Name: Raj Ganatra

Reg. No.: RA1711003010680

Name: Kevin Patoliya

Reg No.: RA1711003010670

Topic: Driver Drowsiness detection using Machine Learning

Survey Papers:

1. MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING DRIVER

DROWSINESS (2017)
Esra Vural, Mujdat Cetin, Aytul Ercil 
Sabanci University
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
Orhanli, Istanbul
Gwen Littlewort, Marian Bartlett, Javier Movellan
University Of California San Diego
Institute of Neural Computation
La Jolla, San Diego

Previous approaches to drowsiness detection primarily make pre-

assumptions about the relevant behavior, focusing on blink rate, eye
closure, and yawning. Here we employ machine learning methods to
datamine actual human behavior during drowsiness episodes.

Methods USED

1. Driving task
Subjects played a driving video game on a windows ma-
chine using a steering wheel1and an open source multi-
platform video game2. The windows version of the video game was
maintained such that at random times, a wind effect was applied that
dragged the car to the right or left, forcing the subject to correct the
position of the car.

2. Head movement measures

Head movement was measured using an accelerometer that
has 3 degrees of freedom.

3. Facial Action Classifiers

The facial action coding system (FACS) [12] is arguably the
most widely used method for coding facial expressions in
the behavioral sciences. The system describes facial expres-
sions in terms of 46 component movements, which roughly
correspond to the individual facial muscle movements.

ACCURACY: 52.7%

2.An Investigation of Early Detection of Driver Drowsiness

Using Ensemble Machine Learning (2019)
Based on Hybrid Sensing † Jongseong Gwak 1,*, Akinari Hirao 2 and
Motoki Shino 3 1 Institute of Industrial Science, The University of
Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan 2
Nissan Motor, Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 243-0192, Japan; a-
hirao@mail.nissan.co.jp 3 Department of Human and Engineered
Environment Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The
University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8563, Japan; motoki@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Methods Used:

1. Participants and Driving Task

A total of sixteen males (ages of 24.2 ± 1.8 years, heights of 171.8 ± 8.3
cm, weights of 61.5 ± 8.4 kg, and right-handed) participated in our
experiments. A driving simulator (DS) was used for the driving tasks.
A driving course was constructed using a virtual reality software
package To get the data of drowsy driving in the experiment, the driving
course was configured to simulate driving on a monotonous highway for
a long time

2. Facial Expression
The video camera in front of driver was set to record parts of the
participant’s face. The subjective evaluation of their drowsiness levels
was then processed offline by two evaluators in intervals of 10 s in
accordance with predetermined criteria

3. Behavioral Features
Visual behaviors were measured by an eye mark camera (Smart eye,
Toyo Technica, Japan) with a sampling rate of 60.1 Hz. The number of
eye blinks and the percentage closure of eyes (PERCLOS) over 13 s were
calculated from the recorded data.
In this study, we investigated the accuracy of drowsiness detection with
the optimization of algorithms and utilization of ensemble machine
learning to improve classification of the alert and drowsy states of
drivers.
The results show that we obtain 68.2% accuracy when classifying alert
vs. slightly drowsy states utilizing hybrid measures and excluding
physiological measures