Building Materials

AE Foundation
Cement - Bougues Compounds Lec-1
13 March / 06:00PM
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CEMENT

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Constituents of Cement (OPC)-

i) Lime – (62 – 67)%

ii) Silica – (17 – 25)%
iii) Alumina – (3 – 8)%
iv) Calcium Sulphate – (3 - 4)%
v) Iron oxide – (3 - 4)%
vi) Magnesia – (1 – 3)%
vii) Sulpher – (1 – 3)%
viii) Alkalies– (0.3 – 1)%

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Function of Constituents of Cement

(a) Lime
• It imports strength and Soundness to cement.
• If an, excess, makes a cement unsound.
• If in deficiency, early setting time and strength
of the cement is decrease.

(b) Silica
• It imparts strength to the cement.

• If in excess, strength of the cement is increase

but also increases the setting time of cement.

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Function of Constituents of Cement

(c) Alumina
• It impart quick setting properly to cement.
• It acts as a flux and helps in reducing the
clinkering temperature.
• If in excess, weakens the cement.

(d) Calcium sulphate

• It helps in increasing the initial setting time of
the cement.
• It is generally added in the form of gypsum to
cement clinker.

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Function of Constituents of Cement

(e) Iron oxide

• It imparts strength, hardness and Reddish-
brown tin (shade) colour to the cement.

(f) Magnesia
• It imparts strength, hardness, yellowish tin
(shade) to the cement.
• If in excess makes the cement unsound.

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Function of Constituents of Cement

(g) Sulphur (1 – 3)%

• It is responsible for volumetric changes in
the cement-hence leads to unsoundness
to cement

(h) Alkalies (0.3 – 1)%

• These are present in form of soda (Na2O)
and potash(K2O) , which are responsible
for staining and efflorasance.

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Bogus Compounds
Tricalcium Aluminate
(C3A) (celite) (4 – 14%)
• ( 3CaO.Al2O3 )
• It undergoes hydration within 24 hours of
addition of water to cement.
• It releases maximum heat of hydration during its
formation.
• It has maximum affinity towards water among all
the bogues compound.
• It is also responsible for the development of
CARCKS in cement. So, it should be in limited
proportion because it in excess, the resistance to
sulpher attack reduced.
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Bogus Compounds

Tetra Calcium Alumina ferrate

(C4AF) – (Felite) (10 – 18)%
• ( 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 )
• It is of no engineering significance.
• It has worst cementitious property along the all
bogues compound.
• It undergoes hydration with in 24 hour of adding
water in the cement.
• It has maximum rate of hydration.

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Bogus Compounds

Tri calcium silicate

(C3S) (Aelite) (45 – 65)%
• ( 3CaO.SiO2 )
• It undergoes hydration within a week of addition of
water.
• It is responsible for early strength of the cement.
• The particle size of is very small due to which it
reduce the permeability of cement. Hence it increases
resistance against frost action.
• If has best cementitious property among the bogues
compound.

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Bogus Compounds

Di-calcium silicate
(C2S) (Belite) (15-35)%
• ( 2CaO.SiO2 )
• If undergoes hydration within 1 year of addition
of water to cement.
• It is responsible for progressive strength to the
cement.
• It increases resistance of cement against
chemical action.
• Rate of hydration and heat of hydration of is
least among all Bagues compound.

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Bogus Compounds

Decreasing order of cementious properties

Decreasing order of heat of hydration

Decreasing order of rate of hydration

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Bogus Compounds

Decreasing order of cementious properties

C3S > C2S > C3A > C4AF

Decreasing order of heat of hydration

C3A > C3S > C4AF > C2S

Decreasing order of rate of hydration

C4AF > C3A > C3S > C2S

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Important Points

• 1 Bag of Cement = 50Kg of Cement

• 1m3 of Cement = 30 Bags of Cement
• 1 Bag of Cement = 0.0347m3

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Important Points

• Cement in total requires 23% water by weight

for its complete hydration.

• About 15% of the water is entrapped in the

voids of the cement particles.

• Hence, Total water required for complete

hydration of cement is approximately 38%.

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Testing of Cement:

Field test

• A sample of cement to be tested should be of

uniform grey colour.
• Cement when rubbed between fingers should
feel smooth.
• The sample should be free from the Presence of
air set lumps.
• If small amount of cement is thrown in bucket of
water it should not float on surface.
• It should feel cool when rubbed between
fingers.

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Testing of Cement:

Strength test

• A cube of size 25 × 25 × 200 mm is prepared with

cement paste. Then it is emerged in water for 7
days.
• After 7 days cube placed over the supports having
space 150 mm b/w them. And a load of 340N at
the centre of cube is applied.
• After the application of load if there is no
presence of crack on the surface of cube then
cement sample is ready for use

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Testing of Cement:

Lab test

(a) Fineness test

• Fineness of cement is being tested to check proper
grinding of cement. Which significantly influences
the rate of hydration. Which intern effect the rate
of development of strength.

• Fineness of cement can be analysis by 2 method:

(a) sieve test
(b) Air permeability test (Blane’s Apparatus)

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Testing of Cement:

Lab test

(a) Sieve test

• In this test 100gm of sample to be tested is
placed over IS Sieve No 9 and Sieving is done
continously for atleast 15Min. along with the
breaking of Air Set Lumps if formed.
• Weight of Residue left over the Sieve is noted
after 15Min.
• For OPC, It should not exceed 10%.
This Test is Obslete Now.

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test
(b) Air Permeability Test

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test

(b) Air Permeability Test

• This method covers the determination of
fineness of cement represented in terms of
specific surface area. And is expressed in terms
of surface area per unit weight.
• Generally, Blane’s apparatus is used for
determination of fineness of cement.
• Specific surface area for OPC should not be lees
than 2250cm2/gm.

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test

(c) Consistency Test

In order to find initial setting time, final

setting time, soundness, strength
characteristic of the cement, a parameter
standard consistency is used.

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test

(c) Consistency Test

• Standard consistency is defined as the consistency
of the cement paste that permits the vicat’s
plunger of dia l0m and height 50 mm. To
penetrate into mould upto a depth from 33 – 35
mm.

• This test is perform to find the moisture content

which is require to produce cement parts of
standard consistency.

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test
(c) Consistency Test

• In order to perform this test take 500 gm of

cement and gauge, it will 24% of water in Ist try
and note the depth of penetration.

• Repeat the test at different water content upto

a extent penetration of 33-35 mm from top of
mould is observed.
•
• Water content corresponding to this is noted
and it is refereed as P.

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test
(c) Consistency Test

The water required for normal constancy

is about (20 – 30)%

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Testing of Cement:
Lab test
(c) Consistency Test

Initial Setting Time Test

• Setting time of cement is tested in order to check its
deterioration due to storage.

• Initial setting time is defined as the time that is measured

from the instant water is added into the cement upto the
time the cement starts losing its plasticity.

• In order to calculate initial setting time. Take 500 gm of

cement and gauge it with 0.85P (85% of water required to
prepare cement parts of standard consistency)
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