c-ARDar.l AND lTs c.

tn PD trNDS (c ins XJ

r@ cavbaw is av? elernent

6 St is a non- vnetql
@ ,t76yne catbon ,J deyi v ed jnm the Lahn nlord ca bo' t'-'h ich melrrs
c

cml , lhis ,. because cax"bo'n il 'the vvlo'n cbnsti tueqa t o-f c6o l'
+ cavbov) prcsent ivr the eav'thts ctrust d.,d
@ lhe ornDuzrt otrnosphere
is very srna?"'
ng: - eav th's ctUst conto'rns onty O.oz f cozbov nlthf fo- +J
rnineYafu ( /ihe .cav bonateJ , .oot or",d loel'rateuvn ete J
otaosphevehosonlSa'Cf.yt-teovbovldiordeSot'
oJ availoble ivr yroture,
& rnspite o-t' ,ths, smau ,uni,:nl caabov't
'rwmense 'rmpoxtavrc€ r ever$
cc,zb on e levnent hos o Yl
r

phere of li.f e .

*hot ure ove

ruvl, +1"'f
& ,^rnport .fl(e "f catba, carl be B.rB.td f fart
ouisrues made of carbay) aDm f>ounrfs
O Injacf atl the livi.n6 'fu,W,,f>lonts avtd axirtv)s , av€ yvroerp up of
ca,rl) ofi co vn f>uurds" ( calt ecl orgonic covnpou?nd-O.

& A (or$e nvvnber o! 'uyiy,f ahrc'h t-oe ur€ in oundailU I'Jt atr?
r,t' covb>n covnpaurrds
madp
teq' cofJee' Jruits
@ Our-fod rnaleyials l,ke Sroi?1si pulses , :$flqY,
on d v e,qe tab les e tc i, n cav bon c
o"rtpoundt
iok LiF, cottoh, i ly2 /.*Pl',
v-t'qlon olnd Poly estezr
the *)ule^f s
' rrhtch av? vsed fav mokinfl clothes i"' cc)vbon cswpou"'&
I

l6roseY?, LP6 'nofunol 3on,':U

The.{t:els !iFe rpOod,caaln
co$kr r'q Juod t'oncl Tunnirg
wo*l al , c)i ese/ t ,hic 4 € uee {tr
u: (
t'#i:':, arQ cavQf,,ban tils, '1'rds drrgs 'omd d yes 'orQ
Arncl i-W" v ubb .plo's . l@th,ev
'
e
,lso vtad "t cor bon c Dw')bauY'ds
erewent plats a v?vd t"npozfurrt
IJt is c rear thot cavbovt
Yule in 6r-tY tlailU lr.fe
Qroruon Al'",c,g -fttr ms c Dval enl Boncl c
olawi c nuYllber oJ on /< &.
eavb
Srr, electrantc c Dn f ,8, roti ovr o f co tbur"r is
[, ;
carboro ha-s 4 elq*f,Dros ln +he outeyrrast shetl (Lshell) e+
itJ .rttnr.r, Siylc€ €r cavb'ct' crtorn 4 eleet?rD?1S 'irn itS
hoS
L{
ou{erm&st shett, (o I t shOulcl 6,i*h€r ltrS€ eleet Tovts aY
qor)4 helecfvons. +o achieve +he ir'rert Bu-s eleet"rsilla
.odiBU T0tiorn qncl Leeearn€ s{oble'
U

nro,,i ,"rnnbon a*arn rs yerv.srnoil-+hdre +ocleu.rhieh its auterrnost

e \ect )rbns a"e s{ t- rsrrg lg l"'e tud bX
-pors,b,l: e
,
us '

ioitls ,ot -+.. .,e,ynDVeu L1 eieclrons

'-,u -jvorn c{
cotb6ro afurn +r Slve rt =frne 'r'nerrt $oJ electvOl.l CIUr4m$fiemt
.fo d cavbun
t t is ror:1 posS )ble *cr e'cJd aS -o?''J as q eleel ro)ls
a*orn . ctoe +t ener11 crrnsrdpra|'i1fl1, -#,,ctne)'.ocgui"vQ
a",'to't ,qos
- q +brns ]raue "lt"
corrjrguroti ot, g+ if o[ vi ous *oi' carybon
+he ',iort con'{i up ' B+ rs obviouJ +no1 covboro
,r.9ui x€ 1os Syrot' stvue/urp of g- elec4r6?',\s i?1
.rtsrn hqv€ tD ocgu)r€ +h.p ,n#t q",
.the.i y oute*rn&st shel I bU +h e shq-v' 19 tlJ e ee'f rorlJ '
I

*he 7"':t eleclvan *{r:WY:

sivrr€ cavhon dt,)'mt cann- a6)'1t€\/€
*ereJwl r0*covbon oluroys {arnrs
onrg bu +he shat,\j "f ,ti:ofrt\nr
covi levri bo nc)s '

f,r,vbon /s feltct valent

q{ona hot E elect TDns i t) its oute tvnast chett' <o I t

A cavbott '+h e stab'le' P * el eot vu'fts
regu iT€ h ,ynore e.lech,Dy?s to ach)eve
elec.tyoyt tJhich )t Sets by 'sharirtS'
iitenr ?oJ ";;"r1erne'rnt, Lt e lecfr6)?-e '+cr achi eve +he
Sin(€ D)re CaYbxn a taw T'*1tit,T? 't-l"e ,a ler, cU of
)4e?t e tTJ"'tuoe, i'eve'fttve
eioht - elec-tyDyr , B;;
..Irbo, l's tt.
kl{ ctm b'noti o!
-,Th'o mDsL ourlstam ding pz$evt-y n/ covbo,yt S i ts " br li fy S
r

co.rnbine us,4h it rcff | "'ai +rtua b; , {.' luo^

iorrg c he iias
_
'

l:y ,f cavb>n otorttr- *o

.
-htvn lrthoJ
-rtre
l,ropert, ,f :r+1"
hinal^iy '' ( 'ln a'n t /lre rne ly
ns S "c,s4ul +a
- LrJ b e c(l u3p riives ^lise
ch oi
rorg € vlum;';7"'o/ '-o' i'o
t
ii*7*.-'%dv
 c.ovoten* bn,ndf bf u, .the Vo "dib\,J cavba'n o toms ctv? Verb s+forrul
I

.The
ame) do vrot bYeatR eas ilU'
btrrds btf '+he caYbtn ohr,r
-ihe reo sD h jrl, nhe
forvr,6d'o' oJ strorg .
iS theiy Smoll sfZ€. Drr€ .11'+hesTnoll srz€ of cavbo^vt otomS,
Otd "th e e t'pVed l>o rts ,i elecl r}ns be f €ela cr tbrns
ts
ther ryruc/eh i
-tr"ryty ,leaelinq +a\*he /t*mopur, L\y' strol4 a6vqlent bnrtds' lhe
btlrd srv "'\'+h 'the crtomJ oj
cavbon ot*-r";9. j"r, ='t'rorg foror#t
Other e lemen{s Sr:c h as hy ctr oge*, OYySern/ ei'{ rtpe,1zl , Sulphu re,
chloTi n€ o"nel )no.n5 o*her elerrrernls " +n J"" *oHn'. of {] rorrg
bon't(
hu ca.abtrm o toms arn D.n1\ 'fhernSelvet artd rx't ih o*hey elerae-zlt'S
i"tn. .th e carbur", cBrrnpound t excelatillnolla! stoble.
aecu YtTll "f Sly b!:,t
DC.D rro.{r-rre ",rn'Jree shote' (oJ elernerr'U qJ ureltns
rs,rT)
ca(tboyr{ ( , n +h e ioxm o} cornpou,ds ur'r*h uthev el*ndi,
ttrr .t-,,re c'rnbi ned s {t,ie '
e' cavba,n Dctuts 'tY nature rno'nlX 'rY h''r rr f rms
rn lvee rLat
didwand a',rd 6raPhl{e " <-qrban calted bocPwinster-
,Arno{hez noturallX rxcur'7'$ Jormn t
-lufi Qtsne has "brrn ct ii c ovP'red { ccev) t lv "
?leose e +Aat on b q smo
no! ll GnTD un t tt/ cc'vbon
r^^^-
Drr u rs as f ree

elernent t4 -rhe eirth,s cxust. r4osl

of cavb,cn oc.uvs rr*he
c ordlbi'n ecl s trte '

Jn skle cavbon oc.u'rJ \h ta*lure i)' +he {trma oJ

cl'r'r)[;ned
cornpuuncls such ae (i) eovbon d t,cxrd e g.as tYl a'iT (i'rS ('a"rboro'fe-l
(liFp liry',erhne , mazble a' cho|r-) tii) 'ftssi I {ueb l,Pu coql, pe-lroleurn
a v,d ra-t r., ro I qo-S
u. earybuhHdroteS, fn{s rpru'leins
"

(rv.r Dr3q41r c DrrrPound3 \rhe

(v) r"uOoJ, cotbr & .^:oul
/ilotro p93--@b!a-
th e vCITiDuJ ph,'4stcc,l /oxrns
iv? whtch ay) elernent con ex r-( t
qve callecl q t tXlropei oJ the e le m en ts
g a llot"ropes "t' cavb oY cr ve
i' Dra mur"d
,?. |ru Phile l'
z . Bnfa{n ffit+erjutletrPwe.
 6l
*-Diamo'nd
r^g ex'trc ov)ina'
& '}io'rrornd is r\ aoluuv\ess 'txrmsp net''t tu5g{a44ce frovi
- ruU
br,i\iayrre
I Dio'rnnOr'd r-!
sL is +r"e ho:rder
p61r urol 66tu']or+e
@ Dr a ryn orol rs :;*:*:[u'no"a
FQn D\,i'!n "

e) Ds€s not c nmdtrt e\ecl rrcif 5'

@burnsoT-tstrotgheoting't-ofozrencatrbnr-dtoxide''
fl.t u.r€ bunn d io-rnotrrJ i;
ox Yg tT, ca'vban -d io'x td e
.*:",l, :'lU
r{ leJl behind '
tos ),e f*wed anrl rytllrhin1
Av uc'{u r e c)"ta)?4 0rd
A diornorcJ .r3sfol ts q
ctq'rnt pr ol ec u e ccv borl
t,{o?tr)s "+
1

Coch .orbon qto,rn

"tn*1,'t€ d;avnortd cruskl L(
tinleed -rc Jour >+',e& corborr

boYtOS "
the diqmond .4qs fu / is , *herelave
vnad e *t' .a yboY .rbms ahich
a x Q bo u.e ylollu bo >r d e d -to oYo€
qY) a+: er bl ,fs1^otQ2 ry[ covoleYrt
borrds. puE +a 'rhis , diomond
gfu ucture iJ V Qry Yi1id "
-ihe "rn€l*'rnq poivr.t e+ dtavnorocl atso Vey."1 h,qh, buinlwb-TQ
thqrn EsoD": , Thts is' becat)se a tot oJ hVal -enefi! i-s t9-
-",r..t rc breayl, +ha metLoozl2- oJ s{iong .'b\)qlerrt borels'
r r.r +h e d'i aavr oncJ c 49s14I
-Dta wDnct is a noi- cand vchr oj e leclvfci+l .

this ca'n Le explained .t f"llo^si Ne krtanr"rhol a casLob

akaw has Ltvqienre etecf{ans'tY tt" xJoLo '/t? q cliarnavd
c^{ustAl,, each carbA4 a1awt ts linked -f-t"t'ooY ofhev cotboq
6y covQtent bond s, ancl bevt ce q ll +he Y volene €
^tirt
b-t irir;it ol ,oih c.a v b'ah crltvvt av € used .'>p i n fr wing
rh e boncls.
5t n(f *kixe av€ nt y'xee eleclvL\nr ry a cltatooy.,d Crl)sh/
it doesuDt conclurt e/erlyi.)lA
 t)se c
,r1
I
Dict wynd
rc
4 diovrrDnoJs . pe ueed'tlyr cutfing rr-ftyuyne)4+ tilap SloSScuf-fer
a,nd iy' r tr [z d yilllrg €q u I p rn ert
-

2 . ed -ftt mobtng j @* ellQty, becquLrs- oJ. th e rY. exJ Toardrm'ry

us
bnillrerr0ce,, \\)hrch- 1( due *,i their grea{ abtli!'*o fe/lect
c,nd ne;frac t t igh {
Z ahc:"rp * ed,1ed d orn onds ayP uted by e.ye* a. u EqeDnJ a1. q
r

{t'ul +o rernove ca tavoct j ror" eU eJ ..r i fi o greZ t prec,r{ i th "

-Dtowonds ( a n be m ad e arl-,fi call,y toy .ct,bj e{ irp ptr re catbwt

t-+,veyy htg.h presute amd tedpeialuxo.%e#aY? eol\rel
<yn*he {r c c)i avn and-c

URAP 11tr E
@ E+ is q 7rudish-blq(R opelue subslr"nce
@ B t ;s lighter +han dia mond .

@ at rs sojf oni s{'hP eru +t touch

@ rAf>ntle conclur ts eleciri c, f.g
8 .

@ qv:aphitt bwns. oy s?rong"hentrn6 +o /arno corbon clioxi/e

.<TRvou R€ o/ irobhi le
st x uc tu v e af 6 phi I e ts vovy cl r.lfevent
Jvnvn
'r*tat of alaw ond.
"a

A grafohitr crgstal eoyxis& -f logex

oJ cqv laom olows ov shee ls of ca,ubm
a tom'x.
€ach .r,7!rrY1 o*onr )Y1 a gra|,hrte layev
)S j oin erl *n +l+ree erthev- <arybx1,, .rtXranS
by" strDrg cDvo \eYrl- bands 'lft hr*
jlof hexagoYrol vin$ s. .

rhe vCI ri Dur logers ,J coY bon atbw,s

tYt graphi le 6-re qvile /* ,Prl so
'rhat nD cbvalent bond €rrsts Q,x,theyn
*rhe vqrious layers of ,oo'bon ", to,n ', yl Broph't e aue held
+\ge they by .uJnle Vam dezr Waols lo y(es s,"rce .rhe votf ouJ
rolers *$ "".rlo i- oaom \yt gtofri" 'Zr, sun, eel b3 u"eof2
flc ej, nhry ca y) sl,d e erver;- oJe aflD+he
.t", e ls covnpara{lvefy
-- L
bre ',Ao nno? *'i*"J" t,p, *tru)ur\' - 'v ,".rrhhll
sn-ft strbJlanc€-
%* ,, tql vrers .-J- graphi{ e r,:h ic'h rno}ees ;+ uej uI
' qs cr dtuU
Iub"rreonrrt fr fio chttrr e po"rts. \
Q-rapnle is a 2obd cD)lductorr oJelectyict"lU.
-ihis coYl be exploi rred ctJ
,hllnutrr hJe kvrD...r +hqt qcorban
qfurrr hos 4 valence e/ec/rLrvrrr h ,t, Nour
ty a
t Brohhite,cryslol,
each caabtn r"lo,., rs,ioined +6 trrrlp 6 ofhey corybor Q-'/
.hy. bu c o val erot bo r"Xs . -rh u( st u'+h e .t-hree vq re;ee
eleclrons r>J, each 6.av bory, o furry'' 'r\ Atabhi te aye used jyr
bo"nol &"*tiOtr. ?p foutth vq)e^nce dlectvbir' oJ each covbovt
o*onn is jtee +r\ vhove " R'p '16, +he ' f>vesen(e ,r+ ) Jrl-l. ele,llruvl
'rr'r ct cYUsta), rt condu,r/s e'leclvicily.
flr0hhi'Lt
Liser AJ 4ro hrte
!' DirP +(' its stSftrless, pot,.rderred Er6hhrte ls
u-sed qJ olub!;-
- (t_ fox +*p fxt movt f0 Fv{s oi Inae hi yrezu ,
rrnce g ,rt carr, be H".l_fo:r lubric"-
-J, t".? 'those ruachrne l>avE uihryh e of verg
't e"rnbpt'ot u rec
-apera t _tg[
t:

2" gv aphi fe ' rs q electri ci *U . cltre +t\

g't:oct conluclo"r
"J <q6bor.r bt"ct z.ndes
uohtch Araphlte ,: usecl fnv vnakt$g
oY ero phile elect rodes I tr dru c"tlls qvtd elec-lrrt c o?rcc.

S , Qvaphite tlcec/ -fot rnahtng the cnre-(

/r of oirx" perri!
t
eatled pen c;l )ecrdt' on d blac? poi nk.

fu,r* *he aboVe di<cu<sio1l hre cDnclucle *hot +he'{r,.ro

coynyno"o qltDt)f DFes o f caQrbohz dla'r' ornd q'n d 6 raphi te , hove
eyrti 're ly d,{Je remt l,LrU s i
cq \ ptroperti es .

diamon d is extrema el6 hq YcJ u':h€ ?'eos Brophit e i( -e,:f+.

c)ra,fiondt /s y111r-cordwtorr sj eleetrf ci\+ ,-r:he'rea-( g16phi\e
is a 6uod cor-rol uctor oJeleclyrci tU.
7he cheryr,tcol p'DPurties' * oltaWond avrcl Boophite otre
hrruoe\reD", fhe s oqne.
both drawond as r^r€f I at I robhite / lorm t:nl U car bo"lo
oil"'ils"'#,;:q
-*'}ii, *p1,, P:f tuo /* vt i es of at i c, wa v41 L
 gtaltht te ew ises be ca we oJ .fhe i"fje v€vrt ornat.'Be rn e)1
fl
t(S
av-rc0 "l
ctt{L)oYl c, torns 'tY them

11

Buck rnl hs I e"r '{ u lle uen e

tsuch ontnsterJullerem all a*rope of carban eontoirtrs

e L( afi
cl,uster of lo cavbor,r atonr jor necl +ogether +\ ior. spherr'cal
vn olecu les -
qqtlms i n a cule ' ot'
S,rne€ they e oTe 6o Carbovl
Yn D le

buch Yn'r nster Ju lle ren

P,,

9o , itS {srrnulo ts C6o

(r- t;x tg) ' Eueh rn'i rr< ter -
-Ju\€re'ne is
ofo?tbalt*
.i-loh"oJ sPhertiol rnnleeule
lYl u,rhrcl' d o cavban a*oYnr
ave avYan 5ed t n inler loebtng
hera aonol /- Pento B tYna\ riQs
atowt '
"fTheve
"o"rb,cn AD hexag or)S .L
ane
tu.re/v€ Pentagarts ,-ot' ,'ou\*
q toms i n oYr€ rn ol e c ule 6f
buck YninJter Ju \\e neqae'

Bucl: rrri nslev/ul leyQnQ is cr .l o.r)Q surrd of vo,yn ietm f,era4u'e

hi k s+t'
Dia,wtono) ts extre'nnely ho'?rd "rhereos AYoh'N neithe'vevg l"nvd
Dyrarh€ o.thev homd, bt.hra,irtsterjul\eveni
!,rbY s++
 DRGANTc can Po'oNDs

,he conlcounds ,/ catbons a{e kro^n qs 6tTan\c conepourds,

covbon .ornfsoundl ( or e;t(qonf c cDyzrpouradsl ove cavo levrt curnpoo-
-nds hoving ' /otd melti ng "poi nk amd boi h rB poln k.
rlust ut' the cavbDn coroporrnd s ouQ ilDn- cor.nluctors r+
elecl ri ci ty.

;he lovqe nurrtbtey 4 0tr6omic Cornpunds olreadg lqv.Durrn a-{

pves e n"t is rnoYe ha u 5 rni /l/ Dv)
-
'

frr!try;
! ofle vedlD yt /xr tlq€ ex ls tevlre a large numwy ryt otr6a to c f
"l
corfl Po, nds c>t cav borr cerrnp'ru"r,d n .rhqf cqrbon qfo ms cq/}1
hm)a u"\*h om€ ayto+hey by' m€oylt af cxvalent. bordS +o
fro- lovtg c hq ns (o r rr rgrs) f ea.r born q tomJ
r o
*rhe prupev{y e eyn eq.t elue +o :htch
t [s a4orras c1n 'r
4 e o rb oro+r--Jorrn I
1u1.1$ co"rbon cholrs ?s callcj
jstn''rih *e'qnoothey
yt'
3-4dP$ of .hain s ca ryt b e ./-orno er,
(t ) slratgh\ choins l I
C-
I t{
C- C*
-c- I yl
I t

,lit grancheal chqtns

l11l I

C.-C*C*C -C-
ll'lt
*c _ (

\1,/ C-
1 iii2 closed chatn \ --'-- /
cri ng 9Pr l /f "/
T...
\l..C lr
C.
,/\.,/\

,/\
 @
9. /e6*h?v T eqsD)1 .f t +he eX is ternce uj o lanrg e ruYn bev
"J
,r"B orn i c ct> m |ru rtrdS o^tr cavlcuvl cDn4 P, uads iS +hq 4 +he
y6 ler cg ,! coqbav 73 + 6u:hrch ,T
7 uil e lavge) .

3lP:- 0v 4 an ic
U------
fcr nnptrrr rndl''

1. Hy dyo cav bort 2 . ttto lO ol koqaef

5 . Atcohals 4. ,AtdP hg det
S, tklo nps 6, Cavboxylrc qord-r

dYo ca'r bunl

-lt
Hy dv D catb w)l

$ nydYxavbon(
satu raled "yZtic l)nsa'lu ro t ed
(ltwahei) r-rydnro cavbons
tn\ d v acavbons

um sq\u Yq te'l
Eaturattd
ct*cli C *Ffll..-"'';,,*Y,,u, Al|oyra
h$ rlvocarYtoY
s,o*u rqtrd trydrDcavb one ( Al kqn es)
A hgdvo cavbsrt 'tu-t
urhich qhe caqb,Yt hrns ave cohr eel-ed
a
bg otly si ng)e bor.rol is qq t led sq {uratecl hHd?ocotborY
t{ 11 HH
Pg i- l"lethoryte l4 : C-14 i
?ropane v_L4-l-t.
I rll
l1 t4frH
14 l-f

€+hqqoe (\ ui\ut arfie

(-- C C* 14

It tlHHH
1'lll
nt1
pt- e :L- L- <--. H
tr;l
HHHH
 l"* vnula of srt* uvat+he
.uQ-eierat ed hydvocqerburn-r CIY ol kamPS'
is Cn Hpnta. tshere n i( nu vnbev carY bov a FotYrc
"/
iY\ orn P r^ olec rJ l'o o'f o I )e 4 ry1 e

eE:'fY n=1
c, 11, . _> l=,t e thO mg

C zH6 .-) ethome

caH I --) ?ropme
C4 l.t
ro + Bu"l-ayre
cs ht, + Pevr fu'ne

Atut r -'- Sqlurated hy dro eov bon-s av€ chemi.allu mot verl
t€oc hve ,

Lrnsla bu vat ec) hy clrocq v bo n

I

: ...;,.€..1.._yg... . _.-.-
'..1 . *

An urrsq{u rated h.rd

U
YDcavbons \n urhich *he A cqtbo)a
turns aYe -v c.4 do ub I e b,c nd ,s cqlled
Can nee t ed bv
i

q
o14 ql le e ne.
11 ll
eB',- Erhere t\
.-ea.
L--(
tl
f't n
ti lt t4
{11
?r operr+ -C- C-C
Ir t4
rl
llqr-1 rl
bott lll I
ne
14- c_- c-
l,-
c-
- e -11
(
I l-I
l4
 o
o{ oryl olherne is Crnl'{prr t'lhere ryl is +he
' lt"f,qmulo
'|enPTol',
)4u mbev ol
,
bav b DY, ct*tm 'rh i k' trh e Yn D/ecole ,

efl: - frY\: 2
F

e+he v) €
Cn t't, -)
fr n=3
C3 H6 d Proper,e
k
,tsr h=
cq hg -) Buteme.

AlP,vnes
ih
t-

ed hydvo cot bon uh rch +h e {uro aavb on

An onsatvYat a l< bon ot B calleol avt
a-tcrrs v(
a crnneil by tr f: t
"o)
al ky ne t4 l-l

e?, - E t/yne
Ir
C=C -{eHz
lq

Profune t4-aft - c-ZC-11 c5 t',

t
h
t4 t4

I
?--t-:f C- t1
{
Cuwd
\--
-r--
I
I
l4
t1

'(irtnola 1 al? ynes is Cn hrr-,

4 en ?f,al
u;ho ve Yl

is the nurn k v 4 ee vbon t rtrrns 'rn brP rnalec ufe .l

+he ol hyne .

eB:- ft r1=2 rlor ln'tt

CyH2 4 6*hyen e cu H6 *) tsu+yne,

fv n=3
cs Hq *> WbPy PnP
 @t
A16rre s+r uc(u r< cl € ctvo vl s-lyt-rc{ura I
rbrrntr lq

t1 l1
€fttone Y" lJ"
x I
CtHc ..rF C.y
I

HrJf y
g.l.f c -11
I I
x t1
lr l1 14

e:thene t1 l-t
Crtal C ".: C v-
(*- C
6&

hn
3e
lrt
- \rr

efnyne
=€zhz
H- C.=C- l-1

fvofune t4 gt-t 11 t1 ]1 l-1

csng
l'r:
ot

c:
3

c
od

l.f-C-C
Ir I
_t1
gG -C
e€

lt l-1 tl
l'1' l-1 l-1
I

l'1 l'l l4 l-t t1

fuopene 5G o t
I\
cbYl
t<:c: c:i 11- -'
{
.t C=c
* GO
I
-. I
tl lt tl

Protyvte \N
asH y i1
oo
'1
p-C.-C-?c
i1

'.c \
l1
ABUJ & rq'h:-
ihe 5roups Jtlm ecJ bg .tbe rnD\CI I of cn e hud y q€Qvl q tor,

frorn-'
eqn alkonq ,molecu)e is cqll ed qc1 elhyl 3roulc
vtetlryl StDUp Co,ls- ) iS Jirrn ed t:6 -th'e rewovql oJ 'rne
t4atow $rt:vrr ((vlq)
^/hethoYr€
nthul Xvoop (crns ) is ftvrn ed \ *he re?rrwal C Dr€
t.t qt1)m fr ow e *hoy e ( cr ne )
u:herre
(r* eval 76r mulo fv am o lleg g I ruu p T{ (1.14pv1-t r
r i-c fhP nu mber oj carybov q*o PrJ.

c
c h exqhe.
f" sqtu ru1, ed c-ycli hA
"lyocqzbovr
is
"U"lO
t4 l,t

r.r r. / la
' c . \{
,t1
\ -/ \7 14.' C
t1,lc' c1 !t "- o
a
Jr

ll L r
t1 lril gr

\ Ll 11 : l4

c' ca

\ h 14
.'. :h
t^/ \Z C_
a-
./
e i t1
" \ t-'n
('\11 hj
c.
t1
glrvcf uYa ( ln
o
frmvl elecl rDvt * e/ot s'fruc fuYt

€r"era ( fiY rn,rlq of cA.loalkones is CnHcn

@ a"
a. An umsq luvated' cyclrc hy dvo covbon l_( bem zen e
t

(qne)
t1
l4
I
c6

l-l *C ,-t\ _14

(-. .f
C- tn: c .14
lt I 3e
e
s$
_c_ C
-H
ad

f<; e C .f(
\. / o
o4l
n

I
11
t1

Nqvnrz q
-o{
nY'lro
'orbon
r
--u
Puirr fs ,o tr€ rn embe r
J, (}n€ catr bo n qfurrt 4 r\e +1q

a q \t -) cth
2- t-{ r{ Proh
-)
4 q u But
-)
5 q u --) Pertt
& tl u --, l-le x
a i{ (.{
-)
14 ept
3 t( q oLt
tr q Nryr
1 -)
lu u r{
-)
Dec
{-
2. s irnSle bo nd-s ind icqled bA ..^r ui { I rr3 -rh p .^t urd qv)e'
(r
D. doublP bondi u Ll Lf .{ L{ ene'
(.r
li yne'
4n ple
r{
L1. bonc)
 N"a ,roirg oJ 9q tvraT€ cl brydvDcav brtrts

NOrm \ng oJ cHq

1,1

\ \-1
o stern ) {vt erh
\.1-- C
@ srryle
I
l( fuPA C No mne -+ rne"rhqne

c2 w6

tl ll
.ll
\1 --C- C-14 @ srrg\e burd + ore
1l
l-1 rl ]: uPAe flocrn €+ Fthqnn e

Csv g
la h l'{ O s{.errr -) ?zo P

lt lll c* c-* t1 O srrngle b'oro; i Qne

-c--
,ll r uPAe 1n0 rrn PJ fr oPom e
,'n l'1
I'r

c\t4,,
t4 t.t ,1 14 Cs lrnn, Bot
tllt
t4 - c- c-c-- L- t4 o sr rrg le bond-o Qne
ttri f D ?A c no rrre -, But ane
l'1 ll 11 t1

csh,,
t4 14 11 t1 t1 @ stern-> Pen t
l4 -L-J- I -1.-L*,, @ srryle ba'ndc +vl e

tltll
i"t t4 l't 11 11
T D?h( Y)urmp + ?enfome

Sq-tuvo led hy dvo c4qrbors 4ou,

ry strdght clnins oulJ
 1 upAc t'lovn en cla{ure f>
r B'ra'rn c h ed - c ha tn &'l u val, ed Hyd*ocarl*

jirst Jrl"'d lnrges,l- c hqr , 4 cayl2\yl crlorrrs

fh e re c o yn poun d Is +h eyr narn ed qS c( dev\ ro tive +
.t:hP alleame hU dlrD coY borr.

o\Fgl ,qroups pzes€n+ a-s srde chqdn( crre qsyrsi*

*-Jptr"oJ-qJ substr iuennts qmd rnovneo\ separrqtely
cqvlrut cho t'r, erar p ,llumbpreJ t y1 such q *oU *hq1
:*re elbgl grou|: gets the luure.st pos*iUe ,uliin*
ptlsittrtvr o{ allagl gtuuf, "rs irndicqteol bg u.rnitivrg
=rhe rumbp, of .nibar qtovr .tb ushrch-it is
ottac h ecl
Tupn( lrral"ne ,Pos{t} D r,r qqoejrqyne o.f cr thgl ,grtr up,
J.tI t bejave
-the YTvn e I ' Forent hud?rocqvbinl.

u3 r- bran ched ch qi n s4yu cf1r re

i,1
l,t t(
I C.t U to

I tl
lt- C- L C_14
lt ,- 1t
I

lr( L-t1 n
I
t1

o lorrg €s t cavbon chqin -+, Z + sten, -) Frop

o si rrgle bon d+ ane
a olb al gzuup lorme) r-retlr3 I

o /o uspr / y|o ssf ile y)Dynbe"r

$v alhyl grouh +Z
JUFA( nawe -) 2- zn e*h6 I l>zopeme
 c5 t4tL
t1 t1
Tt
11
,l
k1- .----
c_ re c_- c-11
rl
't tt L-41 rr( ln
I
fl

P si{le
]
* cc.( b ,tv .
" ?J", bor zr-r \ _:
But
e olh5 I bond { ame
H,, SrsoP ) me',Ul
C, Iattposi t\ oyr
-) z
TUFA! .nqwe
-> p- neftUl Butq.ne

cE h,,
f
11-a-
t1
Itr ',a
i1 c- c- c--11
l
Y1 ll
''l^- C-4 11

I
l1
D lonSsrt chqrn , 3) Pr*
@ <r n7)e b>n d j ane
@ gtAyl Sxaup () noyn nerhA l
@ lourest /2ot it'r on € Z
Tupfre nqwe ) 2,2* * ,nebyl prc/ane
 ,Jaqtn,g fi UT)sqtv r
(q) Do ub\e bornd-r

o czvy
11 11

L_!
.t
11
'\
c longert cavbon cl,n\n c2t Ah
G) duuble bond 4 ene
TD?AC "r\qr{ng ) Gth€me

czH <

11 t't l1
ll I
11 C- (- C
I
I
l1 lt
C lorrgcet cqvbon chotn )Zc Pnh
@ dovble bord ) ene
rD?Ac ho rn e e pr$en e

(bs

o czh z c c3 Hq
\,(
t( - C-: C- l-( t4- <--. C- = C-V
I
H
O lorngr3l ca,rbon chq\Tt ) 2 ) e'th o longesl c harvcZs ProP
O triilo bono) ) Yne o tttple l'oy-,d + yne
lup+e YQrvne ? € thyne T uPnc)1o'/n€ ) Dro?:yn<
 -ISO
'4ERS

The D6(qoni< co,,Po'T;;g th e sqTa€ n ol ecvlor fir^rnulo but

di.f-f ere#t structures
ore hvr 6t'rvt 6. s isowl efs .

Jsovneris rq .*b ,s paxrble 'onlU ur'r*h h'gdto car[665 ]raving. h, or

?rrD'rre carbon o tovvrs

Dlno )somers ol lhe e,a-

t4r{tln l'1Hn
l(l
\1 _ t- L- L_ L_" H_c- c- c 11

1rt1 tlr
Hr-r- c - H'r/
tltllln
I
t4
{t -butane (cl,un) .Tso bvtane (Ct* nr o )

@ (cs h,f are Pqssrh'le

lound loenl.rvre
n 11

11 HN H h ,',n* t-H
t
n-l -tl
H
rltl
l't
'1 (
l-1

t1- L-L-L:L- t- n H*C':C-L-C-t1 H-C-C*

I
c- t'l
Itll,i
fr,H n k{ h
rlll
HHtln '\li-t- c - H
lr
1

Tatane Ccsyr, r l lsobenla^ne

(
roe D ]aefrhv,e
+nu) (.sqp )
@ *fiv ? isnwtere u Pusi ble

i.1 H 11 n rlkt htrtl r{H t^ 11 H \-l t4

lrllll lll tl rllI
i.t-C* C-C-C-L-C-H l-1 -c - C- C- C_ C.H H
-c -C_c-c. - c-\
tllllr
n h 14 n Hrl ,11,,
tt- c
ll
-11
,1 H ,!'' I ,\
rl 11-e-ll lt
I
1y1-Hexane) t1 t-1

a - rae+hyl Pentane 3-r'1ethg i Per'laoae

,r ( zso h exqylrJ
,n^L -in
(1tll i1
Irll ll ,1 t-1
n -L'C- c-c-t1
t1
It\
ill.l,l c-
I
c--
-c -
t4 C*t4
c*4
,4*
I
t4 l,n-l
t,l-cr, - 1
;'
I tfl
14
er2r.q1-^qfUl pv\ne ,," Ii*elhUl bu+ame
 lrom orO e OUS .S€RJ€-(

A g' honnOto6,:trs se r i €s "J

rs q B
rouh o16 omic covaPo urds hovry
simi[y .{ r,].tures ond simi lav c hevn i cal properti es' .tvt urh ;cl'
{he succesci vQ " ornpuuvrds A'{J er b6 cn, gzoul>.
dlRorLs
Qeneral ftvrnulo
aj frte homa 1q9 ous <et"i €r 4 a lkorer is Cnhon*
L,\her(, n is the ntsmbez a! cqvbond atams'

tAtQane Moleculor -brvnulc

r,lethoan e cHY

E than e e2]14

f v o,pa ne CSvlI
But am? cv Hro
?entan r Cg Hrz

4hen$ ol lqem es is Gtttn

ho mologous e'eri Ps
forwulo of f
"t-he o
Qtn era I .rf el",vb a't a toms
urherr e n,S +he YtrrryrbPv .

r jtrrnul O
t,

4lRema n'lule culq i

E*hene CtH\
Pr apev''e caHe
But eme c, H8

?entene Cg Hro

Hexeqte c6 t'l tl

4ll3pE
Qene*l frrnula /
ihe howr logous sQ"ies "f
r> e ( ky nes rJ' Cn\sh^t
t">he^re Y) /s tAe number e artbon e,furnS.

Al kyn e rn oleco lav ,fsf m ulo

€tl,'ryn e e2l4 y
fvol1n e t Hv
8v ty*+ cq14d
Pe nlyne cshg
HeyynP 4e hro
 . ft:ncli 6nal @
ilruEnx\ but rf h ,_

A Sqtu rated hydvo ca,rbayt iS unreocti ve u'r€ )nt rod uce

(oyflP tnLr'
other 'groups of q+6ps' lvll,o lt' +?re rcJUl+in6
a1'tr
CornpOurrd bec0mes Veqy teacl\v€-
-rhrs e"fhe:r "atdvn' o," h:otpgr
iS lt"'oDn ttt J-unctoraol
atOyrr/ f>velen t i n a cavboya co,rpuufd
Srou l"
An qlo-' pr 'c, g'rotp aJ afomc' t rh ich rnahes q ca'dbov't cornp.oorrd
,

(or o"dorltc coYnfoind,)'rcae'tive ant) aectdet ils proprlr€f

or -Jl irt i r:nc ) ig atl eil /unct i oro I B'ouF
( c a

'"(X cam k clt Br or r-)

X
1- Hala 6aoLrp
-
the ho lO group <ew W chlorrr ,-.1 ) bzttrr,no, - B, ) otr
i odo, * i, depemding opovt, uth e her a ahlavi nQ / bx o rrrt re or
lod,ne qby4 K ln"ked' '*. ct caybyn a*nvvr "J +fie or60ric
corTpou nd .

Arote: ) elemenls chlorine, bromi n€ and iudine

aye cDllec *'r velS
/e)rO$f qJ ha/ageY)s,
'aYP
.e0 +he chlo'rtt fiaoup, bzO'r^rrO BtoUh,
avtri ittr)og"rr:up co)/ea) hq)a f"rutrpr ory.d repre{€t'r}e<{
by +he B€nnerol sgmbol
-Xr
o
d., Alcohol @o,tp I
-trl-l
'1he alcahal drouk' i( rmqcle .'.L uf 'Dne \xi'luu.
o ulo o eY) Ctttvr I
^/\rr^ ^l .''lh q I.ofrdt grtup "L( a lsu ,
Dlqe nya dn+1e# .thvn ;oined tu€e+he:r t(

L' t- -nr r -r ..-' I ^--; -.r^

Frorurr qs q lclhPlic ,Pf l,,Y{trrxYl qruuF'

s. Ataettude 6voop
-he aUahyde ff"Dt,F
r
-cHo
corasrs
@ - 8'-,
& *f Dne carboyt
-L.
o*Nrn
o , o tle hy drqe,n
a toyn cr.ntl Ov p ux Yfl h e q*tm?
J o, ,S/ +o0 llhev
t1, Kehooe 6roup : t =a @ -I- 6D -c6-
lhe Ke*orte grovp c D?rris ts af one carboYrtanee cftrn *"ld Dne
ox\l,qen cttt^rn - -i-he ox\Sen o b* q o/ the Ke 5 ro ulr /J
uii',Ea 'p +h€ cn r bov) a tt: rrl b5 dauble bund'
.1

,iote,- A t<etane 5rouP c 414 neV?V DCCutr et llr1e

evrd ,)j

a ra' b on c t'lql )a.

 ft
@ d :-COO|.1 6Q - O\-1 C,.-
s . cavboxg /ic Act
^6roiP
.at"buxglic crcid grouPis pz'esent'rD welhoYtaic qc*d'
CLlg- e O5H
l.t- ccot-r olTd e-thomDiC , aCld i

6. Trkerre Cltovl> , )r-- /,

-[he qlleere
Bro$P rs q .rok,ql - carrb'tn J oub le
boY'd
\

7- AlRyneS 6uo up:- * c-= c-

I

lhe af hyn€ gzroup is q cerleur.r - <.a"n bon triple btrd.

NaLC,- Att the oogani. coynfaoundr* ^oyrr,9 soYre pnrftuYrol

ehot,: ei*i\rsr chem\cal ProPr, *tes,

Retated t" Pqly A 2D

ehava1t "Blls-oJ a Ho ma I o7orl-( Jezri es

t" Atl +he ynew bers oJ ct homu lug ouS senri eJ I aM be
re pz ese nted bg +he
u.saw
p g ene vil fivrnula . ' ,

Ary -? odjacent hornol ogeudr dtJleu b5 7 ,co rboh ottr,

* u, hU.l"ig un q &ms ,i, fhetv teculo* lo'*v la e'
2- 'rnt

"rh e d{/erenc€ rrt the rnalec

';laY
vnast€t of on/ t-u
acforri'L ho.nulogt.,er rJ l4u'
h. Att ,the comp aundt oJ q hurn,slogout re7ie-r -s hor"r
similov chern)cal PrcPerlt eg

tr the meynber o! a hamu/O6our -ge'rriPs .shDu q*Sraduo(

chan," in thiir PhUsicCIl f"raffvties u'i*h in c'"ease
't't1

molec uln v Yna ss

 Exovnple
fu,nctiona / %elrr
roup su_fJix
6

PreJ rx-> ch)uro,

t1kl<
!-1alog er lr'l
L*L- c- cl . 6loro h.,4rrm e
B rorn o t1
- rll
\od o t< t4 14

la H tl
Atcohol et:JItx *) ol i -L-
I {
C- L: O,' Pro parr ol
I t t
l-1 l'1 tl

14 t1 11

t'I
Alde h'1d e ,NL *L-C=b prapana I
I I

1'1

l1 ot1
Ketovt < .uI,X -) one -c- I lt
C:- GH
I
propan oroe
I 1

ta l1

avbory lic sutJtx c oic ritlo

lllr
n-<-- C- c- ccid
qqd acid .ft
ol4 Pxulnoic
H l-1
':D\ub le t1 rl
to s.Sjrx -) e?1e lt cr.)1 L
c*c .,, -
pv op ene
'rnd
(qlR enes)
t4 - - -ra
\(
11 1"1

t1
Tn Pte s"fjix:, Yn€ I
band -c* c =- c-11 lxopyne
(at kynr) I

t1
 $-con *S
@
a,

tffiC{
Nhen . orrP hr-r d T olen ct tow 4 a h etl kav e /-s zrePla c ec) bY
cr fUrWW'&*".r1 ora gtodp)
Cl{rf rQeblqce one 14
CHs oh
@
Narnln g _ol l@ AloHoU

rbor -) 7 .., r4e fh

t-1

f- il-c-Dll
t
o Longes t ca c, hotn
I
@ 19l+ b oyrd -+ qq4e
sr
t1
@ f*nctlurrol D"ouh., /lcohol - sodfix+,rl
Fup,ac norrlc : - Xe thOYr tt i

i.1

t4- c* l. - or.
t-1

Lolger t carboY cho\5 t "? + eth

2"
I
@
I I
@ <t v6 \e 'oo rrd b/,^, ca rbott
._) q Yt€
lr t1
6 J.l
nc*lrrroo 8r0 u I '4lc ul:ol -: pl
tqfix -r 0l
FofAc now? -'- €tharol
l1

b ' \-c- !- ]-",,

I
@ Longaf t carbov, ohq rne 3-7 Prola
I
/,1 @ trryte [tonc) Qa caYboYJ qme
14

@ lun"ttandl 1'buh
-e Alcohol -r 'oJft* -: o{
Topnc na"{ne -'-* Prof>anDl

t4 tl tl t1
Lt-t &:+
,lr,
4. !* ol @ Louger t covbttn cbqi vt 4
,"
'' -L*c-c-
I t {e hond bl* ce { bo -) av',e
ti 11 tl
I I
t1 @ "-g e,
rT

*s sujfrx-r
(d foni*anat dYDu P € Alc uh ol o I

raPAC nCIYn€-' - Batanol'

 HALDI L I</NCJ

h.rherr onP hy dvo7en altra af on alkane ir rtploced bA q

hpl'qger clttYn ,

Qpp\o ce or P t-t
fo cl cfrs el
c Hy

Ncrrn)no b+ llotool ho n es
t( 'G) LDrnBest coub'sn ehqi)1 -) 1a tneh
j. ,n *L- cl
@ n[te bond -) qqle
sr
I
14

TufAc mow e
'- chlxa ffie hqn e

v1
t1 @) Lovlqesf cavbon chqtn 42+ ert"t
C
I
I-. r @) b/* carrbav 4 qne
Jrrrq-{p boYrd
I

I1
I

t1
@ Jun'rlttnat 6roup€ chlufihe -r pa'efr Y-) chlog.o
T tYA e nqqrne I * c hlor0 e'thqYre

l-t tl 11 p r-onSert casban c ho) 4 *5 B -r pro|,

ltt
5.ir-C-C- c-cf (e S,nglo band Q * ca qbono qt)e
tlt
t4wrr @ lviolt rnq' 3 ,oulp ., chlorine -> prefi, -5 r bla rc

TIYA( norh e.'' clt/ore|YoPane-

t4 chatm -:> \ ) But

@ Longrs! cavbavt
t1 t1 t1

h. ,n-L -
ll
L C- c- cl
I
I

I
I

o) -frngie bornd b1* clvbor,' ;) avtQ

11 t4 lt t1
@ Fnoti urrq , B r6up --: chlu fihP a Plelrechlom
TV (Ac naw€ : - chlaro boiam€
 ArlehYDFt qv
aoqkirprnlJ
/ lclp hu des a Y€ the earban atam
re,mpound( "rlclel'Xde
g u^ou! qltac h ecJ t'D a carbor, '

r
w'ng_eI AtyutDes
h
I @ LovrSe-r* cqvbam--'2 chqrn 4 L* fleth
C=D
@) srnjle bowd
q^r1<
\ f;youl, -, aldeh5de --> st:'Jft x'sq
I

n b frv,&,.,rae
I

TayAC" Y1oYn€ + 7P-thana I

h I cav bun cloq'r n -, 2t e+ha

I onEg
2n :C-
I r
e-= o sirgle boncl b/* ca'Ybam 4 ane
I
@Jrr"*iorot Aroultt eldehgde +
rolftx -, o[
t1

XU7AC no'rn€ 4 €'f+tan Al

t1 t1 l1
I I I
CD ronger I q Yt Q
Z h-L- L_ C=D
bovcJ b/ * car baY a
I I
H
@ s r rnqle
U
-|iuraoI g.,auf: ) ;; iigP ) sqJltx-rol
fr @ #n pa afuno I

fugAc lnar{nQ ->

chq ih)
\t 4 but
tl ll t1
,4 Q) Longes( tat bon
\, H--4
tlt
t * C-i C-
t
-L-'g;':!f
rtnn ':::\iii;"i"x#o*^
",!,;"!",'/f,
batQnQ I
IU?AC YtQw€ -t
 t<'et b)1€J €r)

@\*s*CIqr
c'n*qt?iffi i,'e'Ke*orc
*l.[n*I" c orrta\n a t leost 3 caobth
cqy bon c ho'rn, ,u
rnust
'tn Dn€ -cav bow qhtvn oc a ke*ore
qtonas ils rnolecvles, q{omS on-)fo far, -s/ides'
gZrOuf, omc, ttr:o
.c,"tO'
/\o$r'n3 Ke*ones
' I 't
-) 3).1 h'oh
11 ()-C)r CD Longat "" y?1 "::: L,oy.,
n ; fti,' ;;;,'^
q ne
r lt c-f1
: "'P^'4
:n*,i*:
s*ifixt:",oY]€
b
,1
-c-c -
l'1
t

l-1
I
D iJ,'!r:r;;'u[o
*)
/<Pttn

TV(AC naryn€ Vro|qnon€-

i

LonSe.l t vbonco c'Latn -s \*t But

11 0 ll I @ an?
rtr t f,oncl \/* cQv':' ::'*) sui'fix-CIT)e
C- L-
!
L* C-H @ Srngl€ | na
t Junrtlbvrq 9'0ula -;
Ke+o
I l I

fi n ,-1
JutrA c Y\aryn€
e Bvtoceu)4e
o t ca'ubav cha'tn 4 s -5 Pent
rl il Hn
r' C toryer * b on-) q m e
--
I
C-C-C -,L,
I

G, ,t r! l" Land b/ caY

l-1.-L:
I r) )
| 3l0ub
3 l<eton€ ) SuJfx-' ane
tl t4n 7a A furitoro'
TqrAc rtaw e) Fev {an on €

( roiban elPth4 d-* l4ex

htl
't o ta4 ',' t1'7 D Loni es

btsndb/* ea\bon4qnQ
ll l' t' I
@ nj/;l'le
\
L'::-L<_-(*- (--"
St
> t t
o ?1 p -) sufl\Xt
r_

rr ne
It -L
?*

ttt/ J+ionol gra'h 4

I (, i)n
t1 n Hit
l4
r utrA('na w q ) l<PNqnon Q'
 cAPtsMy LrC AcrDS
Nawr ns _4 cavhtxyli< c,cidt
o
I lt
aol1
& Lovtgest cavboyt .hoth ) L -: i-4e +h
11 -C- @ -<rnqlf bor"cl + q9 €
6
'*L]

/+.rv'cltuy'ol S ruup+ carbgu lie -* sujfix-,

- o 1.
aaid
TuPA( f)ow e a N? thclv o{. a ci d

CD Loryet t cavbu r ho ' ne zt E+h

t1
o
I
-c-
I
L',_ o,, q <t r6le borrof blL, cdry bo n d qYe
H G) frr,cdurrcl fly,uh d carbox$rt aci d
,uJ}1:(* o ie qcid
,

f uflA c \Artwe ) €.lhaXOiC aclct

r,t o
@ Lurrgol cevbL)n choiri 3+ Proh
11

tl u
Z. l1-C- C * C-Oll
rt 6)= "Sr'zr$te- bond W* tofti:otn+ qrle
11 t1 (?) f-r"chtnoI corboxy lic
Srouh3
,L
sufi; x -, CI iC .rciA
TD?Ac nuw€ -t FroPaaoDtc a ctd ^

t.t I t4 c>
I I t lt cavba n c he \h 4 Lf abut
{
\ n-;- f-f-c* bh G) Lo4qg
cAt ban € QY €
hti @ ( rnlle baneJ b/*
G) /-unchbYlq I SraoP 4 cav b oXU tic c-tci
H c)
u
<u|4+x -a oic ocid
f ryAC rn,ryhf .) bu tovt of c aeid
 Coa[ a.led ?elxoleuyn

A Juel i-e o rnat<vial 'rhat hos e nergy shved i nsr d e rt

't J
yshen a lue/ is burned, -rh€ enezfl, ir releosed lo,nl5'a-r
hart
tqry1d sD?re tt g hD . Th is hrat un urXy
cov) be u ec/ iat va t I us D

purpses ." ost 4 ,rhe c Evhyh Dn avQ e\tbetr covbnnt

r4 ,fuels frce
D?r carbor clr,rn fu unds
Jo, exavnple , the Juels Juch os cool,
colep amct ehorc.oal contory,
lvee cavban urheveos . +he juels such a.s f(svslenP, pe{ ro/ , ypb
-amd
vrofuvn I 3^ qY€ q11 ca'?rbqr corn pur.ds

6v'teut cavbun rh o*U*r- (coal ,col<o, ehoycoaf ,ptc), i-s btrzneol

i yr -rhp DxUg Qr (sf oiv )., i ( -fovrns eovboyt di owd e
flos €t nl)
t eleo S e.f a a vge a vboun'L tJ heot "nocl <oryr o" 1,0 ht'
I

C + Oz Co> 4tatut + tt$ht

cqt bu?a o'UBt' cqtbor
(roat,eoVP
\ ' (/r;; oir ) d i o x rd e
or choyc *)

nrur4h diamnrnel omd gnophrte oYP qlso 'fYee cavbon- 'thu5:""

mo{ bvvned at fvels
r4x t o/ +he -fuels ."ohrch rrr€ uJ e 'MrU a Ye ob bai ned {taw
coot z Fe{rnletl m" 'a'r, eJ no{ ura I g4{.
Atlualll eoal ,f>etvoleDw amd naltstal 0q( ore I'eror,Jln ,J issi I
luels-
Coal ,s q C owp lex 'rnt x luve ol cotbov ., h1dvoger,
c ornpouv' d r ol
oqtd oYJJ(n av'tcl JovnP /rr, ."o, ?o", Sraall arnDvnt ,/ ntlxagen-
avlet itlrn"v eowfounc'l s aYe o)J'c t''>v eJent i n caq l.

(oal .;lot
/mrne:d bU * deawfut hon -/ loW laryd w hb*ls
avt d trees bvri ed and ey *h e ea v rh rn il I tans *f yeads oBD

) t)ev? bg Jhe dec'svnlaositi-

Petrde u^rn / oi ( an d
firrn eel
nat wal gas
* abrvmd-t
-oYt */ Jhe f,e.rno)ns o/ exlrewely s-oll @<-la f>lonlt
buviee'l unclpr +he s€4 rnilltons o"f yeavs 'B o'
 6F CA RBON
.oH Po UNDS

L combust) ar ( o "t Btt rni

'0)
The pzocess of butnri ng of o car boy .omhound i n a \r tD

give c-qtbon dioxUe , e)o beY , hea t qvrnJ lrg ht, )s knourn aJ
cum b asti on.

+, exavtltr, olkane-r hurns iyr Qr) to produee o lot

-'{uel g.
"1
heat clup t-tr r-ohlch qlleames ave ex4ellerot
CowtbUltr" oyr + qn a lle4",e co \led vonethom€ ( urhic h is +he rr$o)^
consti t uent af naLural g or ) ,

o/.oi4
Nhem rnefhane (not uval 6qs).$t:rns.ln o ruJf,cierrt fuPplU lut
+hey, cavbon dioxde ond uxter vo)oour o*i frrneA ,and a
of hea I ir q lso /rro d vced '

corrrburHuYt
cnv +QDl..#3:*-=2Hlb+rl+at.tL6ht
-: ',' .-,.-,,
,<2,.fbffi.."'==ltoh+f
_
y
He*ho vre olgflem dirx rd€
($ Dw|
2x ) (jwnotr)
a lot 0J heat 0Y1 burr'rng ' (o it ic rsel
$nce noiwal gas f>..yodvtes
aJ a-fuet. in- hones. ameJ in ?ndwt'|
'ryo{'e.'- aqvbon avtcl i ts covtrpunrlg arP used at /ue ls beca,a e
.l1ne3 bu rn i ro q'ir nel Po< i z16 6 I ut Oj hec'l- ene%Ju.

sotu zo\ ecJ hud vD eo "rbton (a I koroesJ genero lly bu rns i n q rv

rci th q Hue / non- soutU jbvne.
becatxe the bev ceyttjrj o{ cavboy in ttte soluzated hgdra'
-coyLovrr rr Lr-prr'u,vnt! loo. t,:h;ch gets oxidtsed couoplet{
by *hp Dxygen ptesent in Qff.
conqLutton ot'
$J ory Eupldu ir, reducec) +hen tncomplett "fqt<e f:lace qv''d,ft"U '"'i ll
€vpro Sqtuval e d 4 iro eerbons. t :ill
buvn Pro durilg a sooty flavne - ty'rvtny a lot *J btack swd;k)
 ' .^r^ -^r r- ,^ ^.^Q
lhe t /(r'nd
Kerroseyr6 stovf)
-l-. .^\ r.n - I ih ou?
r,rsed laorn eS
NbT€:- -
1ot Slove
hove '*rU holes {or inlets) {'"v a\Y so fhat " t"'fil c\fnL
ox*grn "1 a\y is ovoiltqble fr +he covnplete brrfnrng
+o pvod,tcs q srnol.elesS blve-'fldwe,
{iuer
-rhu.s u'hen .rhe
Jlo'rne iY) a 1os s fove is blve r'lhev-the fuel
L(

burrirrg cornpel*fV . Nhent rh; Jurl, in . q. 7ot shve burns cDfnpetels

q Uire -tt"ev, -rhe bottirrr of -rhe
3tvin$ it"*.,., not ,tool''p.
,t.r!i[s treln.lq\hr elean fr* outsrde. 3t does 3*{ blacQ-
-ened gj hutoevetr,-fheltief.in cr8rS stove does "rnt burrn
c D.,nptel e ly , +en e . is Yr"*J ucecl ":hreh bla c k ens "lhe
Jtorn
bottornn +he coo
"o*g
hrlg u er si k -l vorn 't'to c outsr d
t 3,
"7
The unsoturo{ ecl hy d zu ea.rbuns (el es ory olhymeil btrn rv
laern
etir r,>'t*t1 a yelloj fla,rne
(P"rdurtrg blaab rrnbheJ.
"o'rU
-rnrp urrSqt uratecl hudroeo.rborts burns *1+f, q Sooty
.tf ccrvbsvt .rw unsaturatec'l ,W
-rh€ prnrevrta6e
Jlorne becquse r.,.-rhrch cJ oes vrul get
hgclro effibenr ;< c*yn lr^ooilvety
h,g
?nr,
ed. covnpef e-lCg 'tfl { h e oxgrt" oJ a'r?''
oxids

Acett I €ne (e -thgne) is qn ursq{ u rctecl hU d?o eo rban "

tnthert ace*yferoe i-( bvtned
,
\n qi{, it borns c'.r't-l'}r 'e{J
u -1-1"*t
<n,rt d u e {c
'rrn csrna ple te c r} r}1 b us(l ovr. lhe
'tempero-
'
;;-t o4 ilc"rn < P' od uce d r*r*t '' lso n o* h$h
t
ir

;l q yn't Xlufte o/ orr,+tj'ne .(e1hu

ne ) . q vrd Puru b{Wev7
. pv
bvwi f5
is bvv ned , *h? n ace+ {tene ,l" c o.rr,Pte+e oduci.rS
li,r e ,f lome . -it-te oxg5en - ace,lU
l - -Jlarne is ert tr? me l v

o v€vg nYXh leinWi"eure-.Dhich is?s"d

hu-[ a,nd trrrduces
fr uueldin6.wlelels
 s'u bstit u tt ov, R"or't) orrr
r boorrs arP [e \r rrYeac+ ive Be r ng
Saturqtecl hyclvoeo 1ui
hUdTo cavbor,s clu nut Yea.-t
usrfir
\,rvr reactr Y€ ,Y;1t"i"t'f
rnoY A sulas t qnc€S '
coy bons , how €v€y, urnd ezrg o . so bst it u tt on
!-Poc-
sa4 uvat ed hy d yo
*",rrl chlovine in q f>vesence o/ su?llight'
-troyrs
lhe r €acllovt r) u,rhich t:re {urtnare)hUd}o3eryl ,1+0rns ala
'r

bA soyrre 6the r cr ttrns . ( i Pe

hudTscoYbon a:,€ rep\aced t

c hlori ne ) , iS calt ed I ubatr{utrurz

U
reactluvr'
.e

qa4{t { ufiorn yedctions ot^€ q chayact-e?.ls trc f-roper-ly -l

sff+uyated hg dro cqt bo nS o?i^ 4 I laavr€ r,

.{ Me*bovre tu'rth 6f^1lorine.

Substttr-rtturr treo ( *rurn
cl:- --. ., >
surrliqht
c(13c\ +
C h,, t t<c i

tlydroger
1,1€thon€ c hlorin e ch\nzo
c hl trid e.

\,rtscrtv "r al e ol hyc/yu cazbuvr-c c]u mut f rve suLrctrttlrui'r reaelt"r.l

'sr'r*-lo fu\qqe"ns, thpV g,V€ c'ddr {t tn y€a c4r bmr )
Addihov f,roalion
-;he {eattioyt 'tr) u:hich av1 unsot uvated hydro cavbo:n cowbtnes
u>:t lh qn othey S Ubs tance 4o gtV < -a sr4gl e pzod u,ct i s cal lml o n^
addtLion t€qchbu
urualuv.e( ed
ddd itto'vr [ea(fi Dhs atre a clpnracte ris ti c l"n hn 'b '"+
l.'r4dvo cavbons.

nddtlf an oeael; tlvt av? 7'tven bA a ll *hP o(k. nu, avd al{y rre-s

n - Add*t vt r eoel r om o"f €tts ene ru'ifh {1g droge }r.

Ni r*1ql$L
€t42 CVt'+ 11e
hea
\
t -/ (4s- ct43
therlps y;dmge n1
1e
-
 @
ovr { . 1u'10r,: to ,o: :lt:l ::l"o hydroca"rbovt
to
n^,€ oddi{r
obtoryr a solulol"rt- hgdvo cavbav is cqlled hudro6enatiutr
fip procqg oj hVdv,gerpti orn has tohes ploce rro *ho fcr€'eerrce
rlicpe I or f>ollacltbw meto L o S coto[5rt
"/
hgdrDt ?v at, n, lw ary1,
-t,nnf,i"r.tozrt lndus'trral oppltco-
fie p-rocess
$ (ov vaYas )-t,
* ,Ei or : g t is tss ecJ fu pvefura vW toUc 6'hee Ahrr)
tq bl
fo'* v Qge
" o"r l,

Hydvogerooti o vr D/ 0, /s , rontoi rrirrg, .

.'he ugetclble oi ls avQ .-,'',nsr{r-,ra'Led co rrrhurnds

qfre i n tqui ol shte c't 6.DD1/},) tempeaature
doub\e bornds " llleu
'

+he presenee .+ daoble bonds, VeBet q bl e oils undelB!

a_re *o
addttr om oJ hUdzqgerr k just
,li!'ee
a\Renog {c frrn ' saluna{ned
pt adx { _c ; tt ed "zgu tubi 6 hee 6g varnorF{ T € h."
e urh rc I"

ore solid, aS f,DotY aemPercLvYe'

yyP|e 4 -bya*rryll qY -ql oLk
l1 l1

?-t = .Lt
\ o :l*
P\ n -*-
/<- t? pea
'Yi ='ii.'W'
I t I
R R
{^.

ls a lrqwd urheYeos v?IQtobl" g hee is so lrd

{ ye-tabt e ai I
Vqe toblP oils eon'tar)liag onsq+uta { -fu+tsy a e f ds o v€ $ood fr
"ct
DUtr hea t"th
bXhgdxo'
fhesqt,rqteot /ats lRe uQSe+obl o6hQP, obtorned
heotth
-Demq{tnn V;its, aYQ n;t Todd fr
qo\d I tt uvr r- €octl uvr ai hF*-
H Q have d rS. usseaj orr H 'tl. e
I

- A.no t-ri *h sa t ura t ed, h $d to ca " bDl'-s '

Oft-rev stsbS.tq,nce <uch oi chlaz\np

,
(cl) ond brorntne(Bf2;
qlS11 ,qrv€ oddrtl$I reaetrOrrr t.',01'l u,&'ft.ltoled coml'oundS
eD.,.,,^
-ihe uy. ol qdd i {r bror"n\ ne is fnvt ic u lcryl u I -P:r toqf bena t-tre

i{ iJ used qs a tesl ojunsaturatecJ cnrrr/oounds

Jsr,fitS PuoPc:,so, B:rr:rni?re is used \ n 'the {trrn of bv,r rninp t nter

presenc? ,l
bvovn\he ?n it.
& )^)hs/, bru^nn\n p ux{ er is qdd ed 4a oy) u nsa.l utr,e{eoJ cornpour'd,
+he':o bzurnt)'''e gehs qdded +t: the unsa.turqteoJ r,unofouyd.
' q"nol *he rred - bvot:rn colour broyni n€ u:qt mr rs d rscho"rgd"
( i { ben orn eJ colou r less ) ,
"j
All Urlfafutrat ed c-umlarurds decrlOur6e by6n4irlp,-,sol er
bu\ so"luro t eol cnTnfrourd-l dn mut decolourr3e bzo rnr he
LDO {CY ,

(t) cooP't ,g oi I decolr:urrses brominp ura(ey

t ir; Butt er dt:es flot atecUluUtrse bvtrrn'ry1e t.q\err

O xi d qti oYr
to ,
xId o ti ovr rn earnsr Zont roll ed rornbustioYr
when ehq m al ts heotea *'ih qlkqlinp po tossi u m .Pnt rr.r,r,-
-?q.note
U
sol ut\ om.. 8t 6ets oxidrsed +c et}.ovroic qclc)
ss H {
CVll C11,5\'t "2 (ol
+ cl-rs coo Hz O

e rhan>l NoJ
.
cent \ (o, Actdrli'ed
l< e" cY2
\
0?) e+horbi C t"nlev
ac tcl
(e n^y I qlcrrhu -) (Acetrc qqlcl-l
 uZtoort carbovt c o'apourds
A lorrge ^nvynlxv *J cotbovt covnpourrds qr€ extrevr"rety
us€/u t lo us .

hJe oriu st.rdU +he pzo.pevti;s o"nd uses ^J ovr\U tuio

cD ynrn e rci a\(6' .rrnptztAvrt
"arb,rvr .ompOu',nds .' e+Lyr u I l-
Ethan oic aci d.

(/ / a)coholJ
bR ethv
e thqn ol

"e-d yn e w*v oJ
.t*re hoynulugour seri€s t>{ q'lcoho\s.
rhe Jov rnula oJ ethanol is C, hs o '-i .

_?hyr i.o t
l':lpztrSS
o colouyless (iqvid hc,uing a pleasont srne/l anot bvrnin3. qj"
@ Jt rs o volq fr le tiqu id ho ving o lo u: boi li ng Poi n{ 78"c
"J
@ It8hter thotn t'''cr-ter' , , r",",F! o{
@
-gr Tnixes ur"r*h o:qter .\)1 o*(y fot ofrortibn " -rt -
-.-, e solubit,
e*hanul )y' ".:etey t< d,-re +t presemce o f t**,rirJufo"l'
spr't
@ 6t-honno/ contoir,ir,g 5 l*, cent arotey )s cqlled recl1Jied
€ect f ed s[>r ri t is +he cDmrnercfaI alcohul,
t

&) '1 uo /- Pu re ethom ul rs called absrrlrrte a\coh ol.

O g+fxn.to\ dses nDt c ontor o mU hudz€er i o?r s z so t
yr 't
iJ
yrzut ro 1 cuvnFur'rcl ,

€D gt has nD ejf ec I 6 r oru h t rnus salutt o14 .

cn€Yrc4L PoPrltes
''nila'm^rnoble lquid'
ovnbvsttuvr Slhamol is hqhly
c---
cq+cher lv e "qs, la and s+avt1 , ?'::"i^3
"
hw,e" *o
B+ boms '"reodi lv ',X '" urHh o' flue f ana)
,

covb,syt d,o^o,de o*d t"a tev valnutr' veleasing

"tovwt
L lo-t c.f heaL I ltght'
comb'rstrura
c, nu bH + sDz-
ireqt+tBH
" :i';r"
' d rsx tdr '#n?rn
-;;pr"
G|+*l*aS ( DxU 0w)
 6thqmo\ as q fue\'
.:
t +0 ob\orn heat is cq\\eel ejuel.
A 'ff\q\e rio t *l'' ic h {s bu rn u-r'r-ti''
but rts q clec^r $qor," 3ir,rng.
St rnce e*tncrtno} qs
a iot oj heat, theteJove"tt K used o 3[u e],
6+hoon ol "rr tre ed a n addi tt ve ' /n l,.et xp\'

Or\dq tutr\
q \ Po li'''ne po t o Ss\ u vto Pnt rYEgqnq t
e (Al Fq line \(r4n 0.{ )
iffi solu{royr \s KF(rr0r* NqDF,

cicidt fr ed ]zutc,ssiuvn c[ rchrrornat< (actdtli ed tt2cy, D+)

Solutiun is Ktcr'\ + HrSorr.
'
:Oxidatrun rneqhs corrtYrr\\ed c u rn buc{i o"\ . h.lhe rr e-thq y o
is heqt ed qri4tn a \ ka li ne K Jrln 0 y ( qcrdi{itd K2cv uoq ),'t{
?n
{s o xid isn-d +b etlc moic eet d ^

: z-u,'.
': : t"r :^'
t''e'HB.CF! oh + Pr6T'.'''"' f1-bc60H +
-',",iir
11zo
Sthq 11o I ruo Scen t E thq ro D \c ^ateY
1' o*u8.' qcrd
n
K ea cti on u:i th sod ibyn Yeta{.

e thano\ y€ac\ s ,.ri.lir s od i Urn h f"* sod i uYr,t e"th r: x id e L

h.ddYD3ecn 8qs.

2 ,r!15 D Ir + RNe *1 2cztrl5 dNctt 11z

6 +ho nD )
sadtuw. Sod t uyh hydv5ah
*hoxtd e
e
zhls Tearl iora is used qs a lest Jo, €*ho nol
 i>ehud"{ot } n Y'r

;;y*"*ro,
--\,
fibleitle
I 33:l1"l"l
it- hlhpm :"-o",
e*ll.romo! T-T".1"]
is I
heq{ecl ::ot"
.r-rlfh
f&
€xcess Dd :rq ( ed -su tphur rc rrcrrJ qt t+ot ; t ge {r
"oncent
deh5dva{ed +u{OTYn e1-ln€"}1 € 1u'.:hicl-' r'S q'r4 unsa'| b?crteot
hU.l vocart borr)
r't:Jou i /7qt' Cl1r:
ol-t conc'
l'la-
cH*- chn
C\.1e -l- O

>ehYcl' alt on C+bem ( r_r:q t €y

e+hcr vr o r
R9a(+ie!1-- tfl'
t:)') t;:aV^^rnl,^9
€ihcrnu\ ^,"eacls c.:'rfh ethOYoiC actd
-rh€ p:r€semce oJ G J"* dt'oPs t)j to?CeTltvoteel
sulphutric c.ctd.to f"n, c( Scr:eet -sYYetlrrrg e-ste4
ethu I etha rnoo\e
c\{3couH -t q2rboh -'csirc Hz{9q> CV=C D\C2 l{s { Hro
qrler
Clhy I etha.note
6thqy oI c e +h qv-t ol
(c+,gI qcetate)
ac;d (atl.t t ata{t al )
cAcelic actd )
i"relfcrct(uvr in ushtch"q cqyboxg{ic cx(fd cornbrnes
L\5\+h ay1 o\coh,cl .+o estex.i-E C4ll ecl
tor*"q.")
rs t e t\ ji c,q tior

tftsts Y orvl ,4 lcuhr:l

-> 9bd I tes I

t'vyy) wl e to

-) €stey test /bt 4lruhols

uS es o/ E.th qm ol ( 6+hy I o hoh o l)

1 used r0 +he mo,nu /ac I uve af p or nts , vqro nishes , 1.,.1u"2<,

med i ci n e s, pefivy.)4 e-(, dges , soaps c\md sg vr.th e{ i q f,ubber
2, osed qs q <o/vert
7 U.JacJv') rr€d ici n e <tch oJ ti n ctu re iOd ire r C& uB h
'r

<yru ps e,nal ??1oD4J *oyriCS

\ UJedws q -insptviltowp
/uu/ in tov rlorrgCIi'tJo
v Puixal,Jtis o/so &s6c,
cts a.fue!
@
5. lJecl in :llcohulic drinlas li he , uh\s FA , uirlr p r beer *
othev lilurrs
6. [-]sed Qs a nt )<eptrc +$ ste ri lize urDu racs and < € ri ng ."
i ?1 hrrxpi to ls o ra d dis
hu,Ja'nles.
Itrlr'l,-L-o .fJ qsts--:, J cJ rrt "rl tat 'g ,r1t coh ol
& Slours dur,-rvr the qc*'t ,"'+U of fhe ney VtuJ sgstern o"nd *he
b:roivr due +t u*:hrch *lrp iudgerlrut of a l"evr o rr ?J rnpired r

q.nd his yearlt cn r becom es _s/oLrJ,

Ip*err ffi--? \hhi bitr bnJ (noeyrtol restr4iv'r) clue +o uhic14
a d >rurr hern nA o nn b e c om es g uovtr el so rn e.
@ heav6 drr nlri r'6 o{ q \cohol Duer a lu.r€ peri od of 1r me
c6y\ dago€e *he stovnoch , lrvev, heavt a.na} evevt bvoin
Denaivred Al rtrhot f ot Dev.,o1 ured4ffib
5+hon ol )s ued 'r f,) indwlvies -lo" fnonuJoc"tu
ri nB vari nus

Prod oc{s.
jc;r'r ndr;strgn{ Przp6a., .trU\ q\cohol ir suppliecl 'd'OdJree'
(*, +hout ng productinr +6Xi b,J +he Qovpr nrnent This
cl.-lorgl
+hqrr its TTfrxhet
rnaYr, rhe lndutvra( qlcohul mtrhthealoer
"ro-t e.
fo pzeven t -the ,nis t)s€ a! 'indu<
ltwl a lcoh o I j"" d2t)nlaing

purpoee<. (or blacR mavPe+irrg) eth,yl olcohol trr€o.rt ftr ,

indrxtriol Prrpuses ls denotu:.ed ;U oddrng amnourts

1o\l
al poi SomDus 5r-:trstd'nce liFe nne +nov' ol, lrut'dinp'ot'
coppeY su\ )pho=le, etc,
-rhe oddt*fr:ra tlf 'ttr.ese Foisbnou3 .s ubstaYrc e l'rFr rnethr'
- r'c+ t itnalae the bnUl alcohol unf t f:r dvinEi)4g'
 D mtsc'iblp L,fr +h ura*er' I n oll paupovt'ot'rs'

^rolxr f ies o.f e;tharo ic crc id

eW,"31
$ 4cfi'rn litvnur
3 t i s acidtc in hatvre. Ber ng qcidrc ln noture, ethorno
ocrd turns blve l;Trntrs (olutrur yedi

F
, e
t-
I ,.
-'EtnUtrofc qcid reai{S tr\{fi
'r^"tl
"l
eorbovrote'S crtrol hgdr.ogeYca,rb*
-ates to evo/ve ca"rbon-dioxrde"BoJ olor.rg c.ri*{r rh€ forrnot
o{ so l{s ond qra-l err,
ti,t Reo etl ovr tlJi +h s'5di uYYr Cov b,rr,lo te

Eahor bic a c i rl ea cts X" uJ'r.l+ sodium cdy b,:no{e +o fu"*

sodium e+hqrnole oqno] ca^rbon - dioxdP B,s
, cr-b cDbH 1- Na,cos 2eHs CoUNO { Coz *t t4ao
sodt utrn eavb an ' 'ural*
tlharnDfC sod t u^rrt dioxtd p
aeid cqvb S"na{e -> e+h q lr oate
u^(n \
C A ce tre qercl) .
\ffodi
ace+at€-)
tir; Reactl uyr uu"r+h <odl uyn hud voqevlcavboro te'

€fhaoaoic acf d rearls crt *fi sod iuvh. hU dva6?r)canrbov''crte

+t evolve brrtsla e{l erv ?scencQ oar{ ban di ux de gat.
^/
Ctl3CDnw I Nq l-{ Co: **---4 e nbC bu Na -r Cr) : _{ H:o
Cthoror C Sodiurn -Sod t UmO CesYbtvt **#r.
acld dtoxrd e
laudvoqera €thanute
.navbaiqte
n
.,-ft!tlor u)'t tk Sadiurn 11y.tyoxi./e
e -fuE 10 o ic qc \d zea c-t S -Fh basec fu t*
/_or r,o _s Hs q v.d
e.,.r
ura

r h3cenH + NqoH Chs cosNq l-12 o

€ltt nmDic Socliurn Sod iu n, "oq
te r
c crd h5.j yoxrd e -+ e the n ote

R eAr*i on u. r*h
4t.ohuls rlrr*tiorr o{ - est eyr
e +hq "n r: f c qc\d re,qcts - tr:l*h qlcohils i n *he
hresence 4
a lt-ltl e o-f cc.n ce nl rat ed sulphwic a.cr d € /o tm estey5
afi3coo H f cz Hs D H .---..-.---> rtlgco. czr-b J Frz.o

e*heoa oi C fthc?a ol €fiJl €.f-hqmo{e u-qbr

deid- (e+Si acet.le,
c5L':€'6(srnell)
Drc 4nf mDJt ,.n!-xtqylt y€cieti unr
+hot riub .-a,\.r l.e hUdrolUsed bach -o"l*"".L"1:J;o\t*r,
(q1.buxg lic a ctd .

Hy dro ly srs $ tstey.

c4g cbD cz hs t /.ra o Pt - lt e'qt > Ct-b c_ooN 4 + c2Hg Dh
.Sbcl iv yn
LhA I Socl \ o yn 6+hcrr6 ,
"+h(tywale by c)xax4 e e arharn Oae
fue alkql ine hUdvolysis o/
) es{ers is krroan q sqtradJi-
-catior, (*p mq4't€
=
{s .h,v
?s cav box,Y I ir llci c{
)
* Sodi u rn HU df,D$ QYt ca'tbtlnq'te' 1u I
:+ €sttry tes{ f Y z-\er d -r
-> Lil nous tesl
LIJ es o { €.H"rqDo0 ic ect d
@ tued qc .fuud pveservohv< )n'the lrr"[:aro{ Tur "f
picYales qr.'d squc€s
6) ued fsr mohing cellultrJp qceFate L'thich Lr c)\4
r nnfroitont qrti/ical fi bre .

6 used 'rn rmoru,{qc*ore o=f qc€ttne arnd esLer ucad \n

?nr{ u rn €s-
@ us ed to .,Dc.,ulqte :ru bbe,
'1|ru* letex '

so_gps omd cle{eSgnts

lry substoyrce o,hich hoS cleovrsrn$ ac{l,ry,ih t*rater ts :

colled o d etelgent
0r in simp\e ursrds, oo'Usubstqqrce u:hich v€YnDve3 ditt is
col\ed .o de{er5en t
there ay( & UPos o/ d e t etrg en tJ.'- soopy A- nun-sr$g
Jm evevudou lor$uage -) .ooloE det erg.",t c.r? cq\\ed .-Soq,PS
*) "r\t)n-s*fo d?leqgerk avQ col\ed deloght
<gn$tre t ic.
6l p{ etgerft

S()APS

is the sod'ruro solt Cut pctossrbrn -sal'f J *f a lurrS ehoiv,

A <ooP
ca,{boxylre ocir). t:hich
has cleansi'0 f=voprtres \ n t^t oler.

BYoulc oonol c,r,

AsoaphosqlorgeY\Dxn-lonichgdaocorybon
iu ntc gro0P , coo- rtr+ '
@Jt
D-f so l-ls a{?. : -
sodiurrrn s{e4;a tC TZHasCoo6xrot
rn Fl mita.{ e crs-r""f'
3r cos -NoJl'
.9oqP Solutruvr turnrs '
Sod'r u
il"# us p1"o, +o b/t'<
r
 ,

qryltrtolJat or orl u\*}1-

sooPs ls rnode b1 heo{rrg
Vget-oble

..,n cenrtrq{d sodlufi hUdroxtd e

(qaus tic srr& Soluttbrj "

Fqt or 0i 1 + Ssdr rm hUdvuxtd t-ter I \- soa p -+ 4lyce yo I

( An esleul fcodr urr
I satr uloe
\ lqHg ,J
the frroc"st 1' w-rr?ing soo! bA T-hP hgdrolysfs oj lais e,y,ol oils
'th
t-,*:'r rs^ ltFd s:e
o lFo llq
"o Ft: h oh
"l:fico
slruct ur< p/ , l" fYlt>le<'ule
-9-"
A scnp Bs ynolecu'le rs rnods L,p
a Ptts: o lovig hgdvocovbn'
"f orc] c' sho"rt 'rbnic k*rt
Fort
6^d
rhe soolt rnolecu.le i-r soid to hove'
o tc, d f.:ole ctYuctr-rr(
The ung hYdvo ca tborr e hcr'tn is
1

hgdtrophobic tu.qtev-repell ttrg.),so :

.the hgdyDcotbon ForL { soep ;

vnu\ecrr\e is 'r\tsslub\e"rn *ettQry; bpt' sol ublP ivr oi1.

amd Sreas€. -Ihe iorri c '15orti on ol flne soap rnol ecu le
iS hp"ophflfic (u.rcrtey- otlzactggf dr.,e +a +he |:olor ratuve
crra{.er aor olect-, les ^ Sr "the io yric /:aztr u r d/ saap rn u}ec u le i-r
"t
sol rrb,b i r coo'tev 6u{'irts oluble i n W o, l a"rrd grrerue.

A sy:hevicol "88 r? q ole o/ soa p rnolear\es I rrl-he -<aof' (oluf ttl

t
i rr *ot" tr is ca lled a wticelle?
cleaqrLrf, 4r*i uzr D{ iq-
Hicetle/orml+lon.Fk:tplaceoheoasoapisrclded+o
e hoirr-s of soqPf, rrrol€culee
woter be cctuse the Aud *o.ovban
*1r€ 'rvrsol vble in
af€ rtyctv*phvbic c *aiov-r.elcetr'ld.^ :1::: ave hvdvt*.ih
-ffi,-?
u,otey Iau,,t -r*'te iornic emds *'f Y"l:'ule
(*ot*y "?oP
:i+rl.r+-""-hmd hernce sol'lble
ffif
u:o t€'r'
 @
I wh€q.r a drzty c.tu th ts |rut. 1 re L'.rct ev confa t nihS d isso {v ed
s*p, finr"flre hgdvDcavbov,.emds of +he s6dprnbleeuleJ
.

i1"r *he yni'celle crtl-qch +o +1,1e oil Dtr €Teose pavtieles

p reserrt c)v) *h e swJace of a ; otJ el o fh ,
&n +hrs *oU *he .oop ynic.elle em|rups +he oily * en gYec,sJ
ponticles bU urrns'l+P t s hud^rbcqvbtr endi,'The i onic
"r

ends oJ 'rhe soap rnolecules i n ynrlellet 4,:,uevpr qtlqrh "d

*t> L$ ryte r
*he .liztg
uoh€rn is ogrtated rr) soaP solutlbh/ *te ui$
qrnd .:lo* pvesent or"r'rts sL,v-Jace arnd eyltr"pf6
Aveqsu Frficles
b3 s oap ,rni celles B et d is frvs ed i rt t-toLey dtt e ./o ulh rch
.rhe Soap tsater becsmes. diylU but+he clsrh SetSclo:yral.
Li,rnita ti
@ n of Su r la b\e -fotr LDos h i ng. cJtrthes urr *h hof d r^rql ef baicuse
of fu:u t eos onS
O yr s* is used LDee h,
lg c l5the5 ur'r+h havd urote4
l^rhe h /"or
a loyge 4,myr_,nt - -ol soap iS-tl:;arted ry) y€Aclrrrg ru-i-*fi
+he.Elciurn LrnagneJfufi ions.o/hord t'-rqtev to Fr*
Gr!1 'rme ulub le pvec i pitat e call ed sc uvm -

Scorn ftrmed bU +hP achl av o{ hav d^ rrratev bY Soop,

strcbs {* -thp ctithes " bern g tsothed .'"amd ink r lev 't
r.l'r*h cleamlng "bi lir! oj 'the aaai tl uro I soo !a.

W
A del"rsrnt U +he Sodiu,,o Solt uJ ct lnng chotra ber''zevr
sulphbr{c-.qc' d ( c>y *hp (odiufi sqll *l a tsn$ chatvt otlegl
ngdyDtevl-Sulpho{ $ ruhrch has cleansrry prtie3 'r}t u"atey.
Pro

cH s:(cnr),,- ccHy- So! Naf .HZ-F fu)ro -Cnf sof ,.l/

goclI um n*)DJecg I berreeme Sodiuvvl n- doAecul
\J
sulPhunote sc{f=hq te
 soo ps De-tezgeor(s

Soops aT € sodi um so lts %o

U
ou e .tht socl i um sl l! of
l"n"g ehoin bevr ueYle(uIJohonlc
of the t rrlg ehotYt co "{b}xt lr€ | qcrcls.
acids. oy b*g c.hor raalFgl
hU d T€e'!4(u t phates : 'fi e co fl le
0f,Dul, ln soop U
-i-he runlc .\
666- NA{
-
l'sof ouat 69 - so[ Aro-t
not sui fable harc-l
(Inm be uC.ed,
ur:o t ef frr urdsht trg
even 'r \n hqrd urq \ ev,
Q>aPs av e bi ,:d egyo dab\e Ji:yn e oJ *fr e 4 elfttgerr{s .av? rnt
'brudegrcrdoble

9oops have ydolively l"sv e sta'org cleo'n*l n$ qc*lul,

t)5Fq'+a cl*ryt $ ng qrFf urn i

t.