CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE

+ Pale / Green + Green / Pale

Green Pale
/ Variegated / Variegated

N N N
N
C L C
L

NN NN

C L
Pale
Green
 CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE

+ Pale / Green
Variegated
/ Variegated

N
C L

Variegated
/Pale / Green
 CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE
 Proposed by Sutton and Boveri in 1902.
 Sutton united the knowledge of Mendel’s principle
(factor) with chromosomal behavior during the
meiosis and gave Chromosomal theory of inheritance.
 According to this theory the behavior of gene (factor)
is similar (parallel) to behavior of chromosomes.
Meiosis and germ cell formation in a cell with four
chromosomes

G1 G2
Meiosis I
anaphase
Meiosis II Germ cells
anaphase
Independent assortment of chromosomes with
respect to genes
Meiosis I
anaphase Meiosis II anaphase Germ Cells
 CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE
A B
Occur in pairs Occur in pairs
Segregate at the time of Segregate at gamete
gamete formation such formation and only one
that only one of each of each pair is
pair is transmitted to a transmitted to a
gamete. gamete.
Independent One pair segregates
pairs segregate independently of
independently of another pair
each other
CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE
 CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE
 This theory was experimentally proved by T.H. Morgan .
 He performed experiments on Drosophila
melanogaster (fruit fly).

Male Female
 CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE
Question :- Why did Morgan select Drosophila for experiment ?
 They could be grown on simple synthetic medium
(ripe banana) in the laboratory.
 They complete their life cycle in about two weeks.
 A single mating could produce a large number of
progeny flies.
 There is a clear differentiation of the sexes – male
(small) and female (large)
 It has many types of hereditary variations that can
be seen with low power microscopes.
 It has less number of chromosomes (2n=8)
 LINKAGE
 Linkage is exception to Mendel's law of independent assortment.
 Physical association of genes present on same chromosome that
inherit as a group is called linkage.

Gene(A)

Gene(B) Linked
genes
Gene(C)
Gene(D)
 LINKAGE
 Linkage first time observed by Bateson and Punnett.
 Linkage term was coined by T.H. Morgan.
 He performed experiments on Drosophila
melanogaster (fruit fly) and gave linkage theory
 According to this theory :-
(a) Genes showing linkage are called linked genes.
(b) Linked genes are non-allelic
(c) Linked genes are present on same chromosomes.
 LINKAGE
(d) Linked genes can be separated by crossing over.
Crossing over :- exchange of genes between non -
sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
 LINKAGE

A a A a
Crossing
Link-
over
age
B b b B
 LINKAGE

A a A a
Crossing
Link-
over
age
B b b B

Strength of 1 1
linkage Crossing over Distance between linked
(Recombination) genes
 LINKAGE
A a A a
B b
Distance Distance
D d
Crossing over Crossing over

Low Recombination High Recombination

Linkage Linkage

Tightly Linked genes Loosely Linked genes

 LINKAGE
Factors Crossing over linkage
Distance
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
Age

Female XX
Sex
Male XY
 LINKAGE
Arrangement of linked genes

Cis/Coupling Trans/Repulsion
++ +b
ab a+

A a A a
B b b B
 LINKAGE
Types of linkage

Complete linkage Incomplete linkage

 COMPLETE LINKAGE
(1) Complete linkage :- Parental cell
 Very rare A a
B b
 In this linkage crossing over does not
occur between the genes
 linkage :- 100% Crossing over
 Crossing over :- 0% absent

 New combination :- 0 % A a
B b Non - parental
 Parental combination :- 100% gametes = 0%
E.g. :- Genes in male Drosophila and Gametes Par. Par.
female Silkworm
 COMPLETE LINKAGE
A dihybrid with two completely linked genes behaves just like monohybrid .
 COMPLETE LINKAGE
Question:- Genotype of plant is
+ + r e in ++re
d g++ d g++
which all 4 genes show complete linkage .
Write down genotype of gametes produce
D d
by this plant ? G g
r R
e E

Gametes :-
1. D G r e
2. d g R E
 COMPLETE LINKAGE
Question:- Genotype of plant is RrTtDd in
which all R and T genes show complete linkage
R r
with cis- arrangement, and D gene is present
T t D d
on non-homologous chromosome. Write down
genotype of gametes produce by this plant ?
D = RTD
RT
d = RTd
D = rtD
rt
d = rtd
 INCOMPLETE LINKAGE
(2) Incomplete linkage :-
 Most common type of linkage.
 In this linkage crossing over occur between
the genes.
 So new combinations are formed but parental
combinations are greater than new
combinations.
 INCOMPLETE LINKAGE
A a Parental cell A a

B b B b
Parental Recombinant
type > type
After S-phase

A A a a A A a a

B B b b B B b b

A A a a A A a a
B b B b B B b b
Gametes Par. New New Par. Par. Par. Par. Par.
 INCOMPLETE LINKAGE
 Maximum frequency of recombination is 50%.
 It happens when crossing over occurs in all
cells between the genes under study.
 INCOMPLETE LINKAGE
Question :- Genotype of plant is
+ + in
ab ++
which genes show 20% recombination. ab
A a
Find out percentage of gametes which B b

contains ‘+b’ genotype?

AB = 40 %
Parental
80% ab = 40 %

Ab = 10 %
Recombinant
20% aB = 10 %

+b = 10 %
 INCOMPLETE LINKAGE
Question :- Genotype of plant is
+ r in
d+ +r
which genes show 30% recombination. D d d+
Find out percentage of gametes which r R

contains ‘++’ genotype?

Dr = 35 %
Parental
70% dR = 35 %

DR = 15 %
Recombinant
30% dr = 15 %

++ = 15 %
 CHROMOSOMAL MAP / GENETIC MAP / LINKAGE MAP
 First prepared by :- Alfred Sturtevant
 It is diagrammatic representation of sequence
(order) of linked genes present on same
chromosomes.
 It is based on results of test cross.
 It gives two information :-
a) Sequence of linked genes on the
chromosome.
b) Distance between the linked genes.
 CHROMOSOMAL MAP / GENETIC MAP / LINKAGE MAP
Recombination No. of recombinant offsprings
frequency = Total no. of offsprings
X 100

% of Recombination(C.O.) Distance

 1 % recombination = 1 map unit distance (1mu)

or
1 centi Morgan (1cM)
 CHROMOSOMAL MAP / GENETIC MAP / LINKAGE MAP
Question :- There are three genes a, b, c.
Percentage of crossing over between a and b is
a-b = 20 cM
20%, c and b is 28% and a and c is 8%. What is the c-b = 28cM
sequence of genes on chromosome? a-c = 8 cM
(1) b, a, c
(2) a, b, c
(3) a, c, b 8 cM 20cM
(4) c, b, a
c a b
28 cM

Ans. = c, a, b or b, a, c
Ans. = 1
 CHROMOSOMAL MAP / GENETIC MAP / LINKAGE MAP
Question :- The recombination frequency between
linked genes are :-
DC = 25 %
DB =35 %
AD = 40 % 15
BC = 10 %
5 10 25
AC = 15 %
AB = 5 % A B C D
What is the sequence of genes on
chromosome?
40

Ans. = ABCD or DCBA

 CHROMOSOMAL MAP / GENETIC MAP / LINKAGE MAP
Question :- Result of test cross in Drosophila is :-
++/ab = 41
Recombinant progeny :- 18
ab/ab = 41 Total progeny :- 100
+b/ab = 9
Reco. % = 18 X 100 = 18 %
a+/ab = 9 100
Find out :- Distance = 18 cM
(1) % of recombination (Cis configuration
(2) Distance between linked genes and Coupling)
(3) Cis / Trans configuration
(4) Coupling / Repulsion
 CHROMOSOMAL MAP / GENETIC MAP / LINKAGE MAP
Question :- Result of test cross in a plant is :-
++/ab = 202
Recombinant progeny :- 400
ab/ab = 198 Total progeny :- 2000
+b/ab = 798
% Reco. = 400 X 100 = 20 %
a+/ab = 802 2000

Find out :- Distance = 20 cM

(1) % of recombination (Trans configuration
(2) Distance between linked genes and Repulsion)
(3) Cis / Trans configuration
(4) Coupling / Repulsion
 LINKAGE GROUP
Linkage Group :- Genes present on a chromosome or
pair of homologous chromosomes form one linkage group.
No. of No. of pairs of No. of chromosome
= homologous chromosomes or
Linkage Group present in a haploid cell
 LINKAGE GROUP
No. of No. of pairs of No. of chromosomes
Linkage = homologous or present in a
Group chromosomes haploid cell

In garden pea = 2n = 14
Pairs = 7
Haploid cell n = 7
Linkage Groups = 7
 LINKAGE GROUP

Organism 2n n Linkage group

Pea 14 7 7

Drosophila 8 4 4

Onion 16 8 8

Female 46 23 23
Human
Male 46 23 24
Bacteria 1
 LINKAGE GROUP
Transfer of genes from one linkage group to
another linkage group is called translocation.

A a

Translocation

1st linkage 2nd linkage

group group
 MORGAN’S EXPERIMENT
Brown  y+ (wild)
1st Character :- Body Colour
Yellow  y (mutant)
Cross A
Red  w+ (wild)
2nd Character :- Eye Colour
White  w (mutant)
Cross B
Normal m+ (wild)
3rd Character :- Wing size
Miniature  m (mutant)

 Genes for all these characters are located on X-chromosome in

Drosophila melanogaster.