f this chapter ciscusse ‘tanian views on moral rights; libertar- a cleat and related views onthe nature of ustce. The These, & SE jar way of distributing goods can be suid tobe justor unjon ee pardewt viduals make. Any distribution of benefits sng eset i b i dividuals freely choosing to exchange with each ark the 1 SUggested this Ie of ‘ ae already owns. Robert Nozick, 2 leading libertarian, perme principle of distributive justice: ccording to what he chooses to do, to each according to what h from eh 20Fr (perhaps with the contracted aid of others) and whet dhs to é0 for him and choose to give him of what they've been given pre- ee onder this maxim) and haven't yet expended or transferred.%$ , ExxonMobil, Amerada Hess, and Marathon Oil in Equatorial Guinea poorest in the world, survive on $1 8 day and have a life expectancy of 46 years. But in iquatorial Guinea hed a GDP (Gross Domestic iuct) of $4,472 per person, the highest in West ica. In 1895, Equatorial Guinea found oil off its coast, and by 2004, ExxonMobil, Amerada Hess, and Marathon Oil—all U.S. oil companies—were helping that West African country produce $4 billion of oll revenues 8 yeer. Equatorial Guin inexperienced government agreed to give 80 percent of these rev- Enues to the oil companies that drilled the oil for ‘them, although oil companies in developing nations “sutlly take about 50 percent of revenues from oil ae cil companies channel—through Riggs millon we — report revealed—hundreds of Tipu Sllers to Equatorial Guinea's president, “teutty a and his family for “land purchases,” ment of aes 8nd “office leases." A Depart- tnd ie aan Teport says that because Nguema Ofc reven 'Y run the government, the 20 percent on aw, ues that go to the government are spent lavish Personal expenditures,” and so most oil Pz in West African countries, among the money is “concentrated in the hands of top govern- ‘ment officials while the majority of the population remains poor.” If Nguema had not been paid, of course, the Equatorial Guinea government would never have approved the oil project. ExxonMobil says it has spent “$4 million” and Marathon Oil and Amerado Hess claim to have “invested mil- lions of dollars” on schools, libraries; for the eradication of malaria, pol health clinics, bridges, waterways, and electricity. A.U,S, human rights report says Equatorial Guin- 68's government violates its citizens’ rights of free speech, of the press, of assembly, of due process, of association, of religion, and of movement and uses torture, beatings, and other physical ebuse against political opponents. 4, What would utilitarianism, rights the- ory, and justice say about these oe ties of ExxonMobil, Amerada Hess, ani Marathon Oil in Equatorial Guinea?