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ro
VECTORIAL GEOMETRY-I
By Florică Anastase-Romania
“In memory of my colleague teacher ION CHEŞCĂ”

Let , −incenter, -circumcenter, the

following relationship holds:
⃗+ ⃗
⃗=
+
⃗+ ⃗
⃗=
+ +
⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗
⃗=
+ +

Proof.

From = ⇒ ⃗=− ⃗=− ⃗+ ⃗ ⇒ ⃗=− ⃗ , then

⃗= ⃗+ ⃗⇒ ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗− ⃗ ⇒
+
⃗+ ⃗
⃗= ;( )
+
How ⃗; ⃗ are collinear, we must to find ∈ ℝ such that ⃗ = ⃗+ ⃗ and

analogously, ∈ ℝ such that ⃗ = ⃗+ ⃗ .

We have:
⃗= ⃗ + ⃗; ( )⇒ ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗⇒
⃗= ⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗ ; (2)

Hence,
⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ ⟺

(−1 + + + ) ⃗=( − ) ⃗
How, ⃗; ⃗ cannot be collinear, it follows that + + = 1 and − = 0, then

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1
= =
+ +
So, we get:
⃗+ ⃗
⃗= ;( )
+ +
Let { } = ∩ ∩ ′, where , , ′ internal bisectors of ∠ ,∠ and

∠ . From = ⟺ =− ⟺ =− . Therefore,

⃗+ ⃗ ( + ) ⃗+ ⃗
⃗= + = ; (4)
1+ + +
+
From (1),(2),(3),(4) it follows that
⃗+ ⃗ ⃗+ ⃗
⃗= = ⇒
1+ +

⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗
⃗=
+ +
Now, let’s proof Euler’s inequality.
Let Δ , −incenter and −circumcenter be
origin to position vectors. Then,
⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗
⃗=
+ +
Squaring that identity, it follows
( + + )−2 ⃗⋅ ⃗+ ⃗⋅ ⃗+ ⃗⋅ ⃗
=
( + + )
2 −
⃗⋅ ⃗= ⋅ ⋅ cos = ⋅ = −
2 2
Thus,
( + + ) − ( + + )
= = − = −2 = ( −2 )
2( + + ) 2
How, ≥ 0 we get: ≥ ( ).

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⃗ ⃗
Now, squaring identity ⃗= , we obtain

⃗+ ⃗
⃗ = ⟺
+ +
+ +2 ⋅ ⋅ cos 2 + ( + − )
= = =
( + ) ( + )
(2 + + − ) ( + − )( + + ) ⋅ 2( − ) ⋅ 2
= = =
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
Hence,

= ( − )

Now, in Δ suppose that > and let

−external bisector of ∠ , ∈( ), we have:

⃗− ⃗ ⃗− ⃗
⃗= ⇒ ⃗ = ⟺
− −
+ −2 ⋅ cos
= =
( − )
2 − ( + − )
= =
( − )
[ −( − ) ] ( − + )( + − )
= = =
( − ) ( − )
(2 − 2 )(2 − 2 ) 4 ( − )( − )
= =
( − ) ( − )
Hence,

= ( − )( − )
−

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In , −circumcenter, −orthocenter the

following relationship holds:
) ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗= ⃗

) ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗= ⃗( )
Proof.
Let ⊥ , then −middle point of [ ]. In
Δ ,[ ] is middle line and ⊥
,[ ] −altitude in Δ , −middle point of [ ],
then is middle point of [ ].
Therefore, −is parallelogram and

2 ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗.

Now, from ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗ it follows that ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗=2 ⃗ and from 2 ⃗= ⃗,

⃗+ ⃗= ⃗ , then ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗= ⃗+2 ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗.

In the following relationship holds:

) = ( − )
) = −( + + )

) = −
+ +

Proof.
Using Sylvester identity: ⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗ and squaring, we get:

⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗ + 2( ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ + ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ + ⃗ ⋅ ⃗)
⃗⋅ ⃗= cos 2 ; ( = =2 ( )

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⃗⋅ ⃗= cos 2 ; ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ = cos 2
Hence,
=3 +2 (cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 ).
Now, using identity cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 =
−1 − 4 cos cos cos , we get:
= (1 − 8 cos cos cos )
Using Law of cosines, we have:
=9 −( + + ).
⃗⋅ ⃗= ⋅ ⋅ cos =
= ( ⋅ cos
= ⋅ = ⋅ =

=( − )( + )= − , where = and = .

If is middle point of [ ], then ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ = − = − − = − .

Analogously, ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ = − and ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ = − . Hence,

⃗ =3 +2 − + − + − ⟺ =9 −( + + )
2 2 2
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Now, squaring in identity ⃗ = and from ⃗ = ⃗ = ⃗ = , ⃗⋅ ⃗= −

, ⃗⋅ ⃗= − and ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ = − it follows that:

= −
+ +
How ≥ 0, then 9 −( + + ) ≥ 0 and + + ≤ ( ).
Application 1.
In , −incentre, the following relationship holds:

⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ≤ √ ⋅ +
√
Solution. Using bisector theorem, it follows that:

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+
= , = =
+
+
Also, = =1+ =1+ = ⇒ = ⇔ = . Similarly,

+ +
= , =
+ + + +
( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = =
+ +
( + + )+( + + )
=
+ +
Applying Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have
( + + )( + + )≥( + + ) ⇔

+ + ≤ + + ⋅ + +

+ + ≤ + + ⋅ + +
2√ + + ⋅√ + +
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ≤
+ +
√ + + ⋅√ + +
=

But: + + ≤9 ( ) and + + ≤ 2( + + ) , then

+ + ⋅ + + ≤ 3 ⋅ √2( + + ); (1)

Now, we want to prove that: + + ≤8 + ;( ); (2)

√

But: + + =2 − 2 (4 + ), then + + ≤8 + ⇔
√

4 2
2 −8 −2 ≤8 + ⇔ ≤4 +4 + +
3√3 3√3
From ≤4 +4 +3 ( ), we must to prove that ≥ ⇔ ≥ .
√ √

From ≥ 16 −5 ( ), it is suffices to prove 16 −5 ≥ 27 ⇔

≥2 ( ). From (1),(2) it follows that:
3√2 4
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ≤ ⋅ 8 + ⇔
3√3

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12√2
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ≤ ⋅ 2 + ; = ⇔
3√3

⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ≤ 12√2 ⋅ 2 +
3√3
Application 2.
In , −incentre, −circumcentre, −centroid. Prove that:

< ( + )( + )( + )

Daniel Sitaru
Solution. From Visschers’s theorem (1902) in any triangle, the sum of the segments that
unite a point ∈ (Δ ) is less then, the sum of any two sides of the triangle.
+ + < + ; + + < + ; + + < +

( + + ) < ( + )( + )( + ) ⇔ < ( + )( + )( + ); (∗)

= ⇒ < ( + )( + )( + ); (1)

= ⇒ < ( + )( + )( + ); (2)

= ⇒ < ( + )( + )( + ); (3)

By multiplying (1),(2),(3) it follows that:

< ( + )( + )( + )

Application 3.
In , ∈ ( ). Prove that:
[ ]⋅ ⃗+[ ]⋅ ⃗+[ ]⋅ ⃗ = ⃗.
Solution.

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Let ⃗, ⃗, ⃗ −versors have some direction with
⃗, ⃗ and ⃗ , respectively.

Let = , = and =
respectively.
We have:
[ ]⋅ ⃗+[ ]⋅ ⃗+[ ]⋅ ⃗ = 0⃗
⇔
⋅ ⋅ sin ⋅ ⋅ sin ⋅ ⋅ sin
⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗ = 0⃗
2 2 2
How ⃗= ⋅ ⃗; ⃗= ⋅ ⃗ and ⃗= ⋅ ⃗, we must to prove that:

⃗ ⋅ sin + ⃗ ⋅ sin + ⃗ ⋅ sin = 0⃗

Let Δ such that the sides are parallels with , , and applying Law of sinus,

we get: = 2 ⋅ sin ⇒ ⃗=2 ⃗ sin ( ).Therefore,

0⃗ = ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ = 2 ( ⃗ ⋅ sin + ⃗ ⋅ sin + ⃗ ⋅ sin )

Application 4.
In , ∈ ( ). Prove that if exist the point ∈( ) such that:
⃗= ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ then − is centroid.
Solution. Let be the points { } = ∩ ,{ } = ∩ ,{ } = ∩ .

Let us denote = , = and = , then applying Van Aubel’s theorem, we get:

1 +1
= + ⇒ =
+ +1
Now, from Ceva’s theorem, we have = 1.
For all point ∈ (Δ ), we have:
+1
⃗= ⃗+ ⃗=
+ + + +1
+1 1
= ⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗=
+ +1 1+ 1+ + +1
1+ 1
= ⋅ ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗
+ +1 1+ + +1 + +1

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On the other hand, we have: 3 ⃗= ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗ . Therefore, = = =1⇒
−centroid.
Application 5.
∘
In , = , is middle point of ( ), −altitude, −internal bisector.
Prove that:

⃗= ⃗+ − ⃗
+ +
Solution.

From bisector theorem, we have = = and from = ⋅ it follows that:

− − + −2 2
= =2 + = ⋅ =
− 2( + ) 2 −
−2

( − )
= =
( + )(2 − ) ( + )

⃗= ⋅ ⃗
+
Hence,

⃗− ⃗= ⃗= ⋅ ⃗= ⃗− ⃗
+ +
Therefore,

⃗= ⃗+ 1− ⃗
+ +

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Application 6.
Let , , be projection to centroid in . Prove that:

⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗ = ⃗.
Solution.

Let us denote middle point of and −altitude. We have ⃗= ⃗.

But + = then, 1+ = . Hence, = .

Denote = , it follows that:

⃗+ ⋅ ⃗
⃗= = ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗
1+

⃗= ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗, ⃗= ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗; ( ⊥ , ⊥ ).

Δ ~Δ ⇒ = ; = ; = .

Now, −centroid, namely ⃗= ⃗⇒ ⋅ ⃗= ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗ . Therefore,

⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗= ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗ + ⋅ ⃗+ ⋅ ⃗ =
3 3
1
= ( ⋅ − ⋅ ) ⃗+( ⋅ − ⋅ ) ⃗+( ⋅ − ⋅ ) ⃗ = 0⃗
3

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Application 7.
In , −incentre, −centroid. Prove that ‖ if and only if + = .
Solution. It is well-known that:
( + + ) ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗, ∀ ∈( )

Taking = and from ⃗=− ⃗, ⃗=− ⃗, ⃗=− ⃗, where , , ′ are

middle points of , , respectively. Hence,

2
( + + ) ⃗=− ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ =
3
1
=− ⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗+ ⃗ =
3
1
= (2 − − ) ⃗+( + −2 ) ⃗
3
So, ‖ if and only if ⃗ , ⃗ have same direction, hence 2 − − = 0.
Application 8.

In ∆ , points , ∈( ) such that ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗= and

⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗= , , , ∈ ℝ, , ≠
Prove that A, P, Q are collinear if and only if + = + .
Solution.
⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗=0⇔ ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ = ( − 1) ⃗⇔ ⃗ = ( − 1) ⃗

⃗= ⃗+ ⃗= ⃗+ 1 ⃗; (1)
−1
⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗=0⇔ ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗ =0⇔

( − ) ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗=0⇔

( − ) ⃗ + ( − 1) ⃗ + ⃗=0⇔

⃗=− 1 ⃗+ ⃗ = 1 ⃗+ ⃗ ; (2)
( − ) ( − )
−1 1−
From (1) and (2) , , are collinear if and only if exist ∈ ℝ such that

⃗= ⃗⇔ 1 ⃗+ ⃗ = ⃗+ 1 ⃗ ⇔
( − )
1− −1

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−
⎧ =
1− − = (1 − )
⇔ ⇔ + = +1
⎨ 1 = − 1 = (1 − )
⎩1 − −1
Application 9.

In ∆ ; , ∈( ); , ∈( ) such that ⃗= ⃗, ⃗= ⃗, ⃗= ⃗ and

= = ; , , , ∈ ℝ∗ ; ≠− , ≠ ; ∙ = .

Prove that: , , are collinear if and only if = .

Solution.
⃗= ⃗
= = ⇒
⃗= ⃗
1
⃗=− ⃗
⇒ 1− ; (1)
⃗=− ⃗
1−
+1
⃗= ⃗
⃗= ⃗
⇒ ; (2)
⃗= ⃗ +1
⃗= ⃗

⃗= ⃗⇒ ⃗+ ⃗ = ( ⃗+ ⃗)

(1 + ) ⃗ = ⃗+ ⃗; (3)
From (1),(3) we get:
1 1
⃗= ∙ ⃗− ∙ ⃗ ; (4)
1+ 1− 1+ 1−
From (2),(4) we have:
1 1 +1 +1
⃗= ∙ ∙ ⃗− ∙ ∙ ⃗
1+ 1− 1+ 1−
, , are collinear if and only if
1 1 +1 +1
∙ ∙ − ∙ ∙ =1⇔
1+ 1− 1+ 1−
( + 1) − ( + 1) = ( + 1)(1 − ) ⇔

− = − ⇔ (1 − )= ( − ) = .

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Application 10.
In , −orthocenter, , , middle points of ( ), ( ), ( ) respectively and

∈( ), ∈( ), ∈( ) such that = = .

Prove that the lines , , are concurrences.

Solution.

From Sylvester identity, we have: ⃗ = ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗. Let us denote: = = = , so

⃗+ ⃗ 1
⃗= = ⃗+ ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
Let’s consider the point ∈( ) such that = . Hence,

1
⃗= ⃗+ ⃗=
1+ 1+
1 1 1 1
= ⃗+ ⃗+ ⃗ + ⃗+ ⃗ =
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 2
1
= ⃗+ + ⃗+ + ⃗
1+ 1+ 2(1 + ) 1+ 2(1 + )
2
+ =1⇔ =
1+ 2(1 + ) −1
Hence, ⃗ = ( ⃗ + ⃗ + ⃗).

References:
[1]. ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE-Interactive Journal-www.ssmrmh.ro.
[2]. OCTOGON MATHEMATICAL MAGAZINE.
[3]. Daniel Sitaru, George Apostolopoulos-Olympic Mathematical Marathon,C.R.2018.
[4]. Daniel Sitaru, Marian Ursărescu-Geometry math problems-Vol.I,II, Studis 2020.
[5]. Mihaly Bencze, Daniel Sitaru-699 Olympic Mathematical Challenges, Studis, 2017.
[7]. Daniel Sitaru-Affine and euclidiane geometry problems, Ecko Print 2012.
[8].Dana Heureberger &Co. -Matematică pentru grupele de excelenţă.Paralela 45.
[9]. Camelia Magdaş &Co-Geometrie pentru clasele IX-X, Studia 2010
[10]. Ion Cheșcă-Geometrie pentru clasa a IX a, 2005.

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