STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS-I

AROOJ ANJUM
ROLL NO. 18094795-009
SEMESTER: 3RD
DEPARTMENT: BS. ARCH
TOPIC: COLUMNS & SLABS
JANUARY 11, 2021
UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

[School]
[Course title]
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS-I
TYPES OF COLUMN
COLUMN:
• Vertical member that transfers loads
of a structure from beam 7 slab to the
foundation.
• They carry axial loads in compression.
• Failure of column result in the collapse
of the structure.
• Compression members of a structure.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
Columns are classified on the basis of several conditions:
1. BASED ON SHAPE AND REINFORCEMENT:
1) SQUARE/ RECTANGULAR COLUMNS:
• Most of the building structure was constructed by square
or rectangular column. Significantly both are having same
components and it is differ based on its architect view.
• These type of column was economically good and easy to
do shuttering, placing reinforcement & Concrete.
2) COMPOSITE/ ENCASED COLUMNS:
• A vertical structural element, with a combination of
steel section & concrete it is called as encased or
composite column.
• The composite column mostly provided for truss
structure to avoid the steel corroded by any type of
chemical.
3) CIRCULAR COLUMN;
• The bending resistant is higher than square/rectangular
column.
• It occupies the lesser area.
• Square/rectangular column reinforcement minimum 4
nos of steel will be places in the corner but in a circular
column provide more than 4 nos.
• Mostly in building circular column provided for the
aesthetic purpose.
• Economically it is little high to compare to square or rectangular column.
4) Y TYPE COLUMN:
• These type of column mostly using for bridges
construction.
• The design of bridges to sustain the dead load of the
structure & live load of the vehicle motion, the load was
eventually distributed to the column.
5) T TYPE COLUMN:
• These type of column having same features like
square/Rectangular type column.
• Mostly it was provided along with retaining wall or boundary
wall based on design requirement.
6) L TYPE COLUMN:
• The L type column has used in boundary wall construction and
heavy type L column was used in the turning of metro rail or
bridges construction.
2. BASED ON TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT:
1) TIED COLUMN:
• Closed lateral ties spaced uniformly across the column.
• Spacing of ties is limited to prevent barrelling failure between them.
• If ties are spaces too far apart, the column will face shear failure and
barrelling in between ties.

2) SPIRAL COLUMN:
• When circular columns are placed with closely and uniformly spaced spiral
reinforcement, known as spiral column.
• The spiral acts to provide support in transverse direction & prevent from
barrelling.
3) COMPOSITE COLUMNS:
• Consist of structural steel or cast iron enclosed with concrete, reinforced
with longitudinal as well as spiral reinforcement.
• Used in truss structures to avoid corrosion of steel.
3. BASED ON THE TYPE OF LOADING:
1) THE AXIAL LOAD COLUMN:
• The entire load passes through the centre axis of the
column which coincides with the X-axis, it is called
Axial Load.
• The load shall be either compression or tensile load.
2) UNIAXIAL LOAD COLUMN:
• The eccentric load act on either X axis or Y axis it is
called Uni axial load column.
3) BIAXIAL LOAD COLUMN:
• The eccentric load act on either X axis or Y axis it is called
Uni axial load column

4) ECCENTRIC LOAD COLUMN:

• The load shall pass parallel to the centre
axis of the member but act on its cross-
section that’s called Eccentric load.
4. COLUMN BASED ON SELENDERNESS RATIO:
• The length of the column divided by its radius of gyration, it is called
slenderness ratio of the column.
• The slenderness ratio is used to find out the buckling stress of the column.
1) LONG COLUMN:
• Slenderness ratio of the column is greater than
12 it is called long column.
• The column may fail on both compression &
buckling load.
2) SHORT COLUMN:
• Slenderness ratio of the column
is less than 12 it is called short
column.
• The sort column may fail by
compression stress
• Mechanical failure occur due to
shearing.
 FAILURES OF COLUMNS AND ITS CAUSES
• Column may fail in one of three condition .
• Compression failure of concrete or steel reinforcement
• Buckling
• Combination of buckling and compression failure
• Compression failure is likely to occur with columns which are
short and stocky.
• Buckling is probable with column which are long and slender
1. CRUSHING LOAD:
• In case of short column , with increase in axial compressive
load , compressive stress increases.
• After some load , column fails by crushing. This load at which ,
short column fails by crushing is called crushing load.
2. BUCKLING/ CRIPPLING/ CRITICAL LOAD:
• The load at which, long column starts buckling(bending) is called
buckling load or crippling load.
• Buckling of column depends upon the following factors:
1.Amount of load. 2. Length of column 3. End condition of
column 4. C/s dimensions of column 5. Material of column.
3. SHORT COLUMN EFFECT:
• Force required to produce deformation Higher the
stiffness, larger the force required
• So short columns are designed to bear large forces
during an earthquake.
5. CAPTIVE COLUMN EFFECT/ SHEAR FAILURE:
• Masonry infill walls increase the initial stiffness of
reinforced concrete frame & attract more seismic shear forces thereby
damage the column seriously due to extreme shear forces. It is termed as
captive column effect.
• To overcome this failure, shear force should flow smoothly through strut
action
• Effective height on which small column bend is small , so it offers more
resistance to horizontal motion & attracts a larger force compare to regular
column These damage in the form of X- shaped cracking is due to “ SHEAR
FAILURE “
 SOLUTIONS TO COLUMN FAILURES
• SHORT COLUMN EFFECT can be avoided during architectural design stage itself .
• Seismic inertia forces generated at floor levels are transferred through beams &
columns.
• Failure of column can affect the stability of the whole building.
• Failure of beam cause localized effect. So adequate ductility is Provided where
damage Is expected.
• FOR NEW BUILDINGS , RC structures requires special confining reinforcement
provided over full height of short column.
• CLOSELY SPACED TIES must extent vertically above and below by a certain
distance as shown in figure.
• FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS , Different retrofit solutions can be employed to avoid
damage in future earthquake.
• Where walls of partial height are present , simplest solution is used to close the
openings by building a wall of full height.
• Short columns need to be strengthened using one of the wall established
retrofit techniques/column jacketing /steel bracing.
• To overcome CAPTIVE COLUMN FAILURE, shear force should flow smoothly
through strut action.

TYPES OF SLABS
A slab is structural element whose thickness is small compared to its own length and
width. Slabs in Buildings are usually used to transmit the loads on floors and roofs to
the supporting beams.
1. ONE WAY SLAB:
• A One Way Slab is simply a very wide beam that spans between supports.
• When slab is supported on two opposite sides only, total load is carried along
the perpendicular direction of supporting beams.
• When slab is supported at all sides and length/width >2 of a slab panel,
maximum load is carried along the short direction.
• Main reinforcement is placed along the load carrying direction
• A one-way slab is supported by parallel walls or beams, and the main tension
reinforcing bars run parallel to the span
TYPES OF ONE WAY SLAB

2. TWO WAY SLAB:

• When the ratio of long span to short span is less than 2, then the slab is known
as a slab spanning in two directions or two-way slab.
• Bending will take place in two directions in a dish like form
• Main reinforcement is required in two directions.
TYPES OF TWO WAY SLABS:

1. FLAT PLATE SLAB (two way slab):

A flat plate floor is a two-way slab with no supporting beams, only columns. The slab
has smooth under surfaces without column capitals or drop panels. This type of two-
way slabs is suited for light loads associated with apartment construction. Use of flat
plates is limited by their punching shear capacities where large thickness is required in
case of heavy loads or large spans, thus rendering the system uneconomical.
Deflection may be excessive.

2. FLAT SLABS:
A two-way slab with column capitals or drop panels, or both. This system is
appropriate for heavier loads encountered in office or industrial buildings.
3. EDGE SUPPORTED SOLID SLABS:
In this system, beams provide moment interaction with the columns especially when
moment resisting frames are used to resist lateral loads.

4. WAFFLE SLAB:
The waffle slab is capable of providing the largest spans of the conventional concrete
floor systems. Waffle slab construction consists of orthogonal sets of ribs with solid
parts at the columns. The ribs are formed with fiberglass or metal dome forms (pans).
The ribs are usually 0.60 to 0.90 meter on center. Shear is transferred to the columns
by using beams or shear heads.

6. EDGE SUPPORTED RIBBED SLAB:

It is similar to the waffle slab but the voids between ribs are filled with hollow
blocks. Hidden or drop beams can be used with this system depending on their
spans.