost a break of disability (GAD)
systems, wherein it is transportation approximately $232 disaggregated
the life arteries of any facility, and the billion. population and
economy from any accessible buses are transport data to
countries, because it not always available, inform transport
inhibits its making it more planning and
progression and difficult. Similarly, a development; (2)
 advancement. Hence, visually impaired Notify/update
the transport systems teacher named Usha, standards of
should pass its from Delhi and her accessibility for the
accessibility and student with a physical and digital
inclusivity standards disability is infrastructure across
for all, not only for infuriated when the trip chain; (3)
non-disabled buses don’t stop for Ensure that the
individuals but for them. country's disaster
the 100 million+ response, especially
Persons with with respect to
Disabilities as well. transportation, is
disability-inclusive;
(4) Announce fiscal
incentives for
accessible
transportation thus
encouraging the
industry to invest in
the development and
production of
accessible transport
solutions; (5) Senior
management, tech
teams, and customer
facing staff of
automobile
companies and
transport operators to
undergo disability
sensitisation training
• Social Inclusion for • Two- and three- • Batas Pambansa 344
Cristobal, R. (2019) PWDs practically wheeled vehicles aims to enhance the
means eliminating such as motorcycles mobility of disabled
discrimination, and tricycles persons by requiring
providing dominate the buildings,
employment Philippine roads institutions,
opportunities, and more than four- establishments, and
more importantly, wheeled vehicles. public utilities to
creating a barrier-free install assistive
environment through facilities such as
accessibility. disabled ramps.
 • Social inclusion is
achievable once
everyone come
together to achieve a
common goal in
support of the
differently-abled.
• PWDs as defined by • The implementation • Buildings and the
Mendoza, D. (2019) RA no. 7277 or the of BP 344 or the transport systems in
1992 Philippine Accessibility Law general remain
Magna Carta for remains inadequate if neglectful of the
Disabled Persons are not manifestly scarce special needs of the
”those suffering from according to disabled.
restriction of
Commission on
different abilities, as
a result of mental, Human Rights
physical, or sensory (CHR).
impairment, to
perform an activity in
the manner or within
the range considered
normal for a human
being.”
• In many cases, • The pursuance of • Many car companies
Sanchez, H. (2019) mobility aids such as convenience in all almost exclusively
wheelchairs, walkers, aspect to make life cater only able-
and crutches tend to easier isn’t only bodied drivers and
cause the problem as limited to able- passengers due to
it takes up more space bodied members of additional cost in
inside the vehicle. society, but as well as having to retool
for persons with specific assembly
disabilities (PWDS). lines to accommodate
• Everyone has the certain disabilities.
right to be • All passengers, both
independently mobile able-bodied and
without exclusion. PWDs, should only
experience little to no
difficulty when
boarding or exiting a
vehicle.
 • Tricycles that can • Commuting as a
Cayco, A. (2019) easily transport PWD, oftentimes, is
wheelchair users not even an option,
have been engineered because unlike many
which entails more developed countries,
spacious sidecar with the public
lowerable rear side to transportation system
serve as ramp. in the Philippines is
not built to
accommodate the
disabled especially
those in wheelchairs;
Jeepneys and buses
have steep footboards
with cramped seating
areas, only few train
stations have actual
working elevators,
and even tricycles
require passengers to
crouch which is then
extra difficult for
PWDs.
• Though physical • According to • According to
Alexiou, G. (2021) access barriers are Alexiou, the Alexiou, the report
important in relation objective is not to note some significant
to street and public create specific data points, says that
transport suggestions but to 80 out of the 270
infrastructure, they extract several stations in London
are merely the tip of emotional and Underground which
the iceberg when it psychological drivers has a step – free
comes to the describing access and 65% of
multitude of inaccessibility from persons with
challenges disabled the perception of a disabilities used
people face in getting disabled person. The public transportation
around. report also creates on at least once a week
• Instead, it adopts a the idea of “mobility in the report in 2017,
person-centered justice,” which all wherein the transport
approach through in- people should have a accessibility is
depth interviews with fair and equal anything but a dry
five individuals with opportunity to access statistical analysis.
mobility impairments
 from a variety of and use public
different ages and spaces.
backgrounds. One
message which
comes across loud
and clear from all five
interviewees is the
degree of anxiety
involved in using
public transport and
spaces as a disabled
person.
• Most of the
participants also
agreed that, though
there are high-levels
of stress around
feeling uncertain
about being able to
complete a journey,
there was additional
serious anxiety
related to the risk of
accident or injury.
• There are several • In practice, there are • Although we are • In places that are •
Geronia, E.(2017) Republic Acts, Batas still obstacles that several centuries designed with
Pambansa, PWDs have to deal removed from maximum
Presidential Decrees, with on a daily basis, medieval times, the accessibility in mind
Administrative not counting the world at large however, the reverse
Orders, societal barriers. (especially this is true. It feels like
proclamations, There are ramps that country) seems to be you are a first-class
ordinances, circulars, are too steep or too still coming out of the citizen in a freaking
and memoranda that narrow for dark ages when it PWD wonderland.
take into account the wheelchair users, comes to You can ride any
well-being of PWDs. PWD parking slots accommodating public transport even
These numerous laws that get swiped by the PWDs with various if you are blind,
are all designed to able bodied, PWD physical, sensory, hearing-impaired, or
promote the welfare toilets that are under and intellectual in a wheelchair.
of PWDs and lock and key, elevator impairments. To a • In London, the buses
integrate accessibility buttons and signs that disabled person, a have hydraulics that
for public spaces. The lack Braille large chunk of this lowers the vehicle to
abundance of laws markings, non- world seems to be curb level while a
 doesn’t automatically audible pedestrian designed for regular ramp deploys so you
translate to an all- crossings, and people by people can smoothly roll in
access utopia sidewalks without without any and out.
however. tactile paving and disability. • Should a PWD want
• For a PWD in this truncated domes. to take charge of
country, you’d have their own mobility,
to find a way to the British
finance your own government can
road legal vehicle. offer lower vehicle
Because of a lack of tax and have the
demand, there are VAT waived for
only a handful of modifying vehicles
companies that for PWD use.
modify vehicles for • Most buildings in
PWD use. The Japan have automatic
prohibitive cost of doors for easy access,
modifications also walkalators and
can be out of reach escalators have
for most PWDs. interactive voice
• Although it’s response (IVR)
fortunate that I am systems, and you are
capable enough to always the priority in
operate an line without asking
unmodified vehicle for it. If there is a lack
with an automatic of accessibility in the
transmission, getting area, the handlers are
a driver’s license was the one at fault and
a frustrating process. are extremely
After securing a apologetic, because
student permit and of the inconvenience
finishing in a private that the person had
driving school, I was experienced.
given the runaround
when it was time to
get my license. There
is no established
process for PWDs
who want to get a
driver’s license. After
a medical examiner at
an LTO branch gave
me a go-ahead for my
 practical test, I was
rejected by an
approving official in
the same branch who
told me to go to the
main office to get a
certification from
their doctor. So I
went. At the main
branch, I was told
that the official
doctor couldn’t give
me a certificate
unless I got another
certification from a
private doctor who
was an expert in my
condition. I was only
examined and given a
certificate by the
LTO doctor after
submitting a
certificate from a
private doctor. I’ll
even just skip over
the details of the
regular licensing
process. That was
how I emerged from
red tape hell with a
bonafide license.
*Researchers
Matrix of Related Studies
Persons with Physical Disability-Inclusive Transportation
Author Mobility Challenges Accessibility
Disabilities Transport Facilities and Vehicles

• Velho (2018) quoted • Velho (2018)

from an interviewee highlighted that
Velho, R. (2018) that “disability is a insufficient
luxury that not many transportation
people can afford, accessibility of
and that’s the person with
problem” as person disability,
with disabilities in particularly
United Kingdom are wheelchair user is a
somehow from “cumulative
breadline or indigent problem”. In spite of
individuals. With this various accessibility
being said, disabled provision created by
people ae more transportation
dependent on public services in London,
transportation wheelchair users are
however due to lack still experiencing
of accessibility they different physical and
chose an alternate social or attitudinal
mode of barriers; and these
transportation such as barriers results to
taxi; yet there are also adverse impacts to
various conflicts that their life such as
arises in using taxis social isolation.
such as drivers being These minor cases
selective. Aside from may gradually
choosing an alternate increase and become
mode of unmanageable that
transportation, some will result to
disabled person just inaccessibility.
chooses to not go out
from their house
resulting to social
isolation. Having said
 that, person with
disability have very
limited life
opportunities.
• Social isolation and • According to Murray
limited life (2019), data shows
Murray, J. (2019, July) opportunities are one that infrastructures
of the results of are usually didn’t
insufficient follow standards for
transportation PWDs. This is due to
accessibility of the late
disabled individuals. implementation of
Another study also ADA in New York,
confirmed their and therefore both
hypothesis that public and private
person with disability infrastructures.
have a lower well- Financial assistance
being, fewer number are given to PWDs to
of travel trips, travel compensate for lack
slower and more of transportation
transport dependent accessibility. This
than non-disabled implementation is
individuals. due to the fact PWD
• Persons with require more
disability has lower compensation needed
well-being which than non PWDs,
could mean that they creating mobility
are dependent on challenges in both
public transportation public and private
than non-disabled areas. The study also
individuals. reported that the lack
of transportation
accessibility greatly
impacts the work
motivation of
disabled individuals;
this includes lack of
accommodations and
discrimination.
• According to Sze and • According to Sze and
Christensen (2017) Christensen (2017)
the accessibility of route guidelines
Sze, N. N. & public transportation greatly impacts the
Christensen, K. M. is one of the primary choice in mode of
(2017) aspects that supports transportation of a
and enhance the disabled individuals
community and elderly people
integration. This especially the people
means that disabled with visual or
individual and auditory disabilities.
elderly people would The existence of
be more engage to route and schedule
social activities and guidelines,
improve their well- comfortable shelter
being. The study also or waiting area, and
highlighted that a seat availability
barrier-free design of greatly improves the
transportation system level of service of
is very important as public transportation
these means a higher and facilities. The
level of accessibility; enhance level of
and a higher level of service greatly
accessibility means impacts the travel
reduced travel and time and choice in
waiting time, a more mode of
variety of public transportation. The
transportation also availability of travel
the efficient or transport
accessibility of information system
geospatial and various clear and
information for pre- large signages on bus
travel plan. The study stop or public
also highlighted the transportation and
distinctive impacts of facilities helps lower
safety and level of the dependency and
service in enhancing improves the social
the accessibility of participation of
public transportation disabled individuals.
and facilities.A
• According to Jesus, • Jesus, et. Al (2021)
et. Al (2021), stated that pandemic
Jesus, T. S., transportation for approach to PWD
Kamalakannan, S., emergency uses lacks on awareness
Bhattacharjya, S., requires twin track for transportation. On
Bogdanova, Y., approach for PWD the PRE-RE-SyST
Arango-Lasprilla, J. users. That is, the model they proposed,
C., Bentley, J., Landry, design created must there is a gap for
M. D., & not differentiate from preparedness due to
Papadimitriou, C. abled persons. For the focus people in
(2021) instance, the e-jeep planning. This gap
design is modernized can be reduced by
to the extent for both implementing PWD
abled and PWD to technological
commuters share the advances and deduct
same environment. new ideas for
This will remove pandemic responses.
both stigma and The Pre-Re-SyST
reduce needed cost program can be
for auxiliary useful for improving
requirements for facilities in case of
PWD (such as extra emergencies,
cost for inclusive including pandemic
transportation. responses.
However, Jesus, et.
Al (2021) stated that
pandemic approach
to PWD lacks on
awareness for
transportation. On the
PRE-RE-SyST
model they proposed,
there is a gap for
preparedness due to
the focus people in
planning. This gap
can be reduced by
implementing PWD
to technological
advances and deduct
new ideas for
pandemic responses.
• According to Owens, • According to Owens,
Miller, & Shivers Miller, & Shivers
Owens, J., Miller, A., (2020), the lack of (2020), there is a lack
& Shivers, C. (2020) proper design of correlation of
planning for PWD PWD planning
 may due to the especially in the
discrepancies found transportation sector.
in these designs. The Studies from the
standards for PWD government of five
path designs lacks on studies shows that
evidence based on the PWD were
effectivity of the said subcategorized, and
design (based on therefore designing
synthesis generated for different
from this study). The disabilities. The plans
ineffectivity of these for Inclusive
designs comprises transportation shows
from planning that designs for
application, ramps and bumpers
marketing, and for PWD on
design analysis. In wheelchair affects
planning application, the visually impaired
proper funding and persons and abled
feasibility of design persons on added
were the reasons for redesigns. They
ineffectivity. In added that design
marketing, due to should not be
unique designing for inclusive for one type
inclusive of disability only, and
transportation, should not affect
maintenance and other types of
repair for these passengers.
designs were an
issue. Thus, the plan
has become difficult
to implement
• According to Pajarin • The study concluded • According to Pajarin
(2017) person with that the public (2017) the national
Pajarin, J. B., Soriano, disabilities and non- transportation and local government
C. M., & Regidor, J. R. disabled individuals accessibility level have various
(2017) give more falls flat as the provisions and sets of
importance to safety designs of standards to
than other factors transportation and incorporate in the
affecting mobility facilities aren’t transportation
such as accessibility. PWD-friendly. The accessibility of
The lack of handrails, principal factors that PWDs, however it is
lighting on leads to very limited in
 footbridges, inaccessibility are the transportation
obstructions on design of vehicles facilities such as
sidewalks and offset and prioritization ramps and
corners. Lack of during the footbridges.
safety adds up to the onboarding of public Considering the
inaccessibility that transportation standards, the study
results to very limited particularly on rush concluded that the
mode of hours, some transportation
transportation and circumstances are: facilities in Cainta
facilities for person lack of ramps in Rizal aren’t PWD-
with disabilities. jeepneys and buses, friendly due to
door dimension for various factors such
buses, and spatial as obstructions on
issues on buses; also sidewalks,
elevator incorporated unavailability of
on footbridges are ramp dimension of
very limited in footbridge riser.
Cainta, Rizal.
• According to • According to
Gumasing, M. J. J., & Gumasing, M. J. J., &
Gumasing, M. J. J., & Dela Cruz, C. H. C. Dela Cruz, C. H. C.
Dela Cruz, C. H. C. (2018), height issues (2018), redesigning
(2018) on the riser, elevated of bus is required due
flatforms and to posture issues of
handrails are usually PWDs and senior
the problems that citizens based on
hinders their different body areas.
accessibility. Aside Aside from height
from posture and issues, the
height issues, the respondents also
respondents also highlighted the
highlighted the policy for priority
spatial and technical seats for PWDs. The
problems especially study gives various
the wheelchair users. parameters to
These insufficient consider in
transportation and redesigning doors,
facilities’ seats, and interiors
accessibility limits that may help for the
their life said issues. These
opportunities and redesigns are
their utilization of theoretical in nature,
 public transportation and therefore shall
facilities and require test for future
vehicles. use.
• According to Imbong • According to Imbong • According to Imbong
& Pielago (2021), & Pielago (2021), & Pielago (2021),
Imbong, M. F. & PWD experience PWD under PWD under
Pielago, M. (2021) positive feedback employment usually employment are
from workplace encounter having issues in
despite rejection discrimination accessing vehicles.
from other towards drivers of Other than
companies, but has public vehicles. They discrimination, they
trouble in terms of deducted that drivers have issues in
transportation. These won’t wait for PWDs obtaining seats for
troubles count from to load or unload as it PWD due to abled
mobility to access to consumes time, persons, despite
transportation. Thus, space, and traffic. having priority seats
implementation of Thus, PWDs either allocated for them.
BP 344 should be consume more
monitored in order money for inclusive
for PWDs to transportation, wait
experience their full for hours while
rights competing for a seat,
or drop their jobs due
to mobility
challenges.
• • According to • According to
Baluyot, Cuenca, Baluyot, Cuenca,
Baluyot, M. C., Custodio & Jamines Custodio & Jamines
Cuenca, C., Custodio, (2017) jeepney is one (2017) due to
B., & Jamines, M.S.A. of the commonly popularity and
(2017). used modes of cultural icon of
transportation in the jeepney the design
country. It has and standard set for it
diverse route trips gives more
and its usual importance to its
passengers are from aesthetics aspect than
workforce population its practicality. Due
which ranges from to its poorly designed
18-64 years old interior it results to
making it popular hindering
among public accessibility by its
transportation and passengers and
 becoming a cultural makes the
icon; for this reason government
its design for contemplate on
serviceability has complete phase out of
been neglected. jeepney units. The
Problems on study focuses on the
boarding and problems that the
alighting and passenger
discomfort have experienced when
arisen. The study using jeepney which
highlights various mostly involved its
problems that the dimensions such as
passengers the height of
encountered while entrance, entrance
using jeepneys; it step, seat width,
mainly focuses on the depth and height, arm
dimension of jeepney handles, sitting
that doesn’t fit to height and pathway
their physique.
Eighty-six percent
(86%) of the
respondents shared
their discomfort on
seat width due to the
driver’s attitude of
maximizing the
seating capacity.
Dela Torre, J (2020) • According to Dela • According to Dela
Torre (2020), Torre (2020),
inclusive sanitation is also
transportation should required for inclusive
be aligned based on transportation
the three concepts of designing for PWD.
design; integration, The design for the
interchange, and vehicle and stations
accessibility. Design must be easy to clean,
in integration refers away from possible
to the modification of host for vermin and
design based on insects. The design
deducted corrections shall also require
or improvement paints and varnishes
needed. Interchange
 means that the design for corrosion
must follow the protection.
required limit for a
certain transportation
path, such as height,
width, and capacity.
Lastly, the design
must be accessible to
the user, for instance
the PWD.
*Researchers