Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
University of Technology
Dep. of Production Engineering and Metallurgy

Control the speed and direction of the DC motor

‫ ژيكال بايز كريم‬: ‫اسم الطالب‬

‫ التصميم و التصنيع المعان بالحاسوب‬: ‫الفرع العلمي‬
‫ الرابعة‬: ‫المرحلة‬
‫ الثانية‬: ‫المجموعة‬
 Voltage Divider Rule

Voltage divider rule is also called as potential divider rule or potential division rule or
voltage dividion rule.
In short, it is assigned as VDR.
Voltage divider rules give the insight of the schematic circuit diagram and applicable
formula and its derivation to help with different voltage requirement in the circuit
designing.

VDR or Voltage Divider Rule is only applicable when there is more than one
resistances or impedances in series. In the parallel combination of resistors, the
voltage remains the same
When to use the Voltage Divider Rule?
The voltage divider rule is used to solve circuits to simplify the

solution. Applying this rule can also solve simple circuits thoroughly

The main concept of this voltage divider rule is “ The voltage is

divided between two resistors which are connected in series in direct

proportion to their resistance. The voltage divider involves two

important parts they are the circuit and the equation.

Voltage Divider Rule For DC Circuit:

Where

● Vn = Voltage across Resistor Rn

● Vs = Supplied voltage or total voltage across resistance network
● Rn = Resistance of resistors, where n = 1,2,3

Voltage Divider Rule For AC Circuit:

Where

● Vn = Voltage across Impedance Zn

● Vs = Supplied voltage or total voltage across impedance network
● Zn = Impedance, where n = 1,2,3.
What Does Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Mean?
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a modulation process or technique used
in most communication systems for encoding the amplitude of a signal
right into a pulse width or duration of another signal, usually a carrier
signal, for transmission. Although PWM is also used in communications,
its main purpose is actually to control the power that is supplied to
various types of electrical devices, most especially to inertial loads such
as AC/DC motors.

Why is PWM used?

Pulse width modulation is a great method of controlling the amount
of power delivered to a load without dissipating any wasted power.
The above circuit can also be used to control the speed of a fan or to
dim the brightness of DC lamps or LED's. If you need to control it, then
use Pulse Width Modulation to do it.

Advantages of pulse width modulation :

● Cheap to make
● Low power consumption
● High power handling capacity
● Efficiency up to 90 %

Disadvantages of pulse width modulation :

● The complexity of the circuit

● Voltage spikes
● Electromagnetic noise
● High switching loss due to the high PWM frequency
Using an H-Bridge:

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage

applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other
applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.

H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from

discrete components.

Structure of an H-bridge (highlighted in red)

Using a Switch:
Installing a toggle or slider switch into the circuit allows the user to
control the polarity of the motor. The flip of a switch will change the
direction of the motor’s output shaft.