Final Prmy gr4 Ss ph1 Synopsis

Phase 1
Grade 4
Social Science
Name: ____________________________ Div.: ___________
prmy_gr4_ss_ph1_synopsis
Important note to the parents
You will find this booklet beneficial to help your child recall the
concepts/ content covered in class. The language of the book
has been kept simple so that students can read and
comprehend its content effortlessly. The illustrations provided
will further serve to make the concepts clear.
Great care has been taken by the teachers to deliver the content
covered in this booklet. This has been done through the best
suited instructional medium including interactive sessions,
presentations, hands-on learning activities, audio-visual aids,
graphic organisers and games. Please refrain from getting your
child to read through the book before a unit is done in class as it
may interfere in the child’s learning process. You are also kindly
urged to desist from making your child study the content of this
book as our teaching philosophy does not encourage rote
learning.
This booklet also contains some interesting facts in the ‘Did you
know section?’ Students do not need to memorise these facts,
nevertheless, such extra information will only serve to increase
their knowledge.
prmy_gr4_ss_ph1_synopsis 1
Unit 1
THE BLUE MARBLE

The Earth is our home. It is at present the only place in the Universe where life is
possible. It is like a huge ball. Its surface is made of land and water. About three-
fourth of the Earth’s surface is covered by water and one-fourth by land. For
thousands of years people had believed that the Earth was flat. Eventually, sailing
expeditions around the globe, and later space missions, helped to prove that the
Earth was round.
Many explorers sailed around the earth to discover new lands. Due to their
explorations, unknown territories were chartered and were represented in the form of
maps.
As the Earth is very large, we cannot see all of it. A small model of the Earth was
thus made in a round shape, to allow us to see different places. To see further
details maps were made.
• A model of the Earth is called the GLOBE. It shows us the whole Earth.
• A globe is too small to show all the places in detail.
• A drawing of the whole Earth or a part of it, drawn on a flat surface is called a
‘Map’. Maps show you places, physical features like seas and mountains
and man-made features like roads, railways, airways in detail.
• There are four directions namely, North, South, East and West.
• The intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest
and northwest.
• If you stand facing a map, the top part of the map is ‘North’; the bottom part
of the map is ‘South’, to your left is ‘West’ and to your right is ‘East’
• A compass is an instrument that helps to determine the directions.
• A compass has a needle which always points North –South.
• It helps describe the location of places in relation to other places.
• A world map shows two main areas – Water bodies and Landmasses. Very
large water bodies are called Oceans and very large landmasses are called
Continents.
• There are seven continents – Asia, Africa, North America, South America,
Europe, Australia and Antarctica.
• There are five oceans – Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic
Ocean and the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean).
SOUTHERN OCEAN
IMPORTANCE OF A MAP
It helps us to know the directions, locate places and know about the physical
features of various parts of the earth.
Maps can be used -
1. To show natural resources.
2. To analyse and forecast weather conditions.
3. In the fields of agriculture, fisheries, and general commerce.
4. To plan the layout of a city and the districts of a country - where to build dams
and set up industries etc.
5. In navigation and to locate places by sea, air, and land.
6. Maps are also important to scientists doing research in various fields like -
Geology: The study of the physical structure of the earth
Oceanography: The branch of science concerned with the study of the
sea.
Meteorology: The study of the conditions of the atmosphere
Ecology: The relation of plants and animals with their surroundings and
with one another.
Agronomy: The science of crop production etc.
AN ATLAS
• A book of small maps is called an ‘Atlas’.
• It is a collection of maps compiled into an easy-to-use format.
• Atlases may be general in nature and cover the entire globe, or they may be
specific to geographical locations, topics or time periods.
What is a grid?
• A grid is a network of evenly spaced horizontal and vertical lines.

• Grids, like directions, help to identify the location of objects or features on a
map.
• By using a grid of imaginary lines, it is possible to identify the absolute
location of any point on the Earth's surface. Maps use similar grids to help
locate specific places or objects.
A B C D
GRIDS IN A GLOBE
Index of an Atlas
• This is normally found at the back of the atlas, although some publishers
may place it in the introductory section.
• In the index, the places (countries, states, cities, towns, villages) also
mountains, lakes, seas etc. are listed in an alphabetical order, just as in a
dictionary.
• The name of the place (a city, town or village) or physical feature is followed
by the state and country it is located in. Incase of a country the continent is
listed.
• The listings are not according to continents or countries but simply in an
alphabetical order.
• The index gives the page numbers of the place you are looking for along with
its grid.
• Some atlases also give the pronunciation of the place name.
• A name may appear on several maps, but the index lists only the best
presentation.
How to use the index

Step 1: Going by the alphabetical order locate the place in the index Eg. If you are
looking for Paraguay, Pune or Patna look under ‘P’; if you are looking for Mexico or
Mumbai look under ‘M’.
Step 2: After locating the place under the requisite alphabet, see the page number.
This tells you that you can find that particular place on the map on that particular
page. This is especially useful in locating small towns or villages.
Step 3: Now look up the grids given. These will tell you the exact location of the
place.
Example: If you were looking up London, the entry in the index would be something
like
London, Eng., U.K. 43 G6 (the page number would differ according to the Atlas
you are using)
Thus it indicates that you can locate London on page 43. Further, it lies in the grid
box formed by the intersection of vertical and horizontal lines G and 6
OUR HOMELAND - INDIA
• Our country, India, is a part of the continent of Asia.
• It is the seventh largest country in the world.
• A country is divided into smaller parts or States.
• There are 28 States in our country. Besides the states, there are 7 areas directly
under the control of the Central Government. They are known as Union
Territories.
• The states along with their capital cities and other important cities can be seen on
the political map of India (like the map given below).
• Political maps do not show physical features. They show state and national
boundaries and capitals and major cities. A capital city is usually marked with a
dot within a circle. New Delhi is the Capital of India.
Note: The state of Uttaranchal is now known as Uttarakhand and the city
of Bangalore as Bengaluru.
Here is a list of states along with their capitals.
States Capitals
1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad
2 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar
3 Assam Dispur
4 Bihar Patna
5 Chhattisgarh Raipur
6 Goa Panaji
7 Gujarat Gandhinagar
8 Haryana Chandigarh
9 Himachal Pradesh Shimla
10 Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar
11 Jharkhand Ranchi
12 Karnataka Bengaluru (Bangalore)
13 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
14 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal
15 Maharashtra Mumbai
16 Manipur Imphal
17 Meghalaya Shillong
18 Mizoram Aizawl
19 Nagaland Kohima
20 Orissa Bhubaneshwar
21 Punjab Chandigarh
22 Rajasthan Jaipur
23 Sikkim Gangtok
24 Tamil Nadu Chennai
25 Tripura Agartala
26 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow
27 Uttarakhand Dehradun
28 West Bengal Kolkata
Union Territories Capitals
1 Andaman and Nicobar Port Blair
2 Chandigarh Chandigarh
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa
4 Daman and Diu Daman
5 Lakshadweep Kavaratti
6 National Capital Territory of Delhi Delhi
7 Puducherry (Pondicherry) Puducherry (Pondicherry)
MAJOR CITIES OF INDIA

There are 23 cities in India which have a population of over a million residents.
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkatta, and Chennai are the four main cities of India.
The capital city of India, Delhi is actually comprised of two cities, Old Delhi and
New Delhi. New Delhi is the seat of political power of our country. It is most likely
the city with the biggest number of historical monuments in the world, mostly
belonging to the Mughal era.
Some other important cities of India

Religious Cities
Madurai, Haridwar, Allahabad and
Varanasi are important pilgrimage
centres for Hindus.
Amritsar is located in the northwest part
of India in the State of Punjab, It is home
to the Harimandir Sahib, also known as
the Golden Temple, and is the spiritual
and cultural centre of the Sikh religion.
Industrial Cities
Pune is one of the eight megacities of India. It is situated in the state of
Maharashtra.It is also a major financial centre of India. It is an industrial hub with
many well known companies having their manufacturing plants in the area. It is this
manufacturing industry that has made Pune a major investment destination in
India. Some of the leading companies like Bajaj Auto, Kinetic Motor Company, Tata
Motors and Industrial giants like Whirlpool, LG, Frito Lay and Coca Cola have their
plants in the area. It also has many Defence establishments Eg. NDA (National
Defence Academy); AFMC (Armed Forces Medical College)
Bajaj Automobiles National Defence Academy (N.D.A)
Cuttack is one of the oldest cities of India

and was the capital of Orissa for almost nine
centuries, before Bhubaneswar was made
the capital city. It is the hub of commercial
activities of the state. Cuttack is world
famous for its unique filigree work in silver,
ivory and brass works and textiles of woven
silk and cotton.
Among the other important cities of India, Kanpur is situated in the northern part of
Uttar Pradesh, on the banks of River Ganga. Kanpur is also the leading and most
industrialized city in Uttar Pradesh. Various industrial items like chemicals,
textiles, leather goods and food products are manufactured in this city.
Ahmedabad in Gujarat is also renowned for industrial development.
Seaport
Kochi formerly known as Cochin, is a

city in the state of Kerala. The city is one
of the principal seaports of the country.
Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala,
and one of the fastest growing cities in
India.
The trademark Chinese fishing nets of Kochi
Visakhapatnam or Vizag or Vizagapatnam is

a coastal, port city in the Indian state of
Andhra Pradesh. It is sometimes also referred
to as the "City of Destiny”. It has the only
natural harbour on the eastern coast of India.
Harbour: a place on the coast where ships
may lay anchor
Places of Tourist Attraction
The city of Agra is home to one of the Seven

Wonders of the World, namely the Taj Mahal and is
one of the favourite destinations for tourists. The city
is also famous for its carpets, jewellery and leather
shoes.
Udaipur: It is one of the major cities of Rajasthan. It is the historical capital of the
former kingdom of Mewar, and the administrative
headquarters of Udaipur District. It is also known
as the City of Lakes. The Pichola Lake, Fateh
Sagar, Udai Sagar and Swaroop Sagar, located in
this city, are considered some of the most
beautiful lakes in the State of Rajasthan.
Pondicherry is a Union Territory of India. It is a former French colony. In

September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to the
vernacular original, Puducherry, which means "New village" in the Tamil
language. It is also known as The French Riviera of the East
Vadodara: It is situated in the state of Gujarat and is known for its palaces,
museums and parks.
THE FACE OF OUR COUNTRY
Physical features
• Maps on Physical Features show country borders, major cities and significant
bodies of water. Physical maps also show the location of landforms such as
deserts, mountains, plains, rivers and lakes.
• The water is usually shown in blue. Different colours are used to show
differences in land elevations. Green is typically used at lower elevations and
orange or brown indicate higher elevations.
INDIA : A LAND OF MANY FEATURES

India is a land of many features. It has huge areas of flat and fertile plains and high
snow bound mountains. It has dry, rough deserts and dense green forests. There
are plateaus, coastal regions and islands too.
India is divided into 6 natural regions. They are:
1. The Northern Mountains
2. The Northern Plains
3. The Great Indian Desert
4. The Southern Plateaus
5. The Coastal Plains
6. The Islands
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
I] THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS
• The great mountain ranges known as the HIMALAYAS are to the northern part of
our country. This region has a cold climate. The Himalayas are the highest
ranges in the world. The Himalayas have 3 ranges running parallel to each other.
They are the Himadri or the Greater Himalayas, the Himachal or the Middle
Himalayas and the Shivalik Hills or the Outer Himalayas.
• The Himalayan Mountains have some of the highest mountain peaks. MOUNT
EVEREST is one of them. It is the highest mountain peak in the world with a
height of 8,848 metres. Most of the Himalayan Mountain peaks are covered with
snow throughout the year. The lower slopes of the Himalayas are covered with
thick forests. This region is called the Terai. Many big rivers like the Ganga,
Yamuna, Indus and Brahmaputra start from the Himalayas. These rivers flow
throughout the year as they are fed by the melting snow of the Himalayas.
II] THE NORTHERN PLAINS
• The NORTHERN PLAINS of India lie to the south of Himalayas. These plains are
flat land. They stretch from Punjab in the West to Assam in the East. Many
rivers which start from the Himalayas flow through these plains making the land
fertile. The major rivers of this region are Ganga, Yamuna and Brahmaputra.
Most of India’s food grains are produced here. Therefore, this region is thickly
populated. Many famous cities and towns are situated along the banks of rivers
Ganga and Yamuna. The climate of the Northern Plains is known for its hot
summers and cold winters.
III] THE GREAT INDIAN DESERT
• To the South-West of the Northern Plains lies the Great Indian Desert.
• This is known as the THAR DESERT and occupies most of Western Rajasthan.
This region does not receive much rainfall throughout the year. The desert is
very hot in summer. The nights are pleasant in summer and very cold in winter.
Life in the desert is tough. So the desert area is thinly populated.
IV] THE SOUTHERN PLATEAUS

• The southern part of India is a peninsula. A PENINSULA is a piece of land
projecting into the sea and surrounded by sea on three sides. The Indian
peninsula is surrounded by the Arabian Sea on the West and the Bay of Bengal
in the East. In the south lies the Indian Ocean. The Indian peninsula is also a
plateau. (A plateau is a broad, flat land, which is higher than the plains). So it is
called the PENINSULAR PLATEAU. The Southern Plateau is divided into two by
the Narmada Valley – Central Highlands (which includes the Malwa Plateau
and the Chotanagpur Plateau) and the Deccan Plateau.
• The Deccan Plateau region is very rich in minerals. Many big rivers like the
Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari and Mahanadi originate in the plateau. The
peninsular rivers are rain-fed and have very little water in summer. The plateau
slopes down from the West to the East, which is why most of the rivers flow into
the Bay of Bengal. The Narmada and Tapti are the only two rivers that flow
westwards into the Arabian sea.
• On the western side of the Deccan Plateau are mountain ranges called the
WESTERN GHATS.
• Similarly, on the eastern side of the Deccan Plateau are mountain ranges called
the EASTERN GHATS.
V] THE COASTAL PLAINS
• Beyond the ghats, on either side of the peninsula lie narrow strips of plain land.
The plains of the eastern coast are wider than the plains of the western coast.
The lands in these regions are very fertile.
• The Western Coastal Plains begin from the Gulf of Kuchch in Gujarat and move
southwards along the western borders of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and
Kerala.
• The Eastern Coastal Plains is bound on the eastern side by the Bay of Bengal
and on the western side by the Eastern Ghats.
• The coastal areas have moderate climate, that is, it is neither too hot nor too
cold there.
VI] THE ISLANDS

• There are several small islands in the Indian Ocean. An ISLAND is a piece of
land surrounded by water on all sides.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie in the Bay of Bengal. There are about
300 islands in the group.
• The Lakshadweep Islands are in the Arabian Sea. They are 27 in number.
Achievers of India
People have different ambitions in life which lead them into varied occupations.
People who excel in their respective fields, or contribute to mankind in a special way
hence leaving a mark in this world, are called achievers.
It may be seen that these achievers set high standards and goals for themselves.
They try to compete with themselves and not others. In an attempt to strive for
excellence, they reach new heights in their respective fields. This quality of theirs
sets them apart. They leave their imprints in the sands of time and thus serve as
idols for generations to come. They become a source of inspiration and motivation
for others.
Throughout history there have been several achievers from every part of the world.
At this point we will be focussing on Indian Achievers and their contributions towards
the Indian Society.
People who have made phenomenal contributions in their respective fields are
termed as achievers.
Examples
• Sachin Tendulkar in sports, for his excellent batting performance in
cricket.
• Shahrukh Khan in entertainment, for his brilliant acting prowess for more
than a decade now.
• Zakir Hussain in music for his expertise in playing the musical instrument
‘tabla’.
• Kalpana Chawla in space science. She was the first Indian-born woman
and the second person of Indian origin to fly in space.
To understand more about achievers we need to know what motivated them. While
studying about them we need to keep in mind certain criteria. These criteria are:
personal life
career
achievements and accomplishments
awards received
A few achievers from some fields are listed below:
a) Entertainment - A person from the field of acting, music, dance, instrument
playing etc Eg. Lata Mangeshkar, M.S. Subhalaxmi, Amitabh Bachchan,
Shahrukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai, Zakir Hussain, Bhim Sen Joshi etc.
b) Politics - A person from the field of politics, either pre-independence or post-

independence. Eg. M.K. Gandhi, J.L. Nehru, Sardar Patel, Sarojini Naidu,
Vijaylaxmi Pandit.
c) Entrepreneurs - A person who has contributed largely to the industrial sector Eg.
Jamshedji Tata, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Dhirubhai Ambani, Narayan Murthy,
Laxmi Narayan Mittal etc.
d) Science - A person from the field of medicine, engineering, aeronautics etc. Eg.
Homi Jahangir Bhabha, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Vikram Sarabhai etc.
e) Sports - A person from the field of cricket, football, chess, tennis, volleyball, etc.
Eg. Sachin Tendulkar, M.A.K. Pataudi, Ranjit Singhji (cricket); Baichung Bhutia
(football), Vishwanathan Anand(chess), Leander Paes, Sania Mirza, Mahesh
Bhupati (Tennis) etc.
Some Illustrious Indians
I] MAHATMA GANDHI (Freedom fighter)
Life:
• Mahatma Gandhi was born in a Hindu family in
Porbandar in 1869.
• He was the son of Karamchand Gandhi, the
Diwan of Porbandar and Putlibai.
• Gandhiji learned about the importance of
vegetarianism and fasting for self purification.
• He got married at the age of 13 to Kasturba
Makhanji.
Education:
He passed matriculation from Samaldas College of Bhavanagar, Gujarat.
At the age of 18 on Sept 4, 1888, Gandhi went to University College London
to train as a barrister.
Career:
• He was an advocate by profession, later, after applying and being turned
down for a part time job as a high school teacher, he ended up returning to
Rajkot to make a modest living by drafting petitions for litigants.
Works:
• Though his career as a barrister was short lived, it was his involvement in the
freedom struggle and various movements he started which earned him the
title ‘The Father of the Nation’.
• Non-cooperation and peaceful resistance were Gandhi’s weapons in the fight
against injustice. Some of the most important movements started by him were
the Quit India movement, Non-cooperation movement and Swadeshi
movement.
• Gandhiji had conducted the Salt Satyagraha called the Dandi March – from
March 12th to April 6th in 1930 marching 400 km. (248 meters) from
Ahmedabad to Dandi, in Gujarat, to make salt.
• This campaign was one of the most successful at upsetting the British rule in
India.
II] Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM (Scientist)
Birth Place: Born on 15th Oct 1931 at Rameshwaram in Tamil
Nadu Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, specialized in
Aeronautical Engineering from Madras Institute of Technology
Work:
• Dr. Kalam made significant contribution as a project
director to develop India’s first indigenous satellite launch
vehicle (SLV III) that made India an exclusive member of space club.
• He was responsible for developing AGNI and PRITHVI missiles and making
them operational. He is hence known as the ‘Missile Man of India’.
Awards:
• He is one of the most distinguished scientists of India. He received honorary
doctorates from 80 universities and institutions.
• He has been awarded the ‘Padma Bhushan’ [1981]; ‘Padma Vibhushan’
[1990] and the biggest Civilian award ‘Bharat Ratna’ [1997].
Career:
• He worked and carried out research tasks at the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO).
• Dr. Kalam took up academic pursuit as Professor of Technology and Societal
Transformation at Anna University Chennai and was involved in teaching and
research tasks.
• He became the 11th President of India on 25th July 2002.
III] HOMI JAHANGIR BHABHA (Scientist)
Personal life:
• Homi Bhabha was born on 30th October 1909 in
a wealthy Parsi family of Mumbai (Bombay).
• Bhabha’s family had a long tradition of learning
and service in the field of education.
• Bhabha’s father Jehangir Harmusji was a lawyer.
His mother Meheren was the grand daughter of
Sir Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, widely respected in
Bombay for his generous contributions.
Education:
• Bhabha attended the Cathedral and John Cannon Schools in Mumbai
(Bombay).
• After passing the Senior Cambridge examination at the age of 15, Bhabha
entered the Elphinston College in Mumbai (Bombay) and later the Royal
Institute of Science.
• In 1927 Bhabha joined the Goville and Caius College in Cambridge. Bhabha
passed the Mathematic Tripos with first class.
• Bhabha joined the Cavendish Laboratory from where he obtained his PhD in
theoretical physics.
Contributions to the field:
In the early 1940s when Bhabha was working in the Indian Institute of Science, there
was no institute in the country which had the necessary facilities for original work in
Nuclear Physics Cosmic Rays – this prompted him to write a proposal in March 1944
to the Sir Dorab J. Tata trust for establishing a vigorous school of research in
fundamental physics.
The trustees of Sir Dorab J. Tata trust decided to accept Bhabha’s proposal and take
financial responsibility for starting the Institute in April 1944.
Bhabha later decided to build a new laboratory entirely devoted to atomic energy.
In 1954 he established the Bhabha Atomic Research Institute at Trombay (near
Mumbai)
Awards:
• Bhabha was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1941.
• In 1943 he was awarded the Adams Prize by the Cambridge University for his
work on Cosmic Rays and in 1948 the Hopkins prize of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society.
• He was the president of the historic International Conference of the Peaceful
uses of atomic energy held under U.N. auspices, at Geneva in August 1955.
• Bhabha was the president of the National Institute of Sciences India in 1963
and President of the Indian Science Congress Association in 1951.
• He was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1954.
IV] P. T. USHA (Sports)
Personal life:
• P.T.Usha was born to Paithal and Lakshmi, at
Payyoli a small village in Kozhikode on June
27, 1964.
• The initials P T stand for Payyoli
Tevaraporampil, her family names according to
the traditional naming system in many parts of
South India.
• The Queen of Indian track and field for 2
decades, P.T. Usha has been associated with
Indian athletics since 1979.
• In 1991 she married V.Srinivasan, and their son Ujjwal was born the following
year.
Education:
• The 1976 Kerala government started a sports school for women and Usha
was chosen to represent her district at a cost of Rs 250 per month paid by the
state.
• In 1979 she participated in the National School Games, were she was noticed
by O.M. Nambiar, who coached her through most of her career.
Career:
• Usha made her international debut at the Moscow Olympics in 1980 but she
shot into the lime light in the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi by winning the
silver in 100 m and 200 m event.
• At the Asian Meet in Jakarta in 1985 she established herself as the Asian
Sprint Queen with five gold medals in 100m, 200m, 400m, 400m hurdles and
4 x 400m relay besides a bronze in the 100m relay.
• This magnificent performance was followed by an equally brilliant spell a year
later, at the Asian Games at Seoul where Usha notched up four Gold medals
and one Silver medal.
Achievements:
• Participated in Moscow Olympic Games in 1980.
• Won four gold medals in 1986, Seoul Asian Games, gaining for herself the
title of ‘Asia’s Sprint Queen’.
• She won 5 gold medals and one bronze in 1985, at the Jakarta Asian
Athletic meet.
• She last participated in Atlanta Olympics, 1996.
Awards and Accolades:

Receipent of
• Arjuna Award, 1984.
• Padma Shree in 1984.
• Kerala Sports Journalists Award for the year 1999.
• 30 International awards, for her excellence in athletics.
• Adjudged as the greatest woman athlete in 1985 Jakarta Asian Athletic Meet.
• In recognition of her achievements, a road at Payyoli her home town is named
after her.
V] RANJIT SINGHJI (Sports):
Early life: Ranjit Singhji, the first Indian Test cricketer was
born in Sarodar, a small village in the western Indian province
of Kathiawad into a wealthy Indian family of princely status. His
clan, the Jadejas, were Rajput warriors.
Education: He was educated at the prestigious Rajkumar
College, Rajkot and at Harrow and Trinity college, Cambridge
where he arrived in 1891.
Career: Ranjit made his debut for England in 1896 becoming
the first Indian to play Test cricket. Ranjit scored 62 and154 not
out against Australia at Old Trafford in his first test.
Ranjit scored runs heavily in county and test cricket between
1895 and 1904.
The Cricketing Maharaja
Achievements:
• The most important first class cricket tournament in

India, the Ranji Trophy was named in his honour and
inaugurated in 1935 by the Maharaja Bhupinder Singh
of Patiala.
• He became the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar in
1907. He was the Chancellor of the Indian Chamber of
Princes; and represented India at the League of
Nations. His official title was Colonel. H.H.Shri Ranjit
Singhji Vibhaji Jam Sahib of Nawanagar.
VI] LATA MANGESHKAR (Entertainment)

Date Of Birth And Childhood: Lata Mangeshkar
was born on September 28th, 1929 in a
Maharashtrian family in Indore. The family hailed
from Mangeshi, a town in Goa. Her father
Dinanath Mangeshkar was a school teacher and
owned a theatrical company. He was a reputed
classical singer. Lata is the eldest child of her
parents. Hridayanath, Asha, Usha, and Meena are
her siblings in sequence.
Education and Training: Lata took her first music lessons from her father. She also
studied with Aman Ali Khan Sahib and later Amanat Khan. At the age of five, she
started to work as an actress in her father's musical plays (sangeet naatake in
Marathi). Her father's recitals and lessons left a strong impression on her, as did the
songs of K.L. Saigal, who was her favourite singer and idol.
Career: Lata moved to Mumbai in 1945. She started taking lessons in Hindustani
classical music from Ustad Amanat Ali Khan Bhendibazaarwale.
In the 1950s, Lata sang songs composed by all acclaimed music directors of the
period.
The 1960s made Lata Mangeshkar become the undisputed number one female
playback singer in Hindi cinema. She recorded songs for nearly every major
composer in the industry, many of which became all-time hits.
She also sang many songs for Marathi and Bengali films, composed by notable
music directors. Lata Mangeshkar has also acted in nine films and has produced four
films.
Awards: Lata Mangeshkar has won several awards and honours, including
• Padma Bhushan (1969)
• Padma Vibhushan (1999)
• Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1989)
• Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993.
• Bharat Ratna (2001), three National Film Awards
• 12 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards.
• 4 Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards. (In 1969, she made the unusual
gesture of giving up Filmfare Best Female Playback Award, in order to
promote fresh talent).
In 1984, the State Government of Madhya Pradesh instituted the Lata Mangeshkar
Award in honour of Lata Mangeshkar. The State Government of Maharashtra also
instituted a Lata Mangeshkar Award in 1992.
VII] SHAHRUKH KHAN (Entertainment)

Early Life: Shahrukh was born into a family of Indian
freedom fighters. His father was Taj Mohammed Khan, a
freedom activist of Pathan background and his mother was
Lateef Fatima who was the daughter of Major General Shah
Nawaz Khan, who served as a general in the Indian
National Army of Subhash Chandra Bose. Shahrukh’s
father came from Peshawar to India and his mother came
from Rawalpindi.
Education: Khan attended St.Columba’s School where he excelled in sports, drama
and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award bequeathed to the
students who embody most, the spirit of the school. He later attended the Hansraj
College to earn an Honors degree in Economics. Later he studied for a master’s
degree in Mass Communication at Jamia Milia Islamia University.
Career :
• He started his career in 1988 by appearing in the television series ‘Fauji’
where he played the role of ‘Abhimanyu Rai’.
• He then played a minor role in the series ‘Circus’ in 1989 which depicted the
life of circus performers. After the death of his parents, he moved from New
Delhi to Mumbai for a fresh start in 1991.
• He made his film debut in Deewana (1992) which was a box office hit and
launched his career in Bollywood.
• Shahrukh Khan remains one of the very few actors in Indian television history
to have made a successful jump into the movie Industry.
• He has emerged as one of the most successful stars of the Hindi film industry
over the last 2 decades and continues to be one of the biggest box office
draws.
Awards and Accolades:
Padma Shri
Rajiv Gandhi award for Excellence
Best Indian citizen Awards
Six Filmfare awards.
Six star screen Awards.
One Ashirwad Award
Four Zee cine Awards
VIII] MOTHER TERESA (Social Activist)
Early Life:
• Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu on
26th August, 1910, in the centre of Uskub in the
Kosovo Province.
• Her parents were Albanians, her father Nikolle was
originally from Miredita and her mother was Dranafill.
• Her father died when she was about eight years old.
• During her early years, she was fascinated with stories of missionary life and
service. By the time she was 12 Agnes was convinced that her vocation
should be a religious life.
• She left her home at the age of 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto as a
missionary.
Education:
She initially went to the Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland in order to learn
English, which was the language nuns used to instruct school children in India.
Works: She came to India in 1931. From 1931 to 1948 Mother Teresa taught at St.
Mary's High School in Calcutta, but the suffering and poverty she glimpsed outside
the convent walls made such a deep impression on her that in 1948 she received
permission from her superiors to leave the convent school and devote herself to
working among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. Although she had no
funds, she depended on Divine Providence (God), and started an open-air school for
slum children. Soon she was joined by voluntary helpers, and financial support was
also forthcoming. This made it possible for her to extend the scope of her work.
Teresa felt that within her vocation as a nun, she had a still more defined purpose,
which was to serve the poor and down trodden. Eventually Mother Teresa started
the ‘Missionaries of Charity’ on October 7, 1950.
AWARDS :
• The Nehru Prize for her Promotion of International Peace and Understanding
(1972).
• In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
• India’s highest civilian award the ‘Bharat Ratna’ in 1980
• The British ‘Order of Merit’ in 1983.
• The Vatican awarded her 2 peace prizes in 1971 and 1976 commending her
for her work for the poor.
IX] BABA AMTE (Social Activist) (December 26, 1914 - February 9, 2008)
Date of Birth : Baba Amte, was born Murlidhar Devidas Amte on December 26,
1914.
Family:
• Baba Amte was born in Hinganghat located in Wardha District of Maharashtra
into a wealthy family of Brahmin jagirdars.
• In 1946, Baba got married to Sadhana Guleshastri, who was later referred to
by community members as Sadhanatai or simply Tai ("elder sister" in
Marathi).
• Their two sons, Vikas and Prakash, are both doctors. Both have dedicated
their lives to social work.
Education: Trained in law, Baba Amte had a good practice at Wardha. It was then
that he got involved in the Indian freedom struggle and started acting as a defence
lawyer for leaders imprisoned in the 1942 Quit India movement.
Works : He was deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, with whom he spent some
time in Sevagram Ashram. Baba Amte was follower of Gandhism for his entire life.
He practiced various aspects of Gandhism including weaving and wearing khadi,
dedicating his life to the cause of upliftment of the downtrodden classes of society.
He was a respected Indian social activist. He was the founder of several ashrams
and communities for the service of leprosy patients and other marginalized people
shunned by society. Anandwan (literally, "Forest of Joy"), located in the remote and
economically less privileged district of Chandrapur, Maharashtra, is the most well-
known amongst them and was his home. Baba Amte also founded the Somnath and
Ashokvan ashrams for treating leprosy patients.
Baba Amte dedicated his life to various other social causes, the most notable of
which were environmental awareness, wildlife preservation and the Narmada
Bachao Andolan.
Awards: Baba Amte won numerous awards during his life, most notably
• The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in 1985.
In 1999, he was awarded the Gandhi Peace Prize for his exemplary work for
treatment and rehabilitation of leprosy patients and his concept of the "Shramik
Vidyapeeth" (Workers' University) where patients and volunteers work together.
• Damien-Dutton Award, USA, 1983: Highest international award in the field of
leprosy.
• United Nations Human Rights Prize, 1988: For outstanding achievement in the
field of human rights.
• Padma Shree, 1971
• Padma Vibhushan, 1986
• Gandhi Peace Prize, 1999
• Dr. Ambedkar International Award for Social Change, 1999.
X] SUNITA L. WILLIAMS (Astronaut)

Personal Details:
• Born on September 19, 1965 in Euclid,
Ohio,
• She is married to Michael. J. Williams.
• Her interests, include running, swimming,
biking, windsurfing, snow boarding and bow
hunting. Her parents Dr. Deepak and Mrs.
Bonnie Pandya reside in Falmouth,
Massachusetts.
Education: She studied at Needham High school, Needham, Massachusetts,
1983. She did her B.Sc. in Physical Science. She joined the U.S. Naval Academy in
1987. She went on to complete her M.S. Engineering management from Florida
institute of Technology 1995.
Career:
• Williams received her commission as an ensign in the U.S. Navy from the
U.S.Naval Academy in May 1987.
• After a 6 month temporary assignment at naval coastal system command, she
received her designation as a basic Diving Officer and later was designated
as a Naval Aviator in July 1989.
• Williams was selected for the U.S. Naval test pilot school and began the
course in January 1993.
• Later she was assigned to the U.S.S. Saipan Norfolk, Virgina as the aircraft
handler and the assistant Air Boss.
• William was deployed an board USS Saipan when she was selected for the
astronaut program
Achievements :
• She has logged over 2770 flight hours in more than 30 different aircrafts. She
was selected by NASA in June 1998 and began her astronaut training in Aug
1998.
• Williams worked in Moscow with the Russian Space Agency on the Russian
contribution to the International Space Station and with the 1st expedition
crew to the I.S.S.(International Space Station)
• As a NEEMO 2 (NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations) crew
member she lived underwater in the Aquarius habitat for 9 days.
Sunita currently serves as a flight engineer aboard the International space station as
a member of the Expedition 14 crew.
Sunita established a world record of females with 4 space walks totalling 29 hrs.and
17 min of EVA (Estimated Vehicular Activity). She continues her tour of duty as a
member of the current expedition consisting of 15 crew members.
Awards:
Awarded Navy Commendation Medal, Navy and Marine Crops Achievements Medal,
Humanitarian Service Medal.
Unit 2
Our country India is a land of great geographical biodiversity, comprising of various

landforms having different soils patterns. It is because of this that it has a variety of
plant and animal life.
In the subsequent topics we will be learning about Agriculture: Kinds of soils and
crops along with the plant and animal life in detail.
What is Soil and
how is it formed?
Here’s how:
9 Soil is a very important natural resource.

9 It is formed by the breaking up of rocks that
compose the earth.
9 This breaking up of rocks is termed as
‘weathering’.
9 Rocks break down further into very small

particles due to the forces of nature like wind,
rain, flowing water etc.
9 These natural forces spread this soil over the
land’s surface. Hence, weathering is the process
by which rocks break down due to the physical
and chemical effects of the forces of weather.
9 This process takes place over a long period of
time. Hundreds and thousands of years are
needed for nature to make soil.
The Grand Canyon
Soils in India
Soils vary according to the different geographical regions and climatic conditions.
Since India is a country with diverse geographical regions, there are a large variety
of soils present here which are suitable for growing almost all crops. The kind of soil
in an area determines what type of plants can grow there.
There are six main types of soils found in different regions of India.
The different types of soils and the crops grown in these regions are as follows:-
Alluvial soil:
The rivers of the Northern Plains bring
with them large quantities of silt or
alluvium. This gets deposited on the
land around the rivers. This alluvial soil
is very fertile and makes the Northern
Plains one of the most fertile regions
of the world. Alluvial soil is also found
in the deltas formed by the rivers of
the Deccan Plateau.
Alluvial soil is especially good for crops like rice, wheat, pulses (moong, gram, masur
and urad), sugarcane, oilseeds (mustard, groundnut, linseed etc.) and jute.
GROUNDNUT WHEAT SUGARCANE
Black soil:
It is made from lava* thrown out by volcanoes**. This type of soil is found in the
central and north-western parts of the Southern Plateau. Most of Maharashtra and
Madhya Pradesh and parts of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and Rajasthan
have this soil. It is very good for growing cotton and sugarcane.
DID YOU KNOW?

A volcano is a cone shaped hill or mountain or
an opening through which the molten rock
(magma) comes out. When this magma flows
out of the volcano, it is called lava.
Red soil:
The rest of the Southern Plateau (Karnataka and parts
of Andhra Pradesh) contains soil that is red in colour**.
It is not as fertile as black soil but it can be made fertile
by adding manure.
It is good for crops like jowar, bajra and groundnut.
**The red colour in soil usually indicates a high amount Jowar
of iron, in the form of iron oxide that coats the particles
of the soil.
Laterite soil:
This type of soil is found in Western Ghats and
parts of Tamil nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. It is also
red in colour.
It is good for crops like coffee, tea, spices, coconut
and rubber.
Coffee beans
Desert soil:
Desert soil is sandy and it cannot retain

water. Hence it is not fertile. It is found in
the states of Rajasthan and parts of
Gujarat.
Mountain soil:
This soil is very rich in remains of plants and
animals called humus. It is found in the
Himalayan region and in the north-eastern parts
of the country. This soil is very good for growing
fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum, etc. Farmers
also grow crops like rice by cutting steps in the
hills. This is known as terrace or step farming.
However, in the snow covered regions no crops
are grown.
Apple tree
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
What do you know about Soil Erosion and its

Conservation?
Soil erosion is the gradual wearing away of land
or soil by the action of wind, water or ice. The
upper layer of the soil, also called topsoil is
carried away or removed by running water, heavy
rain or strong winds.
What are the ill effects of Soil Erosion?

It makes the land infertile as the topsoil gets
washed or blown away. Landslides become
frequent.
Soil Conservation:-
9 The roots of the trees hold the soil together and prevent it from being washed
away. Hence one should try and plant as many trees as possible this is also
called afforestation.
9 Bare farmland should be covered with grass or dried vegetation.
9 In hilly areas where the action of running water is the most, Terrace farming
should be practiced. In this method of cultivation, steps are cut into the hills
and then farming is carried out.
9 Embankments along river banks should be built to avoid damage caused by
flood water to land and life. Embankment is a long artificial mound of stone or
earth built to hold back water.
Bird’s eye view of the distribution of
soils across the regions in India.
Crops
9 India has always been a land of great agricultural diversity.
9 This is due to a variety of soils found here. The soil distribution is so varied
that is supports the cultivation of a variety of crops.
9 Crops are broadly classified into two categories
• Food crops and
• Cash crops.
Food crops vs Cash crops

Food crops are crops which are Cash crops are crops which are
grown for direct consumption grown for selling rather than for
because they have high nutritional direct consumption. They are
value. Hence, they constitute the grown as raw materials for
basic/staple diet of mankind. They industries.
are also used to feed the
livestock.
They are categorized as follows:-

Food crops are further divided into Fibre crops- jute, cotton, etc.
two categories: Cereals- rice, Plantation crops- rubber, spices
wheat, maize, jowar, bajra, etc. and beverages like tea, cocoa and
Pulses- gram, moong, urad, etc. coffee. Oilseed crops- groundnut,
mustard, sunflower, sesame (til),
linseed, etc. Others-sugar cane,
tobacco, etc.
As compared to the cash crops, Cash crops have to be processed
the food crops are easier to immediately after harvesting or
cultivate and store. The grain else they decay and rot. For
often dries naturally before example, the sugar cane crop has
harvest to save moisture content. to be transported to the nearest
It can then be stored for a long sugar factory and processed
time. For example, rice, wheat, within 24 hours of harvesting or
gram, moong grains need not be else the sugar content will be
processed, either for preservation reduced. Similarly the cotton must
or for consumption. be picked immediately after the
balls burst to prevent it from being
destroyed by pests (like insects,
birds), rain or dust.
Long live
grain…….
Use me
quickly before
I get bad…
The cultivation, harvesting and The cultivation, harvesting and
processing of each food crop is processing of each cash crop is a
not a lengthy and time consuming lengthy and time consuming
procedure and does not involve a procedure involving a lot of labour.
lot of labour. For example, the cotton balls have
to be hand picked, the seeds have
to be separated from the fibres
and then it is packed in bales and
sent to the mills. Further
procedures like spinning into yarn,
weaving, bleaching, washing,
I am low dyeing and printing take place

maintenance before the final product, i.e., cloth
reaches the market.
I need time
to be
processed and
I utilize a lot
of your
energy too.
The cash crops need constant
Food crops do not need constant care during the growing period
care during the growing period. and regular weeding is required.
Since the growing period is
usually a long one, susceptibility
to pests and diseases also
increases. Hence, safeguards
have to be taken against these
dangers. Insecticides and
All I need is pesticides are thus sprayed to
water and protect these crops.

sunshine!
I need a
care taker!
Since a lot of time and effort is

Food crops are not as expensive invested in producing the final
as cash crops. product, the cash crops fetch a
lot of money. Hence, they are
usually cultivated on a large scale.
The finished product of cash crops
Food grain crops like rice, gram
is very different from the raw
and moong are directly boiled and
material obtained from the fields.
consumed. However, wheat,
For example, the cloth we wear is
maize, etc are
very different from the cotton ball
ground into flour which is made
picked from the field. Sugar is
into rotis or pancakes and then
obtained from tall sugar cane
consumed.
stalks. Tea available in air tight
packages is obtained from tea
leaves, etc.
Bale: A large wrapped package/

bundle of hay or cotton.
Crop distribution in the country
Areas where Commercial or Cash crops are grown
Note: The state of Uttaranchal is now known as Uttarakhand.
Areas where Food crops are grown-
It is important that we understand that though there is much diversity in the soil found
in our country, there are many who still can’t afford a day’s meal. Due to untimely
rains there are droughts which lead to the failure in crop produce in particular
seasons which disappoint farmers as they provide food for our hugely populated
country. Thus always remember; never waste your food, keep our farmers in your
mind.
Our country India is a land of great geographical biodiversity,
comprising of various landforms having different soils patterns.
The kind of soil in an area determines what type of plant can

grow there.
There are six main types of soils found in different regions of

India.
Crops are broadly classified into two categories- Food crops

and Cash crops.
It is important that we understand that though there is much

diversity in the soil found in our country, there are many who still
can’t afford a day’s meal.
Unit 3
Parts of a plant and their functions

Plants are classified as living things. Hence they are made up of different parts
and each part has a specific function to perform.
The body of a plant can be divided

into two main parts:
The part below the ground is
called the root.
The part above the ground is
called the shoot. It consists of the
stem, branches, leaves, buds,
flowers and fruits.
• Roots help the plant stay fixed to the soil.

They provide water to the plant by taking
in water and mineral salts from the soil.
Roots of some plants store food
prepared by the plant. E.g. carrot,
radish, turnip etc.
BEET ROOT & RADISH

• Stem keeps the plant upright and straight. It is
the backbone of the plant and provides support to
it. It helps in carrying water and food to the
different parts of the plant. Stems of some plants
store food prepared by the plant. E.g.
Sugarcane, potato and ginger.
POTATO
Did you know?
Potato and ginger are examples of

underground stems that store food.
GINGER
• Leaves prepare food for the plant. This process is known as
photosynthesis. During this process, leaves take in carbon dioxide gas
and give out oxygen gas. Leaves of some plants store food. E.g.
lettuce, spinach, fenugreek (methi) etc.
LETTUCE
SPINACH
FENUGREEK
• Flowers are usually the most beautiful parts of the

plant. They help in reproduction by producing seeds.
Flowers bloom and then they form fruits. Flowers of
some plants are eaten as food. E.g. Cauliflower,
broccoli, etc.
BROCCOLI
• Fruits contain seed/ seeds inside them. They protect the seed. Fruits of
some plants are eaten as food. E.g. tomato, chilli, brinjal, mango etc.
SEEDS
SLICED TOMATO
• A seed has a baby plant inside it. When a seed

is sown, it germinates and grows into a new plant.
Seeds of some plants are eaten as food.
E.g. peas, beans, etc.
PEAS
Structure and functions of a leaf
• Leaves are of different shapes and

sizes.
• The flat part of a leaf is called the
leaf blade.
• The leaf blade ends in a leaf tip,
which is generally pointed
downwards.
• The leaf blade is divided into two
parts by the mid rib (main vein).
• Each leaf has one main vein and
many side veins. These veins
transport water from the stem to all
the areas of the leaf.
• The stalk of the leaf is called
petiole.
PARTS OF A LEAF
• Tiny holes/pores are present on the
underside of the leaf. These
openings are called stomata.
Stomata help in the exchange of
gases during the process of
respiration and photosynthesis.
• The leaves are green in colour
because of a green coloured
substance called chlorophyll. This
substance is necessary for the leaf
to make its food.
THE LUNGS OF A LEAF: STOMATA
Functions of a leaf
Green plants are the only living things that can make their own food through a
process called photosynthesis.
• Photos meaning ‘light’ and synthesize meaning ‘prepare’.
• Photosynthesis is the process of preparing food by the green plants with
the help of carbon dioxide gas from the air and water and mineral salts
from the soil in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll is the green substance/fluid present in the leaves that traps
the sunlight which provides energy needed to make food and gives the
plant leaves their green colour.
Did you know?
Chemically photosynthesis is represented as:
Chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide + Water Food + Oxygen

Sunlight
[From air] [From the soil] (Sugar called glucose)
What happens during

PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
• During this process oxygen and water vapour are released.

• During the process of photosynthesis, the food that the leaf prepares is a
kind of sugar called glucose.
• This glucose is used by the plant for its growth, to make flowers, fruits and
seeds and to repair any damage.
• The remaining glucose is changed into starch and is stored in different
parts of the plant like fruits, seeds, roots, stem or flowers.
• Transpiration: It is the process of loss of water through the tiny openings
called stomata,
present on the TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
underside of the leaf.
• Storage of food:
Some plants like
those of mint,
spinach and lettuce
have leaves that can
be eaten as food
because food is
stored there.
• Respiration:
Strange as it may
sound, but plants do
breathe. Plants take
in oxygen through the
tiny openings called
stomata. They give
out carbon dioxide.
• Medicinal values: Some

leaves have medicinal values
to cure various ailments
/diseases. Example: Mint, tulsi,
neem, etc.
How do plants
use food?
• Plants need food like animals. But they prepare more food than is needed
by them.
• Plants need energy to grow and to produce flowers, fruits, seeds and more
leaves. This energy is provided by the food they prepare. Food is ‘broken
down’ slowly inside the cells of the plants to provide energy.
• Food is used to make new cells and to repair damage. For example, if an
animal eats a portion of a plant, the plant can help make new cells to
repair the damage.
• The extra food prepared by the plant is stored in different parts such as
fruit, stem, root, seed, flower or leaf. Humans and animals eat this food.
What is Adaptation?
Living things (animals and plants) live in
many different places – in plains, on
mountains, in deserts, in lakes and in
rivers.
• The place where a living thing
grows or lives is called its
habitat.
• Living things adapt or adjust to
their surroundings over a period
of time. In order to survive in a
particular environment they
change themselves. Living
things (plants and animals)
develop certain features which
enable them to live in their
surroundings / environment. This
is called adaptation.
• For example, in the case of
plants, those growing in deserts can survive on very little water; those
living inside water can breathe air dissolved in water. In case of animals,
fishes have gills to breathe under water; camel can do without water for
many days.
• Plants need water, minerals, sunlight (warmth) and air to grow. They also
need protection from enemies.
• Animals need food and water, air, warmth, a place to live and protection
from enemies.
Adaptation in Plants
Plants and trees can be classified on the basis of the different habitats they live
in. Some plants grow on land, others in water. These plants have certain specific
adaptations to enable them survive in their habitat.
1. Terrestrial plants/trees.
Plants/Trees that grow on land are called terrestrial plants. These plants/trees
show specific adaptations to enable them sustain their life in a terrestrial
environment.
• In the cold, hilly areas where it snows,
trees are generally tall and straight and
have a sloping shape (conical) for the
snow to slide down easily. Many of them
have needle- like leaves that are tough
and can survive the cold. Instead of
flowers, they bear cones and are
therefore called conifers. These cones
protect the seeds. Example: Pine, Fir,
Deodar (Cedar), etc.
PINE
FIR
• Some trees grow in warmer climate and shed all their leaves in winter to
protect themselves from the cold winter. (In winter less water is available
for trees to take in through their roots because much of the ground water
freezes. Since trees lose water through their leaves, they shed the leaves
to prevent loss of water.) Example: Peepal, Banyan, Shesham, etc.
• Some trees grow in hot

and wet places. They
do not shed their
leaves. They are
evergreen trees.
Example: Coconut,
Teak, Rubber etc.
BANYAN TREE
TEAK
• In desert, the plants adapt themselves
to get whatever little water is available.
In cactus plant, the stem is fleshy and
stores water. It is green in colour and
prepares food for the plant body. The
leaves are modified into spines, to
prevent loss of water. The roots of
cactus spread out over a large area to
absorb maximum water.
CACTUS
• Some places are marshy or swampy.

They have clayey soil. There is always
a lot of water in the soil. The plants in
these regions have breathing roots that
grow above the soil, as the roots
beneath cannot get air in the soil.
Example: Mangrove trees.
MANGROVES
2. Aquatic plants
The plants that live in water are called aquatic plants.
Aquatic plants are of three kinds – those that float on water, those which are
fixed, and those, which grow under water.
a. Water hyacinth and duckweed
plants are floating plants. They
float freely on top of the water. The
stems of these plants are light and
spongy so that they can float. The
plant body has a waxy coating to
prevent them from rotting.
WATER HYACINTH
b. Lotus and water lily are examples

of fixed plants. These plants have
their roots fixed to the mud at the
bottom of the pond. They have thin,
long, flexible and hollow stems to
reach the surface of the water. The
leaves are broad and flat like a plate
with a waxy coating on the surface
to prevent them from rotting. The
stomata in the leaves are on the
upper side to help in breathing. WATER LILY
c. Tape grass and pond weed are
underwater plants. These plants grow
under the surface of the water and their
roots are fixed in the muddy soil. These
plants have thin and narrow leaves
without any stomata. They breathe
through their body surface.
TAPE GRASS
Not all plants are green. Some

mushrooms and moulds are non
– green because they do not have
chlorophyll. They cannot make their
own food and usually absorb food
from their surroundings. They are
called fungi. They are also called
saprophytic plants. They grow on
dead and decaying matter. Still
others like Cuscuta are parasitic
MUSHROOMS
plants. Parasitic plants derive their
food (nutrients and water) from other plants.
Here’s an interesting fact …“PITCHER” this.
Some plants are carnivorous in nature. They trap insects and they are modified
to do so. Venus flytrap and pitcher plant are insectivorous plants. These plants
live in places where the soil is deficient in nitrogen. To fulfill this requirement for
their body, they depend on insects. In pitcher plant, the leaf is modified into a
pitcher (vessel) and the leaf tip into a lid for trapping the insect.
A PITCHER PLANT
VENUS FLYTRAP
SMART PLANTS
As you know plants and trees are very useful to us and our earth is no longer
green and beautiful as it used to be.
Benefits of planting trees:

Did you know?
¾ The roots of the plants /trees hold the soil. The famous Chipko
¾ The trees help in making rains. Movement was
¾ The plants release oxygen needed by all living started as a means
organisms for breathing. to protect and
¾ The trees/plants reduce pollution in our environment conserve nature
because they purify the air by taking in carbon and was undertaken
dioxide. by Sunderlal
Bahuguna.
What is it that you can do to keep your

planet green?? Did you know?
In India, Van Mahotsav is

• First you should become a green
celebrated on the first
ambassador yourself by planting as
week of July where many
many trees as you can or at least
trees are planted
one for each of your birthdays.
throughout the week.
In time you’ll be able to see how the sapling you had sown has grown over
the last year.
• Then you may try and reduce the use of paper and must reuse as
much as possible. In time you could ask your friends to join in the
Green Revolution and go green.
Like plants, animals too live in many different
places – in plains, mountains, deserts, lakes,
rivers, ponds, oceans and in other places.
Animals need certain basic things for survival

like food, water, air, warmth, a place to live
and protection from enemies.
A place where an animal lives is called its
habitat. Living in a particular habitat means
“inhabiting the area”.
Climate, soil, food and other conditions are different in different places.
Animals have to adjust themselves to their surroundings in order to survive.

This process of adjustment in a particular environment is called adaptation.
The body structures / features of animals help them to adapt to their environment.
Animals develop these adaptive physical features over millions of years.
In order to survive animals have over the years adapted themselves to the
environment they inhabit, thus animals can be classified on the basis of their habitat.
On having a closer look at their habitats one can understand how marvelously they
have adapted their bodies to survive in their habitat.
Animals that live on land are called Terrestrial animals.
Examples: Tigers, snakes, rabbits etc.
Behaviour:
They spend most of their time on land, but some can
also swim.
Adaptations:
• They have well developed sense organs to
sense the changes in their surroundings
immediately. Their bodies are suited to life on land.
• They have legs to walk and run fast to catch their prey or escape from
enemies.
• Animals such as snakes have no limbs but
have scales which help them to crawl.
• These animals have lungs to breathe air from
the atmosphere.
• Animals which inhabit cold regions like the yak
have thick hair on their bodies to protect them
from the cold.
• Animals in desert regions like the camel have
a thick skin which protects them from the sun.
It also prevents water loss from their bodies.
Let us consider the example of a Camel that inhabits
desert areas.
Its adaptations
9 It has thick skin. It can live without water for 10 – 12 days.
9 It can drink as much as 50 litres of water at one time.
9 The camel’s eyelashes are long. This prevents sand and dust particles
from getting into its eyes.
9 A camel can close it nostrils whenever it wants. That is why even
sandstorms do not bother it.
9 The hump of the camel stores fat, which the animal can use when it
cannot find any food to eat.
9 Heat that builds up in the camel’s body escapes from the hump.
9 The camel has broad pads on the bottom of its feet. These keep it from
sinking into the soft desert.
That’s why the camel is called the”Ship of the desert”.
Animals that spend most of their time on trees are called arboreal animals.
Examples: Monkeys, some apes, squirrels, some lizards, etc.
Adaptation:
• They have strong arms and legs to climb trees.
• Their strong claws help them to grasp the branches tightly.
• Animals like the monkey use their long muscular tails to grip the branches of
trees while swinging from branch to branch, tree to tree.
SQUIRREL MONKEYS
Animals like birds and insects spend most of the time in the air; they are thus called
aerial animals.
Examples: flamingoes, crows, pigeons,
sparrows, eagles, owls etc.
Adaptation:
• Birds have well developed wings
and flight muscles to fly.
• Their bodies are boat – shaped,
which helps them to cut through
the air easily.
• They are also light in weight. Their
bones are light and hollow. BIRD AND ITS NESTLING
• Their body is covered with
feathers. They have claws and
beaks for catching their prey and
eating different types of food.
• Bat is the only mammal
that can fly. It is not a bird.
Animals that live both on land and in water are called amphibians. They need
both land and water to complete their life cycle.
Examples: Frogs, toads, salamanders

Adaptations:
• Most adult amphibians have lungs to breathe in
air when on land.
• Inside water, they breathe through their skin.
• They have webbed feet to help them swim in
water.
• The larvae of amphibians (tadpoles) have gills FROG
to breathe in water, because they cannot live on land.
Did you know?

• Snakes, lizards, crocodiles and frogs are cold blooded animals. Cold blooded
animals are animals that cannot maintain a constant body temperature. Their
body temperature changes with the temperature of their surroundings.
• When it is very cold and there is no food around the winter months, these
animals go to sleep in a warm place. This winter sleep is called hibernation.
During hibernation, they use up the fat stored in their body.
• During summer when the temperature is very high, they go deep into the
mud. This phase is called summer aestivation.
Animals that live in water are called aquatic animals.
Examples: Fish, crabs etc
Adaptations:
• Aquatic animals breathe through gills
as seen in fish, crabs etc.
• Their body has a water proof covering
in order to prevent excess water from
entering their systems.
• Certain aquatic animals like whale (a CRAB
mammal) and turtle (a reptile) have
special lungs which help them in breathing. They have to come up to the
surface of the water to breathe.
• The limbs of aquatic animals show
various adaptations like fins in fish,
webbed feet in ducks, flippers in
whales and flippers and paddles in
turtles that help these animals swim in
water.
SHOAL OF FISH
SEAL
DOLPHIN
ANIMAL FACT FILE
Turtle
Habitat: Land and water
DID YOU KNOW??
Turtle is the oldest living reptile dating back over 200 million years, well before
the dinosaurs.
Food habits
Animals are classified into five groups on the basis of the food they eat.
They are:-
9 Herbivores
9 Carnivores
9 Omnivores
9 Scavengers
9 Parasites
1) Plant eating animals – Herbivores
Animals that eat plants are called herbivores or plant – eating animals.
Adaptations:
• They have sharp, flat, cutting
front teeth.
• Their back grinding teeth are
strong and broad.
• They have long and strong
legs to travel long distances
for their food.
Examples: Buffaloes, cows, deer,

horses and elephants are some of
the plant eating animals.
2) Flesh eating animals – Carnivores
Animals that eat flesh of other animals are called carnivores.
Adaptations:
• They have long, pointed curved front teeth and strong grinding back teeth.
• Their front teeth are used for holding and tearing the flesh of the prey.
• The back teeth help them to cut the flesh.
Examples:
Lions, tigers, cats, dogs, etc., are
carnivores. Birds like eagles, hawks, owls
have sharp beaks and strong claws to
catch animals and tear flesh.
3) Omnivores
Omnivores are those animals that eat both plants and animals.
Examples:
Bears, crows, cockroach, humans are omnivorous animals
4) Scavengers
Scavengers are organisms that eat
the flesh of other dead animals.
Examples:
Vultures, hyenas, etc., are examples
of scavengers.
5) Parasites
Parasites are small animals that depend on other living organisms for their
food.
Adaptations:
• These animals suck the blood of humans

and other animals.
• Parasites may live inside or outside the
body of another living animal.
• The living animal from which the food is
LEECH
derived is called a host.
Examples:
Mosquitoes, fleas, leeches, bed bugs, tapeworm, hookworm are examples of
parasites.
FLEA
TAPEWORM
BED BUG
Did you know?
• Apart from the above categories there are certain animals which have unique
food habits. Animals like cows, buffaloes and sheep are called ruminants.
Ruminants are cud – chewing animals i.e. they swallow their food without
chewing it. When they rest, they bring this food back into their mouths and then
chew it well with their teeth.
• Squirrels, rats and rabbits nibble fruits and seeds. They have sharp front teeth
to bite their food. They are called gnawing animals.
• Snakes swallow their food.
• A butterfly has a long sucking tube called proboscis to suck the nectar from
the flower.
Diverse Features in Animals for Protection
Animals protect themselves in many ways. They develop various adaptations to
protect themselves from being eaten by other animals.
There are four ways that can save animals from being eaten by other animals.
Being fast saves my life...

To move fast enough to escape from the enemy/predator, as in the case of fishes,
deer, rabbit and mouse. Birds protect themselves by flying away.
I have a shell around me to protect me.....
Shells and spines on the animals’ body help them to

defend themselves. Turtles and snails have shells that
protect their soft bodies.
Other animals such as porcupine

have sharp spines.
I’ am so huge no one could possibly eat
me....
To grow too big to be eaten by other animals,
as in the case of whales, hippopotamus and
elephants.
Camouflage saves me.....
To blend with the surroundings: The colour

and shape of some animal are such that
they blend with the surroundings. This is
called camouflage. A camouflage makes
an animal hard to spot. Animals like the
zebra, many types of fish, insects and the
parakeet, can hide because of their colours. Polar bear’s white fur matches the
snow; it cannot be seen easily against the snow. Animals like chameleon (commonly
called girgit, it is a kind of lizard) can change their colour to merge with their
surroundings.
Reproduction in Animals
Reproduction is an essential phase in the life of living organisms. It means creating a
new life; producing young ones of their own kind. The process of reproduction
ensures continuity of life on earth.
Reproduction in various life forms:
• Cats reproduce by giving birth to

kittens so that continuity of their
species (means organisms of the
same kind) is ensured.
• Human beings reproduce by

giving birth to babies. These
babies grow and ultimately
become adults. When these
adults grow old they die, their
children live on this earth and
they also reproduce to give
birth to babies. This process is
a continuous cycle.
• Most of the plants reproduce by producing

seeds to grow more plants so that their
species may continue to live on this earth.
For a species of a plant or an animal to continue living on this earth, it must

reproduce itself.
Reproduction gives rise to more organisms with the same basic characteristics as
their parents. That means, human beings always produce human babies, cats
always produce kittens and mango seed
always produces a mango plant.
In birds, the mother bird sits on the fertilized

eggs for a considerable time to give them
warmth. This is also called incubation.
During this period, the young one grows and
develops to form a complete chick. The chick
then comes out of the egg by breaking its
shell.
In human beings the young one grows and

develops into a baby inside the mother’s body.
Then the mother gives birth to the baby. Just
like humans, animals like cats and dogs also
give birth to young ones directly.
Methods of Reproduction
• Animals reproduce by different methods.
• Some animals give birth to babies while others lay eggs from which babies hatch.
• Those animals which give birth to young ones are called Viviparous animals.
Mammals are Viviparous in nature.
• Some animals reproduce by laying eggs and are called Oviparous animals. They
do not give birth to young babies as mammals do.
EGG LAYING ANIMALS

Animals such as birds, fishes, frogs, snakes, crocodiles and insects lay eggs.
Birds lay eggs in the nest and sit on them to keep them warm. The eggs hatch and
baby birds/ nestlings come out.
They are of the same kind as the parent bird. Not only birds but animals like frogs
and fishes also lay eggs. They lay eggs in the water in a safe place. They care for
their young only for short time. Fishes lay eggs in water. Fish eggs are called spawn.
Out of thousands of eggs only a few hundred develop into small fishes. Many eggs
and small fishes are eaten by bigger fishes.
Reptiles like lizards, turtles and snakes lay

their eggs on land in shallow holes covered
with sand. The eggs are warmed by the
heat of the sun and the sand and are not
protected by the parents. Crocodiles and
alligators make nests in sand and bury
their eggs in them and remain close by till
they hatch. When the eggs hatch, the
mother picks the babies in her mouth and
carries them to the water. She guards them
for several months.
After laying eggs some animals such as Cuckoo, lizard, mosquito and many more
lay the eggs and go away. They don’t come back. All insects develop from eggs.
Some insects such as grasshopper and cockroach have three stages in their life
cycle, whereas others insects such as housefly and butterfly have four stages in their
life cycle.
LIFE CYCLE OF A FROG
A frog has three main stages in its

life cycle. They are egg (spawn),
tadpole and adult frog. Frogs lay
eggs (spawn) in water in safe
places. The eggs of the frog
develop into tadpoles. Tadpoles
have a tail and look like small
fishes.
Slowly their legs form and then the
tail become shorter and shorter
and finally disappear. After some
time the tadpole begins to grow
slowly into an adult frog.
STRUCTURE OF AN ANIMAL EGG
9 Each egg has a hard protective outer shell. It protects the egg. [It is made of
calcium carbonate]
9 In the centre of the egg is a round yellow yolk. It has the developing baby
inside called the embryo. The yolk is the food for the growing baby (embryo).
9 Around the yolk is a jelly – like colourless liquid called albumin (the white part
of the egg). It protects growing animal and also stores water for it.
The embryo develops into a new living creature. It looks like its parents.
The embryo develops into a baby only if the egg is kept warm. The mother hen/bird
sit on their eggs for several days to give it the required warmth. The eggs finally
hatch and the young ones come out.
Mammals and their distinguishing features
Animals that give birth to young ones are called mammals or Viviparous animals.
Adaptations:
• In mammals, the young ones develop inside the body of the mother. At the
time of birth, they are fully developed.
• Mammals feed the young ones with their milk till the young ones are able to
look after themselves. In case of human beings, parents take care of their
babies for many years.
• Mammals have hair all over their body.
• Their forelimbs are well developed and modified to do specific jobs. For
example:
Whales have their forelimbs modified into flippers for swimming.
Monkeys, man, apes have forelimbs (hands) with very good grasping power.
Bats have forelimbs modified into wings for
flying.
Grass eating mammals like cow, goat,
zebra etc have strong hoofs on their limbs
for walking long distances.
Flesh eating mammals like tiger, lion have
soft pads on their limbs.
Did you know?
All mammals feed their young with their own milk. While most of them give birth
to babies, some of them do not.
Some mammals lay eggs. The duck billed platypus and the spiny ant eater are
two such animals. These animals lay eggs and the young ones hatch from the eggs.
They are called mammals because they show two distinct features of mammals:
a. They have hair all over their body.
b. They suckle their young ones (that means feed their babies with their milk).
Some mammals like whales and dolphins have some physical features which are
similar to those of fish. Bat is the only flying mammal that has features similar to
those of birds.
DUCK BILLED PLATYPUS
SPINY ANT EATER
Insects
Insects are a group of small animals which have six jointed legs. Some common
insects are butterfly, mosquito, ant, housefly, cockroach, honey bee, dragon fly, lady
bug / lady bird, moth, termite, lice, bedbug, cloth moth.
PARTS OF AN INSECT’S BODY

An Insect’s body is divided into
three parts- head, thorax and
abdomen.
Head - The head is the part of

the insect that contains the brain,
two compound eyes, the mouth
(proboscis). The two antennae
are attached to the head of adult
insects. Antennae are used for
the sense of smell and balance. Insects have compound eyes.
Thorax - The thorax is the middle part of the insect body which is located between
the head and the abdomen. The adult insects have six jointed legs** attached to the
thorax.
Abdomen – Lower part of the insect body is called abdomen. This segmented tail
area of an insect contains important internal organs.
Additional information
Compound eye – It is a visual organ in an insect which gives it a very

large view angle and the ability to detect fast movement
Jointed legs– In an insect, 6 legs are attached to thorax in the form of

three pairs.
Structure of an insect
At a glance, common features of insects

• All insects have a hard exoskeleton, a three-part body –head, thorax, and
abdomen.
• Insects have three pairs of jointed legs, a pair of compound eyes and a pair of
antennae.
• The pair of feelers (antennae) attached to the head, helps the insects in
smelling, touching and sometimes hearing.
• The legs and wings are attached to the thorax.
• Insects breathe through holes called spiracles. Spiracles are small openings
on the surface of the insect’s body which helps in breathing.
• Insects hatch from eggs.
• Most insects have wings, antennae and can fly.
Did you know?

Insects do not have a backbone like humans do. Instead they have an
external hard outer structure called the exoskeleton that provides
protection or support to the organism.
Harmful and useful insects:

Not all insects are harmful. Some insects are helpful.
Example of useful insect: Honey bee
Honeybees are social insects that live in hives.
Like all insects, bees have six legs, a three-
part body, a pair of antennae, compound eyes,
jointed legs, and a hard exoskeleton.
The three body parts are the head, thorax, and
abdomen (the tail end).
In the process of going from flower to flower to
collect nectar, pollen from many plants gets
stuck on the bee's hairs on the hind legs.
Pollen is also rubbed off
on flowers and is transferred to another flower, when the honey
bee sits on it. This helps in pollinating plants, thereby supports
plant reproduction.
One more example of helpful insect is silkworm.
Example of harmful insect: Housefly
The housefly is a common flying insect that is found

throughout the world.
Like all insects, the housefly has a body divided into
three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen), a hard
exoskeleton, and six jointed legs.
Flies also have a pair of transparent wings. The housefly can taste using its feet and
with its mouthparts. They have sponging mouthparts (they cannot bite)
Did you know?

Bees can fly about 15 mph (24 kph). They collect nectar (a sweet liquid
made by flowers) which they turn into honey.
House flies can only eat liquids, but they can liquefy many solid foods with their
saliva. The complete life-cycle of a house fly takes between 10 to 21 days.
The housefly is often a carrier of diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery and
anthrax. The fly transmits diseases by carrying disease organisms onto food. It picks
up disease organisms on its leg hairs or eats them and then transfers them onto
food.
BED BUG
Some other examples of harmful insects are

moth, grasshopper, ant, mosquito, termite,
lice, cockroach, bedbug, cloth moth etc.
Life Cycle of Insects
Insects like butterflies and house flies pass through four stages in their life cycle
egg, larva, pupa and adult, whereas Insects like grasshopper and cockroach pass
through three stages in their life cycle – egg, nymph, adult. The nymph is the
young one which comes out of an egg and it differs very little from a fully grown
insect.
Life cycle of a butterfly
• The female butterfly lays eggs in clusters on the under part of the leaf.
• The egg that hatches into larvae is very different from the adult. It looks more
like a worm than an insect. The larva of a butterfly is called a caterpillar.
• The caterpillar eats leaves and grows quickly.
• It then forms a shell called a cocoon round its body. This stage is called
pupa.
• Inside the pupa the caterpillar slowly changes its shape.
• An adult butterfly finally comes out of the pupa.
Did you know?
A butterfly usually lays 200-500 eggs on plant leaves and stems. Eggs
from different butterflies are of different shapes and sizes. The
caterpillars hatch from the eggs about 5 days later.
The caterpillar is also called the larva. Caterpillars first eat their
eggshell and they eat lots of leaves.
The caterpillar sheds its skin and becomes a pupa. The pupa stays inside a
hard shell called a chrysalis. Inside the chrysalis, the pupa is changing
from a caterpillar's body to a butterfly's body.
The adult butterfly emerges from the chrysalis after several weeks.
After mating, the female butterfly lays her eggs. Adult butterflies
usually live for only 2 weeks.
Metamorphosis:-The process of development of a larva to an adult is termed
as metamorphosis (meaning transformation).
In insects, the eggs hatch to form larvae called

the caterpillar (this worm feeds on leaves of
plants and becomes big in size).
The caterpillar becomes a pupa (This is the

resting phase; inside the pupae the
development of larvae to adult takes place).
The pupae break open and an adult emerges

from it.
This process is called metamorphosis because

the larva does not resemble the adult during
the developmental stages.
The marvels of nature are many. Nature abounds

in a large variety of plant and animal life. It is
mysterious in its ways and teaches us a valuable
lesson about change. The process of change is
difficult but, our only mode of survival.
Remember the only thing that is constant is
change.
Green plants are the only living things that can make their own
food through a process called photosynthesis. Humans and
animals too eat this food.
The place where a living thing grows or lives is called its
habitat.
Living things (plants and animals) develop certain features
which enable them to live in their surroundings / environment. This
is called adaptation.
Some plants live on land (terrestrial) while others are water
plants (aquatic). Not all plants are green. Non-green plants are
called fungi and they cannot make their own food.
Animals too adapt themselves to the environment in order to
survive.
On the basis of their adaptations, animals could be classified
into terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal, aerial and amphibians.
They can be classified into 5 groups based on their food habits –
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, scavengers and parasites.
Reproduction is an essential phase in the life of living
organisms.
Insects are a group of small animals which have six jointed
legs.
The process of development of a larva to an adult is termed as
metamorphosis (meaning transformation).

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Phase 1

Name: ____________________________ Div.: ___________

THE BLUE MARBLE

• A globe is too small to show all the places in detail.

• A grid is a network of evenly spaced horizontal and vertical lines.

How to use the index

3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa

4 Daman and Diu Daman

6 National Capital Territory of Delhi Delhi

7 Puducherry (Pondicherry) Puducherry (Pondicherry)

MAJOR CITIES OF INDIA

Some other important cities of India

Bajaj Automobiles National Defence Academy (N.D.A)

Cuttack is one of the oldest cities of India

Kochi formerly known as Cochin, is a

The trademark Chinese fishing nets of Kochi

Visakhapatnam or Vizag or Vizagapatnam is

The city of Agra is home to one of the Seven

Pondicherry is a Union Territory of India. It is a former French colony. In

INDIA : A LAND OF MANY FEATURES

IV] THE SOUTHERN PLATEAUS

VI] THE ISLANDS

b) Politics - A person from the field of politics, either pre-independence or post-

III] HOMI JAHANGIR BHABHA (Scientist)

Awards and Accolades:

V] RANJIT SINGHJI (Sports):

• The most important first class cricket tournament in

VI] LATA MANGESHKAR (Entertainment)

VII] SHAHRUKH KHAN (Entertainment)

VIII] MOTHER TERESA (Social Activist)

X] SUNITA L. WILLIAMS (Astronaut)

Our country India is a land of great geographical biodiversity, comprising of various

9 Soil is a very important natural resource.

9 Rocks break down further into very small

GROUNDNUT WHEAT SUGARCANE

DID YOU KNOW?

Desert soil is sandy and it cannot retain

What do you know about Soil Erosion and its

What are the ill effects of Soil Erosion?

• Food crops and

Food crops vs Cash crops

They are categorized as follows:-

I am low dyeing and printing take place

All I need is pesticides are thus sprayed to

water and protect these crops.

Since a lot of time and effort is

Bale: A large wrapped package/

Note: The state of Uttaranchal is now known as Uttarakhand.

 The kind of soil in an area determines what type of plant can

 There are six main types of soils found in different regions of

 Crops are broadly classified into two categories- Food crops

 It is important that we understand that though there is much

Parts of a plant and their functions

The body of a plant can be divided

• Roots help the plant stay fixed to the soil.

BEET ROOT & RADISH

Did you know?

Potato and ginger are examples of

• Flowers are usually the most beautiful parts of the

• A seed has a baby plant inside it. When a seed

• Leaves are of different shapes and

Did you know?

Name: __________________ Div.: _

The kind of soil in an area determines what type of plant can

There are six main types of soils found in different regions of

Crops are broadly classified into two categories- Food crops

It is important that we understand that though there is much