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Hydraulic Transient Anylysis of Surge Tanks
Hydraulic Transient Anylysis of Surge Tanks
Hydraulic Transient Anylysis of Surge Tanks
34-48)
1 Assistant Professor Center of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore.
2 Professor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore.
3. Assistant Engineer Federal Flood Commission Quetta.
4. Professor, Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, UET, Lahore.
Abstract
Surge tanks are used for dissipate the water hammer pressure in high head hydropower project.
Commonly used surge tanks have one surge chamber. A double chamber surge tanks were introduced in
two high head hydropower projects in Pakistan. In the present study hydraulic design of surge tanks for
the two potential sites in Pakistan were analyzed for surge wave height and time to dissipate. Surge tanks
designed for Golen Gol hydropower project and Satpara hydropower project were analyzed for the
hydraulic transient under the two operational scenarios i.e. complete closure and complete opening. It
was concluded that for Satpara hydropower plant, surge tank without chamber and surge tank with two
chambers produces high range of surges to cause undesirably heavy governor movement. While surge
tank with lower chamber produces the minimum surge height as compared to other types, so the
hydraulic behavior of surge tank with lower chamber is more stable than other types of surge tanks.
Similarly for Golen Gol hydropower plant surge tank with two chambers produces better surge
protection as compared to surge tank with single chamber and no chamber.
Key Words: Hydraulic Transient, Hydropower, Surge Chamber, High Head Hydropower, Pressure
Conduit.
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Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
The abrupt reduction of the electrical load the retarding force that will arrest and then reverse the
turbine governor will rapidly cause the turbine guide direction of the flow in the conduit. The chamber
vanes to close, so that there will be an abrupt water level will then drop it is below reservoir level;
reduction of flow. This will initiate a surge wave the conduit flow is again slowly stopped and reversed,
which causes the water level to rise in the chamber and the cycle is repeated until damped out by
until it exceeds reservoir level and produces a frictional losses. These changes are illustrated in
Figure 1a.
z Z
H`Ho -z t H`Ho -z
L L
Figure 1: Water hammer effects due to (a) sudden opening, (b) sudden closure of turbine guide vanes
and (c) location of the hydropower projects.
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
On starting up the turbine with water at rest in to water hammer to runner speed changes that cause
the tunnel, the water level in the chamber will fall the line current of the generators to vary from the
rapidly below its initial position and will thus create desired frequency. As mentioned earlier, In case of
sufficient head to accelerate the main mass of water in electrical or mechanical failures the entire load would
the tunnel. The conduit discharge will thus increase be rejected instantly; this might occur with the
until it exceeds that required by the turbine; the turbines at full load and with the reservoir at any level.
surplus will cause a rise in chamber level, increasing Full load rejection must therefore be considered in
the net head on the turbine and reducing its demand every case. It is usual to consider full-load rejection
for water. The rise of chamber water level will retard under two conditions.
the conduit flow and, as with load rejection, a surge
1. With the reservoir at its maximum level, in which
motion will be set up and will continue until damped
case the maximum upsurge level will govern the
out by friction. The water level in the chamber will
top level of the chamber;
settle finally at its steady running level which, owing
to friction and velocity effects, is lower than reservoir 2. With the reservoir at its lowest draw down, in
level. The conditions are illustrated in Figure1b. which case the first down surge level may control
the bottom level of the chamber if air drawing is
For a given load change the surge amplitude in a to be avoided.
simple chamber is approximately proportional to the
diameter of the chamber, if the chamber is big enough The loading conditions (load acceptance) are not
, the surge becomes “dead beat “ and will die away so critical because it depends on the turbine design
after the half cycle. A similar deadbeat condition will and operation procedures. Several articles on the
result if the load change is sufficiently slow. Deadbeat various aspects of water hammer have been published.
chambers are not usually economical. Despite this a wide field still remains open to further
research. The following equations apply for the case
1.1 Design considerations when the pipe is considered to be compressible.
Restricted orifice surge tank analysis was introduced
The surge chambers are designed to meet the by Mosonyi and Seth (1975), he developed equations
following conditions. when the restricted orifice surge tank operates and
1. The surge chamber must be so located that water hammer causes significant pressure head rise in
pressure variations caused by water hammer are the penstock upstream of the surge tank. They
kept within acceptable limits. developed and tested this theory in a laboratory in
Germany for a particular cross sectional area of surge
2. The chamber must be stable, i.e. the surges tank.
resulting from small partial load changes must be
naturally damped and must not under any 1.3 Basic Equations for Surge Analysis
condition be sustained or amplified. The following continuity and momentum
3. The chamber must be of such size and so equations were used as explained in Chaudhry (1987),
proportioned that it will contain the maximum Wylie and Streeter (1993) and Parmakian (1963).
possible upsurge (unless a spillway is provided). Continuity equation
The lowest down surge will not allow air to be
drawn into the tunnel. The range of surges must dZ 1
(Qtun Qtur ) (1)
not be great enough to cause undesirably heavy dt As
governor movements or difficulty in startup load.
Momentum equation
1.2 Extreme loading conditions for dVtun g Vtun Vtun Vtun Vtun
Turbines Z Ce
dt L1 2g 2g
Sudden shutdown of hydroelectric plants or
change in water flow through hydraulic turbine may Vtun Vtun Vs Vs
Ct (C orf Cc ) (2)
cause problems ranging from rupture of penstock due 2g 2g
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Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
38
Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
load rejection and sudden load acceptance. The surge The hydraulic analysis of the surge tank of Golen
structure design data in connection with hydraulic Gol hydropower project was analyzed under the two
analysis was used for the numerical simulation is operational scenarios i,e. The complete closure and
given in Table 1. Descriptions of the terms used in this complete opening of the turbine governors. Three
analysis are shown in Figure 2. types of the surge tank system were analyzed under
the above-mentioned scenarios. Three different types
2.1 Golen Gol hydropower project
of surge tanks were studied which include surge wave
The project is located on Golen Gol Nullah, a without surge tank, surge wave in hydropower project
tributary of Mastuj River, 25 km from Chitral Town in having lower surge chamber and surge tank having
NWFP. The installed capacity of the project is 106 two surge chambers (upper chamber and lower
MW. The details of the input data for surge analysis chamber). Two operating conditions are sudden
are presented in Table 1.
Figure 2: Description of the components used in modeling of hydropower system, the H is head D is diameter
for different three types of surge tanks, H1, H2 and H3 are heads up to different stages from which
the transient in section starts.
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
closure of the turbine due to mechanical or other The surge wave was studied for the options that
failure of the system, and sudden operation of the there is no chamber in the surge shaft, only lower
turbine. Different scenarios are described below. chamber and two chambers in the surge shaft and
turbine as suddenly operated. The design discharge 30
Table 1: Input data for the Golen Gol hydropower m3/sec was attained with in 100 s of the operation. For
project shut down the turbine was shutdown in 120 s. The
simulation was carried out for 2000 s with a
Descriptions of data Data computational time interval of 0.5 s. The results
tabulated in Table-1 the result of complete closure and
Location of surge tank Upstream complete opening is given in table 2 and table 3. The
Water level of upper reservoir 2052.00m behavior of the corresponding surge waves are shown
in Figures 3 to 5.
Water level of lower reservoir 1612.00 m
Table 2: Results of maximum surge height in
Friction coefficient reach upper 80
reservoir- surge chamber complete closure
40
Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
2056
2054
2052
E levation (m )
2050
2048
2046
2044
2042
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T im e (se c )
(a)
2075
2070
2065
E levation (m )
2060
2055
2050
2045
2040
2035
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T im e (se c )
(b)
Figure 3: Surge analysis of Golen Gol Hydropower project without surge chamber (a) downsurge and (b)
upsurge
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
2053
2052
2051
2050
E levation (m )
2049
2048
2047
2046
2045
2044
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T im e (se c )
(a)
2075
2070
2065
E levation (m )
2060
2055
2050
2045
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T im e (se c )
(b)
Figure 4: Surge analysis of Golen Gol Hydropower project with surge shaft with lower chamber (a)
downsurge and (b) upsurge
42
Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
2064
2062
2060
2058
E levation (m )
2056
2054
2052
2050
2048
2046
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T im e (se c )
(a)
2053
2052
2051
2050
E levation (m )
2049
2048
2047
2046
2045
2044
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T im e (se c )
(b)
Figure 5: Surge analysis of Golen Gol hydropower project with surge shaft with lower and upper chambers
(a) upsurge and (b) downsurge
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
2.2 Satpara Hydropower System systems analyzed are surge shaft without chambers,
surge shaft with lower chamber and two chamber
Satpara hydropower project is located in
surge tank. The results tabulated in tables 6-8, were
Northern areas of Pakistan at Satpara Lake, which is
also shown in figure 6-8.
about 6 km south of Skardu town. The various input
data for this project are given in table 5.
Operational Scenario-1 Complete
Table 5: Input data for the Satpara hydropower Closure
project
Considering friction coefficients for the analysis
Location of surge tank Upstream and the maximum and minimum water levels
Water level of upper reservoir 2664.31 m respectively at the intake, the calculated surge levels
Water level of lower reservoir 2570.00 m are:
Friction coefficient reach upper 40.00
Table 6: Results of maximum surge height
reservoir- surge chamber
Friction coefficient reach surge 80.00
Sr. Type of surge tank Maximum up
chamber – plant
No. surge (m)
Friction coefficient reach plant – 85.00
lower reservoir 1 Surge tank without 2666.38
Tunnel length reach reservoir – 236.10 m chambers
surge chamber 2 Surge tank with lower 2663.01
Tunnel diameter reach reservoir 3.44 m chamber
– surge chamber
3 Surge tank with two 2666.71
Tunnel length reach surge 567.0 m
chamber
chamber – plant
Tunnel diameter reach surge 1.50 m
chamber – plant Operational Scenario-2 complete opening
Tunnel length reach plant- lower 0.00 m Table 7: Results of maximum surge height
reservoir
Tunnel diameter reach plant- 0. 00 m Type of surge tank
Sr. Maximum down
lower reservoir No. surge (m)
Diameter of surge shaft 5.66 m
Height of surge shaft 33.0 m 1 Surge tank without 2662.73
Diameter of vertical shaft below 5.66 m chambers
orifice 2 Surge tank with lower 2662.49
Diameter of vertical shaft above 5.66 m chamber
orifice
3 Surge tank with two 2662.71
Diameter of orifice 5.66 m
chamber
Design discharge 6.00 m3/sec
Installed capacity 4.14 M watt
Total efficiency of power station 0.85 From the table 6 and 7, the surge height
accumulated as the difference of maximum up surge
and maximum down surge shown in table 8.
The hydraulic analysis of the surge tank of
Satpara hydropower project was analyzed under the Table 8: Results of accumulated surge height
two operational scenarios i.e. the complete closure and
complete opening of the turbine governors. The design Sr. Type of surge tank Surge
discharge 6 m3/sec was attained with in 15 s of the No. accumu-
operation. For shut down the turbine was shutdown in lated (m)
10 s. The simulation was carried out for 1000 s with a 1 Surge tank without chambers 3.65
computational time interval of 0.5 s. Three types of 2 Surge tank with lower chamber 3.37
the surge tank system were analyzed under the above-
3 Surge tank with two chamber 3.69
mentioned scenarios. The different typical surge tank
44
Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
2666
2666
2665
E levation (m )
2665
2664
2664
2663
2663
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
T ime (se c )
(a)
2667
2667
2666
2666
E levation (m )
2665
2665
2664
2664
2663
2663
2662
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
T im e (se c )
(b)
Figure 6: Surge analysis of Satpara hydropower project with surge shaft without chamber (a) downsurge
and (b) upsurge
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
2666
2665
2665
E levation (m )
2664
2664
2663
2663
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
T im e (se c )
(a)
2667.0
2666.5
2666.0
2665.5
E levation (m )
2665.0
2664.5
2664.0
2663.5
2663.0
2662.5
2662.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
T ime (se c )
(b)
Figure 7 Surge analysis of Satpara hydropower project with surge shaft with lower chamber (a) downsurge
and (b) upsurge
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Hydraulic Transient Analysis 0f Surge Tanks: Case Study of Satpara and Golen Gol Hydropower Projects in Pakistan
2666.0
2665.5
2665.0
E levation (m )
2664.5
2664.0
2663.5
2663.0
2662.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
T ime (se c )
(a)
2665
2665
2665
2664
E levation (m )
2664
2664
2664
2664
2663
2663
2663
2663
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
T im e (se c )
(b)
Figure 8: Surge analysis of Satpara hydropower project with surge tank with two chambers (a) upsurge and
(b) down surge
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 8, Jan., 2011
3.0 Conclusions [5] Ito, H., and Imai, K. (1973). “Energy losses at 90
degree pipe junctions.” J. Hydr.Div., ASCE,
From the results tabulated above, for Golen Gol
99(9), 1353-1368.
hydropower plant the best surge tank system is two
chambers as compared to surge tank with single [6] Jaeger, C. (1954). “Present Trends In Surge
chamber and without chamber. The dimensions of the Chamber Design”, Proc.Inst. Mech. E., vol. 108.
two chamber surge tank are diameter of surge shaft is
9.0 m and height of the surge shaft is 100.0 m. This [7] Jaeger, C. (1958). “Contribution to the Stability
system gives minimum accumulated surge of 17.5 m. Theory of Systems of Surge Tanks,” Trans.
ASME, vol. 80 pp. 1574-1584, 1958.
Similarly for Satpara hydropower plant it was
concluded that surge tank with lower chamber gives [8] Jaeger, C. (1960). A review of Surge-Tank
better results i.e accumulated minimum surge is 3.37 Stability Criteria, J. Basic Eng., Trans. ASME,
m, as compared to surge tank having two chambers pp 765-783, Dec., 1960.
and without chamber. The dimensions of the surge
tank with lower chamber are diameter of surge shaft [9] Jaeger, C. (1963). “The theory of Resonance in
is.5.66 m and height of the surge shaft is 33.0 m. Hydropower Systems, Discussion of Incidents
and Accidents Occurring in Pressure Systems,”
4.0 References Trans, ASME, vol, 85, ser. D. p. 631, Dec., 1963.
[1] Allievi, L., (1913). „„Teoria del colpo d‟ariete,‟‟ [10] Mosonyi, E., and Seth, H. B. S. (1975). “The
Atti Collegio Ing. Arch. (English translation by surge tank a device for controlling water
Halmos EE 1929) „„The Theory of hammer,” Water power and Dam construction,
Waterhammer,‟‟ Trans. ASME. Vol. 27(2).
[2] Blaisdell, F. W., and Manson, P. W. (1967). [11] Parmakian, J. (1963). Waterhammer Analysis.
"Energy loss at pipe junctions." Irrigarion and Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York.
Drainage Divsion Proceedings of ASCE, vol.
93(IR3), September, 59-78 [12] Thoma, D., (1910). Zur Theorie des
Wasserschlosses bei Selbsttaetig Geregelten
[3] Chaudhry, M. H. (1987).Applied Hydraulic Turbinenanlagen, Oldenburg, Munchen,
Transients, Second ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Germany.
Co., New York, N. Y.
[13] Wylie, E. B., and Streeter, V. L. (1993). Fluid
[4] Gardel, A. (1956). Chambres d’Equilibre, Transients in Systems. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Lausanne, Switzerland. Cliffs, New Jersey.
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