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Hotjurist: Notes of
Hotjurist: Notes of
It is a CONTRACT whereby two or more a partner shares not only in profits but also in
persons (1) bind themselves to CONTRIBUTE money, the losses of the firm
property, or industry to a COMMON FUND (2) with the
intention of dividing the PROFITS among themselves or RULE:
in order to EXERCISE a PROFESSION the partnership has a PERSONALITY
SEPARATE and DISTINCT from that of each partner
a STATUS and a FIDUCIARY RELATION
subsisting between persons carrying on a business in
common with a view on profit
CONSEQUENCES OF THE PARTNERSHIP BEING A
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTRACT OF JURIDICAL ENTITY
PARTNERSHIP 1. its juridical personality is SEPARATE and
[C, C, L, I, AS, NP] DISTINCT from that of each partner
1. CONSENSUAL
perfected by mere consent 2. the partnership CAN in GENERAL:
2. CONTRIBUTION of money, property or industry to a A) acquire and possess property of all
COMMON FUND kinds
3. object must be a LAWFUL one B) incur obligations
4. INTENTION of DIVIDING the PROFIT among the C) bring civil and criminal actions
PARTNERS D) can be adjudged insolvent even if the
5. “AFFECTIO SOCIETATIS” individual members be each financially
the desire to formulate an ACTIVE UNION, solvent
with people among whom there exist a mutual
CONFIDENCE and TRUSTS 3. unless he is generally sued, a partner has no
6. NEW PERSONALITY right to make a separate appearance in court, if
the object must be for profit and not merely for the partnership being sued is already
the common enjoyment otherwise only a co- represented
ownership has been formed. HOWEVER,
pecuniary profit need not be the only aim, it is LIMITATIONS ON ALIEN PARTNERSHIP
enough that it is the principal purpose 1) if 60% capital is not owned by Filipinos
the firm cannot acquire by purchase or
BUSINESS TRUSTS otherwise AGRICULTURAL Philippine lands
when certain persons entrust their property or 2) foreign partnership may “lease” lands provided the
money to others who will manage the same for the period does not exceed 99 years
former 3) foreign partnership may be “MORTGAGEES” of land
period of 5 years, renewable for another 5
RULES ON CAPACITY TO BECOME A PARTNER years
1. a person capacitated to enter into contractual they cannot purchase it in a foreclosure sale
relations may become a partner
RULES IN CASE OF ASSOCIATIONS NOT
2. an UNEMANCIPATED MINOR CANNOT LAWFULLY ORGANIZED AS PARTNERSHIP
become a partner UNLESS his parent or 1. it possesses NO LEGAL PERSONALITY
guardian consents it cannot sue as such HOWEVER, the partners
in their individual capacity CAN
3. a MARRIED WOMAN, cannot contribute 2. one who enters into a contract with a partnership
conjugal funds as her contribution to the as such cannot when sued later on for recovery
partnership UNLESS she is permitted to do so of the debt, allege the lack of legal personality
by her husband OR UNLESS she is the on the part of the firm, even if indeed it had no
administrator of the conjugal partnership, in personality
which the COURT must give its consent ESTOPPEL
authority
whether a partnership has a juridical
4. a PARTNERSHIP being a juridical person by personality or not depends on its PERSONAL LAW of
itself can form another partnership
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
Page 2 of 16
the partnership or the law of the place where the PARTNERSHIP BY ESTOPPEL
partnership was organized IF 2 persons not partners represent
themselves as partners to strangers, a partnership by
REQUISITES FOR EXISTENCE OF PARTNERSHIP [I, estoppel results
CF, JI] WHEN 2 persons, who are partners, in
1. INTENTION to create a partnership connivance with a friend who is not a partner inform a
2. COMMON FUND obtained from contributions stranger that said friend is their partner, a partnership by
3. JOINT INTERESTS in the PROFITS estoppel also result to the end that the stranger should
not be prejudiced
WHAT DO NOT ESTABLISH A PARTNERSHIP
1. mere co-ownership or co-possession RULE: LAWFUL OBJECT or PURPOSE
even with profit sharing
2. mere sharing of GROSS returns a partnership must have LAWFUL OBJECT or
even with joint ownership of the properties PURPOSE, and must be established for the common
involved benefit or interest of the partners
3. SHARING OF GROSS RETURNS ALONE does one of the causes for the dissolution of a
not indicate a partnership whether or not the partnership is “any event which makes it unlawful for the
persons sharing them have a joint or common business of the partnership to be carried on”
right or interest in any property from which the
returns are derived RULE:
when an UNLAWFUL PARTNERSHIP is dissolved by
4. the receipt of the share in the profits is a strong a judicial decree, the PROFITS shall be CONFISCATED
presumptive evidence of partnership in FAVOR of the STATE
HOWEVER, no such inference will be drawn if
such profits were received in payment G. R.
A) as a DEBT by installments or otherwise
a partnership may be constituted in any form
B) as WAGES of an employee
EXCEPTION: PUBLIC INSTRUMENT
C) as RENT to a landlord
1. IMMOVABLE PROPERTY is contributed
D) as an ANNUITY to a widow or
2. REAL RIGHTS are contributed
representative of a deceased partner
E) as INTEREST on a LOAN, though the
* need for INVENTORY of IMMOVABLES
amount of payment vary with the profits
of the business
** for EFFECTIVITY of the partnership
F) as the CONSIDERATION for the sale of
contract insofar as innocent third persons
a GOOD WILL of a business or other
are concerned the same must be
property or otherwise
REGISTERED if REAL PROPERTIES are
creditors are not partners, for their only INVOLVED
interest in the sharing of profits is the receipt
or payment of their credits
a partnership contract is NOT CONVERED by
the STATUTE of FRAUDS
in a partnership, the partners are
supposed to trust and have confidence in all
an AGREEMENT TO FORM a partnership
the partners
does not itself create a partnership
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in foro conscientiae
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in foro conscientiae
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in foro conscientiae
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in foro conscientiae
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SECRET PARTNER 2. the other partners have not collected their part
one whose connection with the firm is concealed or of the credit
kept secret 3. the debtor subsequently becomes INSOLVENT
1. if there is IMMINENT LOSS of the BUSINESS of *RULES ON WHO BEARS THE RISK OF LOSS
the partnership
1. if SPECIFIC and DETERMINATE THINGS NOT
2. he REFUSES to CONTRIBUTE an FUNGIBLE whose USUFRUCT is enjoyed by a
ADDITIONAL SHARE to the CAPITAL firm
the PARTNER who OWNS it bears the loss
3. there is no agreement to the contrary for ownership was never transferred to the firm
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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* an INDUSTRIAL PARTNER shall receive a JUST and RULE WHEN UNANIMITY is REQUIRED
EQUITABLE share in the profits 1. the CONCURRENCE of all shall be necessary
for the validity of the acts
*RULE on INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS’ LIABILITIES
- may be held liable by third persons BUT he may 2. the ABSENCE or DISABILITY of ANYONE of
recover what he has paid from the other capitalist them CANNOT BE ALLEGED UNLESS there is
partners imminent danger of grave or irreparable injury to
the partnership
*RULE on DESIGNATION by THIRD PERSON of
SHARES in PROFITS and LOSSES RULE ON DUTY of THIRD PERSONS
* third person is NOT a PARTNER -- appointed to only third persons are not required to inquire as to whether
distribute shares or not a partner with whom he transacts has the consent
of all the managers
* the designation of shares by third persons may be
IMPUGNED, IF it is MANIFESTLY INEQUITABLE *RULES to be observed when the manner of
* the designation of shares by third persons CANNOT management has not been agreed upon:
be IMPUGNED EVEN IF MANIFESTLY INEQUITABLE 1. all the partners are considered AGENTS
IF: whatever any one of them may do alone shall
1. the aggrieved partner has already BEGUN to not bind the partnership
EXECUTE the decision
2. the aggrieved partner has not IMPUGNED the 2. IF the acts of one are opposed by the rest, the
distribution within 3 months he had knowledge majority shall prevail
*RULE IF APPOINTMENT OTHER THAN in the 3. when a partner acts in his OWN NAME, he does
ARTICLES of PARTNERSHIP not bind the partnership
1. power to act may be REVOKED at ANY TIME
with or without just cause 4. authority to bind the firm does not apply if
REMOVAL should be done by the controlling somebody else has been given authority to
interest manage in the articles of organization or through
some other means
2. EXTENT of POWER
as long as he remains manager, he can perform all 5. ALTERATIONS REQUIRE UNANIMITY
acts of administration - IMMOVABLE partnership property
BUT – if others oppose and he persists, he can be - BUT if the refusal to consent by the others is
removed prejudicial to the interest of the partnership
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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2. for a partner to have an associate in his share 1. he has equal rights with his partners to
consent of all the other partners is NOT POSSESS the property BUT only for
REQUIRED PARTNERSHIP PURPOSES
he may possess such property for other
3. for the associate to become a partner purposes PROVIDED the other partners
ALL MUST CONSENT expressly or impliedly gives their CONSENT
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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3. to ask for ANNULMENT of the contract of * NOT APPLICABLE for TORTS or CRIMES -----
assignment IF: LOSS
A) he was induced to enter into it through any of ----- INJURY
the vices of consent OR -----
B) he himself was incapacitated to give consent MISAPPROPRIATION
4. to demand an accounting BUT only if the ** while an INDUSTRIAL PARTNER is exempted by
partnership is dissolved law from LOSSES as between the partners, he is NOT
EXEMPTED from liability insofar as third persons are
concerned
PREFERENTIAL RIGHTS of PARTNERSHIP he may recover what he has paid from the
CREDITORS CAPITALIST partners
* partnership creditors are entitled to PRIORITY over
partnership assets, including the partners interest in the * under the law the liability of the partners is subsidiary
profits and joint NOT principal and solidary
** SEPARATE or INDIVIDUAL creditors have *RULE on LIABILITY of a PARTNER who has
PREFERENCE in separate or individual properties WITHDRAWN
1. a partner who withdraws is not liable for
* when the CHARGING ORDER is applied for and liabilities contracted after he has withdrawn
granted, the court may appoint a receiver of the partners
share in the profits 2. if his interest has not yet been paid him
the receiver appointed is entitled to any relief his right to the same is that of a mere creditor
necessary to conserve the partnership assets for
partnership purposes ** a stipulation exempting liability to third persons is
* interest charged may be redeemed at any time VOID
before foreclosure
* any partner may enter into a separate obligation to
* AFTER FORECLOSURE the interest may still be perform a partnership contract
redeemed by (without causing dissolution)
1. with separate property, by any one or more of the RULE:
partners OR * every partner is an “agent” of the partnership for the
purpose of its business
2. with partnership property, by any one or more
partners with the consent of all the partners whose G.R.- the act of every partner for apparently carrying on
interests are not so charged or sold in the USUAL WAY the business of the partnership of
* consent of the delinquent partner not needed which he is member binds the partnership
EXCEPT:
RULE: 1. if he has NO AUTHORITY and
every partnership shall operate under a FIRM NAME 2. the person with whom he was dealing with HAS
* the firm name may or may not include the name of KNOWLEDGE of the fact that he has no such authority
one or more of the partners
RULE:
** STRANGERS who include their names in the firm an act of a partner which is not apparently for the
are liable as partners because of ESTOPPEL, BUT do carrying on of business of the partnership in the usual
NOT have the RIGHTS of partners
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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way does not bind the partnership UNLESS authorized IF DONE IN USUAL BUSINESS
by the other partners buyer does not become owner BUT
ACQUIRES EQUITABLE INTEREST
* a partnership is a CONTARCT of MUTUAL AGENCY,
each partner acting as a principal on his own behalf and IF NOT DONE IN USUAL BUSINESS
as an agent for his co-partners or the firm buyer does not become owner and is not
even entitled to equitable interest
REQUISITES on WHEN can a partner BIND the
partnership
1. expressly or impliedly AUTHORIZED 3. where title is in the name of one or more BUT not
2. when he acts in BEHALF AND IN THE NAME of all the partners
the partnership
partners in whose name the title is named MAY
INSTANCES of IMPLIED AUTHORIZATION
CONVEY BUT the PARTNERSHIP may RECOVER
1. when the other partners DO NOT OBJECT,
such property IF done not in its USUAL BUSINESS
although they have knowledge of the act
EXCEPT if he had transferred it to a Holder for value
2. when the act is for “apparently carrying on in the
usual way the business of the partnership
4. when property “held in trust” by partner
* this is binding on the firm even if the partner
was not really authorized PROVIDED that the third
party is in GOOD FAITH a sale only conveys EQUITABLE INTEREST
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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* innocent partners have right to recover from the * when although there is misrepresentation, if the third
guilty partner party is not deceived, the doctrine of estoppel does not
apply
* When the firm and other partners not liable:
1. if the wrongful act or omission was NOT DONE BURDEN of PROOF
A) within scope of partnership business the creditor or whoever alleges the existence of a
B) with authority of the other co-partners partner or partnership by estoppel has the burden of
proving the existence of the MISREPRESENTATION
2. if the act or omission is NOT WRONGFUL AND INNOCENT RELIANCE on it
3. if the act or omission, although wrongful did not ENTRY OF A NEW PARTNER into an EXISTING
make the partner concern liable PARTNERSHIP
- DAMNUN ABSQUE INSURIA RULE:
* he shall be liable for all the obligations of the
4. if the wrongful act or omission was committed partnership BUT his liability will extend only to his share
after the firm had been dissolved and the same in the partnership property
was not in connection with the process of
winding up.
* his own individual property shall be excluded
LIABILITY of PARTNERSHIP for
* same liability of a limited partner
MISAPPROPRIATION – (SOLIDARY LIABILITY)
1. RECEIVING PARTY MISAPPROPRIATES
PREFERENCE of PARTNERSHIP CREDITORS
2. ANY PARTNER MISAPPPROPRIATES
RULE:
- money or property in custody of
partnership * the creditors of the partnership shall be preferred to
those of such partner as regards the partnership
PARTNER BY ESTOPPEL property
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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in foro conscientiae
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EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTION
RULE: * if after dissolution, if a stranger will represent himself
* when the firm is dissolved, a partner can no longer as a partner although he is not one he will be a partner
bind the partnership by estoppel
*AFTER DISSOLUTION, a partner can still “bind” the EXTRAJUDUCIAL AND JUDICIAL WINDING-UP
PARTNERSHIP
(WU, UT, TB) EXTRAJUDICIAL:
1. By any ACT appropriate for WINDING UP 1. by the partners who have not wrongfully
partnership affairs dissolved the partnership
2. by the legal representative of the last surviving
2. By COMPLETING transactions UNFINISHED at partners
dissolution
JUDICIAL:
3. By any TRANSACTION which could bind the under the control and direction of the court, upon
partnership IF dissolution had not taken place proper cause that is shown to the court
PROVIDED the other party is:
A) PREVIOUS CREDITOR and had NO * profits that will actually enter the firm after dissolution
KNOWLEDGE or NOTICE of the as a consequence of transactions already made before
dissolution OR dissolution are included because they are considered as
B) NOT a PREVIOUS CREDITOR, had NO profits existing at the time of dissolution
KNOWLEDGE or NOTICE and
dissolution was NOT PUBLISHED * any other income earned after the time, like interest
* if there was publication of the dissolution it is or dividends on stock owned by the partners or
presumed he already knows, regardless of actual partnership at the time of dissolution should not be
knowledge on non knowledge distributed as profits BUT as merely additional income to
the capital
WHEN is the PARTNERSHIP NOT BOUND
1. new business with third parties who are in bad BETTER RIGHTS of INNOCENT PARTNERS
faith innocent partners have better rights than guilty
2. firm dissolved because UNLAWFUL except for partners and that the guilty partners are required to
acts of winding up indemnify for the damages caused
3. partner who acted became INSOLVENT
4. partner not authorized to wind up EXCEPT if
customer in good faith
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS of a PARTNERSHIP * a joint purchase of land, by two does not constitute a
1. an agreement to CONTRIBUTE money, co-partnership in respect thereto, NOR does an
property, or industry to a COMMON FUND agreement to share the profits and losses on the sale of
2. intent to divide the profits among the contracting land create a partnership
parties
* in order to constitute a PARTNERSHIP INTER
* when our internal Revenue Code includes SESE there must be:
“partnerships” among the entities subject to the tax on A) an intent to form the same
“corporations”, said code which are not necessarily B) generally participating in both profits and
“partnerships” in the technical sense of the term losses AND
C) such a community of interest, as far as
* PARTNERSHIPS – includes a SYNDICATE, third persons are concerned as enables
GROUP, POOL, JOINT VENTURE, or other each party to make a contract, manage
unincorporated organization, through or by the means of the business, and dispose of the whole
which any business, financial operation, or venture is property
carried on
* the common ownership of property does not itself
* a joint venture need not be undertaken in any of the create a partnership between the owners, though they
standard forms, may use it for the purpose of making gains AND they
or in conformity with the usual requirements of the law may without becoming partners, agree among
on partnerships, in order that one could be deemed themselves as to the management and use of such
constituted for purposes of the TAX on corporations property and the application of the proceeds therefrom
PASCUAL vs. C.I.R. * the sharing of returns does not in itself establish a
* co-ownership or co-possession does not itself partnership within the persons sharing therein have a
establish a partnership, whether such co-owners or co- joint or common right or interest in the property
possessors do or do not share any profits made by the there must be:
use of the property 1. clear intent to form a partnership
2. the existence of a juridical personality different
* the sharing of gross returns does not itself establish from the individual partners AND
a partnership, within the persons sharing them have a 3. the freedom of each party to transfer or assign
joint or common right or interest in any property from the whole property
which the returns are derived
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
Page 16 of 16
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae