9 15 Slides Discrete Daguerrotype

The Photo Album
The Daguerrotype: A Discrete Image
Dr. Michele Bambling, 15 September 2020

Capturing an Image
Cyanotype System: Blue Prints of Nature

Photograms c. 1839
‘camera-less picture” “lens-less picture”
From 17th century photochemical reactions were

observed
Late 18th century Thomas Wedgwood developed

images on paper, but was unable to fix the images
Photograms were initially used as a scientific record

of natural objects
Anne Atkins, 1853
The Invention of Photography 1825-1849 The Photo Album

Photogram
or ‘cameraless picture’ or ‘captured shadows’
A photographic image made without a camera by placing

objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive
material then exposing it to light.
Light and shade of an object automatically captured on a

surface of paper or leather
Dark backgrounds with while silhouettes
Negative images
Anna Atkins
cyanotype photogram
Festuca grasses
The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

camera-less photogenic drawing
A delicate selection of laces and flora

were placed on a sheet of paper that
was made sensitive to light with a
combination of iron salts that
produced a blue-toned cyanotype
Process was relatively

uncomplicated, quick method
Used to record recognizable shapes

and patterns
Hippolyte Bayard (1801-1889)

Arrangement of Specimens
c. 1842-43
The J. Paul Getty Museum

Dada, Surrealist and Constructivist artists rediscovered
the artistic potential of photograms in the 1920s.
Artist Man Ray (1890-1976) personalized the technique,

coining the prints ‘rayographs.’
Man Ray (Emmanuel Radnitzky)

Rayograph
1923
MoMA

CAMERA OBSCURA

First stable autographic record of a camera’s
image
A pewter plate was coated with bitumen of Judea

dissolved in oil of lavender
Then placed into a CAMERA OBSCURA

and exposed for a full day
Next the plate was washed with oil of lavender;

the resist that had been hardened by light
remained, but the parts that represented the darker
of the scene washed away, revealing the support
(plate)
Nicephore Niepce. Retouched version of the earliest surviving

camera photograph, 1826 or 1827, known as ‘View from the
Window at Le Gras.’

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (1787–1851)
producer of the ‘Diorama,’ a popular Parisian
spectacle featuring theatrical painting and lighting
effects
On January 7, 1839, Louis-Jacques-Mandé

Daguerre (1787–1851) showed
members of the French Académie des Sciences
products of his invention: photography
One-of-a-kind image on a highly polished, silver-

plated sheet of copper
The process seemed magical
Daguerreotype of Louis Daguerre

Jean-Baptiste Sabatier-Blot
1844

Louis Jacques Daguerre, Paris Boulevard, 1839, Daguerreotype

Louis Jacques Daguerre, Paris Boulevard, 1839, Daguerreotype Jean Claude Richard, Abbé de Saint-Non Tempio di
Serapide a Pozzuoli
1767
Aquatint printed in brown ink
27.1 x 34.2cm
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
daguerreotype
daguerreotype
Still Life
Still Life
1837
Société Française de Photographie, Paris

Daguerreotype photograph taken by Pierre-Gustave Joly Engraved by
Adolphe Pierre Riffaut, 1839.

Remarkably detailed
Image is on a mirror-like silver

surface, normally kept under
glass
Will appear either positive or

negative, depending on the
angle at which it is viewed
The darkest areas of the image

are simply bare silver
William Shew
active 1840-1903
Mother and Daughter
1845-1850
Calotypes | Multiple Photographs The Photo Album

Highly polished, silver-plated sheet of
copper, sensitized with iodine vapors,
exposed in a large box camera,
developed in mercury fumes, and
stabilized (or fixed) with salt water or
“hypo” (sodium thiosulfate)
Daguerre wisely retained the patent on

the equipment
Daguerreotype
circa 1850s. Sixth-plate, housed in a
moulded leather case

Daguerreotype
John Frecerick Polycarpus von Schneidau
1812-1855
Two Travelers

Daguerreotype
Tateisi Owasjere,
Interpreter for the Japanese Delegation
1860

Tintype or Ferrotype
Superseded the Ambrotype in 1860s
a direct positive on a thin sheet of iron (not tin)

coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used
as the support for the photographic emulsion
1860s and 1870s popular
Many tintypes made during the US Civil War
Tintypes were sturdy and did not require

mounting in a protective hard case

Usually made in a formal photographic
studio
Later they were most commonly made

by photographers working in booths or
the open air
a tintype could be handed to the

customer only a few minutes after the
picture had been taken
Tintype of two girls in front of a painted background of the

Cliff House and Seal Rocks in San Francisco, circa 1900

Ambrotype or Collodion
Positive
Introduced in the 1850s
Replaced the Daguerreotype
each is a unique original
a positive photograph on glass

made the wet plate collodion
process
Sgt. Samuel Smith with his family, circa 1863–65
The Photograph: The Discrete Image The Photo Album

A clean glass plate was coated with a
thin layer of iodized collodion, then
dipped in a silver nitrate solution.
The plate was exposed in the camera

while still wet. Exposure times varied
from five to sixty seconds or more
depending on the brightness of the
lighting and the speed of the camera
lens.
The plate was then developed and

fixed.
The resulting negative, when viewed

by reflected light against a black
background, appears to be a positive
image: the clear areas look black, and
the exposed, opaque areas appear
relatively light.
The Photograph: Prints and Reprints The Photo Album

Ambrotype (Collodion Positive)
Mathew Brady (c. 1823-1896)
Portrait of a Women and Child
1815
Half-plate ambrotype with hand coloring

Ambrotype
photographer unknown
people unknown

Photographic processes | The calotype V + A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INCmDNC5KJE
The Photograph: Duplicate Images The Photo Album

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The Photo Album

The Daguerrotype: A Discrete Image

Dr. Michele Bambling, 15 September 2020

Cyanotype System: Blue Prints of Nature

From 17th century photochemical reactions were

Late 18th century Thomas Wedgwood developed

Photograms were initially used as a scientific record

Anne Atkins, 1853

The Invention of Photography 1825-1849 The Photo Album

A photographic image made without a camera by placing

Light and shade of an object automatically captured on a

Dark backgrounds with while silhouettes

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

A delicate selection of laces and flora

Process was relatively

Used to record recognizable shapes

Hippolyte Bayard (1801-1889)

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

Artist Man Ray (1890-1976) personalized the technique,

Man Ray (Emmanuel Radnitzky)

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

A pewter plate was coated with bitumen of Judea

Then placed into a CAMERA OBSCURA

Next the plate was washed with oil of lavender;

Nicephore Niepce. Retouched version of the earliest surviving

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

On January 7, 1839, Louis-Jacques-Mandé

One-of-a-kind image on a highly polished, silver-

The process seemed magical

Daguerreotype of Louis Daguerre

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

Image is on a mirror-like silver

Will appear either positive or

The darkest areas of the image

Calotypes | Multiple Photographs The Photo Album

Daguerre wisely retained the patent on

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

Calotypes | Multiple Photographs The Photo Album

Calotypes | Multiple Photographs The Photo Album

Superseded the Ambrotype in 1860s

a direct positive on a thin sheet of iron (not tin)

1860s and 1870s popular

Many tintypes made during the US Civil War

Tintypes were sturdy and did not require

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

Later they were most commonly made

a tintype could be handed to the

Tintype of two girls in front of a painted background of the

The Photograph: A Discrete Image The Photo Album

Introduced in the 1850s

Replaced the Daguerreotype

each is a unique original

a positive photograph on glass

Sgt. Samuel Smith with his family, circa 1863–65