Selam Abraham Internship Report

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Project title: Final Internship Report
Hosting Company: Hans Construction and Business PLC.
Internship Duration: June 1/2021-August 30/2021
Submitted by: Selam Abraham

ID Number: Tech/1532/10
Mentor: Mr. Henok

Site supervisor: Mr. Mikiyas
Submission Date:
Submitted to: MR. Henok
Sidama, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Student Declaration
This is to solemnly declare that the presented report entitled “final Internship Report” a study on
Hans Construction and Business PLC., Bulgaria brunch, is uniquely prepared by me, Selam
Abraham by the guidance of my mentor Mr. Henok and Supervision of Mr. Mikiyas after the
completion of three month of work Experience. This report is based on the work, carried by me
and no part of it has been presented previously for any higher degree. To the best of my
knowledge, I didn’t breach any copyright act intentionally. It may not be used for the interest of
opposite organization or university.
Student Name: Selam Abraham

Signature: __________
Approved by:
Mentor: Mr. Henok
Signature: ___________
Supervisor: Mr. Mikiyas Alemayehu
Signature: ____________
BY SELAM ABRAHAM I
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
This report is a product of hard study; query that involves many people’s considerable attention
to it. Without their assistance, suggestion, direction, and co-operation preparation of this report
would have been impossible. So, I want to pay my gratitude to them.
Firstly, I would like to express my indebtedness appreciation to Hans Construction and Business
PLC for having provided me with an exceptional practical learning experience during training. It
was indeed a pleasure to be part of such organization.
I am indebted to Mr. Mikiyas Alemayehu contractor and the site manager for allowing me to
encroach upon his precious time freely right from the very beginning of this research work until
the completion of my internship. His guidance, encouragement, and suggestions provided me the
necessary insight into the research problem and paved the way for the meaningful ending of the
work in a short duration. I have no hesitation to say that, without his constant support and
valuable advice from time-to-time, I would probably fail to complete the work in an appropriate
manner.
I am also deeply grateful to the other employees for their kind cooperation and spontaneous
response.
Thus, my time in Hans Construction and Business PLC was very audacious and supportive to my
future career through which I have gained valuable work experience that will help defiantly
makes a favorable impression on me as a prospective future employer.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is clear fact that the knowledge of construction engineering cannot be upgrade without
practical experience in each field of the subject matter. This report is a report about the
internship experience that I have under taken during the last three months. The scope of this
document show the whole description of interns, hosting company description including history
(background) of the hosting company and includes the organizational structure of the hosting
company.
In the first of unit of the report, it provides information about the hosting company. It starts
from the brief history of the company and continues to listing of the projects the company has
undertaken from the time it has been established. I have tried to establish the organizational
structure of the head office.
In second unit of the report it describes mainly about the internship experience. It starts by
describing the sections I have been working on and continues to tell the different types of
tasks that we had accomplished. It also tells the challenges that I had faced during the
internship experience.
In third unit of the report it describes the overall benefits that we have gained from this
internship experience. It further divides the overall benefits into details and tries to explain
them.
Lastly the document includes the problems and recommendation related to the hosting
company and also it includes the paramount benefit of the intern that I got on different
disciplinary perspective. Generally this report will give an overall idea about the practical
attachment that I have doing in the June 1/2021 up to August 30/2021 E.C in Hans Construction
BY SELAM ABRAHAM III

and Business PLC.
List of Tables
Table 1 Hans construction completed project…………………………………………3
Table 2 Hans construction ongoing project…………………………………………....4
Table 3 Hans construction ongoing project……………………………………………5
Table 4 General information about the project………………………………………...9
Table 5 Take off sheet sample format …………………………………………….….14
Table 6 Bar schedule sample format……………………………………………….…14
Table 7 Column reinforcement detail…………………………………………………15
List of Figures
Figure 1 The space given for setback……………………………………………………11
Figure 2 Installation of beam reinforcement……………………………………………..17
Figure 3 installation of column reinforcement…………………………………………...18
Figure 4 Installation of ribbed slab reinforcement…………………………………….…19
Figure 6 Installation of staircase reinforcement …………………………………………19
Figure 7 Concrete spacer…………………………………………………………...…….20
Figure 8 Production of concrete spacers…………………………………………………21
Figure 9 Formwork for slab and beam………………………………………...…………23
Figure 10 Formwork for column…………………………………………...…………….24
Figure 11 Formwork for Staircase………………………………………………………..24
BY SELAM ABRAHAM IV
Figure 12 Formwork for shear wall…………………………………..…………………..24
Figure 13 Primary and Secondary Modini………………………………………………..25
Figure 14 H and X Frames………………………………………………………………..26
Figure 15 Onsite mixer…………………………………...……………………………….29
Figure 16 Taking cube test samples…………………..…………………………………..30
Figure 17 Core drilling Process…………………..……………………………………….31
Figure 18 Core Spacemen…………………...…………………………………………….31
Figure 19 Chemical Bonding agent…………………………………………………….....31
Figure 20 “Goma Wehalek”………………………………………….............................…36
Figure 21 Water Proofing Membrane……………………………………..........................36
Figure 22 Plastering……………………………………………………………………......37
Figure 23 Chiseling ……………..…………………………………………………………37
BY SELAM ABRAHAM V
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
1. COMPANY PROFILE ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Brief History of the Company................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Vision, mission and objectives ................................................................................................. 2
1.3 The main products or services the company has ...................................................................... 2
1.4 The End users of the company product and services ................................................................ 3
1.4.1 company experience ........................................................................................................... 3
1.5 The overall organization and work flow of the company ......................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 9
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE .................................................................................... 9
2.1 Brief on how I got into the Company ....................................................................................... 9
2.2 Section of the company I have been working in:...................................................................... 9
2.3 Work flow in the section ......................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Work pieces I have been executing......................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 Office work ...................................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1.1 Preparation of bill of quantities ................................................................................. 13
2.4.1.2 Preparation of Takeoff Sheet ..................................................................................... 13
2.4.1.3 Bar Schedule .............................................................................................................. 14
2.4.2 Site Work.......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2.1. Nonstructural elements in the site............................................................................. 15
2.4.2.2 Superstructure work ................................................................................................... 33
2.4.2.3 Leveling process ........................................................................................................ 37
2.4.2.4 Waterproofing membrane .......................................................................................... 37
2.4.2.5 Plastering ................................................................................................................... 37
2.4.2.6 Electrical installation ................................................................................................. 38
2.4.2.7 Sanitary installation .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM VI
2.5 What procedures I have been using while performing the tasks. ........................................... 38
2.6 How good I have been at performing the tasks....................................................................... 39
2.8 Measures I took to overcome these challenges ....................................................................... 40
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 41
3. Overall benefits form the internship program........................................................................... 41
3.1 Improving my practical skills ................................................................................................. 41
3.2 Improving my theoretical knowledge ..................................................................................... 42
3.3 Improving my interpersonal communication skills ................................................................ 42
3.4 Improving my team playing skills .......................................................................................... 43
3.5 Improving my leadership skills ............................................................................................... 44
3.6 Understanding about work ethics related issues ..................................................................... 44
3.7 Entrepreneurship skills............................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................. 47
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 47
RECCOMENDATION ................................................................................................................. 48
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................ 49
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 50
BY SELAM ABRAHAM VII

CHAPTER ONE
1. COMPANY PROFILE
Introduction
Background of Hans Construction and Business PLC.
1.1 Brief History of the Company

HANS CONSTRUCTION AND BUSINESS PLC was registered and licensed in 2008 E.C. The
staffs in the company have been engaged in different complex projects in the construction sector.
It is a Company, privately owned construction firm with a reliable record of accomplishments
and a bright prospect that matches its high aspiration.
The company is established in Addis Ababa as class BC-4 (Building Contractor BC-4) it is
registered by Addis Ababa City Administration Trade Bureau. And currently its grade is
upgraded to class BC-4. It is also registered by Ministry of Construction as BC-5 No,
CON/11225, and by the Addis Ababa City Administration, Investment Agency, Permit No.
“አኢፈ 78924/08”.
HANS CONSTRUCTION AND BUSINESS PLC is owned by Engineer Haben Abrha who has
graduated from Addis Ababa University in Civil engineering in June 2008. He has served over
12 (Twelve) years in the construction sector. And W/Ro Azmera Tadesse who has graduated
from Addis Ababa University in Business Administration and Technology.
The company state is reliable professionals who could smoothly and efficiently under take
constructions in building and construction works. Building construction work like: - concrete,
masonry and steel structure of all sorts and Water supply, drainage and sewerage structure. Since
its establishment, the company has accomplished a number of construction and renovation
projects and has delivered it within the specified time and quality. The company was running
well experienced engineers that have back grounding in the business.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 1
1.2 Vision, mission and objectives
Vision: -
HANS Construction shall be a leading company in the construction industry within the
provision of high quality, safe and sound construction products / services that fulfill the
requirement and satisfaction of our customer.
Mission: -
 To perform effectively through efficient and professional performance.

 To play a leading role in the practice of engineering and Construction profession.
 To provide responsive, cost effective and innovative services to Clients
Objectives
 To introduce code of professional ethics at different level of the organization.
 To diversity the company fields of involvements, like oracle construction and real state.
To invest and acquire the latest machines and equipment’s that will increase our
organization performance and competitiveness.
1.3 The main products or services the company has

The Company with its reliable professionals and Experience of its Sister company has planned
efficiently different and complex construction projects. The company is subject to outsourcing as
per the subcontracting methods and strategies which in turn will increase our performance and
profit. The following are the main products or services of the company.
 Building construction of any type, Residence, Health facilities, Commercial

buildings, Schools and etc., Water supply drainage and sewerage related projects like
reservoirs pipe lying, drainage and sewerage structures.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 2
1.4 The End users of the company product and services
Hans Construction and Business PLC has a numerous customers form different construction
aspects, we will see this by mentioning their finished projects and the client or owner.
1.4.1 company experience

Name of Project Contract Contract Progress Bldg.
No Remark
Employer description Amount period (%) Height
FDRE, TVET Completed
DKV 100
Construction Agency Fence 120
1 and Guard 0.71 Million G+1
and TVET cal. days
Agency House
China Civil 150 cal. 100 G+0, G+1 Completed

Eng’g Dire-dawa days
10.19
2 Construction Industry Park Million
Corporation
(CCECC)
Jubruk Completed
Mekelle 100
Drainage 730 Drainage
3 Construction 9.95 Million
System cal. days work
Bureau
B+G+M+11 Completed
Getat real Mixed use, 100
11.56 300
4 estate/Historical Structural B+G+M+11
Million cal. days
unity con PLC work
Bokra FDRE, TVET Completed

Construction Agency 24.51 M 270 cal. 100
5 Administration B+G+5
and Trading illion days
PLC Office
building
B+G+5 Mixed Completed
Ato Henok Project 200 cal.
6 Use building 2.07 Million 100 B+G+5
Shewangizaw days
Project
TOTAL 58.99Million
Table 1 Hans construction completed projects
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 3
Expected
Contract Progress Bldg. completion
Name of Project Contract
No period (%) Height date Remark
Employer description Amount
B+G+M+6 515 B+G+M+6 Feb. 2022 Under

W/ro Mixed Use cal. Days 49 Construction
25.05
1 Amsale Bldg Million
Belay Project
Hagos 365 Jun. 2021 Under

Weldu cal. days Construction
Ato Animal 16.04 G+0, G+1
2 Hagos Feed 95
Million G+0
Weldu
Processing
Factory
Getat B+G+M+11 280 Aug. Under
Real Mixed use 29.00 cal. Days 2021 Construction
3 79 B+G+M+11
estate Finishing Million
PLC Works
Getat B+G+7 270 Sept. 2021 Under
B+G+M+11
Real Apartment 20.28 cal. Days Construction
4 Mixed use 35 B+G+7
estate Project-2 Million
(Getat real
PLC
state)
2B+G+10 300 Oct. 2021 Under
Anchor Finishing cal. Days
Apartment Construction
Works 23.47
5 Real Building 55 2B+G+10
B+G+M+11 Million
Estate Project
Mixed use
(Getat
B+G+10 real 200 Jun. 2021 Under
Ato state)
Mixed Use cal. Days Construction
4.67
6 Yohannes Finishing
Building 87 B+G+10
Million
Tefera Works
Project
TOTAL 118.51
Million
Table 2 Hans construction ongoing projects
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 4
Contract
Employer Address `Project Amount Completion date Consultant
Description
Location Telephone (Birr) Planned ***Actual
1. DKV Addis 0911234224 FDRE, 0.71 June. June. TVET

Construction Ababa TVET Million 2016 2016 Agency
and TVET Agency
Agency Fence and
Guard
House
2. China Dire- 0968748039 Dire-dawa 10.19 Sep. Sep. MH
Civil Eng’g dawa Industry Million 2017 2017 Engineering
Const. Park Consultant
Corporation plc.
(CCECC)
3. Mekelle Mekelle 0344410872 Jubruk 9.95 Jan. Feb. MU-CCSO-
Construction Drainage Million 2019 2019 School of
Bureau System Civil
Engineering
4. Historical Addis 0911607171 B+G+M+11 11.56 Oct. Sep. Michael
unity Ababa Mixed use, Million 2019 2019 Debebe
construction Structural Consulting
PLC work Architects
&
Engineers
Plc
5. Bokra Addis 0911207383/ FDRE, Dec. Dec. MY
Construction Ababa 0911244732 TVET 2020 2020 Consulting
and Trading Agency 24.51 Architects
PLC Admin. Million and
Office Engineers
building Plc.
6. Ato Henok Addis 0924785345/ B+G+5 June- Aug.- Beacon
Shewangizaw Ababa 0930006167 Mixed Use 2020 2020 Consult
building 2.07 Architect
Project Million and
Engineering
Plc.
Table 3. Hans ongoing constructions
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 5
1.5 The overall organization and work flow of the company
The company organizational structure is designed to develop an effective project organization
structure by function and accountability. It is to be used as a guide to ensure effective
mobilization and start up is carried out as per the company polices, and procedures, and clients’
contractual requirements. It helps to ensure quality work, timely completion and effective and
economical utilization of Resources. It also helps to establish proper working relations among
each department and projects. The company is led and advised about its mission, vision and
activates by Board of Directors. The Routine activities of the company are led and controlled by
the Departments Directors in the company. The main functions in the organizatio nal structure are
as follows:
1. Managing Director (MD)
1.1 - Chief Engineer / Quality Management Representatives (QMR)
1.2 –Manager/Office Administrator
1.3 - Legal Advisor
1.4 - Internal Auditor
2- Deputy managing Director (DMD)
2 .1 - Office Engineering & Contract Adm. Dep’t (OECAD)
2.1.1- Eng. And Contract Adm. Division (ECAD)
2.1.2 – Construction Operation Division (COD)
2.2- Resource Planning & Management Department (RPMD)
2.2.1- Finance and Administration Division (FAD)
2.2.1.1- Finance Section (FIS)
2.2.1.2 -Personnel section (PSS)
2.2.2- Logistics Division (LD)
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 6
2.2.2.1 Purchasing section (PS)
2.2.2.2 Stores section (SS)
2.2.2.3 Transport & Garage Section (TGS)
2.2.3- General Service Section (GS)
2.3—Projects
Board of directors Managing director
Chief Engineer/QMR Legal Advisor
Office Internal Auditor

Administrator/Manager
D/Managing Director
Resource planning and managing Office Engineer and contract

Projects
department administration department
Engineering &
Finance and General service Logistics Construction
contract adm.
administration section division Operation division
division
department
Finance Personnel
section Purchasing Stores section Transport and
section section garage section
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 7
1.Office Engineering & Contract Adm. Department (OECAD): -
Responsible in overseeing the contract administration and commercial matters of the project as
per the contractual conditions in compliance with the contract Document.
 To ensure quality assurance system for each activity and that each is performed in
accordance with procedures and applicable codes and standards.
 Liaison (to be engaged) with finding new jobs, new partners for joint ventures or alliance
and promoting and marketing the organization.
 To be engaged with introducing/implementing new technologies that has ties to the
company’s performance and upgrades the staff on the job/assignment.
2. Resource Planning & Management Department (RPMD): -
 Ensure that proper procedures are implemented in the process of Resource

allocation/arrangement.
 Ensure that proper resources mobilization is carried out and controlled as per the demand
raised/ requirement.
 Facilitates and follow up the proper flow for logistics in compliance with the requirement
from project sites.
 Ensure that identifying the need of human resource requirement is managed properly as
per the procedures set up in the company.
 Ensure that introduction /implementation of New Technologies under the Department’s
activities is undergoing efficiently.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 8
CHAPTER TWO
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Brief on how I got into the Company
Initially all students were given an application letter to submit to different prospective
companies. This letter was prepared and dispatched for internship candidate students from
Hawassa university when 4th year academic schedule was about to start.
After a long and tiresome activity of scouting, by looking at what the construction company
could offer for me and assessing what long term connection I could potentially form I landed on
few options. From the companies I expressed interest in and submitted my application letter
Hans Construction and Business PLC was able to accept me.
The first procedure I had to do in order to secure my spot at this company was go to the head
office and hand out my document and information to the contract administration head Mr.
Abdulwasei Suleiman. There were two active sites they were undertaking and I chose the one
that was more or less in the early stage of construction compared to the other available site.
On the second day I have been introduced to my supervisor and other employees of the firm. When
they heard where I came from and for what reason I came, they were very much happy to show me
around, give me the necessary information about the work and cooperate with me.
2.2 Section of the company I have been working in:

During my three months’ internship program, I have been working in different sections of the
company. I have been working in the site and office works on the contract or side. When I reach
the site, all the buildings finished the sub-structure part; so unfortunately I was unable to see the
setting out and foundation works. About the project
Project B+G+7 Apartment

Location Bulgaria
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 9
Employer GETAT real estate
Consultant AA architects and engineers’ consultant.
Contractor Hans construction and business plc.
Project cost 20,280,093.60 including 15% VAT
Project time 270 cal. Day
Project status 65%
Table 4. General information about the site project
Setback distance from property

Flats and condominiums shall be sufficiently set back from the road and common boundary. The
setback distance is measured from the road reserve line or boundary line to the external wall of
the flats, excluding land to be vested to the State for road or drainage or public purpose. (20-
30.110setback requirements and expectations) According to our class in our design course, at
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 10
least a meter should be left unconstructed from the next property boundary line whether for
natural lighting and ventilation purposes or need for privacy. In my internship experience the site
didn’t leave a space and used the whole site for construction. Besides as the construction goes
higher, it was hard to install scaffoldings since it’s too close to the other property.
Figure 1 The space given for set back
Black cotton soil
Black cotton soil is an inorganic clay characterized by high plasticity, higher fraction of fines,
low strength, high compressibility and is expansive in nature.
As such Black cotton soil (BC soil) has very low bearing capacity and high swelling and
shrinkage characteristics. Due to its peculiar characteristics, it forms a very poor foundation
material for construction.
On the site, the soil was black cotton soil which is unreliable for construction. As a result of the
expansiveness, low strength, high compressibility and other setbacks of this soil type, mat
foundation was used to avoid the settlement and other disasters.
The main tasks that I have been participated during the internship period are: -
 Office work
 Site work
2.3 Work flow in the section

Any project no matter how big or small the scale is, it requires a well-coordinated organization
and Work flow that is suitable to nature of the project. The site generally have the following
work of flow
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 11
 Site engineer: controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for the whole
construction work. He makes sure the works executed are according to the specifications
and drawings, checks the construction of structural and finishing works, and strictly
follows the given time schedule to avoid any delay on the project completion time.
 Office engineer: collect data on the site and compile these data and make report. He also
makes detail drawings to be easy for construction and installations and provides them to
the concerned section.
 Supervisor: The supervisor is by the clients’ side. They control the overall activity of the
contractor in site. They should first approve before any work is done. And check what its
already done. If there is any change during construction they should write and sign in the
site book for legal purposes
 Assistant Forman: In construction foreman is responsible to lead a team or crew in
completing a construction project. The Forman has much authority on site and since they
have long experience in construction any junior engineer could learn lot from.
 Skilled man power: Those are workers with skills through experience. Good examples
are: carpenters, masons, operators…etc.
 Daily laborers: are unskilled man workers who work as assigned on a specific activity.
 Guard keep the site safe and follow the activity of the site if there is odd situation
2.4 Work pieces I have been executing

During my three month stay I saw a range of activates and executed them, some I was familiar
with and others I wasn’t. as I previously stated I was involved in both the office and the site
work. This started by observing the technical and structural drawing of the building and different
reports that was done on it. After that I correlated what was drawn to what was being
constructed, although what was drawn was not able to be executed on the site to a tea I was able
to understand what was being built and see how the contractor Checks and approves dimensions
of structures and alignments of columns before casting concrete.
At first, I usually spend the day by observing the site and trying to do small jobs like takeoff
sheet, bar schedule and bar cutting order, but after while I was doing lightweight small portion
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 12
works on the site, in order to manage and take a responsibility of the work. This enabled me to
gain a good experience in relating office works to site works.
2.4.1 Office work

In this internship I was able to see some office work in order to increase my understanding of the
site and increase my knowledge and skill work for prospective future projects.
2.4.1.1 Preparation of bill of quantities

Bill of Quantities also referred to as BOQ, is a document formulated in construction to specify
materials, labors, and their cost. It serves as a communication tool between client, consultant
& the contractor. It is usually prepared by a cost consultant or a surveyor. Hans Construction
consultant also follows pre calculation of each specification before project work stages have
done. In this company it was prepared by the office engineer. Primarily there are two types of
BOQs
 Bill of Materials
 Bill of Labor
There are many standard format in specific and quantity that are used for simple communication
among all parties involved in construction world. By these formats we can communicate without
meeting with person. In bill of quantity there are;
 Preparing takeoff sheet

 Preparing cost break down
 Preparing bar schedule
 Calculating payment certificate
 Estimating price escalation
 Monthly programs report
 Time extension claim
2.4.1.2 Preparation of Takeoff Sheet

Quantity takeoff or calculating sheet is the common type of indexing and taking off dimensions,
amounts of substance needed and sorts needed in a bidding method of a construction task.
Preparing take of sheet requires collected data from the site. It helps to prepare payment for sub-
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 13
contractors. This is coupled with the descriptions in the drawings and specification. General
formats of takeoff sheets are looks like the following formats for concrete and formwork.
Table 5. take off sheet sample format
2.4.1.3 Bar Schedule

Bar bending schedule or schedule of bars is a tabular representation of reinforcement bar. It is
generally represented for each type of R.C.C work. With the help of bar bending schedule the
requirement of different length and sizes of bars may be known and can be arranged and bent-up
during the time of construction. Bar schedule preparation is performed by taking the size and
shape of bars from structural drawings for different members of RC structure. This also used for
estimating the quantity of reinforcement bars for a given project. I used the following formats in
our construction site.
Un
Description Ø8 Ø10 Ø12 Ø14 Ø16 Ø20 Ø24 Remark
it
Mat beam &
Kg 1,090.3 11,175.7
Slab - 3,451.47 294.60 7,214.00 -
3 0
Shear Wall &
Column Kg
23.43 218.42 2,131.95 791.05 1,306.15 2,539.04 -
starter bars
Basement
Shear Walls Kg 4,421.4 1,008.2
- 3,306.81 1,507.63 - -
and columns 5 1
Total
Kg
previous Sub 23.43 5,730.2 8,890.23 2,093.8 13,989.4 9,753.04 -
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 14
qty 0 6 8
Ground floor
beam, slab & Kg 1,704. 2,252.7 1,275.1
- 697.92 - -
stair 20 0 4
Total current
Kg 1,704. 2,252.7 1,275.1
Sub qty - 697.92 - -
20 0 4
Total Sub qty Kg 1,727. 7,982.9 3,369.0 14,687.4

8,890.23 9,753.04 -
63 0 0 0
Ground floor
column & Kg 1,487.7
- 564.32 930.28 1,187.41 - -
shear wall 2
1st Floor
beam, slab & Kg 2,150. 1,316.4 1,121.7
271.16 1,122.53 642.65 -
stair 72 9 0
1st floor
column & Kg 1,468.0
- 564.32 930.28 1,187.41 - -
shear wall 3
Total current
Kg 2,150. 4,272.2 2,982.2
Super qty 1,399.80 3,497.35 642.65 -
72 4 6
Table 6. bar schedule sample format
2.4.2 Site Work
2.4.2.1. Nonstructural elements in the site

2.4.2.1.1Setting out a crachery
This process is done before tying the reinforcement bars of vertical structures in order to know
the exact position of the column or shear wall reinforcement bars. The column and shear
reinforcement bars of the previous floor that are left out for overlap might lose their right
position due to the effect of the vibrator while concrete filling process of the slab.
So in order to attain the right position, it’s necessary to cross check it with the previous ones and
the plan. For the process we need hand meters and a plumb bob or with its site name “Tumbi”.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 15
The corner columns and shear walls are set out from the previous floor corresponding columns
or shear walls and the middle ones are set from the corner columns of the same floor. This whole
process is called setting out crachery.
2.4.2.1.2 Installation of reinforcement

Reinforcement bar work includes cutting, bending and placing in position. Reinforcement for
construction should be stored in dry place to prevent them from rusting.
Bar benders (ferayoo) use adequate bending & cutting tools, to provide reinforcement for use in
the site based on the design given. Bar bending tool in the site. Reinforcement bars of diameter Φ
6, Φ8, Φ10, Φ 12, Φ 16 &Ø20 were used at the site. When the reinforcement bar work is
performing, one should be careful in checking to the wastes of reinforcement.
over lapping reinforcement bars
Reinforcement bars over Laps length of 40Φ mm in length for columns. At the support of beam
over lapping of reinforcement bars is at the bottom and at the middle of beam the over lapping of
reinforcement bars is at the top. The position of over lapping of reinforcement bars is depends on
the bending moment.
Working process of reinforcement bar
 Take dimension, shape and length of bars from drawing.

 Site engineer prepare bar drawing and give for bar bender.
 Bar bender cut and bend according to drawing specification.
 Reinforcement bar transported to the site.
 The reinforcement bar accurately placed according to drawing specification.
On some cases the specification on the drawings might be inconsiderate on giving the
appropriate support and strength. So some decisions are made on site whether to give it more
strength by adding reinforcement bars, or to eliminate unnecessary elements to decrease waste
and cost. This is done in communication with the structural engineer.
Then stirrups are tied around the reinforcement bars with a wire. In site stirrups are called
“Staffa”
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 16
I. Beam reinforcement
In beam there are two types of bar;
 Negative bars: When the reinforcement is provided to resist the negative bending moment
in the RCC element then that reinforcement is called negative bars or reinforcement.
Negative bars are designed for precast beams to reduce buckling and deflection on the
slab. This negative bar is anchored 1/3 of the total length of the span.
 Main reinforcement: bar is provided at the shorter span direction in order to transfer the
bending moment developed at the bottom of the slab. The purpose of providing main bar
is to transfer the bending load developed at the bottom of the slab to the beams. In the
site a positive or main reinforcement of 14 and 16 were used.
Stirrups/shear reinforcement: Stirrups are placed at proper intervals to beams to prevent them
from deformation/shear failure of beam. The spacing of stirrups is closely spaced at near the
support because of maximum shear force is developed up to 1/3L from the face of column. The
stirrups to be used in the site were of 10 diameters with 100 spacing at the edges and 200 spacing
at the middle, but since 10 diameter bars weren’t available in the market so the minimum stirrup
of 8 diameters was used.
The overlapping areas of reinforcement in beams;

 Bottom bars over lapped at support because to resist the tensile force developed at the
bottom due to high positive moment act on mid span.
 Top bars over lapped at mid span because negative moment is seldom at mid span and
compression forces develop at the top so concrete is responsible.
.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 17
c
Fig 2. Installation of beam reinforcement
II. Column reinforcement

Column need only longitudinal reinforcement and transversal reinforcement (tie bars). Column
construction starts by setting out the alignment for the corner columns using rope, plumb
bob(tumbi) and water bubble. These corner columns are used later as a reference for setting out
the rest of the columns. This will facilitate the construction process and make it simple and easy
and correct alignment. when the re-bars are likely to be miss-positioned due to the concrete
placed to cast the beam and slab, it must be realigned in to its proper place. While reinforcing of
column first tied the longitudinal reinforcements with the longitudinal reinforcements that comes
from the lower floor with a lap length (40*Ø), and tied that longitudinal reinforcements by
stirrups with a given distance between the stirrups.
Table 7: column reinforcement detail
Column 3
Floors Size Diameter No of bar Bar length
Foundation-basement 800x500 Ø16 20 2.70
Basement-ground floor 800x500 Ø16 20 4.20
Ground-1st floor 800x500 Ø16 20 4.20
1st -2nd floor 800x400 Ø16 16 4.20
2nd-3rd floor 800x400 Ø16 16 4.20
3rd-4th floor 800x300 Ø14 16 4.20
4th -5th floor 800x300 Ø14 16 4.20
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 18
5th -6th floor 800x300 Ø14 16 4.20
6th -7th floor 800x300 Ø14 16 4.20
7th floor-terrace 800x300 Ø14 16 3.42
Rectangular column was used in the site with 3 column arrangement and here is the rebar and
reinforcement details of column three as a sample.
Figure 3. installation of column reinforcement
III. Slab reinforcement

The rib reinforcement follows the same rules with the beam reinforcement. However, mainly as
far as the stirrups are concerned, the amount of placed rebar’s is not as large as it is in beams.
Between the ribs, the slab is usually reinforced with a common wire mesh. In the site a ribbed
slab of thickness of 170mm for the ground floor and for the roof and 300mm for the remaining
floor was used. That consisted of longitudinal bars of diameter ranging from 10,12 and 16, and
shear reinforcement of 8mm diameter with 150mm spacing and a topping reinforcement for
temperature change and shrinkage of diameter 8mm with 200mm spacing.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 19
Figure 4 installed ribbed slab reinforcement
IV. Shear wall reinforcement
Figure 5 installation of vertical structure member
V. Staircase reinforcement
In case of stair reinforcement, bottom bars, top bars and support bars are existing. In which
bottom bars used to resist positive moment at the flight section tends to resist negative moment at
the landing. And to the reverse top bars used to resist positive moments at the landing tends to
resist negative moment at the flight section up to 1/3 of flight length. Then support bars
(distribution bars) are added on the top and bottom bar as mesh or in transversal direction in
order to hold then in their position. Finally, stair stirrups are found in each riser section to give its
riser shape.
Figure 6 installation of staircase reinforcement
2.4.2.1.3 Spacer (concrete cover) A rebar spacer is a device that secures the reinforcing steel or
"rebar" in reinforced concrete structures as the rebar is assembled in place prior to the final
concrete pour. The spacers are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in place, and
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 20
become a permanent part of the structure. (Rebar spacers). In the sites I been on, they used
concrete spacers. The spacers were placed under the horizontally tied reinforcement bars of
beams and slabs and on the sides of the vertically tied reinforcement bars of shear walls and
columns. Basically they are tied between the reinforcement bars and the formwork since the aim
is to create the concrete cover that was intended to and to not let the reinforcement bars to be
seen after concrete is filled and already cured. On the different a cast in place concrete cover was
used and different cast in place concrete cover was used for different structures.
 For foundation 50mm.

 For beams and columns 25mm.
 Slabs 20mm.
 Retaining wall exposed face to earth 35mm
Figure 7 concrete spacers placement for slab and vertical structure
Figure 8 production of concrete spacers
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 21
The spacers are made depending on the concrete cover specified on the drawing, the thickness of
the concrete covers vary. On the different a cast in place concrete cover was used and different
cast in place concrete cover was used for different structures.
Advantage of spacer
 To protect reinforcement against corrosion.

 To provide efficient bond or adhesion between reinforcement & concrete.
2.4.2.1.4 Formwork
Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mold into which concrete is
poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also
be constructed from steel, glass fiber reinforced plastics and other materials.
On our both sites, plywood was used as a form work for every sides of the structural elements.
But before installing the formwork, it should be painted with mold oil. It helps the concrete not
to stick to the form work and maintain its mold shape.
In the site a timber(wooden) formwork was used, or also known as shuttering.
shuttering is a term that is often used to refer to the process of using plywood to form the mold.
Shuttering is perhaps the most popular type of formwork and is normally constructed on
site using timber and plywood.
Advantages of timber formwork

 Easy handling because it’s light weight.
 Easy to disassemble.
 Damaged parts can be replaced with new one.
 Very flexible.
Disadvantages of timber formwork

 Can’t be used for long. Have limited re-use. Can only be re-used 5 or 6 times.
 If the timber is dry, it will absorb moisture from wet concrete which could weaken the
resultant concrete member.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 22
 Timber with high moisture content (more than 20 % moisture content), wet concrete will
shrink & cup leading to open joints & leakage of grout.
At site the engineers have their own check lists in which they check the quality of formwork. A
good form work should satisfy the following requirements:
 The material of formwork should be cheap and it should be suitable for re use several
times.
 It should be practically water proof so that it doesn’t absorb water from concrete. Also its
shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.
 It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it, such as dead load of
concrete and live load during its pouring, compaction and curing.
 It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The surface of formwork should be smooth and it should afford easy stripping.
For horizontal structures like beam and slab
To cast concrete ribbed slabs is to level the height of the formwork and the height of
reinforcement according to the structural drawing. First using a string as a reference point, many
vertical eucalyptus posts (ponte) are erected and horizontal posts (modini) fixed on them for
stability, so that it can support the huge load of the slab.
 First the soffit form work is placed and reinforcement bars are tied
 The form work is positioned on its place and for support a wood is fastened on a wood
usually the extended props that support the soffit form work.
 Another wood is fastened to it diagonally supporting the side form work. On site the
diagonal wood is called “Stanga”.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 23
Figure 9 soffit/formwork for slab and beam
I. Formwork construction for column: -

At first floor column formwork prepared on the site as follows: -
 1st put the “cracher” at bottom around the column by considering formwork & column
thickness & check the perpendicularity by “tumbi” from the bottom column then attach.
 Then spacers tie at the reinforcement.
 Next timbers are connecting each other by “marshele” in three sides.
 Then erect the three side formwork.
 Attach the 4th side formwork.
 Then construct “kerebat”.
 For support construct “stanga”.
 Check the perpendicularity by “tumbi” or by using sprite level.
Figure 10. formwork for column
II. For Staircase
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 24
 Make the bottom soffit(inclined) and landing formwork with the required dimension by
using plywood.
 Prepared side formwork or sponda.
 Make the riser formwork with the dimension specified at the drawing.
Figure 11. Formwork for staircas e Figure 12. Formwork for shear wall
Check Up for Formwork
 Verticality: - controlled by plumb bob (tumbi) and checked by meter.

 Horizontality: - controlled by string (sibago) and checked by meter.
Removal of formwork
The next process is the removal of form work after concrete is filled and cured or until the
structure attain a strength to maintain its shape. The removal of concrete formwork also called
as strike-off or stripping of formwork should be carried out only after the time when concrete has
gained sufficient strength, at least twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected to
when the formworks are removed.
Removal time used for formwork on site is
 For column, form work is removed after 24-48 hours

 For slabs, with their props left under them, after 3-4 days
 Soffits, with their props left under them, after 1 week
 Props supporting slabs under 15 feet, after 1 week
2.4.2.1.5 Support materials
Plywood
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 25
It is used as a formwork for the structural elements.
On site for slab soffits the plywood is 244*122cm2. For side formworks the length may vary but
the width is 50cm. For column the plywood is 300*60cm2.
Props or Modini: It is a material used for supporting the soffit plywood for the beams and slabs.
In the site the props or modinis are basically classified as primary modini and secondary modini.
The primary modinis were used for the longer span and are usually RHS. Whereas the secondary
modinids are usually woods and were used for the shorter spans.
Figure 13. Primary and secondary modini
RHS and CHS
RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) are steel materials used
for support purposes under the soffit plywood as modinis. They differ in size, length and hollow
section
 RHS
Hollow section ranging from 50*50mm2 to 60*60 mm2 to 70*50mm2.
Length 3m and 6m.
 CHS
 Hollow section is the same
 Length 3.50m and 6m
 H and X frames
It is used to support the slab from below it. 2H and 2X frames together forms the support. But
individually they can’t even stand.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 26
Figure 14. H and X frames
 U joint
It holds the modini with its u shaped end and screwed with the h frames with its another end.
 Base joint
It is bolted with the h frames with its one end and lies on the ground with its flat base. Both base
and u joints can be elongated or shortened with rotation like a screw. On the site there was a
shortage of base joints so the woods are attached to the ground and instead of a base joint, u joint
was tied to the wood, with its u shaped end.
2.4.2.1.6 Concrete
concrete, in construction is a structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate
substance, known as aggregate (usually sand and gravel), that is bonded together
by cement and water. It has maximum compressive strength. It can be grade as a letter C- stands
for concrete & a number to represent its maximum compressive strength at the 28th day. E.g. C-
25.
Concrete is selected because of its unique advantages such as;
• Concrete is highly resistance to compressive force

• It is highly resistance to fire
• It is good insulator
• Easily molded into any shape
• Water proof, if it properly mixed, vibrated, chiseled and plastered.
Two types of concrete were observed at the site
a) Lean concrete
b) Reinforced concrete
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 27
a) Lean concrete: Lean concrete is a mixture where the amount of cement used is less than
the amount of liquid present in the strata. Lean concrete is that concrete which has high
aggregates to cement ratio. In technical terms, if the cement content of the mix falls out
to be lesser than 10 percent than the mix is called as lean concrete mix.
In the site a lean concrete of ratio 1: 3: 6 (cement: sand: aggregates) and a concrete grade
of C-5 was used.
Lean concrete has its own pros over reinforced concrete.
Although I didn’t observe when the lean concrete was made I was able to gather this information
from the site by asking around. In the site I was informed that the lean concrete was used on
 Foundation
 Grade beam
 Footing
 For construction of the Basement
b) Reinforced concrete: concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the
two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel rods, bars, or meshes
absorb the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure.
Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind,
earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and are therefore unsuitable in most structural
applications. In the site a reinforced concrete with mix ratio of 1:2:3 and concrete grade
of C-25/30 for Colum and wall and C-25 for other structures with cement content
250kg/m3 .
In the site the reinforced concrete was used on all the structures needed.
I. Materials for preparation of concrete

Concrete is formed by mixing of ingredients which are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate
& water.
Cement: - it is one of row material used for preparation of concrete, generally in mixing we use
cement as binding material. In my site they use PPC cements. E.g. Derba& Bedrock cement.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 28
Aggregates: - are the main row materials in mixing of concrete. These are important to increase
compressive strength of concrete because compressible strength of concrete is ensured by
aggregate. There are two types of aggregates. Namely: -
 Fine (sand) aggregate: the sand in the aggregate is called fine aggregate.
 Coarse aggregate: generally, the gravel or crushed rock. They used crushed rock, so
called by size 01; 02. They should be clean, sharp, angular and hard. They give mass
to the concrete and prevent shrinkage of cement.
The aggregate in the site was kept properly, fine and coarse aggregate were kept
separately.
Water: water is an important ingredient of concrete as it is actively participating in the chemical

reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement paste, the quality of water
is required to be looked very carefully. In general water to be used in concrete shall be free from
oil, acid, alkali, or any vegetable or organic materials since alkalis and acids react chemical with
cement and retard hydration that affect the quality of concrete.
II. Mixing of concrete
The process of mixing of ingredients or concrete making material like cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate & water in their enough proportion is known as mixing of concrete. In my site
they use volume batching method &also two types of concrete mix are applicable on the site.
Such as: -
 Hand mixing.
 Machine mixing.
Onsite mixer
An onsite mixer is a concrete mixing machine that is on site. On the second site we saw, the
mixture was in 1:2:3 ratios. For 1 bag of cement, 2 boxes of sand and 3 boxes of aggregate and
required quantity of water were added. The boxes were 50*40*18 in size.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 29
The mixing process is electrical, though unloading the mixture is a mechanical process. When
there is just a small volume of concrete needed, instead of asking for a ready mix plant, it’s
economical to use an onsite mixer.
Figure 15 Onsite mixer

Ready mix concrete
The concrete transporting vehicle has a rotating portion where the concrete is placed. The
rotation is necessary to avoid curing during transportation. If needed chemical retarders may be
added.
When every vehicle arrives to the site, the driver hands over the laboratory test results and
mixture ratio for the engineers. Then the concrete is unloaded to a sac where the pump is
attached to. On our second site, hydraulic pump was used and the concrete is pumped out and
transported to the place to be filled with the help crane. The crane is controlled by a remote
controller.
III. Test on concrete

 Cube test
It is a test performed to determine the compressive strength of a concrete. Compressive strength
is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface without any crack or
deflection. The samples are taken in a 150*150*150mm cubical box.
 Clean the mounds and apply oil.

 Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick.
 Compact each layer with not less than 25 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet-pointed at lower end).
 Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 30
On our site cube test samples were taken from transported concrete from the batching plant.
Twelve samples were taken. At the 7th day the compressive strength should attain 65% and the
result was 18 which is good.
Figure 16 Taking cube test samples
 Core test
It is performed to assess whether suspect concrete in a new structure complies with strength-
based acceptance criteria or not.
The procedure is
 The concrete is cut by a rotary core drilling machine. The specimen is cylindrical shape
with at least 20 cm depth and onsite 24 cm was found to be drilled.
 The drilled sample is then taken to a laboratory and soaked in water for ------------days
and crushed.
The concrete was C 40 and so the expected result was supposed to be 40Mpa with a critically
acceptable value of compressive strength of 35Mpa. However, it turned out to be 13Mpa.
Figure 17 core drilling process Figure 18 core spacemen
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 31
 Chemical bonding agents
Chemical bonding agents are natural, compounded or synthetic materials used to join individual
members of a structure without mechanical fasteners.” These Bonding agents are often used in
different repair applications, such as bonding of new concrete to old concrete, sprayed concrete
at construction joint or sand cement repair mortar to assist in achieving a reliable bond.
On our site experience there was a time when the concrete ready mix company didn’t provide the
agreed volume of concrete while concrete filling of the slab, because of some technical problem
caused in the concrete batching plant. So there was about 26.4 m3 of unfilled slab left. And when
the problem was solved and the concrete arrives on another day, the concrete that was filled has
already cured and it needed to be workable in order to form a bond with the new one. And here
the chemical bonding agent along with cement and water mixed together was used on the edges
of old concrete where the new concrete was being filled.
Figure 19. chemical bonding agent
IV. Concrete placement, compacting & curing
Concrete can be placed in to its well prepared form by avoiding & dropping from a head b/c to
resist segregation. Concrete should be vibrating (compact) properly to remove voids.
Compaction of concrete
During casting of concrete, it should be thoroughly compacted so as to form a dense

homogeneous mass properly worked around embedded fixtures, reinforcements and into the
corners of the formwork. Any compaction methods, however, shouldn’t cause any disturbance or
movement of the formwork or location of the reinforcement.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 32
Vibrator: it is a device which is used to compact concrete mix. It uses generator as a power
source, and also curing it to achieve the predetermined compressive strength due to hydration of
cement. It also covers properly to protect from unwanted evaporation.
Curing: Is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within
a reasonable temperature range. The curing time may depend on concrete type, the type of the
structural element and environment of the working station. There are two setting times of
concrete namely, initial setting time and final setting time. The former one is setting time from
placing of concrete up to dismantling of the formwork. It is 24 hours for columns and beams.
The final setting time is the time from dismantling of formwork to the final setting of concrete. It
is 7 days for columns and beams and 21 days for slabs.
The design constituents, the mixing placement & curing methods are affected by water-cement
ratio.
Factor affecting concrete
 Shrinkage: - it is reduction in concrete volume.

 Creep: - it is long term deflection or deformation due to long term loading.
 Thermal effect.
Substructure work
The substructure work was already completed when I arrived at the site. But from the
information I gathered I know the used a mat foundation, and back fill was used.
2.4.2.2 Superstructure work

The superstructure is the portion of a building which is constructed above the ground level and it
serves the purpose of structure’s intended use. It includes columns, beams, slab upwards
including all finishes, door and window schedules, flooring, roofing, lintels, and parapets.
I. Beam
A beam is a structural member which spans horizontally between supports and carries loads
which act at right angles to the length of the beam. They are small in cross-section compared
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 33
with their span. The width and depth of a typical beam are “small” compared with its span.
Typically, the width and depth used in the site are less than span/10.
Construction of Beam
a) Beam formwork installation:

b) Bending and binding steel bars
c) Laying of Cement Concrete
d) Curing: was carried out on all concrete pours by being constantly saturated with
water for a period of ted days. Since hessian cloth was used it was covered by
polythene sheeting.
II. Column
A column is a vertical structural member intended to transfer a compressive load. For example,
a column might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from a beam, to
a floor or foundations. As we know column is a vertical structural element which is subjected to
axial load but mostly it is subjected to both moment and axial load.
Construction Methods of Column
 Layout of Columns; Column layouts are done by laying rope in the grid lines and mark
the location of columns. In our site first check the centering or eccentricity of previous
column heads to column form then column yokes or cratury are placed immediately after
the slab cast. This helps to provide adequate concrete cover and helps to keep the column
formwork straight and strong.
 Concrete casting of RCC Column Concreting of an RCC column can be done using
with the help of machine. Concrete were poured up to slab bottom or beam bottom; the
remaining column gat concreted during pouring of slab or beam.
 Curing
III. Slab
A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof decks and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick and supported
by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 34
In the site we used a ribbed slab
Ribbed slab on site
Ribbed slab is an economical slab type. It will have concrete cover up to 70 mm above the
reinforcement on the blocks. And at its lower part it required only finishing work. I have seen
ribbed slab for residential building. Generally ribbed slab has its own importance over solid slab,
because it was light weight slab compared with solid slab. The quantity of concrete used
decreased, the size of beam and columns are decreased, so by considering the whole building
project, ribbed slab is more economical. By investigation the most preferable type of slab is
ribbed slab. It is a composition of:
 HCB (hallow concrete block)

 Concrete: - as a compression member
 Steel bar: - as a tension member
In the site a ribbed slab of thickness of 170mm for the ground floor and for the roof and
300mm for the remaining floor was used. That consisted of longitudinal bars of diameter
ranging from 10,12 and 16, and shear reinforcement of 8mm diameter with 150mm spacing
and a topping reinforcement for temperature change and shrinkage of diameter 8mm with
200mm spacing.
Construction procedure of ribbed slab
• Preparing Christ or Ponte
• Erecting all the above prepared
• Prop positioned as per required spacing and level through joint laid horizontally
• Soffit are placed correctly
• Placed the HCB
• Placed bars between HCB
• Connect the bars
• Check be for casting
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 35
IV. Stairs
A stair is set of step leading from one floor to the other. It is provided to afford the means of
ascent and descent between various floors of a building. The room at which stair is located is
called stair case. In our site, the staircase was made of a reinforced concrete of C-25. The
common terms used in the stairs are tread, going and flight. In domestic building 90cm wide stair
is sufficient and in public building 1.5-2.5m is recommended.
Terms used in stairs
 Baluster: it is vertical member placed between string and handrail to provide support to
the handrail.
 Flight: a series of continuous steps without an intermediate landing.
 Landing: a horizontal platform between two flights of stair. Landing gives brief rest
during the use of a stair case and facilitates in changing direction. When the landing
extends to full with of stair case, it is termed as half spaced landing. It is known as
quarter spaced landing when it extends only for half of the stair case width.
 Tread: the horizontal upper part of a step which is used to rest the foot while ascending
or descending the stairs.
 Riser: the vertical member between two treads.
Construction procedure of stairs
 Align the position of the stair
 Construct props
 Construct the bottom soffit
 Construct the side boards by using water level
 Connect the main bars
 Connect the additional bars
 Construct the rising
 Cast concrete
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 36
2.4.2.3 Leveling process
It is a process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It’s used in surveying to
establish elevation of a point relative to a datum. on-site experience about leveling was pretty
much the same as I have learnt on our survey field practice.
On the other side leveling can be made with water in a tube. The theory is that water can attain a
leveled volume in a tube. The process is called “Goma weha lik”
Figure 20 Goma wehalek
2.4.2.4 Waterproofing membrane

Waterproofing membrane consists of waterproof plastic, rubber or coated fabric materials used
to prevent the entrance of water into structures that are vulnerable to moisture. There are
different ways to apply waterproofing materials. There is a liquid waterproofing material that is
painted on the surface. But the one we saw on site was a plastic material which is ignited to stick
it to the walls.
Figure 21 Water proofing membrane
2.4.2.5 Plastering
Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of
houses and other structures with a plastic material called plaster. Which is a mixture of lime or
cement and sand along with a required quantity of water. Although I didn’t see the finishing
works in particular, I was able to learn about the plastering process on one place where the casted
and cured slab concrete was found to be lower than planned, due to the insufficient support that
was given. So the area with defect was decided to be chiseled (Mekorkor with its site name) in
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 37
order to create a rougher surface for the mixture to stick on it. Then a thin rope was pulled tight
to show the thickness to which the plastering was to be done. The thin rope is called “Sibago”
and the process of pulling “Sibago meweter”. So after reaching the required thickness it is made
smooth with the flat hand material called “Reega”. Mefas fasha.
Figure
re 22 plastering
Figure 23 Chiseling
2.4.2.6 Electrical installation

Electrical installation starts parallel with ground slab work by installing conduits. Starting from
second floor I observed when they install the conduits according to the design, before slab is
filled with concrete. Additionally, the conduits are covered before concrete is filled to prevent
clogging of cables. At site, electrical installation is done for different kinds of utilities such as
light bulbs, bells, switches, air conditioners, fire and smoking alarms etc.
At site, they have some check list for electrical installation:
 The electrical installation is approved by designated professional.

 Material to be used for installation strictly follow the specifications and the drawings
 The conduits are free from defects and cover the wires all the ways
 All switches and outlets are properly fixed according to the drawings
 The excavation is in straight line between the inspection pits.
2.5 What procedures I have been using while performing the tasks.
 Being active observant; on site observing have a great value to familiarize oneself with
the working environment. I have been observing the works being executed on the site
very carefully to understand the work items and to check whether they are being carried
out according to the working procedures or not.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 38
 Asking questions and being active listener; if anything is not clear while observing I will
ask the Workers, the Project Manager, the Forman and the Supervisor and I will listen to
them actively when they give me the explanation about the question.
 Reading and referring; when I need to know more about any subject matter I will read my
past class documents and refer from the internet.
 Office discipline; punctuality, responsibility, respect, ethics, inter personnel relationship,
cooperation while performing tasks, proper arrangement of my stuffs in order to make
good and peace full working environment.
2.6 How good I have been at performing the tasks
I have been trying to know and gain experience from this internship and almost i were doing
everything to do ordered. Even sometimes I ask them to give tasks based on the thing i want to
know most. I do our task with together my friend by talking a sharing knowledge. I have to make
site supervision together and we comment on the work based on our learning and what we know.
I have spent the time learning new things, gathering information, trying to learn from my
mistakes and creating myself as a professional.
Generally, I accomplish my internship program in the right and appropriate way.
2.7 Challenges I have been facing while performing my work tasks
Even though the internship program was able to be completed smoothly there were some
misunderstandings and challenges I faced along the way, while these challenges didn’t hinder me
in any way or form majorly they are worth noting, so here are the challenges I faced:
 Main challenges I faced in this work sector was mainly rooted in lack of communication
between me and the workers furthermore initially there were different site languages and
gestures that were hard for me to grasp in the beginning.
 There was a lack of protection gear and equipment.
 There was unsolved financial agreement problem between the client and the contractor so
the construction was delayed for weeks.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 39
 I was unable to see any substructure work.
 Since the internship was in the winter, weather was also a major problem in days there
was a heavy rain.
2.8 Measures I took to overcome these challenges

 Regarding the challenge, I faced with not understanding and grasping the site language it
was easily fixed by asking around and getting familiar with the work environment.
I get solution for this problem by asking the workers and
translate, to the word I know before; e.g.
 Solata: slab
 Fouad: underneath formwork for beam & slabs
 Sponda: used as side formwork for beams and slabs
 Ponte: woods which support formwork for slab
 Christy: a triangular wood used to support slab formwork
 Kiskas: is an ingredient of ground slabs (hardcore)
 Tunnbi: used for checking perpendicularity of column (plum bob)
 Kebeleto: used as a support of a formwork of slab & beam at a bottom.(scaffolding)
 Sibago: use to maintain alignments (string)
 Cravat: used to fix the formwork together in their position
 Soffit slab: slab formwork or panels
 Kugino: small timbers inserted below panels to make it level supports
 Mekesecha: a vertical side formwork of beams and column panels diagonally.
 Pensil: small opening between panels
 Although there was no control over the whether condition I was able to negotiate a time
where I would be present at the site in the time of no heavy rain.
 For protection gear I had to let them know and they easily fixed it by bringing one.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 40
CHAPTER THREE
3. Overall benefits form the internship program

Introduction
There were infinite benefits I got from participating in this program since it a real world problem
solved in the real world. And these benefits are
a) Improving my practical skills

b) Improving my theoretical knowledge
c) Improving my interpersonal communication skills
d) Improving my team playing sills
e) Improving my leadership skills
f) Understanding about work ethics related issues
g) Improving entrepreneurship skills
3.1 Improving my practical skills

Since most of the lectures I took in previous years was mainly theoretical this was the perfect
opportunity to align the two and build my practical skill. This internship helped nurture my
practical skills. It helped me build my and improve my confidence in construction tasks.
On the way of my work I have known how to read and take data from different kinds of
complicated drawings. Some of them are
 Understand arrangements of bars in reinforcement detail drawing.

 Checking whether the drawing has error or not.
 Concrete casting and curing.
 Formwork and Reinforcement placement.
 Formwork detached date and how many time uses.
 How they check the alignments of columns.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 41
3.2 Improving my theoretical knowledge
Being an engineer means working to make things better and we are problem solvers, whether it
is designing and improving.
Figuring out solutions to problems and have a strong interest in my career, that was a good place
to start my practical job and applying theoretical knowledge to design solutions to real life
problems. It was intensive practical training and also helps me to gain experience in creating and
presenting reports.
I tried to be typically and practically oriented; this includes surveillance how to prepare plans
and construction documents, estimating project cost scheduling, managing and inspecting
construction projects.
3.3 Improving my interpersonal communication skills

In terms of improving my interpersonal communication skills this internship period was very
crucial moment for me. This occasion gave me the chance to know different people both in the
work place and outside. I wasn’t that much shy and it wasn’t very difficult for me to
communicate with others but in this crucial moment of internship it gave me a lot of
opportunities to communicate with many people who were participating in the work such as the
owners of the company, the project leaders (like site Engineers, foramen and soon) and also with
the daily professionals and daily laborers which helps me improve my interpersonal
communication skills.
 Involved in the construction stage of the project, site meetings and communication with
clients.
 Gained communication skills by preparing an everyday report on the tasks performed.
 Maintained effective communication between the superior and field crew.
 Honed communication skills through client negotiations and dialogue.
 Systemized and synchronized contract documents via mark-up process, clarifying field
communication between engineers and contractors.
And also, some the point that I gain from communication skill shown below: -
 I can develop our reasoning capacity and information inquiry capacity
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 42
 Develop my habit in the explanation of our idea logically and clearly
 Improve work place moral with none violent.
 Improving relationship with others.
I understood that communication is a very vital thing in construction sector and it is possible to
say that without communication there may not be no the same understanding between two parties
and if there is no mutual understanding there will be no progress in work even if it appears it
may not be in the right way.
3.4 Improving my team playing skills

Being a team player is a critical skill in every profession, and civil engineering is no different.
Work is always more rewarding when there is teamwork, especially when the work involves
something comprehensive and complex. Projects handled by civil engineers can be challenging,
but with good teamwork, everything is possible
Adept for me with professional communication, both oral and written capability Develop
excellent public speaking and communication, which will be invaluable in advancing my
professional career in the future.
I tried to see how to Staff and coordinate of team’s project, Control and planning of project
tasks, and made me to know for successful construction project, coordination requires to be
people oriented as well as technically knowledgeable.
And as the building sector is still dependent on intensive manual labor, this made me to develop
skills and experience working in teams with daily laborers for a better construction work to be
economical.
Excellent communication, staffing and coordination of team’s project, and understand how to
communicate and create inter relationship between the construction company and the
subcontractors for a better work.
Understand how to solve the challenges of the laborers coordination and collaboration that create
a problem on accomplishment of the construction project effectively on time.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 43
To distinguish various forms of collaboration, the possible composition of constructional projects
teams and the distribution of responsibility and authorities among workers.
3.5 Improving my leadership skills

This helped me how to manage the project and general work flow of the project like division
of labor, work flow of the project, responsibility, authority and unity of command from top to
bottom of the company. To inspire his/her works in to higher levels it is better to follow the
following points:
 Know yourself and seek self-improvement.

 Be technically proficient.
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your action.
 Listen ideas of others and timely decisions.
 Know your people and look.
 Keep your workers informed.
 Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
 Punctuality for our work
 How to manage
3.6 Understanding about work ethics related issues

I was introduced to the actual environment. punctuality, professionalism, engagement and
honesty are a must in the work life. since I only had a 4-year experience in school they didn’t
expect all to be intact. But through time they led me to believe that those factors were important
and a must to do in this life.
Most of the time work ethics is not regulated properly when it should be. I learned that it should
come above all. When one person fails to comply the rules and regulations of a company one
should come clean and accept the consequence. Honesty is the key to success. Some of the work
ethics that we acquired are:
• Honesty: - Not being involved on lying, cheating and stealing
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 44
• Punctuality: - we understand that we have to be punctual in working time
because our punctuality in the working place aids the work to be done on time
and run smoothly Dressing appropriately
• Respecting Collogues
• Using work time as work time - not personal time
• Accountability.
• Managing emotions.
• Reliability: We must be reliable for the company we work in because our
reliability brings more advantages both for the company and our self
• Efficiency: We have to be efficient so that the work done has no errors and
result in failure.
• Open mindedness: - We have to be open minded since it makes the work to be
done understandably
3.7 Entrepreneurship skills

The word entrepreneurship has got different meanings as used by scholars of different
professions such as psychology, sociology, economics, and others. Generally, entrepreneurship
process is the composition of five basic things.
• Ability to see work opportunities and recognizing their type.
• Ability to change these work opportunities to business
• Persistence to continue in the business
• Ability to work in strategic way
• Ability to understand & accept if there is possibility of loss or any problem
so short term process that I was not come up with. But the internship program let and
made me bear in mind some ideas that are related with creating, upon seeing site
activities, the method of executing and equipment used. These are individuals who
initiate business activity by taking its risk. They produce products or services by
involving necessary skills & resources. These resources may be time, capital (money),
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 45
skilled labor, land, etc. Entrepreneurship success depends on personal behavior (traits),
skill & profession. Among entrepreneur’s traits (characters):-
 Self-confidence and optimism able to take calculated risks

 Positive response to challenges
 Flexibility & Ability to adopt new technologies
 Knowledge of market
 Independent minded
 Seeking for new information
 Be cooperative work together with others
 Listen others and learn from others
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 46
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
To sum it up, this past three months has been an eye opener and a very good experience which
will help me get ready for the real world. I have improved our theoretical knowledge which help
me improve my practical skills in return. I also have improved my communication skill since
Communicating well is a gem of a skill. It is a must to know how things work and who you are
working with. problem solving skills have improved a little more because there is always a
failure in work and knowing how to come back from it by presenting a way to solve the problem
is a way to a great success. Overall gaining this skill will help me in the future for a better way of
working in the construction industry.
The first time I went to our site I had orientation about the overall history of the building. The
structural elements construction was already completed at the basement, mezzanine and first
floors. The company runs on a low budget so they have faced a lot of problems concerning
materials and laborers. Some laborers even stopped working because payment wasn’t made
according to schedule. Materials are supplied by the client so the more the supplies are delayed
the more the construction is compromised. Due to various reasons a lot of problems aroused
which were solved but due to this a lot of work were delayed. Because of negligence for support
the second floor showed some slumping(7cm). So it was chiseled and filled with concrete again
in order to meet the level. But after some time everything become repetitive. But later on there
was many improvements at the site, communication was an issue but I made improvement later
on, Materials started being supplied by the company itself so there was decrease in delay because
of shortage of materials. Our hosting company Hans construction is a great company which is
making progress to become grade 1 construction company in the near future. They performed
numerous projects throughout Ethiopia which has opened a lot of opportunities for them because
of their great ability to meet the client’s expectation. All in all, this internship program has
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 47
helped us gain knowledge and experience that will help us in the near future when we are
exposed to working life of construction.
RECCOMENDATION
Even though I had a great experience in the site and office we have observed some limitations
while working on the construction site.
So we recommend the following points:
 Since materials were supplied by the client they were not always in time which
led to works being delayed. so materials should be supplied in time.
 Shortage of storage space. There is no place for storage so they used the basement
as one which might lead to damage and improper placing. so making space for
storing materials is a must.
 The company should supply all labors a full safety material like construction
uniform, safety shoes and helmet. But safety equipment is a must in the
construction world. laborers should feel safe in their work environment.
 Actions must be taken on workers that doesn’t wear safety shoes and helmet that
is provided by the site.
 Guard rails should be made in open spaces as a worker or someone that visit the
site might fall.
 The site Engineer need to supervise the laborers at all time because if not
supervised they might not work their jobs properly.
 Care must be taken for the formwork/plywood during erecting, dismantling and
storing so as to reuse it again.
 Continuous monitoring of the progress of the project must be taken.
The above points are recommendation we thought are not being done properly in site. Apart from
this the company has got a successful future ahead of it.
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 48
REFERENCE
20-30.110setback requirements and expectations. (n.d.). Retrieved from qcode.us:

https://qcode.us/codes/santarosa/view.php?topic=20-3-20 30-20 30 110&frames=on
Hugocheuk. (2021, June 11). construction site safety. Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction site safety
Rebar spacers. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar_spacer
Time management of construction projects. (2020, November 12). Retrieved from designing
buildings wiki: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Time management of construction
projects
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 49
APPENDICES
Gereganti.....................................hard core material
Reega............................................ flat hand material wood
Gindila........................................... huge wood log

Berga……………………………………….12 meters of reinforcement steel
Kebeleto……………………………………bar spacer
Stafa………………………………………. stirrup
Tumbi………………………………………plumb bob
Squadra……………………………………...right angle
Yejiwehalek………………………………...water sprint
Sponda……………………………………...Side form work (beam )
Sofit…………………………….…............bottom form work
Gomawehalek………………………………water hose
Sibago………………………………………. string
mefas……………………………………….an instrument used to smoothen a surface

Kerebat………………………………………. wood used to support formwork of column
Fasha.................................................the process before a wall or slab is smoothed
Senkelo.............................................bucket used for transportation
Segeto................................................instrument used to cut bar
Stanga................................................wood fastened diagonally
Mekerbet............................................process of nailing 3 sets of woods on all four sides

Gancho................................................6mm diameter steel
Mekorkor.............................................chiseling
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 50
BY SELAM ABRAHAM 51

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HAWASSA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

Submitted by: Selam Abraham

Mentor: Mr. Henok

Student Name: Selam Abraham

Mentor: Mr. Henok

Supervisor: Mr. Mikiyas Alemayehu

BY SELAM ABRAHAM III

Table 1 Hans construction completed project…………………………………………3

Table 2 Hans construction ongoing project…………………………………………....4

Table 3 Hans construction ongoing project……………………………………………5

Table 4 General information about the project………………………………………...9

Table 5 Take off sheet sample format …………………………………………….….14

Table 6 Bar schedule sample format……………………………………………….…14

Table 7 Column reinforcement detail…………………………………………………15

Figure 1 The space given for setback……………………………………………………11

Figure 2 Installation of beam reinforcement……………………………………………..17

Figure 3 installation of column reinforcement…………………………………………...18

Figure 4 Installation of ribbed slab reinforcement…………………………………….…19

Figure 6 Installation of staircase reinforcement …………………………………………19

Figure 7 Concrete spacer…………………………………………………………...…….20

Figure 8 Production of concrete spacers…………………………………………………21

Figure 9 Formwork for slab and beam………………………………………...…………23

Figure 10 Formwork for column…………………………………………...…………….24

Figure 11 Formwork for Staircase………………………………………………………..24

Figure 13 Primary and Secondary Modini………………………………………………..25

Figure 14 H and X Frames………………………………………………………………..26

Figure 15 Onsite mixer…………………………………...……………………………….29

Figure 16 Taking cube test samples…………………..…………………………………..30

Figure 17 Core drilling Process…………………..……………………………………….31

Figure 18 Core Spacemen…………………...…………………………………………….31

Figure 19 Chemical Bonding agent…………………………………………………….....31

Figure 20 “Goma Wehalek”………………………………………….............................…36

Figure 21 Water Proofing Membrane……………………………………..........................36

Figure 23 Chiseling ……………..…………………………………………………………37

BY SELAM ABRAHAM VII

Background of Hans Construction and Business PLC.

1.1 Brief History of the Company

 To perform effectively through efficient and professional performance.

 To introduce code of professional ethics at different level of the organization.

1.3 The main products or services the company has

 Building construction of any type, Residence, Health facilities, Commercial

1.4.1 company experience

China Civil 150 cal. 100 G+0, G+1 Completed

Bokra FDRE, TVET Completed

Table 1 Hans construction completed projects

B+G+M+6 515 B+G+M+6 Feb. 2022 Under

Hagos 365 Jun. 2021 Under

Table 2 Hans construction ongoing projects

1. DKV Addis 0911234224 FDRE, 0.71 June. June. TVET

Table 3. Hans ongoing constructions

1. Managing Director (MD)

1.1 - Chief Engineer / Quality Management Representatives (QMR)

1.2 –Manager/Office Administrator

1.3 - Legal Advisor

1.4 - Internal Auditor

2- Deputy managing Director (DMD)

2 .1 - Office Engineering & Contract Adm. Dep’t (OECAD)

2.1.1- Eng. And Contract Adm. Division (ECAD)

Hollow section ranging from 5050mm2 to 6060 mm2 to 70*50mm2.