Валерия Андреевна Кухаренко

СЕМИНАРИИ ПО СТИЛИСТИКЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

(на английском языке)
Редактор Н. И. Александрова
Издательский редактор Р. И. Заславская
Художественный редактор С. Г. Абслин
Художник А. В. Алексеев
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CONTENTS
Chapter I Page

Foreword.................................................................................... 4
Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary .............. 6
Guide to Stylistic Differentiation of the English Vocabulary….. 6
I. Literary Stratum of Words................................................... 6
II. Colloquial Stratum of Words.............................................. 7
Exercises................................................................................... 8
 Chapter II

Stylistic Devices....................................................................... 23
Guide to Stylistic Devices.......................................................... 23
I. Guide to Lexical Stylistic Devices......................................... 24
A. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical
and Nominal Meanings of a Word. Antonomasia ........................ 24
B. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between Two Logical
Meanings of a Word.................................................................... 21
С. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical
and Emotive Meanings of a Word................................................. 25
D. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Free and
Phraseological Meanings of a Word (or Between the
Meanings of Two Homonyms)....................................................... 26
Exercises ............................................................................ 27
II. Guide to Syntactical Stylistic Devices.................................. 63
Exercises.................................................................................... 66
III. Guide to Lexico-Syntnctical Stylistic Devices.............. 85
Exercises................................................................................... 87
IV. Guide to Graphical and Phonetic Expressive Means………..106
Exercises.......................................................................................107

Chapter III

Functional Styles...................................................................... 113

Chapter IV

Excerpts for Complex Stylistic Analysis………………………….127

Supplement........................................................................................157
List of Authors Whose Works Were Used in Compiling the Manual…183
List of Newspapers Quoted in the Manual............................................184

FOREWORD
The theoretical foundation of the present manual is Prof. I. R. Galperin's well-
known book "Очерки по стилистике английского языка" (M., 1958).
Seminar in Style is an attempt to supply the student of English stylistics with
materials illustrating the theoretical course of lectures and enabling him to start his
independent stylistic analysis.
Proceeding from Prof. Galperin's statement about the aims and concerns of
stylistics,* the author believes that the aim of seminars is to teach the student to
recognize the sources of expressiveness of poetic discourse, to describe and specify
the whole range of stylistic devices found in the language, establish .their relevant
characteristics and functions and indicate the interdependence between the latter
and the context; also to describe functional styles of the language and state the
hierarchy of system-forming features within each of them. Correspondingly the
manual falls into four chapters:
I. Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary. II Stylistic devices.
III. Functional styles.
IV. Excerpts for complex stylistic analysis. Exercises of each chapter form two
groups:
(1) those intended for the identification of the discussed phenomenon;
(2) those offered for the general functional analysis of it.
The textbook concludes with a supplement presenting samples of stylistic analysis,
and the list of authors whose works were used in the Exercises.
Due to certain detalization and modification introduced into Prof. Galperin's
classification and elaboration of stylistic entities the author found it advisable to
supply each chapter with a guide where particularities concerning concrete facts
under discussion are briefly explained and summarized.
4
In conclusion the author wants to express her sincerest thanks to the stylistic
section of the Chair of English Lexicology and Stylistics of the Maurice Thorez
Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, headed by Assistant-
professor E. G. Soshalskaya; to Professor N. S. Chemodanov, Head of the Chair of
German Philology of Moscow State University; to Assistant-professor of Ihe Chair
of English Philology of Moscow State University A. I. Poltoratsky; and to Y. M.
Skrebnev, Head of the Chair of English Philology of Gorky State Pedagogical
Institute of Foreign Languages for their critical remarks and valid help in
reviewing the present manual.

/. R. Galperin. Javlajetza li stilistika urovnem jazika? In: "Problem!

jazikoznanija", Mosc, 1967, p. 198—203.

5
CHAPTER I
STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
GUIDE TO STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
Proceeding from the heterogeneity of the vocabulary it is divided in the present
manual into neutral — the bulkiest—literary and colloquial strata.
I. LITERARY STRATUM OF WORDS
I. The first subdivision of literary words to come under discussion are archaisms.
Their main types illustrated by the given examples arc: archaisms proper, i. e.,
antiquated or obsolete words replaced by new ones (e. g., anon—at once; haply—
perhaps; befall—happen, etc.); historical words, i. e., words denoting such
concepts and phenomena that have gone out of use in modern times (i. e., knight,
spear, lance, etc.); poetic words, i. e., archaic words with the fixed sphere of usage
in poetry and elevated prose and with the function of imbuing the work of art with
a lofty poetic colouring (e. g., woe—sorrow; hapless—unlucky; staunch—firm,
barken—hear, etc.); morphological (or partial) archaisms, i. e., archaic forms of
otherwise non-archaic words (e. g., speaketh, cometh, wrougth, brethren,
etc.).
The main stylistic function of archaisms, besitres the indicated poetic function, is
to re-create the atmosphere of antiquity. Not seldom though archaisms occurring in
otherwise inappropriate surroundings are intentionally used by the writer to cause
humorous effect.
II. The second subdivision of literary words is presented by barbarisms and
foreign words which are used mainly to supply the narrated events with the proper
local colouring and to convey the idea of the foreign origin or cultural and
educational status of the personage.
6
III. The third group is made of terms. As it is well known their main stylistic
function is to create the true-to-life atmosphere of the narration, but terms can also
be used with a parodying function, thus creating humorous effect.
IV. Neologisms comprising the fourth item offered for the students' investigation
are represented only by the group of stylistically coloured individual neologisms
(or nonce-words, or occasional words), which are created on the basis of the
existing word-building patterns but have validity only in and for the given context.
Usually they are heavily stylistically loaded, their major stylistic functions being
the creation either of the effect of laconism, terseness and implication or that of
witty humour and satire.
II. COLLOQUIAL STRATUM OF WORDS
I. Slang is the most extended and vastly developed subgroup of non-standard
colloquial layer of the vocabulary. Besides separate words it includes also highly
figurative phraseology. Occurring mainly in dialogue, slang serves to create speech
characteristics of personages.
II. Among vulgarisms, the second subdivision to identify and analyse, we should
differentiate those, which, through long usage, have lost their abusive character
and became mere signals of ruffled emotions, and those which preserved their
initial characteristics and serve to insult and humiliate the addressee of the remark
or to convey the speaker's highly negative evaluation of the object in question. The
first have lost much (or all) of their shocking power, became hackneyed and
moved close to standard colloquial words (cf Russ. 'чертовски', or Engl. 'devil')
while the latter, which may be called vulgarisms proper comprise the main bulk of
this vocabulary group.
III.Both subgroups of jargonisms are functioning in limited spheres of society. The
difference lies in the character and causes of limitation: professional jargonisms, or
professionalisms, circulate within communities joined by professional interests and
are emotive synonyms to terms; social jargonisms are to be found within groups
characterized by social integrity, they are emotive synonyms, to
7
neutral words of the general word-stock and purposefully conceal or disguise the
meaning of the expressed concept.
IV. Dialectal words, as it is well known, are introduced into the speech of
personages to indicate their origin. The number of dialectal words and their
frequency also indicate the educational and cultural level of the speaker.
EXERCISES
I. Literary Stratum of Words
I. State the type and the functions of archaisms.
1. I was surprised to see Heathcliff there also. He stood by the fire, his back
towards me, just finishing a stormy scene to poor Zillah, who ever and anon
interrupted her labour to pluck up the corner of her apron, and heave an indignant
groan...
"Thou art the Man!" cried Jabes, after a solemn pause, leaning over his cushion.
"Seventy times seven times didst thou gapingly contort thy visage—seventy times
seven did I take council with my soul—Lo! this is human weakness: this also may
be absolved! The first of the seventy-first is come. Brethren—execute upon him
the judgement written. Such honour have all His saints!" (E. Br.)
2. Anon she murmured, "Guido"—and bewhiles a deep sigh rent her breast... She
was begirt with -a flowing kirtle of deep blue, bebound with a belt, bebuckled with
a silvern clasp, while about her waist a stomacher of point lace ended in a ruffled
farthingale at her throat. On her head she bore a sugar-loaf hat shaped like an
extinguisher and pointing backward at an angle of 45 degrees.
"Guido," she murmured, "Guido." And erstwhile she would wring her hands as one
distraught and mutter, "He cometh not." (L.)
3. "Odd Bodikins!" he roared, "but the tale is as rare as it is new! and so the
waggoner said to the Pilgrim that sith he had asked him to pull him off the wagon
at that town, put him off he must, albeit it was but the small of the night by St.
Pancras! whence hath the fellow so novel a tale?—nay, tell it me but once more,
haply I may remem-
8
ber it"—and the Baron fell back in a perfect paroxysm of
merriment. (L.)
4. He kept looking at the fantastic green of the jungle and then at the orange-
brown earth, febrile and pulsing as though the rain were cutting wounds into it.
Ridges flinched before the power of it.
The Lord giveth and He taketh away, Ridges thought
solemnly. (N. M.)
5. If manners maketh man, then manner and grooming
maketh poodle. (St.)
6. Anthony . . . clapped him affectionately on the back. "You're a real knight-
errant, Jimmy," he said. (Ch.)
7. "He of the iron garment," said Daigety, entering, "is bounden unto you,
MacEagh, and this noble lord shall be bounden also." (W. Sc.)
8. "He had at his back a satchel, which seemed to contain a few necessaries, a
hawking gauntlet on Ins left hand, though he carried no bird, and in his right hand
a stout hunter's pole." (W, Sc.)
• II. Give the English equivalents, state the origin and stylistic purpose of
barbarisms and foreign words. Pay attention to their interrelation with the context.
1. She caught herself criticizing his belief that, since his joke about trying to keep
her out of the poorhouse had once been accepted as admirable humor, it should
continue to be his daily bon mot. (S. L.)
2. Nevertheless, despite her experience, she hadn't yet reached the stage of
thinking all men beastly; though she could readily sympathize with the state of
mind of any woman driven to utter that particular cri de coeur. (St. B.)
3. Then, of course, there ought to be one or two outsiders—just to give the thing a
bona fide appearance. I and Eileen could see to that—young people, uncritical, and
with no idea of politics. (Ch.)
4. "Tyree, you got half of the profits!" Dr. Bruce shouted. "You're my de
facto partner."
"What that de facto mean, Doc?.." "Papa, it means you a partner in fact and in
law," Fishbelly told him.
(Wr.)
5. Yates remained serious. "We have time, He.rr Zipp-mann, to try your
schnapps. Are there any German troops in Neustadt?"
9
"Ко, Ilerr Qffizier, that's just what I've to tell you. This morning, four gentlemen in
all, we went out of Neu-stadt to meet the Herren Amerikaner." (St. H.)
6. And now the roof had fallen in on him. The first shock was over, the dust had
settled and he could now see that his whole life was kaput. (J. Br.)
7. "I never sent any telegram. What did it say?" "I beieve it is still on the table la-
bas."
Elise retired, pounced upon it, and brought it to her mistress in triumph.
"Voila, madame!" (Ch.)
8. When Danny came home from the army he learned that he was an heir and
owner of property. The viejo, that is the grandfather, had died leaving Danny the
two small houses on the Tortilla Flat. (St.)
III. Slate the nature and role of the terms.
1. " , . . don't you go to him for anything more serious than a pendectomy of the
left ear or a strabismus of the cardiograph." No one save Kennicott knew exactly
what this meant, but they laughed . . . (S. L.)
2. "Good," Abbey said suddenly. He took up a specimen—it was an aneurism of
the ascending aorta—and began in a friendly manner to question Andrew... "Do
you know anything of the history of aneurism?" "Ambroise Pare," Andrew
answered, and Abbey had already begun iiis approving nod, "is presumed to have
first discovered the condition." (A. C.)
3. Philip Heatherhead,—whom we designate Physiological Philip—as he
strolled down the lane in the glory of early June, presented a splendid picture of
young manhood. By (his we mean that his bony framework was longer than the
average and that instead of walking like an ape he stood erect with his skull
balanced on his spinal column in a way rarely excelled even in a museum. The
young man- appeared in the full glory of perfect health: or shall we say, lo be more
exact, that his temperature was 98, his respiration normal, his skin entirely free
from mange, erysipelas and prickly heat...
At a turn of path Philip suddenly became aware of a young girl advancing to meet
him. Her spinal column though shorter than his, was elongated and erect, and
10

Philip saw at once that she was not a chimpanzee. She wore no hat and the thick
capillary growth that covered her cranium waved in the sunlight and fell low over
her eyesockets. The elasticity of her step revealed not the slightest trace of
apendicitis or locomotor alaxia, while all thought of eczema, measles or spotty
discoloration was precluded by the smoothness and homogeneity of her skin. At
the sight of Philip the subcutaneous pigmentation of the girl's face underwent an
intensification. At the same time the beating of the young man's heart produced in
his countenance also a temporary inflammation due to an un-deroxydization of the
tissues of his face.
They met, and their hands instinctively clasped by an interadjustment of the bones
known only in mankind and the higher apes but not seen in the dog...
Philip drew the girl's form towards him till he had it close to his own form, and
parallel to it, both remaining perpendicular, and then bending the upper verterbrae
of his spinal column forwards and sideways he introduced his face into a close
proximity with hers. In this attitude, difficult to sustain for a prolonged period, he
brought his upper and lower lips together, protruded them forward, and placed
them softly against hers in a movement seen also in the orang-outang but never in
the hippopotamus.
(L.)
4. At noon the hooter and everything died. First, the pulley driving the punch and
shears and emery wheels stopped its lick and slap. Simultaneously the compressor
providing the blast for a dozen smith-fires went dead. Finally old Peter was left
standing dead struck—as if it had never happened to him before, as if he wasn't an
old miser for work—specifically, piece-work, always trying to knock the extra
piece before the power went. (S. Ch.)
5. . . .he rode up to the campus, arranged for a room in the graduate dormitory and
went at once to the empty Physics building. (M. W.)
6. "They're real!" he murmured, "My God, they are absolutely real!"
Erik turned. "Didn't you believe that the neutron existed?"
"Oh, I believed," Fabermacher shrugged away the phrase. "To me neutrons
were symbols, n with a mass of mn =1.008. But until now I never saw them."
(M.W.)
11
IV. Define the pattern of creation and the function of the following individual
neologisms.
1. She was a young and unbeautiful woman. (I. Sh.)
2. I'll disown you, I'll disinherit you, I'll unget you! and damn me, if ever I call
you back again! (Sh.)
3. (She was) . . . waiting for something to happen. Or for everything to un-
happen. (Т. Н.)
4. She was . . . doing duty of her wailresshood. (T. H.)
5. Every man in his hours of success, tasted godhood. (M.W.)
6. . . .tiny balls of fluff (chickens) passed on into semi-naked pullethood and from
that into dead henhood. (Sh. A.)
7. His youngness and singlemindedness were obvious enough. (S.)
8. But Miss Golightly, a fragile eyeful, . . . appeared relatively unconcerned. (T.
C.)
9. For a headful of reasons I refuse. (T. C.)
10. It is the middle of a weekday morning with a state-ful of sand and mountains
around him. (A.M.)
11. His father . . . installed justly to make little boys feel littler and stupid boys
aware of their stupidity. (St.)
12. You are becoming tireder and tireder. (H.)
13. "I love you mucher." "Plenty mucher? Me tooer." (J. Br.)
14. Oh, it was the killingest thing you ever saw. (K.A.)
15. "Mr. Hamilton, you haven't any children, have you?"
"Well, no. And I'm sorry about that, I guess. I'm sorriest about that." (St.)
16. Sometimes we are sleepy and fall asleep together in a corner, sometimes we
are very hungry, sometimes we are a little frightened, but what is oftenest hard
upon us is the cold. (D.)
17. You're goddamndest boy. (I. Sh.)
18. She's the goddamest woman I ever saw. (St.)
19. I've been asked to appear in Rostand's wonderful fairy play. Wouldn't it be
nice if you Englished it for us? (K.)
20. So: I'm not just talented. I'm geniused. (Sh. D.)
21. There were ladies too . . . some of whom knew
12
|
Trilby, and thee'd and thou'd with familiar and friendly affection while
others'mademoiselle'd her with distant politeness and were mademoiselle'd and
madame'd back again.
(G. du M.)
22. Mrs. Tribute "my deared" everybody, even ihings inanimate, such as the pump
in the dairy. (W. D.)
23. A luxury hotel for dogs is to be opened at Lima, Peru, a city of 30,000 dogs.
The furry guests will have separate hygienic kennels, top medical care and high
standard cuisine, including the best bones. Also on hand at the "dogotel"—trees.
(M. N.)
24. . . .the country became his Stepfatherland. (E.)
25. A college education is all too often merely sheep-skindeep. (E.)
V. Compare the neutral and the literary modes of
i
1. "My children, my defrauded, swindled infants!" cried Mrs. Renwigs. (D.)
2. He turned round and . . . encountered . . . the joyous face of Mr. Lipman, the
serene countenance of Mr. Winkle, and the intellectual lineaments of Mr.
Shodgrass. (D) 3. "I am Alpha and Omega,—the first and the last," the solemn
voice would announce. (D. du M.)
4. Twenty miles west of Tueson the "Sunset Express" stopped at a tank to take on
water. Besides the aqueous ad- • dition the engine of that famous flyer acquired
some other: things ithat were not good for it. (О. Н.)
5. . . .the famous Alderman who objected to the phrase in Canning's inscription for
a Pitt Memorial "He died poor" and wished to substitute "He expired in indigent
circumstances." (Luc.)
6. He is always in extremes; perpetually in the superlative degree. (D.)
II. Colloquial Stratum of Words
I. State the function of slang in the following examples, also paying attention to the
morphological and syntactical characteristics of slang units and semantic and
13
structural changes some of them underwent to become a slang expression.
1. "I'm the first one saw her. Out at Santa Anita she's hanging around the track
every day. I'm interested: professionally. 1 find out she's some jock's regular, she's
living with the shrimp, I get the jock told Drop it if he don't want conversation with
the vice boys: see, the kid's fifteen. But stylish: she's okay, she comes across. Even
when she's wearing glasses this thick; even when she opens her mouth and you
don't know if she's a hillbilly or an Okie or what, I still don't. My guess, nobody'll
ever know where she came from. (T. C.)
2. Bejees, if you think you can play me for an easy mark, you've come.to the
wrong house. No one ever played Harry Hope for a sucker! (O'N.)
3. A cove couldn't be too careful. (D. C.)
4. I've often thought you'd make a corking good actress. (Dr.)
5. "When he told me his name was Herbert I nearly burst out laughing. Fancy
calling anyone Herbert. A scream, I call it." (S.M.)
6. I steered him into a side street where it was dark and propped him against a wall
and gave him a frisk. (O'N.)
7. "I live upstairs."
The answer seemed to explain enough to relax him. "You got the same layout?"
"Much smaller."
He tapped ash on the floor. "This is a dump. This is unbelievable. But the kid don't
know how to live even when she's got the dough." (T. C.)
8. It is. But not so much the hope of booze, if you can believe that. I've got the
blues and Hickey's a great one to make a joke of everything and cheer you up.
(O'N.)
9. "George," she said, "you're a rotten liar. . . The part about the peace of Europe is
all bosh." (Ch.)
10. She came in one night, plastered, with a sun-burned man, also plastered . . . (J.
O'H.)
11. "Your friend got stinko and Fane had to send out for a bouncer." (J. O'H.)
12. "That guy just aint hep," Mazzi said decisively. "He's as unhep as a box, I
can't stand people who aint hep." (J.)
14
11. Specify hackneyed vulgarisms and vulgarisms proper; determine the kind of
emotion which had caused their usage.
1. . . .a hyena crossed the open on his way around the i hill. "That bastard
crosses there every night," the man said. h. (H.)
2. Suddenly Percy snatched the letter . . . "Give it back
to me, you rotten devil,." Peter shouted. "You know damn ST-well it doesn't say
that. I'll kick your big fat belly. I swear I will." (J. Br.)
3. "Look at the son of a bitch down there: pretending he's one of the boys today."
(J.)
4. "How are you, Cartwright? This is the very devil of a business, you know. The
very devil of a business." (Ch.)
5. "Poor son of a bitch," he said. "I feel for him, and I'm sorry I was bastardly."
(J.)
6. I'm no damned fool! I couldn't go on believing forever that gang was going to
change the world by shooting off their loud traps on soapboxes and sneaking
around blowing up a lousy building or a bridge! I got wise, it was all a crazy pipe
dream! (O'N.)
HI. Differentiate professional and social jargomsms; classify them according to the
narrow sphere of usage, suggest a terminological equivalent where possible:
1. She came out of her sleep in a nightmare struggle for breath, her eyes distended
in horror, the strangling cough tearing her again and again . . . Bart gave her the
needle. (D. C.)
2. I'm here quite often—taking patients to hospitals for majors, and so on. (S. L.)
3. "I didn't know you knew each other," I said.
"A long time ago it was," Jean said. "We did History Final together at Coll." (K.
A.)
4. They have graduated from Ohio State together, himself with an engineering
degree. (J.)
5. The arrangement was to keep in touch by runners and by walkie-talkie. (St. H.)
15
6. "Okay Top," he said. "You know I never argue with the First Sergeant." (J.)
7. Stark bought each one of them the traditional beer a new noncom always buys.
(J.)
8. "All the men say I'm a good noncom ... for I'm fair and I take my job seriously."
(N. M.)
9. "We stopped the attack on Paragon White В and С ... Personally I think it was a
feeler, and they're going to try again to-night." (N. M.)
10. Dave: Karach . . . That's where I met Libby Dod-son . . . Me and him were
going to do everything together when we got back to Civvy Street.. . I'll work as a
chippy on the Colonel's farm. (A. W.)
11. "So you'll both come to dinner? Eight fifteen. Dinny, we must be back to
lunch. Swallows!" added Lady Mont round the brim of her hat and passed out
through the porch.
"There's a house-party," said Dinny to the young man's elevated eyebrows. "She
means tails and a white tie." "Oh! Oh! Best bib and tucker, Jean." (G.)
12. "I think we've had enough of the metrop for the time being and require a
change." (P. G. W.)
13. He learned his English as a waiter in Gib. (H).
14. They can't dun you for bills after seven years, can they? (Ch.)
15. "How long did they cook you!" Dongere's stopped short and looked at him.
"How long did they cook you?"— "Since eight this morning.
Over twelve hours . . ."
. . ."You didn't unbutton then? After twelve hours of it?"
"Me? . . . They got a lot of dancing to do before they'll get anything out of me."
(Т.. Н.)
16. But, after all, he knows I'm preggers. (T. C.)
IV. Observe the dialectal peculiarities of dialogue in the following examples; pay
attention to changes in spelling caused by specific pronunciation.*
1. "By the way, Inspector, did you check up that story of Ferguson's?"
"Ferguson?" said the Inspector, in the resentful accents of a schoolboy burdened
with too much homework. "Oo, ay, we havena forgot Ferguson. I went tae Sparkes
of them
* More on this particular subject see in Exercises on graphon on p. 109-112.
16
remembered him weel enough. The lad doonstairs in the show-room couldna speak
with cairtainty tae the time, but he recognized Ferguson from his photograph, as
havin' brocht in a magneto on the Monday afternoon. He said Mr. p Saunders wad
be the man tae that, and pit a ca' through on the house telephone tae Mr. Sparkes,
an' he had the young fellow in. Saunders is one o' they bright lads. He picked the
photograph at once oot o' the six I showed him an' timed up the entry o' ithe
magneto in the day-book."
"Could he swear to the time Ferguson came in?"
"He wadna charge his memory wi' the precise minute, but he had juist come in fra'
his lunch an' found Ferguson waitin' for him. His lunchtime is fra' 1.30 tae 2.30,
but he was a bit late that day, an' Ferguson had been waitin' on him a wee while.
He thinks it wad be aboot ten minutes tae three."
"That's just about what Ferguson made it."
"Near enough."
"H'm. That sounds all right. Was that all Saunders had , to say?"
"Ay. Forbye that he said he couldna weel understand whit had happened tae the
magneto. He said it looked as though some yin had been daein' it a wilfu' damage."
(D. S.)
2. "That's so, my Lord. I remember having tae du much the same thing, mony
years since, in an inquest upon a sailing-vessel ran aground in the estuary and got
broken up by bumping herself to bits in a gale. The insurance folk thocht that the
accident wasna a'togither straightforwards. We >tuk it upon oorselz tae
demonstrate that wi' the wind and tide setti' as they did, the boat should ha' been
well-away fra' the shore if they started at the hour they claimed tae ha' done. We
lost the case, but I've never altered my opeenion." (D. S.)
3. "We'll show Levenford what my clever lass can do. I'm looking ahead, and I
can see it. When we've made ye the head scholar of Academy, then you'll see what
your father means to do wi' you. But ye must stick in to your lessons, stick in
hard." (A. C.)
4. I wad na been surpris'd to spy You on an auld wife' flainen toy: Or aiblins some
bit duddie boy, On's wyliecoat (R. B.)
17
V. Comment on the structure and function of the standard colloquial words and
expressions.
1. "Can we have some money to go to the show this aft. Daddy?" (H.)
2. "We Woosters are, all for that good old medieval hosp. and all that, but when it
comes to finding chappies collaring your bed, the thing becomes a trifle too
mouldy." (P.G.W.)
3. "Officers' dance last night, Sir," this tech said . . . "Congrats." (J. H.)
4. Winter garments surpassed even personal gossip as the topic at parties. It was
good form to ask, "Put on your heavies yet?" (S. L.)
5. I was feeling about as cheerio as was possible under the circs when a muffled
voice hailed rue from the northeast . . . (P.G.W.)
6. "What did Blake say about the pictures of Godfrey?" "About what I expected.
He's pretty sure the man he
tailed was Godfrey, but refuses to positively identify him from the pix." (Br. H.)
7. "I was snooping round for news of you, when I connected with this dame. She
wasn't at all what I thought she'd be—some swell naughty Society lady that'd scare
the life out of me." (Ch.)
8. His expenses didn't go down . . . washing cost a packet and you'd be surprised
the amount of linen he needed. (S.M.)
9. I was the biggest draw in London. At the old Aquarium, that was. All
the swells came to see me ... I was the talk of the town. (S. M.)
10. "Say, what do you two think you're doing? Telling fortunes or making love?
Let me warn you that the dog is a frisky bacheldore, Carol. Come on, now, folks,
shake a leg. Let's have some stunts or a dance or something." (S.L.)
11. A heart man 'told me I was going to die in six months. (I. Sh.)
12. "Hello, kid! Gee, you look cute, all right." (Dr.)
13. Mr. Marbury captured her with a loud, "Oh, quit fussing now. Come over here
and sit down and tell us how's tricks." (S. L.)
14. "Sayl You cut out o'this now before I do something
18 .
to you, do you hear? I'm not the one 'to let you pull this stuff on me ... Beat if
before I do something to you, do you hear?" (Dr.)
VI. Compare the neutral and colloquial (standard or with a limited range of
application) modes of expression.
1. "Get on a little faster, put a little more steam on, Ma'am, pray." (D.)
2. "I gave him your story in the magazine. He was quite impressed . . . But he says
you're on the wrong track. Negroes and children: who cares?"
"Not Mr. Berman, I gather. Well, I agree with him. I read that story twice: Brats
and niggers." (T. C.)
3. "I do think the Scandinavian are the heartiest and best people—"
"Oh, do you think so?" protested Mrs. Jackson Elder. "My husband says the
Svenskas that work in the planing-mill are perfectly terrible-^-" (S. L.)
4. He tried these engineers, but no soap. No answer. (J. O'H.)
5. H: I'd have been elected easy.
M: You would, Harry, it was a sure thing. A dead cinch, Harry, everyone knows
that. (O'N.)
6. "Big-'Hearted Harry. You want to know what I think? I think you're nuts. Pure
plain crazy. Goofy as a loon. That's what I think." (J.)
7. There were . . . with a corner of 'the bar to themselves what I recognized at once
to be a Regular Gang, a Bunch, a Set. (P.)
8. "I met a cousin of yours, Mr. Muskham."— "Jack?"—"Yes." "Last of
the dandies. All the difference in the world, Dinny, between the 'buck', the 'dandy',
the 'swell', the 'masher', the 'blood', 'the 'knut', and what's the last variety called
—I never know. There's been a steady decrescendo. By his age Jack belongs to
the masher' period, but his cut was always pure dandy." (G.)
VII. Compare the literary and colloquial modes of expression.
1. "The scheme I would suggest cannot fail of success, but it has what may seem to
you a drawback, sir, in that it requires a certain financial outlay."
19
"He means," I translated to Corky, "that he has got a pippin of an idea but it's going
to cost a bit." (P. G. W.)
2. "I say old boy, where do you hang out?" Mr. Pickwick responded that he was at
present suspended at the George and Vulture. (D.)
3. "Prithee, give me some ham, piping hot, fragrant with the flavour of cloves,
brown sugar and tasty sauce. Serve it between fresh slices of nourishing brown
and buttered bread. And draw for your faithful servant a cup of aromatic coffee
with cream that is rich and pure."
The girl gave him a frigid glance and cried to the kitchen. "Pig on rye and Java
with." (Ev.)
4. "Obviously an emissary of Mr. Bunyan had obtained clandestine access to her
apartment in her absence and purloined the communications in question."
It took Lord Uffenham some moments to work this out, but eventually he
unravelled it and was able to translate it from the butlerese. What the man was
trying to say that some low blister, bought with Bunyan's gold, had sneaked into
the girl's flat and pinched the bally things. (P. G. W.)
5. "Here she is," said Quilp . . . "there is the woman I ought to have married—
there is the beautiful Sarah— there is the female who has all 'the charms of her sex
and none of their weakness. Oh, Sally, Sally." (D.)
, 6. I need the stimulation of good company. He terms this riff-raff. The plain fact
is, I am misunderstood. (D.duM.)
VIII. Analyse the vocabulary of {the following; indicate the type and function of
stylistically coloured units.
1. "What the hell made you take on a job like that?" "A regrettable necessity for
cash. I can assure you it
doesn't suM my temperament." Jimmy grinned. "Never a hog for regular work,
were you?" (Ch.)
2. "You'll probably see me at a loss for one to-night." "I bet. But you'll stick to me,
won't you?"
"Like a bloody leech, man." (K. A.)
3. At the counter of the Greek Confectionery Parlour, while they ate dreadful
messes of decayed bananas, acid cherries, whipped cream, and gelatinous ice-
cream, they screamed to one another: "Hey, lemme' lone," "Quit doggone you,
looka what you went and done, you almost
20
spilled my glass swater," "Like hell I did," "Heygol darn your hide, don't you go
sticking your coffinh nail in my i-scream," "Oh you Batty, how juh like dancing
with Tilly McGuire last night? Some squeezing, heh.kid?" (S. L.)
4. "Listen, you son of a bitch," he said feeling an icy calm that was a flaming
rapture of abandon. "Keep your big yap away from me, or I'll sow it shut for you."
(J.)
5. "Now that the g. d. war is over and you probably have a lot of time over there,
how about sending the kids a couple of bayonets or Swastikas . . ." (S.)
6. Roma abandoned herself to the fascinations of the scene, and her gaiety infected
everybody.
"Camillo, you must tell me who they all are. There now those men who come first
in black and red?"
"Laymen," said the young Roman. "They're called the Apostolis Cursori. When a
Cardinal is nominated they take him the news, and get two or three thousand francs
for their trouble."
"Good for them! And those fine fellows in tight black vestment like Spanish
bullfighters?"
"The Mazzieri! They carry the mace to clear the way."
"Go on, Camillo mio."
"Those men in the long black robes are lawyers of the Apostolis palace."
"And this dear old friar with the mittens and rosary and the comfortable linsey-
woolsey sort of face?"
"That's Father Pifferi of San Lorenzo, confessor to the Pope. He knows all the
Pope's sins ... He is a Capucin and those Frati in different colours coming behind
him ..."
"I know them: see if I don't," she cried, as there passed under the balcony a double
file of friars and monks nearly all alike fat, ungainly, flabby, puffy specimens of
humanity, carrying torches of triple candles, and telling their beads as they
walked." (H. C.)
7. "Nicholas, my dear, recollect yourself," remonstrated Mrs. Nickleby.
"Dear Nicholas, pray," urged the young lady. "Hold your tongue, Sir," said Ralph.
(D.).
8. When Mr. and Mrs. Sunbury went to bed on the night of Herbert's twenty-first
birthday, and in passing I may say that Mrs. Sunbury never went to bed, she
retired, but Mr. Sunbury who was not quite so refined as his wife always said: "Me
for Bedford". . . (S. M.)
21
9. There are many ways to do this and you learn most of them. But the jerks and
'twerps, the creeps and the squares and the strips flourish and seem, with the new
antibiotics, to have attained a sort of creeping immortality, while people that you
care for die publicly or anonymously each month. (H.)
10. "Now take fried, crocked, squiffed, loaded, plastered, blotto, tiddled, soaked,
boiled, stinko, oiled, polluted."
"Yes," I said.
"That's the next set of words I am decreasing my vocabulary by," said Atherton.
"Tossing them all out in favor of—"
"Intoxicated," I supplied.
. "I favor drunk," said Atherton. "It's shorter and monosyllabic, even though it may
sound a little harsher to the squeamish-minded."
"But there are degrees of difference," I objected.
"Just being tiddled isn't the same as being blotto, or—"
"When you get into the vocabulary-decreasing business," he interrupted, "you don't
bother with technicalities. You throw out the whole kit and caboodle—I mean the
whole bunch," he hastily corrected himself. (P. G. W.)
11. I repented having tried this second entrance, and was almost inclined 'to slip
away before he finished cursing, but ere I could execute this intention, he
ordered me in, and shut and refastened the door. There was a great fire, and that
was all the light in the huge apartment, whose floor had grown a uniform grey;
and the once brilliant pewter dishes, which used to attract my gaze when I was a
girl, partook of a similar obscurity, created by tarnish and dust. I inquired whether I
might call the maid, and be conducted to a bedroom. Mr. Earnshaw
vouchsafed no answer. (E. Br.)
CHAPTER II
STYLISTIC DEVICES GUIDE TO STYLISTIC DEVICES
The main constituting feature of a stylistic device (SD)* is the binary opposition of
two meanings of the employed unit, one of which is normatively fixed in the
language and does not depend upon the context, while the other one originates
within certain context and is contextual.
It is possible to single out the following main groups of SD:**
I. SD based on the binary opposition of lexical meanings regardless of the
syntactical organization of the utterance—lexical stylistic devices.
II. SD based on the binary opposition of syntactical meanings regardless of their
semantics—syntactical stylistic devices.
III. SD based on the binary opposition of lexical meanings accompanied by fixed
syntactical organization of employed lexical units—lexico-syntactical stylistic
devices.
IV. SD based on the opposition of meanings of phonological and/or graphical
elements of the language— graphical and phonetical stylistic means.
When the opposition is clearly perceived and both indicated meanings are
simultaneously realized within the same short context we speak of fresh, original,
genuine SD.
When one of the meanings is suppressed by the other we speak of trite, or
hackneyed SD..
When the second, contextual,. meaning is completely blended with the first, initial
one, we speak of thedisappear-
* /. R. Galperin. Javlajetza li stilistika urovnem jazika? In: "Problemi
jazikoznanija", Mo$c, 1967, p. 198—203.
1959.
M. Riffaterre. Criteria for style analysis."Word", No. 1. N. Y.,
** Complete elaboration of the subject see in Prof. Galperin's book "Ocherki
po stilistike anglijskogo jazika" (Mosc, 1958).
23
ансе of SD and its replacement by polysemy or phraseology.
I. GUIDE TO LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
Lexical SD are further classified according to the nature of lexical meanings
participating in their formation.
A. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction* Between the Logical and Nominal
Meanings of a Word. I
Antonomasia
Anlonomasia is always trite when its contextual mean- : ing is logical, because, >to
be employed as a common noun, the proper name must have fixed logical
associations between the name itself and the qualities of its bearer which may
occur only as a result of long and frequent usage.
The second type of antonomasia, as a rule, is original, for the variety of common
nouns becoming contextual proper names is unlimited, and thus each case is a
unique creation. The main function of this type of antonomasia—to characterize
the person simultaneously with naming him— is vastly used in the so-called
"speaking mimes" (cf. Lady Teasle; Miss Sharp; Mr. Credulous, etc.).
|
В. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between Two Logical Meanings of a
Word
(1) Various objects, phenomena, actions, etc., may possess similar features, which
fact provides the possibility' of transference of meaning on the basis of similarity
and association, i.e. metaphor. When likeness is observed between inanimate
objects and human qualities, v/e speak of personification. When a group of
metaphors is clustered around the same image to make it more vivid and comp-
* Binary opposition" applied to SD means first and foremost the opposition of
"that which had been"—initial meaning and "that which appeared — contextual
meaning.
Since it is important in each concrete case not only to state the origination of the
new — contextual — meaning, but also to indicate peculiarities of the latter, we
shall employ the term "interaction" which embraces both stages—the origination
and the ensuing activities of the new meaning.
24
lete, we speak of a developed (sustained, prolonged) metaphor.
Metaphor can be expressed by all notional parts of speech. The most complete
identification of the associated phenomena is achieved in verb-metaphors.
(2) Metonymy reflects the actually existing relations between two objects and is
thus based on their contiguity. Since the types of relations between two objects can
be finally limited, they are observed again and again, and metonymy in most cases
is trite (cf. to earn one's bread; to live by the pen; to keep one's mouth shut, etc.).
Most cases of original metonymy present relations between a part and the whole
and are known as synecdoche. .
Metonymy is expressed by nouns or substantivized numerals. ('. . . She was a pale
and fresh eighteen.')
(3) Irony is the clash of two diametrically opposite meanings within the same
context, which is sustained in .oral speech by intonation. Irony can be realized
also through the medium of the situation, which, in written speech, may extend as
far as a paragraph, chapter or even the whole book. Bitter, socially or politically
aimed irony is referred to as sarcasm.
С Stylictic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical and Emotive
Meanings of a Word
(1) Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration of some quantity, quality, size, etc.,
big though it might be even without exaggeration.
If it is smallness that is being hyperbolized ("a woman of pocket size'), we speak of
understatement, which works on identical principles but. in opposite directions
with hyperbole proper.
(2) Epithet, the most explicitly subjective SD, structurally falls into: (a) word-
epithets, i. e., epithets expressed by any notional part of speech in the attributive or
adverbial function; (b) two-step epithets, i. e., epithets supplied by intensifiers
('marvellously radiant smile');-(c) syntactical epithets based on illogical
syntactical relations between the modifier and the modified ('the brute of a boy');
(d) phrase-epithets, including into one epithet an extended phrase or a completed
sentence ('a you-know-how-dirty-men-are look'); (e) sentence-epithets, expressed
■u 25
by a one-member (or one-word) sentence, which fulfils the function of emotive
nomination ('Fool!').
In the sentence epithets are distributed: (a) singly ('a dry look'); (b) in pairs ('a
wondeful and happy summer'); (c) in strings ('a ribald, thundering, insolent,
magnifi cent laugh').
Semantic classification of epithets allows to differentiate among them
metaphorical epithets, which are based on metaphor ('the iron hate') and transferred
ones, which transfer the quality of one object upon its nearest neighbour ('a
tobacco-stained smile') thus characterizing both of them.
(3) Oxymoron joins two antonynious words into one syntagm, most frequently
attributive ('adoring hatred') or adverbial ('shouted silently'), less frequently of
other patterns ('doomed to liberty'), etc.
Trite oxymorons ('pretty lousily', 'awfully nice' and others) have lost their semantic
discrepancy and are used in oral speech and fiction dialogue as indicators of roused
emotions.
In the treatment of both above-discussed groups В and С the attention must be
focused on >the context and its role in the conversion of genuine SD into trite and
dead one as well as on the structural and semantic peculiarities and types of them.-
D. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction,
Between the Free and Phraseological Meanings of a Word
(or Between the Meanings of Two Homonyms)
The main stylistic function of the indicated SD is to create humorous effect.
Proceeding from the quality of the context and the structure of the SD we shall
differentiate
(1) Zeugma—the context allows to realize two meanings of the same
polysemantic word (or a pair of homonyms) without the repetition of the word
itself.
(2) Pun—the role of the context is similar to that of zeugma, while the structure is
changed, for the central word is repeated.
(3) Semantically false chain—extended context pre pares the reader for the
realization of a word in one contextual meaning when unexpectedly appears a
semantically alien element forcing the second contextual meaning upon
26
the central word. As it is seen from the denomination of the SD, structurally it
presents a chain of homogeneous members,* belonging to non-relating semantic
fields but linked to the same kernel, which due to them is realized in two of its
meanings simultaneously.
(4) Violation of phraseological units—occurs when the bound phraseological
meanings of the components of the unit are disregarded and intentionally replaced
by their original literal meanings.
EXERCISES
A. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction
Between the Logical and Nominal Meanings
of a Word. Antonomasia
1. Discuss 'the interaction between the nominal and the contextual logical
meanings and the associations caused by the latter in the following examples of
antonomasia.
1. Kate kept him because she knew he would do anything in the world if he were
paid to do it or was afraid not to do it. She had no illusions about him. In her
business Joes were necessary. (St.)
2. In the dining-room stood a sideboard laden with glistening decanters and
other utilities and ornaments in gi^ss, the arrangement of which could not be
questioned. Here was something Hurstwood knew about ... He took no little
satisfaction in telling each Mary, shortly after she arrived, something of what the
art of the thing required.
(Dr.)
3. (The actress is all in tears). Her manager: "Now what's all this Tosca stuff
about?" (S.M.)
4. "Christ, it's so funny I could cut my throat. Madame Bovary at Columbia
Extension School!" (S.)
5. "You'll be helping the police, I expect," said Miss
Cochran.
"I was forgetting that you had such a reputation as
Sherlock." (D. S.)
* R. A. Budagov. Nabludenija nad jazikom i stilem I. Ufa i E. Pet-rova. Uchenijc
zapiski LQU. Seria philol. nauk. Vip. 10. 1946.
27
6. Duncan was a rather short, broad, dark-skinned taciturn Hamlet of a- fellow
with straight black hair. (D. H. L.)
7. Every Caesar has his Brutus. (О. Н.)
II. State the role of the context in the realization of the logical meaning of a word
(or a word combination) in the following examples of antonomasia, commenting
. also on their structure.
1. Lady Teazle: Oh! I am quite undone! What will be-come of me? Now, Mr.
Logic—Oh! mercy, sir, he's on the ■ stairs—(Sh.)
2. Her mother said angrily, "Stop making jokes. I don't . know what you're
thinking iof. What does Miss Fancy think She's going'to do?" "I don't know yet,"
said Cathy. (St.)
3. Lucy: So, my dear Simplicity, let me give you a little respite. * . (Sh.)
4. . . .we sat down at a table with two girls in yellow : and three men, each one
introduced to us as Mr. Mumble. (Sc. F.)
5. The next speaker was a tall gloomy man, Sir Something Somebody. (P.)
6. . . .she'd been in a bedroom with one of the young Italians, Count Something, . .
(I. Sh.)
7. Then there's that appointment with Mrs. What's-her-name for her bloody awful
wardrobe. (A. W.)
8. That What's-his- name—the rodeo rider was working the Stinson rodeo with
you last year. (A. M.)
9. Hey, pack it in, ole Son, Mister What's-his-name"ll be here soon to have a look
at this squatting chair of his. (A.W.)
JO. "A bit of village gossip. Mrs. Somebody or other's Ernie . . . had to go with his
mother to the police station, (Ch.)
11. .. .He's a big chap. Well, you've never heard so many well-bred commonplaces
come from beneath the same ■ bowler hat. The Platitude from Outer Space -that's
brother Nigel. He'll end up in the Cabinet one day make no mistake. (0.)
12. The average man, Mr. Average Man, Mr. Taxpayer, as drawn by Rollin Kirby
looks the average New York man making more than 5000 dollars a year, (J. O'H.).
13. This was Washingmachine Charley, or Louie the Louse as he was also called
with less wit. All of them had
28
heard about him of course: the single plane who nightly made his single nuisance
raid, and who had been nick-named by the stouthearted American troops. This
information was in all news communiques. And in fact, because of the great
height, the sound did resemble the noise made by an antiquated, onelung Maytag
washer. But the nick-name proved to be generic. (J.)
14. "Rest, my dear,—rest. That's one of the most important things. There are three
doctors in an illness like yours," he laughed in anticipation of his own joke.
"I don't mean only myself, ray partner and the radiologist who does your X-rays,
the three I'm referring to are Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air." (D. C.)
III. Indicate the leading feature of the personages characterized by the following
"speaking names".*
Mr. Gradgrind (D.); Mr. Goldfinger (Fl.); Becky Sharp (Th.); Bosinney the
Bucanneer (G.); Lady Teazle, Joseph Surface, Mr. Carefree, Miss Languish, Mr.
Backbite, Mr. Snake, Mr. Credulous (Sh,); Holiday Golightly (Т. С); Mr. Butt,
Mrs. Newrich, Mr. Beanhead (L.)
B. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between Two Logical Meanings of a
Word
(1) Metaphor
I. Discuss the structure, grammatical category and syn-- tactical functions of
metaphors in the following examples. .
L The clock had struck, time was bleeding away. (A. H.)
2. Dance music was bellowing from the open door of the Cadogan's cottage.
(Bark.)
3. There had been rain.in the night, and now all the trees were'curtseying to a fresh
wind . , . (A. H.)
* Moscow News once suggested a likewise explanation of the nicknames: ".„a man
with red hair may be called Carrots, Ginger, or Rusty; the last name hints that he
was left out in the rain as a baby. At school a fat boy may be-called Fatty, Tubby,
or Football, while a thin one may be called Skinny, Lanky, or Spindly. A. tall one
may. be Lofty, Lamp Post, or — in ironical spirit — Tiny or Shorty."
' . , 29
I
1 J ■■
1. She took a Bible from the shelf, and read; then, lay-ii i?; it down, thought of the
summer (lays and the bright spring—time that would come, of the sweet air that
would sieal in ... (D.)
5. "Will he ever come down those stairs again?" This thought lanced Constance's
heart. (А. Г«.)
6. Another night, deep in the sumi-ier, the heat of my room sent me out into the
streets. (T..C.)
7. . . .every hour in every day she could wound his pride. (D.)
8. Money burns a hole in my pocket. (Т. С.)
9. . . .The world was tipsy with its own perfections. (A.H.)
II. Differentiate between genuine and trite metaphors.
1. In the spaces between houses tbe wind caught her. It stung, it gnawed at nose
and ears and aching cheeks, and she hastened from shelter to shelier . . . (S. L.)
2. Swan had taught him much. The great kindly Swede had taken him under his
wing>(E. F.)
i "3. It being his habit not to jump or leap, or make an upward spring, at anything
in life, but to crawl at everything. (D.)
4. Then would come six or seven good years when there rnipiit be 20 to 25 inches
of rain, and 'he land would shout I with grass} (St.) .
-•-=:,
I;. The laugh in her eyes died out and was replaced j by something else. (M. S.)
. j
G. Death is at the end of that de'.ious, winding^maze oi paths. . . (Fr. N.)
7. Neither Mr. Povey nor Constance introduced the delicate subject to her again*
and she had determined not to be the first :to speak of it. . . .So the matter hung, as
it were, suspended in the ether between the opposing forces of pride and passion.
(A. B.)
8. . . .her expression, an unrealized yawn, put, by example, a damper on the
excitement Г felt over dining at so swanky a place. (T. C.)
9. Battle found his way to the Blue morning-room without difficulty. He was
already familiar with the geography of the house. (Ch.)
10. It was a ladylike yawn, a closed-mouth yawn, but you couldn't miss it; her
nostril-wings gave her away. (S.)
III. Stale the number and quality of simple metaphors comprizing the following
sustained metaphors.
1. The stethoscope crept over her back. "Cough . . . Breathe . . ." Tap, tap. What
was he hearing? What changes were going on in her body? What was her lung
telling him through the thick envelope of her flesh, through the wall of her ribs and
her shoulders? (D. C.) "~ 2. The artistic centre oLG^alloway is Kirkcudbright,
where the painters form a scaue'rfeft "constellation, whose nucleus is in the High
Street^ and wjjose outer stars twinkle in remote hillside cottages, j4m|«ning
Brightness as far as gatehouse of Fleet. (D. S.)
3. The slash of run on the wall above him slowly knifes down, cuts across his
chest, becomes a coin on the floor and vanishes. (U)
4. His countenance beamed with the most sunny smiles; laughter played around
his lips, and good-humoured merriment twinkled in his eye. (D.)
5. The music came to him across the now bright, now dull, slowly burning
cigarette of each man's life, telling him its ancient secret of all men, intangible,
unfathomable defying long-winded description . . . (J.)
6. She had tripped into the meadow to teach the lambs a pretty educational dance
and found that the lambs were wolves. There was no way out between 'their
pressing gray shoulders. She was surrounded by fangs and sneering eyes. She
could not go on enduring the hidden derision. She wanted to flee. Shi. wanted to
hide in the generous indifference of cities. (S. L.)
7. As he walks along Potter Avenue the wires at their silent height strike into and
through the crowns of the breathing maples. At the next corner, where the water
from the ice-plant used io come down, sob into a drain, and reappear on the other
side of the street. Rabbitt crosses over and walks beside the gutter where the water
used to rurj coating the shallow side of its course with ribbons of green slime
waving and waiting to slip under your feet and dunk you if you dared walk orj
them. (U.)
8. I have been waiting to talk to you—to have you to myself, rio less—until I
could chase my new book out of the house. I thought It never would go. Its last
moments lingered on and on. it got up, turned again, took off its
> 31
gloves, again sat down, reached the door, came back until finally M. marked it
down, lassoed it with a stout string, and hurled it at Pinker. Since then there's been
an ominous silence. (К. М.)
9. His dinner arrived, a plenteous platter of food—but no plate. He glanced at his
neighbors. Evidently plates were an affectation frowned upon in the Oasis.
Taking up a tarnished knife and fork, he pushed aside the underbrush of onions and
came face to face with his steak.
First impressions are important, and Bob Eden knew at once that this was no meek,
complacent opponent that confronted him. The steak looked back at him with an
air of defiance that was amply justified by what followed. After a few moments of
unsuccessful battling, he summoned the sheik. "How about a steel knife?" he
inquired. .
"Only got three and they're all in use," the waiter replied.
Bob Eden resumed the battle, his elbows held close, his muscles swelling. With set
teeth and grim face he bore down and cut deep. There was a terrific screech as his
knife skidded along the platter, and to his horror he saw the steak rise from its bed
of gravy and onions and fly from him. It traveled the grimy counter for a second,
then ^dropped on to the knees of the girl and thence to the floor.
Eden turned to meet her blue eyes filled with laughter.
"Oh, I'm sorry," he said. "I thought it was a steak, and it seems to be a lap dog." (E.
D. B.) • , ■? >
10. Directly he saw those rolling chalk hills he was conscious of a difference in
himself and in them. The steaming stew-pan that was London was left to simmer
under its smoky sky, while these great rolling spaces sunned themselves as they
had sunned themselves in the days of the Barrow men. (W. D.)
IV. Speak about the role of the context in the creation of the image through a
metaphor.
1. There, at the very core of London, in the heart of its business and animation, in
the midst of a whirl of noise and notion . ... stands Newgate. (D.)
2. England has two eyes, Oxford and Cambridge. They are the two eyes of
England, and two intellectual eyes. (Ch.T.)
32 •
:''■':.
3. Beauty is but a flower
Which wrinkles will devour. (O. N.)
4. It appears to her that I am for the passing time the cat of the house, the friend of
the family. (D.) .
5. Sunshine, the old clown, rims the door. (U.)
6. The waters have closed above your head, and the world has closed upon your
miseries and misfortunes for ever. (D.)
'rY« Analyse the following cases of personification.
1. On this dawn of October, 1885, she stood by her kitchen window . . . watching
another dismal and rainy day emerge from the womb of the expiring night. And
such an ugly, sickly-looking baby she thought it was that, so far as she was
concerned, it could go straight back whore it came from. (P. M.)
2. He was fainting from sea-sickness, and a roll of the ship tilted him over -the rail
on to the smooth lip of the deck. Then a low, gray mother-wave swung out of the
fog, tucked Harvey under one arm, so to speak, and pulled him
. off and away to lee-ward; the great green closed over him,
and he went quietly 'to sleep. (R. K.)
/■ 3. A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's .(card. Jack is kind to
the regular 'denizens of Madison Square, and gives fair warning of his annual call.
At the corners of fpur streets he hands his pasteboard to the North Wind, footman
of the mansion of All Outdoors, so that the inhabitants (thereof may make ready.
(О. Н.)
4. Dexter watched from the veranda of the Golf Club, watched the even overlap of
the waters in the little wind,/
.silver molasses under the harvest moon. Then the moon held a finger to her lips
and the lake became a clear pool, pale and quiet. (Sc. F.)
5. Here and 'there a Joshua tree stretched out hungry ■ .black arms as though to
seize these travelers by night, and
over that gray waste a dismal wind moaned constantly, chill and keen and biting.
(E. D. B.)
6. The Face of London was now strangely altered . . the voice"оГЖопгпIng
was" heard in every street. '-(D. ь.).
7. Mother Nature always.blusheg before_disrobing. (E.)
8. The rainy night had ushered 7n a misty morning'Thalf frost, half drizzle, and
temporary brooks crossed our path, gurgling from the uplands. (E. Br.)
3 Заказ № 53
33
9. Chan shrugged. "All the time the big Pacific Ocean I suffered sharp pains down
below, and tossed about to prove it. May be from sympathy I was in the same fix."
(E.D.B.) U(rtM
10. Break, break, break Д>$
On the cold gray stones, О Sea! Break, break, break ' v
At the foot of thy chags, О Sea! (T.) i
■
(2) Metonymy
I. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object
implied in the following examples of metonymy.
1. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red
lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent
bosoms. (А. В.),
V 2. The trenchful of dead Japanese made him feel even • worse but he felt he
must not show this, so he had joined in ,. with the others; but his heart wasn't in it.
(J.)
3. It must not be supposed that stout .women of a, certain age never seek to seduce
the eye and trouble the meditation's of man by other than moral charms (A. B.) \/ 4.
Daniel was a good fellow, honorable, brilliant, a figure in the world. But what
of'his licentious tongue? What of his frequenting of bars? (A. B.)
5. If you knew how to dispose af the information,' you could do the Axis quite a
bit of good by keeping your eyes and ears open in Gretley. (P.) ,
6. "You've got nobody to blame but yourself." "The saddest words of tongue or
pen." (I. Sh.)
7. The syntax and idiom of the voice, in common "con : versation, are not the
syntax and idiom of the pen. (V.)
8. For several days he took an hour after his work to make inquiry taking with him
some examples of his pen and inks. (Dr.)
q
. The praise . , . was enthusiastic enough to have
denghted any common writer who earns his living by his
---- pen . . . (S. M.) ; . .
\J 10. .,. .there would follow splendid years of great
works carried out together, the old head backing the young
.Cf
34
\j 11. Sceptre and crown must tumble down. '
And in the dust be equal made.
■/ With the poor crooked scythe and spade. (Shel.), V 12. He was interested
in everybody. His mind was alert, and people asked him to dinner not for old times'
sake, but because he was worth his salt. (S. M.) V 13. It was in those placid
latitudes . . . in the Pacific, -where weeks, aye months, often pass without the
margin-less blue level being ruffled by any wandering keel. (Fr. B.)
II. Differentiate between trite and original! metonymies.
1. . . .for every look that passed between them, and word they spoke, and every
card they played, the dwarf had eyes and ears. (D.) ■^j 2. ". . .he had a stinking
childhood."
"If it was so stinking why does he cling to it?" . "Use your head. Can't you see it's
just that Rusty feels safer in diapers than he would in skirts?" (T. C.) \i 3. "Some
remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks, and, if I
am not mistaken, a Velasquez. I am interested in pictures!" (Ch.)
4. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer invented bloomers in 1849 for the very daring sport of
cycling. (D. W.) ■ 5. "I shall enjoy a bit of a walk."
"It's raining, you know." v "I know. I'v got a Burberry." (Ch.) N/ 6. Two men in
uniforms were running heavily to the Administration building. As they ran,
Christian saw them throw away their rifles. They were portly men who looked like
advertisements for Munich beer, and running came ' hard to them . . .The first
prisoner stopped and picked up -A one of the discarded rifles. He did not fire it,
but carried it, as he chased the guards ... He swung the rifle like a club, and one of
the beer advertisements went down. (I. Sh.)
7. I get my living by the sweat of, my brow. (D.) v 8. I crossed a high toll bridge
and negotiated a no man's land and came to the place where the Stars and Stripes
stood shoulder to shoulder .with the Union Jack. (St.)
Yj 9. Tom and Roger came back to eat an enormous tea .and then played tennis till
light failed. (S. M.)'
10. I hope you will be able to send your mother some-
W ' 35
thing from time to time, as we can give her a roof over her head, a place to sleep
and eat but nothing else. (J. O'H.)
11. Being tired and dirty for days at a time and then having to give up because
flesh and blood just couldn't .stand it. (S.M.)
12. . . .the watchful Mrs. Snagsby is there too—bone of his bone, flesh of his
flesh, shadow of his shadow. (Eh)
13. Joe Bell's is a quiet place compared to most Lexing-* ton Avenue bars. It
boasts neither neon nor television. (T.C.)
V 14. She was a sunny, happy sort of creature. Too fond of the bottle. (Ch.i .
. 15. To hell with Science! I have 4o laugh when I read some tripe these journalists
write about it ... What has Science done for Modern Man? (P.)
16. It's the inside of the man, the warm heart of the man, the passion of the man,
ithe fresh blood of the man . . . / that I speak of. (D)
- ■
V 17. The streets were bedded with . ... six incfjes^gf cold, soft
carpel,1'churned to a dirty brown by the crush of teams and the feet of* men. Along
Broadway men picked their way in ulsters and umbrellas. (Dr.)
v 18, Up the Square, from the corner of King Street, „passed a woman in anew
bonnet with pink strings, and a new blue dress -that sloped at the shoulders and
grew to a vast circumference at the' hem. Through the silent sunlit solitude of the
Square . . . this bonnet and this dress floated northwards in search of romance. (A.
B.) \/ 19. "I never saw a Phi Beta Kappa | wear a wrist
V
watch." (J. O'H.)
III. Give the morphological and syntactical characteristics of metonymies.
'W' 1. Many of the hearts that throbbed so gaily then, have ceased to beat; many of
the looks that shone so brightly then, have ceased to glow. (D.)
2. There had to be a survey. It cost me a few hundred pounds for the right pockets.
(Fl.)
\j 3. He ... took a taxi, one of those small, low Philadelphia-made un-American-
t

looking Yellows of that period. (J. O'H.)

4. She goes on fainter and fainter before my eyes. (D.)
36

4
\ 5. I have only one good quality—overwhelming belief in the brains and hearts of
our nation, our state, our town.-
V "6. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (С. Н.)
.
v
7. The man looked a rather old forty-five, for he was already going grey. (P.) .
8. The delicatessen owner was a spry and jolly fifty. T. R.)
9. He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (I. Sh.)
10. The man carrying the black Gladstone refused the' help of the red Caps. ...
Didn't he look strong enough to carry a little bag, a little Gladstone like this? . .
They were young and looked pretty strong, most of these Red Caps . (J. O'H.)
(3) Irony
I. Analyse the following cases of irony, paying attention tto the length of the
context necessary to realize it:
\J 1. Contentedly Sam Clark drove off, in the heavy traffic of three Fords and the
Minniebashie House Free Bus.
(S.L.) , . ..,
^2. Stoney smiled the;<sweetjsmile of. an alligator. (St.) N/ 3. Henry could get
gloriously tipsy-on,tea. and conversation. (A.H.) '
. --—* У 4. She had so painfully reared three sons to be Christian gentlemen that
one of them had become an Omaha bartender, one a professor of Greek, and one,
Cyrus N. Bpgart, a boy of fourteen ,who was still at home, the most brazen
member of the toughest gang in Boytown- (S. L.) V'-5. Even at this affair, which
brought out the young smart set, the hunting squire set, the respectable intellectual
set, they sat up with gaiety as with a corpse. (S. L.) V6. "If there's a war, what are
you going to be in?" Lip-hook asked.
"The Government, I hope," Tom said, "Touring the lines in an armored car, my
great belly shaking like a jelly. Hey did you hear 'that? That'sIpoetryT (J. Br.).
7. He could walk and run, was full of exact knowledge about God, and
entertained no doubt concerning- the
. . '. 37
special partiality of a minor deity called Jesus towards himself. (A. B.)
8. ... Try this one, "The Eye of Osiris." Great stuff. All about a mummy. Or
Kennedy's "Corpse on the Mat"—I that's nice and light and cheerful, like its title.
(D. S.) \J 9. Blodgett College is on the edge of Minneapolis. It is a bulwark of
sound religion. It is still combating the recent heresies of Voltaire, Darwin and
Robert Ingersoll. Pious families in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas send
their children thither, and Blodgett protects 'them from the wickedness of the
universities. (S. L.)
10. ... the old lady . .. ventured to approach Mr. Benjamin Allen with a few
comforting reflections of which the chief were, that after all, it was well it was no
worse; the least said the soonest mended, and upon her word she did not know that
it was so very bad after all; that what was over couldn't be begun and what couldn't
be cured must be endured, with various other assurances of the like novel and
strengthening description. (D.)
11. Poetry deals with primal and conventional thingof the hunger for bread, the
love of woman, /the love of chbd j ren, the desire for immortal life. If men really
had new sentiments, poetry could not deal with them. If, let us say, a man did not
feel a bitter craving to eat bread; but did, by way of substitute, feel a fresh, original
craving to eat fenders or mahogany tables, poetry could not express him. If a man,
instead of falling in love with a woman, fell in love with a fossil or a sea anemone
poetry could not express him. Poetry can only express what is original in one sense
—the sense in which we speak of original sin. It is original not in the paltry sense
of being new, but in the deeper sense of being old; it is original in the. sense that it
deals with origins. (G. K. Ch.)
12. But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makesWm
master of the world.
.. .As the great cnampion of freedom and national independence he conquers and
annexes half the world and calls it Colonization. (B. Sh.)
13. All this blood and fire business tonight was probably part of the graft to get the
Socialists chucked out and leave honest business men safe to make their fortunes
cut of murder. (L. Ch.)
14. England has been in a dreadful state for some
•
weeks. Lord Coodle would go out, Sir Thomas Doodle wouldn't come in, and there
being nobody in Great Britain (to speak of) except Coodie and Doodle, there has
been no Government. (D.)
15. It was at their beautiful country place in W. 'that we had the pleasure of
interviewing the Afterthought. At their own cordial invitation, we had walked over
from the nearest railway station, a distance of some fourteen miles. Indeed, as soon
as they heard of our intention .they invited us to walk. "We are so sorry not to
bring you in the motor," they wrote, "but the roads are so frightfully dusty that we
might get dust on our chauffeur." That little touch of thoughtfulness is the keynote
of their character. (L.) ч 16. But George only lasted his mother as a source of
posthumous excitement for about two months. Just as the quarrel with Elizabeth
reached stupendous heights of vulgar invective (on her side), old Winterbourne got
himself run over. So there was the excitement of the inquest and a real funeral, and
widow's weeds and more tear-blotched letters. She even sent a tear-blotched letter
to Elizabeth, "rMch I saw, saying that 4wenty years'—it was really al-/. <st thirty
— 'of happy married lite were over, both father him son were now happily united,
and, whatever Mr. Win-terbourne's faults, he was a gentleman! (Heavily under-
lined and followed by several exclamation marks, the insinuation being apparently
that Elizabeth was no lady.)
A month later Mrs." Winterbourne married the sheik— alas! no sheik now—at a
London registry office, whence they departed to Australia to live a clean sportin'
life. Peace be with them both—they were too clean and sportin' for a corrupt and
unclean Europe. (A.)
C. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction Between the Logical and Emotive
Meanings of a Word
(1) Hyperbole
1. Differentiate between the traditional and the genuine hyperboles in the
following examples.
v
/ 1. God, I cried buckets. I saw it ten times. (T. A.) 2. "Her family is one aunt
about a thousand years old." (Sc. F.)
yj 3. There were about twenty people at the parly, most
39
of whom I hadn't met before. The girls were dressed to kill. (J. Br.)
4. She was very much upset by the catastrophe that had befallen the Bishops, but
it was exciting, and she was tickled to death to have someone fresh to whom she
could tell all about it (S. M.)
5. When she dropped her pose and smiled down she discovered Kennicott
apoplectic with domestic pride . . . (S. L.)
6. Tom was conducted through a maze of rooms and labyrinths of passages. (D.)
7. A worn tweed coait on her looked, he always thought, worth ten times the
painful finery of the village girls. (St.B.)
8. One night some twenty years ago, during a siege of mumps in our enormous
family my younger sister Fran- [ ny was moved, crib and all, into the ostensibly
germ-free j room I shared with my eldest brother Seymour. (S.)
9. I hope, Cecily, I shall not offend you if I state quite frankly and openly that you
seem to me to be in every way the visible personification of absolute
perfection. (0. W.)
10. Across my every path, at every 'turn, go where 1 will, do what I may, he
comes. (D.)
11. ...he assured me that they had some (asparagus) so large, so splendid, so
tender, that it was a wonder. (S. M.)
II. State the nature of the exaggerated phenomenon (size, j quantity, emotion, etc.).
\j 1. .. .he'll go to sleep, my God he should, eight martinis before dinner and
enough wine to wash an elephant. (T. C.) \j 2. You know how it is: you're 21 or 22
and you make some decisions: then whissh; you're seventy: you've been a lawyer
for fifty years, and that white-haired lady at your side has eaten over fifty thousand
meals with you. (Th. W.)
3. All the other attractions, with organs out of number and bands innumerable,
emerged from the holes and corners in which they had passed the night. (D.)
4. George Lomax, his eyes always protuberant, but now goggling almost out of his
head, stared at the closed door, (Ch.)
5. The afternoon-bridge . . . was held at Juanita Hay
40
dock's new concrete bungalow. Carol stepped into a sirocco of furnace heat. They
were already playing. (S. L.)
6. A: Try and be a lady.
G: Aijah! That's been said a hundred billion times. (Th. W.)
7. .. .it is and will be for several hours the topic of the age, the feature of the
century. (D.)
8. This is Rome. Nobody has kept a secret in Rome for three thousand years. (I.
Sh.)
9. .. .said Bundle, after executing a fanfare upon the klaxon which must
temporarily have deafened the neighbourhood. (Ch.)
10. It's not a joke, darling. I want you to call him up and tell him what a genius
Fred is. He's written ban els of the most marvellous stories. (T. C.)
11. A team of horses couldn't draw her back now; the bolts and bars of the old
Bastille couldn't keep her. (D.)
12. And as he was capable of giant joy, so did he harbor huge sorrow, so that
when his dog died, the world ended. (St.)
13. .. .she has a nose that's at least three inches too long. (A.H.)
III. Compare hyperbole and understatement.
\/ 1. (John Bidlake feels an oppression in the stomach after supper): "It must have
been that caviar," he was thinking. "That beastly caviar." He violently hated caviar.
Every sturgeon in the Black Sea was his personal enemy. (A. H.) '
2. .. .he was all sparkle and glitter in the box at the Opera (D.)
3. "You remember that awful dinner dress we saw in Bonwit's window . . . She
had it on. And all hips. She kept asking me. . ." (S.)
V 4. Calpurnia was all angles and bones; her hand was as wide as a bed slat and
twice as hard. (IT. L.)
5. This boy, headstrong, wilful, and disorderly as he is, should not have one penny
of my money, or one crust of my bread, or one grasp of my hand, to save him from
the loftiest gallows in all Europe. (D.)
6. They were under a great shadowy train shed . . . with passenger cars all about
and the train moving at a snail pace. (Dr.)
41

7. She would recollect and for- a fraction of a fraction of a second she would think
"Oh, yes, I remember," and build up an explanation on the recollection . . . (J.
O'H.) J 8. Her eyes were open, but only just. "Don't move the I tiniest part of an
inch." (S.) j
J9. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed f her hands solemnly on
her middle. (G.) j
IV. Analyse the following examples of developed hyperbole."}
\J 1. The fact is that while in the county they were also in the district; and no
person who lives in- the district, even if he should be old and have nothing to do
but reflect upon things in general, ever thinks about the county. So far as the
county goes, the district might as well be in the middle of the Sahara. It ignores the
county, save that it uses it nonchalantly sometimes as leg-stretcher on holiday
afternoons, as a man may use his back garden. It has nothing in common with the
county; is richly sufficient in itself. (A. B.)
2. In the intervening forty years Saul Pengarth had often been moved to anger;
but what was in hmi now had room for thirty thousand such angers and all the
thunder that had ever crackled across the sky. (M. W.) ]
3. George, Sixth Viscount Uffenham, was a man built I on generous lines. U was
as though Nature had originally I intended to make two Viscounts but had decided
halfway through to use all the material at one go, and get the thing • over with. In
shape he resembled a pear, being reasonably ! narrow at the top but getting wider
all the way down and ; culminating in a pair of boots of the outsize or violin-case
type. Above his great spreading steppes of body there was poised a large and
egglike head, the bald dome of which rose like some proud mountain peak from a
foothill fringe of straggling hair. His upper lip was very long and straight, his chin
pointed. (P. G. W.)
4. Those three words 'Dombey and Son' conveyed the one idea of Mr, Dombey's
life. The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon
were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships;
rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their
enterprises; stars and planets circled in their orbits to preserve a system of which
they were the centre. Common abbreviations took new
-12
meanings in his eyes and had sole reference to them: A. D. had no concern with
Anno Domini, but stood for Anno Dombey and Son. (D.)
5. That was Lulamae and Fred. Well, you never saw a more pitiful something. Ribs
sticking out everywhere, legs so puny they can't hardly stand, teeth wobbling so
bad they can't chew much. (T. C.)
(2) Epithet
I. Discuss the structure of epithets.
1. "Can you tell me what time that game starts today?" The girl gave him a
lipsticky smilo. (S.)
2. The day was windless, unnaturally mild; since morning the sun had tried to
penetrate the cloud, and now above the Mall, the sky was still faintly luminous,
coloured like water over sand. (Hut.)
3. Silent early morning dogs parade majestically pecking and choosing judiciously
whereon to pee. (St.)
4. The hard chairs were the newlywed-suit kind often on show in the windows of
shops. (K. A.)
5. ... whispered the spinster aunt with true spinster-aunt-like envy . .. (D.)
6. I closed my eyes, smelling the goodness of her sweat and the sunshine-in-the-
breakfast-room smell of her lavender-water. (J. Br.j
7. Stark stared at him reflectively, that peculiar about to laugh, about to cry, about
to sneer expression on his face. (J.)
8. Eden was an adept.at bargaining, but somehow all his cunning left him as he
faced this Gibraltar of a man. (E.D.B.)
9. At his full height he was only up to her shoulder, a little dried-up pippin of a
man. (G.)
10. "Thief," Pilon shouted. "Dirty pig of an untrue friend." (St.)
11. An ugly gingerbread brute of a boy with a revolting grin and as far as I was
able ito ascertain, no re'deem-ing qualities of any sort. (P. G. W.)
12. A breeze . . . blew curtains in and out like pale flags, twisting them up toward
the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling. (Sc. F.)
43
13. He wore proud boxing gloves of bandages for weeks after that. (St. B.)
14. "I'd rather not know who did it. I'd rather not even think about it."
"Ostrich," said her husband. (Ch.)
15. 'Tool! Idiot! Lunatic!" she protested vehemently. (P. G. W.)
16. You shall pay me for the plague of having you eternally in my sight. Do you
hear, damnable jade? (E. Br.)
17. "Why, goddam you," Bloom screamed. "You dirty, yellow, sneaking,
twofaced, lying, rotten Wop you," he said, "yellow little Wop." (J.)
II. Classify the following into phrase-epithets and phrase-logical attributes.
1. ...a lock of hair fell over her eye and she pushed it back with a tired, end-of-the-
day gesture. (J. Br.)
2. .. .he was harmless, only just twenty, with a snub nose and curly hair and an air
of morning baths and early to bed and plenty of exercise. (J. Br.)
3. You don't seem to have any trouble controlling yourself, do you?.. Not
like poor old slobbery, heart-on-his-tongue Buster here; at all. (I: Sh.)
4. He was an old resident of Seabourne, who looked after the penny-in-the-slot
machines on "the pier. (B. N.)
5. The shot sent the herd off bounding wildly and leaping over one another's
backs in long, leg-drawn-up leaps . . . (H.)
6. She stopped at the door as if she'd been hit or as if a hundred-mile-an-hour gale
had sprung up and she were bracing herself against it. (J. Br.)
7. His view is that a sermon nowadays should be a bright, brisk, straight-from-
the-shoulder address, never lasting more than ten or twelve minutes. (P. G. W.)
8. . . .the extravagant devil-may-care creatures he portrayed on the stage.
(S. M.)
9. "Uncle Wills looks at me all the time with a signed 'I told you so'
expression in his eyes, "he said im- | patiently. (D. du M.).
10. So think first of her, but not in the "I love you so that nothing will induce me
to marry you" fashion. (G.)
11. Dave does a there-I-told-you-so look. (A. W.)
44
re-
12. She gave Mrs. Silsburn a you-know-how-men-are
look- (S.)
13. And one on either side of me the dogs crouched down with a move-if-you-
dare expression in their eyes. (Gr.)
14. ..• They (wives) really got only a sense of self-preservation ... everything else
will be a foreign language to her. You know. Those innocent I-don't-know-what-
you're-talking-about eyes? (A. W.)
III. Analyse the following string-epithets as to the length of the string and the
quality of its components.
1. She was hopefully, sadly, vaguely, madly longing for something better. (Dr.)
2. The money she had accepted was two soft, green, handsome ten-dollar bills.
(Dr.)
3. "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad * old creature!" cried
Bella. (D.)
4. Jack would have liked to go over and kiss her pure, polite, earnest, beautiful
American forehead. (I. Sh.)
v 5. "Now my soul, my gentle, captivating, bewitching, and most damnably
enslaving chick-a-biddy, be calm, * said Mr. Mantalini. (D.)
V 6. It was an old, musty, fusty, narrow-minded, clean and bitter room. (R. Ch.)
7. "You nasty, idle, vicious, good-for-nothing brute,"' . cried the woman,
stamping on the ground, "why don't you turn the mangle?" (D.)
8. And he watched her eagerly, sadly, bitterly, ecstati- x callyT as she walked
lightly from him . . . (Dr.)
9. ... There was no intellectual pose in the laugh that followed, ribald, riotous,
cockney, straight from the belly. (D. du M.)
10. Mrs. Bogart was not the acid type of Good Influ- J ence. She was the soft,
damp, fat, sighing, indigestive, clinging, melancholy, depressingly hopeful
kind. (S. L.)
11. "A nasty, ungrateful, pig-headed, brutish, obstinate, sneaking dog," exclaimed
Mrs. Squeers. (D.)
12. ...they thought themselves superior. And so did Eugene—the wretched
creature! The cheap, mean, nasty, selfish upstarts! Why, the majority of them had
nothing. (Dr.)
45
IV. Pick out metaphorical epithets.
1. The iron hate in Saul pushed him on again. He heard the man crashing off to
his right through some bushes. The stems and twigs waved frantically with the
frightened movement of the wind. (M. W.)
2. She had received from her aunt a neat, precise, and circumstantial letter. (W.
D.)
3. There was an adenoidal giggle from Audrey. (St. B.)
4. Liza Hamilton was a very different kettle of Irish. Her head was small and
round and it held small and round convictions. (St.)
5. He would sit on the railless porch with the men when the long, tired, dirty-faced
evening rolled down the narrow
* valley, thankfully blotting out the streets of shacks, and listen to the talk. (J.)
6. There was his little scanty travelling clothes upon ' him. There was his little
scanty box outside in the shivering wind. (D.)
7. His dry tailored voice was capable of more light and shade than Catherine had
supposed (Hut.)
8. All at once there is a goal, a path through the shapeless day. (A.M.)
9. With his hand he shielded his eye against the harsh watty glare from the naked
bulb over the table. (S.)
V. Speak about morphological, syntactical and semantic characteristics of
epithets.
1. "It ain't o' no use, Sir," said Sam, again and again. "He's a malicious, bad-
disposed, vordly-minded, spiteful, windictive creetur, with a hard heart as there
ain't no soft' nin\" (D.)
2. I pressed half a crown into his ready palm and left. (W. Q.)
3. Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it. (H.
L.)
4. He viewed with swift horror the pit into which he had tumbled, the degraded
days, unworthy desires, wrecked faculties and base motives that made up his
existence. (0. II.)
5. Cecily, ever since I first looked at your wonderful
46
and incomparable beauty, I have dared to love you wildly, passionately, devotedly,
hopelessly. (O. W.)
6. The noon sun is lighting up red woundlike stains on their surfaces ... (A. M.)
7. He was young and small and almost as dark as a Negro, and there was a
quick monkey-like roguishness • to his face as he grabbed the letter, winked at Bibi
and shut the door. (T. C.)
8. ... the open-windowed, warm spring nights were lurid with the party sounds,
the loud-playing phonograph • and martini laughter that emanated from
Apartment 2. (T. CO
9. A spasm of high-voltage nervousness ran through
him. (T. H.)
10. "Fool," said the old man bitingly. (Ch.)
11. He had been called many things—loan-shark,-skinflint, tightwad
pussyfoot—but he had never before' been called a flirt. (S. I,.)
VI. Suggest the object the quality of which was used in the following transferred
epithets.
I. He was a thin wiry man with a tobacco-stained smile. (T. H.)
.2. He sat with Daisy in his arms for a long silent time. (Sc. F.)
3. There was a waiting silence as the minutes of the previous hearing were read.
(M. W.)
4. He drank his orange-juice in long cold gulps. (I.Sh.).
5. The only.place left was the deck strewn with nervous cigarette butts and
sprawled legs. (J.)
6. Leaving indignant suburbs behind them they finally emerged into Oxford
Street. (Ch.)
7. Nick smiled sweatily. (H.)-
8. She watched his tall quick step through the radiance of the corner streetlight.
(St.)
9. Lottie . . . retreated at once with her fat little steps to the safety of,her own
room. (Hut.)
10. . . .boys and young men . . . talking loudly in the concrete accents of the N.
Y. streets. (I. Sh.)
II. In imagination he heard his father's rich and fleshy laugh. (A. H.)
47
(3) Oxymoron
I. J)iscuss the structure of the following oxymorons. ll They looked courteous
curses at me. (St.) 2- He . . . caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness
of ifag barracks.' (I. Sh.) ,3. \ .he was certain the whites could easily detect
his adoring hatred of them, (Wr.) . 4) It was an unanswerable reply and silence
prevailed
again. (D.)
5, Her lips . . . were . . . livid scarlet. (S.M.) 4i.The boy was short and squat with
the broad ugly
pleasant face of a T#m'Ј?(<j&Gr.) .
7. A very likeable young man, Bill Eversleigh. Age at a' guess, twenty-five, big
and rather ungainly in his movements, a pleasantly ugly face, a splendid set of
white teeth and a pair of honest blue eyes. (Ch.)
8. From the bedroom beside the sleeping-porch, his wife's detestably
cheerful "Time to get up, Georgie bo^ "... (S. L.)
. 9 The little girl who had done this was eleven—beautifully ugly" as little girls
^r&r^lJ&JiS who are, destined aTiejualew years to be irfexprc^siWy ldvely . . .
(Sc. F.)
JjЈ Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield a/e Good .Bad BoyjjDf American literature.
(V.)
U . . .a neon sign which reads, "Welcome-ftyfteno, the biggest little town in the
world." (A. M.)
12. "Tastes like rotten apples," said Adam. "Yes, but remember, Jam Hamilton
said like good rotten apples." (St.)
13. "It was you who made me a liar," she cried silently. (M. W.)
14. The silence as the two men stared at one another was louder than thunder. (U.)
15. I got down off that stool and walked to the door in a silence that was as loud as
a ton of coal going down a chute. (R. Ch.)
16. I've made up my mind. If you're wrong, you're wrong in the right way.
(P.)
P? Heaven must be the hell of a place. Nothing but rerjfirjitant sinners up there,
isn't it? (Sh. D.)
i8* Soapy walked eastward through a street dainaged byjjnjproyements ... He
seemed doomed to libertv"! (O.H.)
48
II. Find original and trite oxymorons among the following.
1. For an eternity of seconds, it seemed, the din was all but incredible. (S.)
2. Of course, it was probably an open secret locally.
(Ch.)
3. She was a damned nice woman, too. (H.)
4. He'd behaved pretty lousily to Jan. (D. C.)
5. . . .It's very tender, it's sweet as hell, the way the women wear their prettiest
every thing. (T. C.)
6. Doc has the hands of a brain surgeon and a cool warm mind . . ) He was
concupiscent as a rabbit and gentle as hell. (St.)
D. Stylistic Devices Based on the Interaction
Between the Free and Phraseological Meanings of a Word
(Or Between the Meanings of Two Homonyms)
(1) Zeugma
I. State in which cases zeugma is created through <the simultaneous realization of
different meanings of a polysemantic word and in which through homonyms.
1. His looks were starched, but his white neckerchief was not; and its long limp
ends struggled over his closely-buttoned waistcoat in a very uncouth and
unpicturesque manner. (D.)
2. Gertrude found her aunt in a syncope from which she passed into an apostrophe
and never recovered. (L.)
3. There comes a period in every man's life, but she's just a semicolon in his. (Ev.)
4. "Have you been seeing any spirits?" inquired the old gentleman. "Or taking
any?" added Bob Allen. (D.)
5. "Sally," said Mr. Bentley in a voice almost as low as his intentions, "let's go out
to the kitchen." (Th. S.)
6. "Where did you pick up Dinny, Lawrence?" "In the street."
"That sounds improper." (G.)
7. Jo: I'm going to unpack my bulbs. I wonder where I can put them.
4 3aKa3 Jtt 53
49
Helen: I could tell you.
Jo: They're supposed to be left in a cool, dark place. Helen: That's where we all end
up sooner or later. Still, it's no use worrying, is it? (Sh. D.)
II. Classify the following into zeugmas and semantically false chains.
.) "and a
All
4 Mr. Stiggins . . .took his h'at and his leav
V2. Disco was working in all his shore dih pair of beautiful carpet suppers. (R. K-)"
W. Mr. Trundle was in high feather and spirits . the~girls were in tears and white
muslin. (D.)
^S She put on a white frock fhat suited the sunny riv-ersWfi and her, (S. M.)
"5". The faTboy went into the next room; and having been absent about a minute,
returned with the snuff-box and .the palest face that ever a fat boy wore. (D.)
6? She had her breakfast and her baib LS ,M.) .
^T^Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agifated, and*"went straight home
in a flood of iears and a sedan chair. (D.)
A young girl who had a yellow gpTfyk and a cold In ead tht did t t
ll
&: A young girl who had a yellow gpTfyk and a cold In the head that did not go
on too well together, was helping aTroTcTTady . . . (P.)
9. . . .the outside passengers . . . remain where they are, and stamp their feet against
the coach to warm them— looking with longing eyes and red noses at the bright
fire irt t^imbar. (D.)
.10. Cyrus Trask mourned for his wife with a keg of whis-ky and three old army
trends. (St.)
11. Its atmosphere and crockery werejhick, its na^pery and soup were thin. (O. H.)
12. Mr. Smangle was still engaged in relating a long story, the chief point of
which appeared to be that, on some, occasion particularly stated and set forth, he
had "done" a bill and a gentleman at the same time. (D.)
13. He struck off his pension .and his head together.
14. Sophia lay between blankets in the room overhead with a feverish cold. This
cold and her new dress were Mrs. Baine's sole consolation at the moment. (A. B.)
15. From her earliest infancy Gertrude had been brought up by her aunt. Her
aunt had carefully instructed. 50
her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohammedanism to make sure.
(L.)
16. . . .he's a hard man to talk to. Impossible if you don't share his fixations, of
which Holly is one. Some others are: ice hockey, Weimaraner dogs, 'Our Gal
Sunday' (a soap serial he has listened to for fifteen years), and Gil- • bert and
Sullivan—he claims to be related to one or the^th: er,i-«an't remember which.
(T.C.) ■" " * '
(lTj^B^it^he^heard and remembered discussions of Freud, Romain Rollan*
syndicsHs.rrL^ne Confederation Generale, du Travail, feminism
v^haTemjs^t^Efrlese lyrics, naturalization of mines, Christian Sxfence, "and
fishing in Onta-, rio. (S. L.)
18. Only, .at the^annual balls of the Firemen .. . was there such prodigality of
chiffon scarfs and tangoing and heart-burnings . . . (S. L.)
19. Mrs. Dave Dyer, a sallow woman with a thin pret-tiness, devoted to
experiments in religious cults, illnesses, and scandalbearing, shook her finger at
Carol . . . (S. L.)
20. His disease consisted of spots, bed, honey in spoons, tangerine oranges and
high temperature. (G.)
&h A Governess wanted. Must- possess knowledge of Rumanian, Russian, Italian,
Spanish, German. Music and Mining Engineering. (L.)
(2) Pun
I. Indicate cases when a pun is created through homonyms and when through
different meanings of a polysemantic word.
1. Lord G.:I am going to give you some good advice. Mrs. Ch.: Oh! Pray don't.
One should never give a woman anything that she can't wear in the evening.
(O.W.)
2. For a time she put a Red Cross uniform and met other ladies similarly dressed
in the armory, where bandages were rolled and reputations unrolled. (St.)
3. "Are you going to give me away?" she whispered.
I looked surprised, though I didn't feel surprised. "What is there to give away?"
"There's plenty, and you know it . . . It worried me all last night."
4* 51
"I can't see that it matters," I said. "And as for giving you away, I wouldn't know
what to give away or who cught to have it when it's given away.> So let's drop the
subject." (P.)
4. J.: . . .I'm starting work on Saturday. H.: Oh, yes, she's been called to the bar.
P.: What sort of a bar?
J.: The sort you're always propping up. I'm carrying on the family traditions. (Sh.
D.)
5. Did you hit a woman with a child? No, Sir, I hit her with a brick. (Th. S.)
6. It rained during the US—USSR match at summit level in Moscow. But it not
only rained rain, it rained records. (D. W.)
7. "I was such a lonesome girl until you came," she said. "There's not a single man
in all this hotel that's half alive;"
"But I'm not a single man," Mr. Topper replied cautiously.
"Oh, I don't mean that," she laughed. "And anyway I hate single men. They always
propose marriage." (Th. S.)
8. She always glances up, and glances down, and doesn't know where to
look, but looks all the prettier. (D.)
9. Alg.: . . .Besides, your name isn't Jack at all; it is Ernest.
Jack.: It isn't Ernest; it's Jack.
Alg.: You have always told me rt was Ernest. I have introduced you to every one
as Ernest. You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking
person I ever saw in my life. It is perfectly absurd your say ing that your name isn't
Ernest. (0. W.)
(3) Violation of Phraseological Units
I. Discuss the manner in which a phraseological unit (or a compound word) is
violated (prolongation, change of one of the components, etc.).
1. "They're coming--the Anlrobuses. Your hope. Your despair. Your selves." (Th.
W.)
2. Furthermore, the white man knows his history, knows himself to be a devil, and
knows that his time is running out, and all his technology, psychology, science and
"trick-
nology" are being expended in the effort to prevent black men from hearing the
truth. (J. B.)
3. They got television, telephone, telegram, tell-a-worn-an, and tell-a-friend. (Wr.)
4. . . .You're incurable, Jimmy. A thousand pounds in the hand is worth a lot of
mythical gold. (Ch.)
5. . . .gorgeous Holly Golightly, twenty-year-old Hollywood starlet and highly
publicized girl-about-New York. (T.C.)
6. He finds time to have a finger or a foot in most things that happen round here.
(J. L.)
7. He remained sound to his monarchial principles, though he was reported to
have his finger in all the backstairs pies that went on in the Balkans. (Ch.)
8. LittlaJon was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was rather curly and
large. (G.)
9. "Dear Adam: Forget not thy servants in the days of thy prosperity. Charles
never spent a dime. He pinched , a dollar until the eagle screamed." (St.)
10. It was toward evening, and I saw him on my way out to dinner. He was
arriving in a taxi; the driver helped him totter into the house with a load of
suitcases. That gave me something to chew on: by Sunday my jaws were quite
tired. (T. C.)
11. Another person who makes both ends meet is the infant who sucks his toes.
(E.)
12. The young lady who burst into tears has been put together again. (D.)
- 13. The only exercise some women get is running up bills. (E.)
EXERCISES FOR GENERAL STYLISTIC ANALYSIS*
1. She bought a budget-plan account book and made her budgets as exact as
budgets are likely to be when they lack budgets. (S. L.)
2. Chancing to look from an upper window Ruth saw a suggestive thing happen.
The Union Jack went fluttering
* In exercises for general stylistic analysis the main task is not so much to
recognize and identify corresponding lexical SD, as to indicate their function and
role in the realization of the author's ultimate aim.
53
up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of
gold. (W. D.)
3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front
of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford
cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the
new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra
does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and
wicked to consider.
Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual
hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's
Country. (S. L.)
4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute
necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive
Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)
5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-
necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)
6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure
with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and
shapely. (W.D.)
7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown
wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and
all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two
amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . .
(D.)
8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I
reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like
somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of
the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)
9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—
a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as
knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul
and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)
54
10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of
her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)
11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of
consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent.
(D.)
12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window,
one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't
seem to be represented?" (Ch.)
13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and
lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)
14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)
15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he
raised himself... (I. Sh.)
16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven
visible over the street. (I. Sh.)
17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so
transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)
18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)
19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a
blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so
bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of
hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)
20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation
happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-
bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)
21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world,
and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)
22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood,
perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh
at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)
23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train
fairly started on one of those
up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of
gold. (W. D.)
3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front
of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford
cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the
new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra
does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and
wicked to consider.
Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual
hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's
Country. (S. L.)
4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute
necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive
Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)
5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-
necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)
6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure
with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and
shapely. (W.D.)
7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown
wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and
all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two
amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . .
(D.)
8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I
reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like
somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of
the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)
9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—
a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as
knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul
and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)
54
10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of
her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)
11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of
consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent.
(D.)
12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window,
one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't
seem to be represented?" (Ch.)
13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and
lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)
14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)
15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he
raised himself... (I. Sh.)
16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven
visible over the street. (I. Sh.)
17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so
transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)
18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)
19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a
blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so
bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of
hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)
20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation
happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-
bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)
21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world,
and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)
22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood,
perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh
at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)
23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train
fairly started on one of those
The smooth lawns lay tantalizingly about, just out of the way of the blundering
clumsy house kept prisoner by the chain of gravel. The lawn, a green-clad monster,
arched its back against the yew hedge, and put out emerald feelers all through the
garden and turfed alley-ways. (B.D.)
40. Of course, it had to occur on a Thursday afternoon. The season was summer,
suitable for pale and fragile toilettes. And the eight children who sat around Aunt
Harriet's great table glittered like the sun. Not Constance's specially provided
napkins could hide that wealth and profusion of white lace and stitchery. Never in
after-life are the genteel children of the Five Towns so richly clad as at the age of
four or five years. Weeks of labour, thousands of cubic feet of gas, whole nights
stolen from repose, eyesight, and general health will disappear into the manufac-
ture of a single frock that accidental jam may ruin in ten seconds. Thus it was in
those old days, and thus it is today. (A. B.)
41. .. .Isolde the Slender had suitors in plenty to do her slightest hest.
Feats of arms were done daily for her sake. To win her love suitors were willing to
vow themselves to perdition. For Isolde's sake Otto the Otter had cast himself into
the sea. Conrad the Cocoanut had hurled himself from the highest battlement of the
castle head first into the mud. Hugo the Hopeless had hanged himself by the
wristband to a hickory tree and had refused all efforts to dislodge him. For her sake
Siegfried the Susceptible had swallowed sulphuric acid.
But Isolde the Slender was heedless of the court thus paid to her. (L.)
42. I am always drawn back to places where I have lived, the houses and their
neighbourhoods. For instance, there is a brownstone in the East Seventies where,
during the early years of the war, I had my first New York apartment. It was one
room crowded with attic furniture, a sofa and fat chairs upholstered in that itchy,
particular red velvet that one associates with hot days on a train. The walls were
stucco, and a color rather like tobacco-spit. Everywhere, in the bathroom too,
there were prints of Roman ruins freckled brown with age. The single window
looked out on the fire escape. Even so, my spirits heightened whenever I felt in my
pocket the key to this apart' 58
ment; despite all its gloom, it was still a place of my own, the first, and my books
were there, and jars of pencils to sharpen, everything I needed, so I felt, to become
the writer I wanted to be. (T. C.)
43. He leaned his elbows on the porch ledge and stood looking down through the
screens at the familiar scene of the barracks square laid out below with the tiers of
porches dark in the faces of the three-story concrete barracks fronting on the
square. He was feeling, a half-sheepish affection for his vantage point that he was
leaving.
Below him under the blows of the February Hawaiian sun the quadrangle gasped
defencelessly, like an exhausted fighter. Through the heat haze and the thin
midmorning film of the parched red dust came up a muted orchestra of sounds: the
clanking of steel-wheeled carts bouncing over brick, the slappings of oiled leather
sling-straps, the shuffling beat of scorched shoesoles, the hoarse expletive of
irritated noncoms. (J.)
44. He might almost have been some other man dreaming recurrently that he was
an electrical engineer. On the other side of the edge, waiting for him to peer into it
late at night or whenever he was alone and 'the show of work had stopped, was
illimitable unpopulated darkness, a green-land night; and only his continuing heart
beats kept him from disappearing into it. Moving along this edge, doing whatever
the day demanded, or the night offered, grimly observant (for he was not without
fortitude), he noticed much that has escaped him before. He found he was attend-
ing a comedy, a show that would have been very funny indeed if there had been
life outside the theatre instead of darkness and dissolution. (P.)
45. From that day on, thundering trains loomed in his dreams, hurtling, sleek,
black monsters whose stack pipes belched gobs of serpentine smoke, whose
seething fireboxes coughed out clouds of pink sparks, whose pushing pistons
sprayed jets of hissing steam, panting trains that roared yammeringly over farflung,
gleaming rails only to come to limp and convulsive halts-—long, fearful trains that
were hauled brutally forward by red-eyed locomotives that you loved watching as
they (and you trembling) crashed past (and you longing to run but finding your feet
strangely glued to the ground . . .) (Wr.)
46. This constant succession of glasses produced consid-
59
up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of
gold. (W. D.)
3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front
of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford
cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the
new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra
does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and
wicked to consider.
Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual
hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's
Country. (S. L.)
4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute
necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive
Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)
5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-
necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)
6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure
with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and
shapely. (W.D.)
7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown
wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and
all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two
amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . .
(D.)
8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I
reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like
somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of
the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)
9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—
a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as
knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul
and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)
54
10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of
her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)
11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of
consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent.
(D.)
12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window,
one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't
seem to be represented?" (Ch.)
13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and
lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)
14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)
15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he
raised himself... (I. Sh.)
16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven
visible over the street. (I. Sh.)
17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so
transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)
18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)
19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a
blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so
bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of
hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)
20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation
happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-
bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)
21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world,
and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)
22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood,
perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh
at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)
23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train
fairly started on one of those
The smooth lawns lay tantalizingly about, just out of the way of the blundering
clumsy house kept prisoner by the chain of gravel. The lawn, a green-clad monster,
arched its back against the yew hedge, and put out emerald feelers all through the
garden and turfed alley-ways. (B.D.)
40. Of course, it had to occur on a Thursday afternoon. The season was summer,
suitable for pale and fragile toilettes. And the eight children who sat around Aunt
Harriet's great table glittered like the sun. Not Constance's specially provided
napkins could hide that wealth and profusion of white lace and stitchery. Never in
after-life are the genteel children of the Five Towns so richly clad as at the age of
four or five years. Weeks of labour, thousands of cubic feet of gas, whole nights
stolen from repose, eyesight, and general health will disappear into the manufac-
ture of a single frock that accidental jam may ruin in ten seconds. Thus it was in
those old days, and thus it is today. (A. B.)
41. .. .Isolde the Slender had suitors in plenty to do her slightest hest.
Feats of arms were done daily for her sake. To win her love suitors were willing to
vow themselves to perdition. For Isolde's sake Otto the Otter had cast himself into
the sea. Conrad the Cocoanut had hurled himself from the highest battlement of the
castle head first into the mud. Hugo the Hopeless had hanged himself by the
wristband to a hickory tree and had refused all efforts to dislodge him. For her sake
Siegfried the Susceptible had swallowed sulphuric acid.
But Isolde the Slender was heedless of the court thus paid to her. (L.)
42. I am always drawn back to places where I have lived, the houses and their
neighbourhoods. For instance, there is a brownstone in the East Seventies where,
during the early years of the war, I had my first New York apartment. It was one
room crowded with attic furniture, a sofa and fat chairs upholstered in that itchy,
particular red velvet that one associates with hot days on a train. The walls were
stucco, and a color rather like tobacco-spit. Everywhere, in the bathroom too,
there were prints of Roman ruins freckled brown with age. The single window
looked out on the fire escape. Even so, my spirits heightened whenever I felt in my
pocket the key to this apart' 58
ment; despite all its gloom, it was still a place of my own, the first, and my books
were there, and jars of pencils to sharpen, everything I needed, so I felt, to become
the writer I wanted to be. (T. C.)
43. He leaned his elbows on the porch ledge and stood looking down through the
screens at the familiar scene of the barracks square laid out below with the tiers of
porches dark in the faces of the three-story concrete barracks fronting on the
square. He was feeling, a half-sheepish affection for his vantage point that he was
leaving.
Below him under the blows of the February Hawaiian sun the quadrangle gasped
defencelessly, like an exhausted fighter. Through the heat haze and the thin
midmorning film of the parched red dust came up a muted orchestra of sounds: the
clanking of steel-wheeled carts bouncing over brick, the slappings of oiled leather
sling-straps, the shuffling beat of scorched shoesoles, the hoarse expletive of
irritated noncoms. (J.)
44. He might almost have been some other man dreaming recurrently that he was
an electrical engineer. On the other side of the edge, waiting for him to peer into it
late at night or whenever he was alone and 'the show of work had stopped, was
illimitable unpopulated darkness, a green-land night; and only his continuing heart
beats kept him from disappearing into it. Moving along this edge, doing whatever
the day demanded, or the night offered, grimly observant (for he was not without
fortitude), he noticed much that has escaped him before. He found he was attend-
ing a comedy, a show that would have been very funny indeed if there had been
life outside the theatre instead of darkness and dissolution. (P.)
45. From that day on, thundering trains loomed in his dreams, hurtling, sleek,
black monsters whose stack pipes belched gobs of serpentine smoke, whose
seething fireboxes coughed out clouds of pink sparks, whose pushing pistons
sprayed jets of hissing steam, panting trains that roared yammeringly over farflung,
gleaming rails only to come to limp and convulsive halts-—long, fearful trains that
were hauled brutally forward by red-eyed locomotives that you loved watching as
they (and you trembling) crashed past (and you longing to run but finding your feet
strangely glued to the ground . . .) (Wr.)
46. This constant succession of glasses produced consid-
59erable effect upon Mr. Pickwick; his countenance beamed with the most sunny
smiles, laughter played around his lips, and good-humorous merriment twinkled in
his eye. Yielding by degrees to the influence of the exciting liquid rendered more
so by the heat, Mr. Pickwick expressed a strong desire to recollect a song which he
had heard in his infancy, and the attempt proving abortive, sought to stimulate his
memory with more glasses of punch, which appeared to have quite a contrary
effect; for, from forgetting the words of the song, he began to forget how to
articulate any words at all; and finally, after rising to his legs to address the
company in an eloquent speech, he fell into the barrow, and fast'asleep,
simultaneously. (D.)
47. The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky
and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains
and made of the great valley a closed pot. On the broad, level land floor the gang
plows bit deep and left the black earth shining like metal where the shares had cut.
On the foothill ranches across the Salinas River, the yellow stubble fields seemed
to be bathed in pale cold sunshine, but there was no sunshine in the valley now in
December. The thick willow scrub along the river flamed with sharp and positive
yellow leaves.
It was a time of quiet and of waiting. The air was cold and tender. A light wind
blew up from,the southwest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain
before long; but fog and rain do not go together. (St.)
48. I spent the next three days there, in Margaret's house, oscillating between a
temperature and a temper. When my temperature came down, my temper rose.
This was partly due to the fact that I objected to staying in bed. But the nurse they
installed had something to do with it. She may have been a good nurse, but as a
companion she was poison. She was a large red-haired woman with a lot of teeth
and freckles, and she treated me as if I was a spoilt darling about ten years old.
With the least encouragement she'd have read some jolly tale for the bairns to me.
She tried to stop me smoking but I won the Battle. But with the help of Margaret,
she did prevent anybody getting in there to see me and offer me a little adult
conversation. Then, again, Margaret was now just the doctor in charge of the case.
So when the temperature came
GO
down, I thrashed about and growled, and was told not to be naughty by that red-
headed monster. (P.)
49. Gopher Prairie was digging in for the winter. Through late November and all
December it snowed daily; the thermometer was at a zero and might drop to twenty
below, or thirty. Winter is not a season in North Middle-west; it is an industry.
Storm sheds were erected at every door. In every block the householders, Sam
Clark, the wealthy Mr. Dawson, all save asthmatic Ezra Stowbody, who
extravagantly hired a boy, were seen perilously staggering up ladders, carrying
storm windows and screwing them to second-story jambs. While Kennicott put up
his windows Carol danced inside the bedrooms and begged him not to swallow the
screws, which he held in his mouth like an extraordinary set of false teeth.
The universal sign of winter was the tov/n handyman— Miles Bjornstam, a tall,
thick, red-moustached bachelor, opinionated atheist, general-store arguer, cynical
Santa Claus. Children loved him, and he sneaked away from work to tell them
improbable stories of sea-faring and horse-trading and bears. The children's parents
either laughed at him or hated him. He was the one democrat in town. (S. L.)
50. The hands of all four thousand electric clocks in all the Bloomsbury Centre's
four thousand rooms marked twenty-seven minutes past two. "This hive of
industry," as the Director was fond of calling it, was in the full buzz of work.
Everyone was busy, everything in ordered motion. Under the microscopes, their
long tails furiously lashing, spermatozoa were burrowing head first into eggs; and,
fertilized, the eggs were expanding, dividing, or if boka-novskified, budding and
breaking up into whole populations of separate embryos. From the Social
Predestination Room the escalators went rumbling down into the basement, and
there, in the crimson darkness, stewingly warm on their cushion of peritoneum
and gorged with blood-surrogate and hormones, the foetuses grew and grew or,
poisoned languished into a stunted Epsilonhood. With a fainl hum and rattle the
moving racks crawled imperceptibly through the weeks and the recapitulated aeons
to where, in the Decanting Room, the newly unbottled babes uttered their first yell
of horror and amazement. (A. H.)
51. It was a marvellous day in late August, and Wirn-
Gl
up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of
gold. (W. D.)
3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front
of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford
cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the
new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra
does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and
wicked to consider.
Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual
hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's
Country. (S. L.)
4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute
necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive
Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)
5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-
necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)
6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure
with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and
shapely. (W.D.)
7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown
wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and
all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two
amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . .
(D.)
8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I
reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like
somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of
the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)
9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—
a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as
knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul
and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)
54
10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of
her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)
11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of
consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent.
(D.)
12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window,
one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't
seem to be represented?" (Ch.)
13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and
lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)
14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)
15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he
raised himself... (I. Sh.)
16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven
visible over the street. (I. Sh.)
17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so
transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)
18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)
19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a
blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so
bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of
hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)
20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation
happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-
bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)
21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world,
and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)
22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood,
perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh
at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)
23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train
fairly started on one of those
The smooth lawns lay tantalizingly about, just out of the way of the blundering
clumsy house kept prisoner by the chain of gravel. The lawn, a green-clad monster,
arched its back against the yew hedge, and put out emerald feelers all through the
garden and turfed alley-ways. (B.D.)
40. Of course, it had to occur on a Thursday afternoon. The season was summer,
suitable for pale and fragile toilettes. And the eight children who sat around Aunt
Harriet's great table glittered like the sun. Not Constance's specially provided
napkins could hide that wealth and profusion of white lace and stitchery. Never in
after-life are the genteel children of the Five Towns so richly clad as at the age of
four or five years. Weeks of labour, thousands of cubic feet of gas, whole nights
stolen from repose, eyesight, and general health will disappear into the manufac-
ture of a single frock that accidental jam may ruin in ten seconds. Thus it was in
those old days, and thus it is today. (A. B.)
41. .. .Isolde the Slender had suitors in plenty to do her slightest hest.
Feats of arms were done daily for her sake. To win her love suitors were willing to
vow themselves to perdition. For Isolde's sake Otto the Otter had cast himself into
the sea. Conrad the Cocoanut had hurled himself from the highest battlement of the
castle head first into the mud. Hugo the Hopeless had hanged himself by the
wristband to a hickory tree and had refused all efforts to dislodge him. For her sake
Siegfried the Susceptible had swallowed sulphuric acid.
But Isolde the Slender was heedless of the court thus paid to her. (L.)
42. I am always drawn back to places where I have lived, the houses and their
neighbourhoods. For instance, there is a brownstone in the East Seventies where,
during the early years of the war, I had my first New York apartment. It was one
room crowded with attic furniture, a sofa and fat chairs upholstered in that itchy,
particular red velvet that one associates with hot days on a train. The walls were
stucco, and a color rather like tobacco-spit. Everywhere, in the bathroom too,
there were prints of Roman ruins freckled brown with age. The single window
looked out on the fire escape. Even so, my spirits heightened whenever I felt in my
pocket the key to this apart' 58
ment; despite all its gloom, it was still a place of my own, the first, and my books
were there, and jars of pencils to sharpen, everything I needed, so I felt, to become
the writer I wanted to be. (T. C.)
43. He leaned his elbows on the porch ledge and stood looking down through the
screens at the familiar scene of the barracks square laid out below with the tiers of
porches dark in the faces of the three-story concrete barracks fronting on the
square. He was feeling, a half-sheepish affection for his vantage point that he was
leaving.
Below him under the blows of the February Hawaiian sun the quadrangle gasped
defencelessly, like an exhausted fighter. Through the heat haze and the thin
midmorning film of the parched red dust came up a muted orchestra of sounds: the
clanking of steel-wheeled carts bouncing over brick, the slappings of oiled leather
sling-straps, the shuffling beat of scorched shoesoles, the hoarse expletive of
irritated noncoms. (J.)
44. He might almost have been some other man dreaming recurrently that he was
an electrical engineer. On the other side of the edge, waiting for him to peer into it
late at night or whenever he was alone and 'the show of work had stopped, was
illimitable unpopulated darkness, a green-land night; and only his continuing heart
beats kept him from disappearing into it. Moving along this edge, doing whatever
the day demanded, or the night offered, grimly observant (for he was not without
fortitude), he noticed much that has escaped him before. He found he was attend-
ing a comedy, a show that would have been very funny indeed if there had been
life outside the theatre instead of darkness and dissolution. (P.)
45. From that day on, thundering trains loomed in his dreams, hurtling, sleek,
black monsters whose stack pipes belched gobs of serpentine smoke, whose
seething fireboxes coughed out clouds of pink sparks, whose pushing pistons
sprayed jets of hissing steam, panting trains that roared yammeringly over farflung,
gleaming rails only to come to limp and convulsive halts-—long, fearful trains that
were hauled brutally forward by red-eyed locomotives that you loved watching as
they (and you trembling) crashed past (and you longing to run but finding your feet
strangely glued to the ground . . .) (Wr.)
46. This constant succession of glasses produced consid-
59erable effect upon Mr. Pickwick; his countenance beamed with the most sunny
smiles, laughter played around his lips, and good-humorous merriment twinkled in
his eye. Yielding by degrees to the influence of the exciting liquid rendered more
so by the heat, Mr. Pickwick expressed a strong desire to recollect a song which he
had heard in his infancy, and the attempt proving abortive, sought to stimulate his
memory with more glasses of punch, which appeared to have quite a contrary
effect; for, from forgetting the words of the song, he began to forget how to
articulate any words at all; and finally, after rising to his legs to address the
company in an eloquent speech, he fell into the barrow, and fast'asleep,
simultaneously. (D.)
47. The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky
and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains
and made of the great valley a closed pot. On the broad, level land floor the gang
plows bit deep and left the black earth shining like metal where the shares had cut.
On the foothill ranches across the Salinas River, the yellow stubble fields seemed
to be bathed in pale cold sunshine, but there was no sunshine in the valley now in
December. The thick willow scrub along the river flamed with sharp and positive
yellow leaves.
It was a time of quiet and of waiting. The air was cold and tender. A light wind
blew up from,the southwest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain
before long; but fog and rain do not go together. (St.)
48. I spent the next three days there, in Margaret's house, oscillating between a
temperature and a temper. When my temperature came down, my temper rose.
This was partly due to the fact that I objected to staying in bed. But the nurse they
installed had something to do with it. She may have been a good nurse, but as a
companion she was poison. She was a large red-haired woman with a lot of teeth
and freckles, and she treated me as if I was a spoilt darling about ten years old.
With the least encouragement she'd have read some jolly tale for the bairns to me.
She tried to stop me smoking but I won the Battle. But with the help of Margaret,
she did prevent anybody getting in there to see me and offer me a little adult
conversation. Then, again, Margaret was now just the doctor in charge of the case.
So when the temperature came
GO
down, I thrashed about and growled, and was told not to be naughty by that red-
headed monster. (P.)
49. Gopher Prairie was digging in for the winter. Through late November and all
December it snowed daily; the thermometer was at a zero and might drop to twenty
below, or thirty. Winter is not a season in North Middle-west; it is an industry.
Storm sheds were erected at every door. In every block the householders, Sam
Clark, the wealthy Mr. Dawson, all save asthmatic Ezra Stowbody, who
extravagantly hired a boy, were seen perilously staggering up ladders, carrying
storm windows and screwing them to second-story jambs. While Kennicott put up
his windows Carol danced inside the bedrooms and begged him not to swallow the
screws, which he held in his mouth like an extraordinary set of false teeth.
The universal sign of winter was the tov/n handyman— Miles Bjornstam, a tall,
thick, red-moustached bachelor, opinionated atheist, general-store arguer, cynical
Santa Claus. Children loved him, and he sneaked away from work to tell them
improbable stories of sea-faring and horse-trading and bears. The children's parents
either laughed at him or hated him. He was the one democrat in town. (S. L.)
50. The hands of all four thousand electric clocks in all the Bloomsbury Centre's
four thousand rooms marked twenty-seven minutes past two. "This hive of
industry," as the Director was fond of calling it, was in the full buzz of work.
Everyone was busy, everything in ordered motion. Under the microscopes, their
long tails furiously lashing, spermatozoa were burrowing head first into eggs; and,
fertilized, the eggs were expanding, dividing, or if boka-novskified, budding and
breaking up into whole populations of separate embryos. From the Social
Predestination Room the escalators went rumbling down into the basement, and
there, in the crimson darkness, stewingly warm on their cushion of peritoneum
and gorged with blood-surrogate and hormones, the foetuses grew and grew or,
poisoned languished into a stunted Epsilonhood. With a fainl hum and rattle the
moving racks crawled imperceptibly through the weeks and the recapitulated aeons
to where, in the Decanting Room, the newly unbottled babes uttered their first yell
of horror and amazement. (A. H.)
51. It was a marvellous day in late August, and Wirn-
Glsey's soul purred within him as he pushed the car along. The road from Kirkcud
bright to Newton-Stuart is of a varied loveliness hard to surpass, and with the sky
full of bright sun and rolling cloud-banks, hedges filled with flowers, a well-made
road, a lively engine and a prospect of a good corpse at the end of it, Lord Peter's
cup of happiness was full. He was a man who loved simple pleasures.
He passed through Gatehouse, waving a cheerful hand to the proprietor of Antwoth
'Hotel, climbed up beneath the grim blackness of Cardoness Castle, drank in for
the thousandth time the strange, Japanese beauty of Mossyard Farm, set like a red
jewel under its tufted trees on the blue sea's rim, and the Italian loveliness of
Kirkdale, with its fringe of thin and twisted trees and the blue coast gleaming
across the way. (D. S.)
52. The two transports had sneaked up from the South in the first graying flush of
dawn, their cumbersome mass cutting smoothly 'through the water whose still
greater mass bore them silently, themselves as gray as the dawn which
camouflaged them. Now, in (he fresh early morning of a lovely tropic day they lay
quietly at anchor in the channel, nearer 'to the one island than to the other which
was only a cloud on the horizon. To their crews, this was a routine mission and one
they knew well: that of delivering fresh reinforcement troops. But to the men who
comprised the cargo of infantry this trip was neither routine nor known and was
composed of a mixture of dense anxiety and tense excitement. (J.)
53. Around noon the last shivering wedding guest arrived at the farmhouse; then
for all the miles around nothing moved on the gale-haunted moors—neither
carriage, wagon, nor human figure. The road wound emptily over the low hills.
The gray day turned still colder, and invisible clouds of air began to stir slowly in
great icy swaths, as if signalling some convulsive change beyond the sky. From
across the downs came the boom of surf against tjjo island cliffs. Within an hour
the sea wind rose to a steady moan, and then within the next hour rose still more to
become a screaming ocean of air.
Ribbons of shouted laughter and music—wild waltzes and reels—streamed thinly
from the house, but all the wedding sounds were engulfed, drowned and then lost
in
62
the steady roar of the gale. Finally, at three o'clock, spits of snow became a steady
swirl of white that obscured the landscape more thoroughly than any fog that had
ever rolled in from the sea. (MW.)
54. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful
appearance than in the month of August; Spring has many beauties, and May is a
fresh and blooming month, but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by
their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes
when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields, and sweet-smelling
flowers—when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak winds, has faded from
our minds as completely as they have disappeared from the earth—and yet what a
pleasant time it is. Orchards and cornfields ring with the hum of labour; trees bend
beneath the thick clusters of rich fruit which bow their branches to the ground; and
the corn, piled in graceful sheaves, or waving in every light breath that sweeps
above it, as if it wooed .the sickle, tinges the landscape with a golden hue. A
mellow softness appears to hang over the whole earth; the influence of the season
seems to extend itself to the very wagon, whose slow motion across the well-
reaped field is perceptible only to the eye, but strikes with no harsh sound upon the
ear. (D.)
II. GUIDE TO SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
Syntactical SD deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance which creates
the emphasis of the latter irrespective of the lexical meanings of the employed
units.
It should be observed here that oral speech is norma-tively more emphatic than the
written type of speech. Various syntactical structures deliberately employed by the
author as SD-fbr the creation of the proper effect, in oral speech are used
automatically as a norm of oral intercourse and are not to be considered SD. But
when these syntactical oral norms are intentionally imitated by the writer to
produce the effect of authenticity and naturalness of dialogue we may speak of his
preliminary deliberate choice of the most suitable -structures and of their
preconceived usage, l. e. syntactical norms of oral speech, interpreted and arranged
by the writer, become SQ in belles-lettres
63
up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of
gold. (W. D.)
3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front
of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford
cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the
new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra
does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and
wicked to consider.
Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual
hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's
Country. (S. L.)
4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute
necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive
Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)
5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-
necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)
6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure
with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and
shapely. (W.D.)
7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown
wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and
all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two
amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . .
(D.)
8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I
reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like
somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of
the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)
9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—
a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as
knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul
and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)
54
10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of
her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)
11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of
consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent.
(D.)
12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window,
one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't
seem to be represented?" (Ch.)
13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and
lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)
14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)
15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he
raised himself... (I. Sh.)
16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven
visible over the street. (I. Sh.)
17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so
transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)
18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)
19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a
blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so
bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of
hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)
20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation
happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-
bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)
21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world,
and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)
22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood,
perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh
at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)
23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train
fairly started on one of those
The smooth lawns lay tantalizingly about, just out of the way of the blundering
clumsy house kept prisoner by the chain of gravel. The lawn, a green-clad monster,
arched its back against the yew hedge, and put out emerald feelers all through the
garden and turfed alley-ways. (B.D.)
40. Of course, it had to occur on a Thursday afternoon. The season was summer,
suitable for pale and fragile toilettes. And the eight children who sat around Aunt
Harriet's great table glittered like the sun. Not Constance's specially provided
napkins could hide that wealth and profusion of white lace and stitchery. Never in
after-life are the genteel children of the Five Towns so richly clad as at the age of
four or five years. Weeks of labour, thousands of cubic feet of gas, whole nights
stolen from repose, eyesight, and general health will disappear into the manufac-
ture of a single frock that accidental jam may ruin in ten seconds. Thus it was in
those old days, and thus it is today. (A. B.)
41. .. .Isolde the Slender had suitors in plenty to do her slightest hest.
Feats of arms were done daily for her sake. To win her love suitors were willing to
vow themselves to perdition. For Isolde's sake Otto the Otter had cast himself into
the sea. Conrad the Cocoanut had hurled himself from the highest battlement of the
castle head first into the mud. Hugo the Hopeless had hanged himself by the
wristband to a hickory tree and had refused all efforts to dislodge him. For her sake
Siegfried the Susceptible had swallowed sulphuric acid.
But Isolde the Slender was heedless of the court thus paid to her. (L.)
42. I am always drawn back to places where I have lived, the houses and their
neighbourhoods. For instance, there is a brownstone in the East Seventies where,
during the early years of the war, I had my first New York apartment. It was one
room crowded with attic furniture, a sofa and fat chairs upholstered in that itchy,
particular red velvet that one associates with hot days on a train. The walls were
stucco, and a color rather like tobacco-spit. Everywhere, in the bathroom too,
there were prints of Roman ruins freckled brown with age. The single window
looked out on the fire escape. Even so, my spirits heightened whenever I felt in my
pocket the key to this apart' 58
ment; despite all its gloom, it was still a place of my own, the first, and my books
were there, and jars of pencils to sharpen, everything I needed, so I felt, to become
the writer I wanted to be. (T. C.)
43. He leaned his elbows on the porch ledge and stood looking down through the
screens at the familiar scene of the barracks square laid out below with the tiers of
porches dark in the faces of the three-story concrete barracks fronting on the
square. He was feeling, a half-sheepish affection for his vantage point that he was
leaving.
Below him under the blows of the February Hawaiian sun the quadrangle gasped
defencelessly, like an exhausted fighter. Through the heat haze and the thin
midmorning film of the parched red dust came up a muted orchestra of sounds: the
clanking of steel-wheeled carts bouncing over brick, the slappings of oiled leather
sling-straps, the shuffling beat of scorched shoesoles, the hoarse expletive of
irritated noncoms. (J.)
44. He might almost have been some other man dreaming recurrently that he was
an electrical engineer. On the other side of the edge, waiting for him to peer into it
late at night or whenever he was alone and 'the show of work had stopped, was
illimitable unpopulated darkness, a green-land night; and only his continuing heart
beats kept him from disappearing into it. Moving along this edge, doing whatever
the day demanded, or the night offered, grimly observant (for he was not without
fortitude), he noticed much that has escaped him before. He found he was attend-
ing a comedy, a show that would have been very funny indeed if there had been
life outside the theatre instead of darkness and dissolution. (P.)
45. From that day on, thundering trains loomed in his dreams, hurtling, sleek,
black monsters whose stack pipes belched gobs of serpentine smoke, whose
seething fireboxes coughed out clouds of pink sparks, whose pushing pistons
sprayed jets of hissing steam, panting trains that roared yammeringly over farflung,
gleaming rails only to come to limp and convulsive halts-—long, fearful trains that
were hauled brutally forward by red-eyed locomotives that you loved watching as
they (and you trembling) crashed past (and you longing to run but finding your feet
strangely glued to the ground . . .) (Wr.)
46. This constant succession of glasses produced consid-
59erable effect upon Mr. Pickwick; his countenance beamed with the most sunny
smiles, laughter played around his lips, and good-humorous merriment twinkled in
his eye. Yielding by degrees to the influence of the exciting liquid rendered more
so by the heat, Mr. Pickwick expressed a strong desire to recollect a song which he
had heard in his infancy, and the attempt proving abortive, sought to stimulate his
memory with more glasses of punch, which appeared to have quite a contrary
effect; for, from forgetting the words of the song, he began to forget how to
articulate any words at all; and finally, after rising to his legs to address the
company in an eloquent speech, he fell into the barrow, and fast'asleep,
simultaneously. (D.)
47. The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky
and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains
and made of the great valley a closed pot. On the broad, level land floor the gang
plows bit deep and left the black earth shining like metal where the shares had cut.
On the foothill ranches across the Salinas River, the yellow stubble fields seemed
to be bathed in pale cold sunshine, but there was no sunshine in the valley now in
December. The thick willow scrub along the river flamed with sharp and positive
yellow leaves.
It was a time of quiet and of waiting. The air was cold and tender. A light wind
blew up from,the southwest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain
before long; but fog and rain do not go together. (St.)
48. I spent the next three days there, in Margaret's house, oscillating between a
temperature and a temper. When my temperature came down, my temper rose.
This was partly due to the fact that I objected to staying in bed. But the nurse they
installed had something to do with it. She may have been a good nurse, but as a
companion she was poison. She was a large red-haired woman with a lot of teeth
and freckles, and she treated me as if I was a spoilt darling about ten years old.
With the least encouragement she'd have read some jolly tale for the bairns to me.
She tried to stop me smoking but I won the Battle. But with the help of Margaret,
she did prevent anybody getting in there to see me and offer me a little adult
conversation. Then, again, Margaret was now just the doctor in charge of the case.
So when the temperature came
GO
down, I thrashed about and growled, and was told not to be naughty by that red-
headed monster. (P.)
49. Gopher Prairie was digging in for the winter. Through late November and all
December it snowed daily; the thermometer was at a zero and might drop to twenty
below, or thirty. Winter is not a season in North Middle-west; it is an industry.
Storm sheds were erected at every door. In every block the householders, Sam
Clark, the wealthy Mr. Dawson, all save asthmatic Ezra Stowbody, who
extravagantly hired a boy, were seen perilously staggering up ladders, carrying
storm windows and screwing them to second-story jambs. While Kennicott put up
his windows Carol danced inside the bedrooms and begged him not to swallow the
screws, which he held in his mouth like an extraordinary set of false teeth.
The universal sign of winter was the tov/n handyman— Miles Bjornstam, a tall,
thick, red-moustached bachelor, opinionated atheist, general-store arguer, cynical
Santa Claus. Children loved him, and he sneaked away from work to tell them
improbable stories of sea-faring and horse-trading and bears. The children's parents
either laughed at him or hated him. He was the one democrat in town. (S. L.)
50. The hands of all four thousand electric clocks in all the Bloomsbury Centre's
four thousand rooms marked twenty-seven minutes past two. "This hive of
industry," as the Director was fond of calling it, was in the full buzz of work.
Everyone was busy, everything in ordered motion. Under the microscopes, their
long tails furiously lashing, spermatozoa were burrowing head first into eggs; and,
fertilized, the eggs were expanding, dividing, or if boka-novskified, budding and
breaking up into whole populations of separate embryos. From the Social
Predestination Room the escalators went rumbling down into the basement, and
there, in the crimson darkness, stewingly warm on their cushion of peritoneum
and gorged with blood-surrogate and hormones, the foetuses grew and grew or,
poisoned languished into a stunted Epsilonhood. With a fainl hum and rattle the
moving racks crawled imperceptibly through the weeks and the recapitulated aeons
to where, in the Decanting Room, the newly unbottled babes uttered their first yell
of horror and amazement. (A. H.)
51. It was a marvellous day in late August, and Wirn-
Glsey's soul purred within him as he pushed the car along. The road from Kirkcud
bright to Newton-Stuart is of a varied loveliness hard to surpass, and with the sky
full of bright sun and rolling cloud-banks, hedges filled with flowers, a well-made
road, a lively engine and a prospect of a good corpse at the end of it, Lord Peter's
cup of happiness was full. He was a man who loved simple pleasures.
He passed through Gatehouse, waving a cheerful hand to the proprietor of Antwoth
'Hotel, climbed up beneath the grim blackness of Cardoness Castle, drank in for
the thousandth time the strange, Japanese beauty of Mossyard Farm, set like a red
jewel under its tufted trees on the blue sea's rim, and the Italian loveliness of
Kirkdale, with its fringe of thin and twisted trees and the blue coast gleaming
across the way. (D. S.)
52. The two transports had sneaked up from the South in the first graying flush of
dawn, their cumbersome mass cutting smoothly 'through the water whose still
greater mass bore them silently, themselves as gray as the dawn which
camouflaged them. Now, in (he fresh early morning of a lovely tropic day they lay
quietly at anchor in the channel, nearer 'to the one island than to the other which
was only a cloud on the horizon. To their crews, this was a routine mission and one
they knew well: that of delivering fresh reinforcement troops. But to the men who
comprised the cargo of infantry this trip was neither routine nor known and was
composed of a mixture of dense anxiety and tense excitement. (J.)
53. Around noon the last shivering wedding guest arrived at the farmhouse; then
for all the miles around nothing moved on the gale-haunted moors—neither
carriage, wagon, nor human figure. The road wound emptily over the low hills.
The gray day turned still colder, and invisible clouds of air began to stir slowly in
great icy swaths, as if signalling some convulsive change beyond the sky. From
across the downs came the boom of surf against tjjo island cliffs. Within an hour
the sea wind rose to a steady moan, and then within the next hour rose still more to
become a screaming ocean of air.
Ribbons of shouted laughter and music—wild waltzes and reels—streamed thinly
from the house, but all the wedding sounds were engulfed, drowned and then lost
in
62
the steady roar of the gale. Finally, at three o'clock, spits of snow became a steady
swirl of white that obscured the landscape more thoroughly than any fog that had
ever rolled in from the sea. (MW.)
54. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful
appearance than in the month of August; Spring has many beauties, and May is a
fresh and blooming month, but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by
their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes
when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields, and sweet-smelling
flowers—when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak winds, has faded from
our minds as completely as they have disappeared from the earth—and yet what a
pleasant time it is. Orchards and cornfields ring with the hum of labour; trees bend
beneath the thick clusters of rich fruit which bow their branches to the ground; and
the corn, piled in graceful sheaves, or waving in every light breath that sweeps
above it, as if it wooed .the sickle, tinges the landscape with a golden hue. A
mellow softness appears to hang over the whole earth; the influence of the season
seems to extend itself to the very wagon, whose slow motion across the well-
reaped field is perceptible only to the eye, but strikes with no harsh sound upon the
ear. (D.)
II. GUIDE TO SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
Syntactical SD deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance which creates
the emphasis of the latter irrespective of the lexical meanings of the employed
units.
It should be observed here that oral speech is norma-tively more emphatic than the
written type of speech. Various syntactical structures deliberately employed by the
author as SD-fbr the creation of the proper effect, in oral speech are used
automatically as a norm of oral intercourse and are not to be considered SD. But
when these syntactical oral norms are intentionally imitated by the writer to
produce the effect of authenticity and naturalness of dialogue we may speak of his
preliminary deliberate choice of the most suitable -structures and of their
preconceived usage, l. e. syntactical norms of oral speech, interpreted and arranged
by the writer, become SQ in belles-lettres
63style. Though, while analysing them we should always keep in mind that their
employment as SD is secondary tc their normative usage in oral speech and that
their primary function as SD is to convey the effect of ease and naturalness of the
characters' speech.
Depending upon the part of the syntactical structure that is endowed with
contextual meaning to create the emphasis of the whole structure we differentiate
the following syntactical SD:
(1) Inversion deals with the displacement of the predicate (which is the case
complete inversion) or with the displacement of secondary members of the
sentence (which is the case of partial inversion) and their shift into the front,
opening position in the sentence.
The structure of questions as we know, is character- , ized by 'the grammatically
inverted word order. If direct word order is re-established in questions, we can
speak of secondary inversion (i. e. inversion of inversion). Thus inverted questions
(i. e. questions with direct word order) beyond conveying the tone and manner of
the speaker also, due to the changed structure, acquire the connotational meaning
of the questioner's awareness of the possible nature of the expected answer.
(2) Rhetorical question, which is the statement in the form of a question, also
presupposes the possible (though not demanded) answer: the positive form of the
rhetorical question predicts the negative answer, the negative form— the positive
answer.
(3) Apokoinu construction, characteristic of irregular oral speech, presents a blend
of two clauses into one, which is achieved at the expense of the omission of the
connecting word and the double syntactical function acquired by the unit
occupying the linking position between both former clauses: thus, "I'm the first one
saw her," presents the blend of the complex sentence "I'm the first one who saw
her." Due to its contraction into the apokoinu construction syntactical functions of
"the first one"—predicative of the first clause, and "who"—subject of the second
one—are both attributed to "the first one" which becomes the syntactical centre of
the newly coined sentence.
The main stylistic function of apokoinu constructions is to emphasize the irregular,
careless or uneducated character oi the speech of personages.
64
(4) In ellipsis, which is the omission of one of the main members of a sentence,
we must differentiate the one used in the author's narration to change its tempo and
condense its structure from the one used in personages' speech to reflect the oral
norms and create the effect of naturalness and authenticity of the dialogue.
(5) Through detachment secondary members of the sentence acquire
independent stress and intonation which leads to their emphatic intensification.
The effect is the strongest if detached members are isolated from the rest of the
sentence by full stops.
(6) Sudden break in the narration, or aposiopesis, is a norm of excited oral
speech. As a SD it is used to indicate strong emotions paralyzing the character's
speech or his deliberate stop in the utterance to conceal its meaning. Certain
phrases, often repeated with the intonation of the nonfinished sentence, become
trite aposiopeses. They indicate that the speaker's idea of the possible continuation
of the utterance exists in a very general, non-detailed, vague form. (Cf. "Well, I
never!" reads approximately "Well, I never expected it"; "I never thought oi it"; "I
never imagined it", etc.)
(7) Suspense, holding the reader or the lis'tener in tense anticipation, is often
realized through the separation of predicate from subject or from predicative, by
the deliberate introduction between them of a phrase, clause or sentence
(frequently parenthetic).
(8) The function and impact of repetition depends upon the position occupied by
the repeated unit. Thus,
(a) ordinary repetition offers no fixed place for the repeated unit—aa . . ., . .a. . .,
a. a., .aaa. ., . . .a., etc.
(b) anaphora modelsdifferently: a. . .,a. .
a.
a.
(c) epiphora: . . .a, . .
(d) framing: a. . .a, b.
(e) anadiplosis (catch
(f) chain repetition . ,
.a,
.a.
. . .a, .
.. . .b.
repetition) . . .a, a.
.a, a.', b, b. . . .c,
d.
: We should not forget also morphological repetition when (mainly to achieve
humorous effect) a morpheme is repeated.
(9) Repetition, involving the whole structure of the sentence is called parallelism
and is differentiated into com-
■ 5 Заказ № 53
(&.
up the flagstaff of the Imperial Hotel, and undulated languidly under the cap of
gold. (W. D.)
3. Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front
of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rome and Erasmus wrote in Oxford
cloisters. What. Ole Johnson the grocer says to Ezra Stowbody the banker is the
new law for London, Prague, and the unprofitable isles of the sea; whatsoever Ezra
does not know and sanction, that thing is heresy, worthless for knowing and
wicked to consider.
Our railway station is the final aspiration of architecture. Sam Clark's annual
hardware turn-over is the envy of the four counties which constitute God's
Country. (S. L.)
4. Everybody knew and admitted that nothing save the scorpions of absolute
necessity, or a tremendous occasion such as that particular morning's would drive
Cyril from his bed until the smell of bacon rose to him from the kitchen. (A. B.)
5. That fellow is, and his father was, and his grandfather was, the most stiff-
necked, arrogant, imbecile, pigheaded numskull ever . . . born! (D.)
6. About this time Hazzard's scheme of life became a circle instead of a figure
with jagged edges, the globe instead of the jigsaw puzzle, satisfying and
shapely. (W.D.)
7. Mrs. Nupkins was a majestic female in a pink gauze turban and a light brown
wig. Miss Nupkins possessed all her mamma's haughtiness without the turban, and
all her ill-nature without the wig; and whenever the exercise of these two
amiable.qualities involved mother and daughter in some unpleasant dilemma . . .
(D.)
8. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like a rhinoceros ...".. .Before I
reached the bottom (of the stairs) Г heard footsteps adequately rhinoceros-like
somewhere close at hand . . . And punctually there sounded, from round a corner of
the passage, the tread of a rhinoceros coming to answer the petition. (K- A.)
9. "Mrs. Squeers, Sir," replied the proprietor of Dothe-boys, "is as she always is—
a mother to them lads, and a blessing, and a comfort—and a joy to all them as
knows her. She dotes on poetry, sir; she adores it—I may say that her whole soul
and mind are wound up and entwined with it." (D.)
54
10. The Matron of Honor nodded, and once again brought the megaphone of
her mouth up close to the old man's ear. (S.)
11. My mind ... is full of indignation to-night, after undergoing the ordeal of
consigning to the tomb the re-mains of a faithful, a zealous, a devoted adherent.
(D.)
12. "It's a gathering," said Bill, looking round. "One French detective by window,
one English ditto by fireplace. Strong foreign element. The Stars and Stripes don't
seem to be represented?" (Ch.)
13. All the ashtrays in sight were in full blossom with crumpled facial tissues and
lipsticked cigarette ends. (S.)
14. But, quick as she is, a certain stilled inwardness lies coiledjn her gaze. (A. M.)
15. Slowly, inch by inch, with the pain shouting mutely from his livid face, he
raised himself... (I. Sh.)
16. . . .he actually could see stars, pale and small, in the thin corridor of heaven
visible over the street. (I. Sh.)
17. Calgary's first impression of Leo Argyle was that he was so attenuated, so
transparent, as hardly to be there at all. A wraith of a man! (Ch.)
18. She was a widow, and a Prominent Baptist, and a Good Influence. (S. L.)
19. Raincoats, of two kinds—the rubberized kind that absorbs the water like a
blotter, and the slicker kind that shed both air and water until the wearer was so
bathed in sweat he might as well have worn the other kind, appeared from out of
hiding in the combat packs hung on each bedfoot. (J.)
20. Sometime in February, Holly had gone on a winter trip . . . Our altercation
happened soon after she returned. She was brown as iodine, her hair was sun-
bleached to a ghost-color, she'd had a wonderful time . . . (T. C.)
21. This is the most vital, amazing stirring, goofy, thrilling country in the world,
and I care about it in a Big Way. (E.F.)
22. If you can wade through a few sentences of malice, meanness, falsehood,
perjury, treachery, and cant . . . you will, perhaps, be somewhat repaid by a laugh
at the style of this ungrammatical twaddler. (D.)
23. For nowadays whenever she pulled out from the station and got her train
fairly started on one of those
The smooth lawns lay tantalizingly about, just out of the way of the blundering
clumsy house kept prisoner by the chain of gravel. The lawn, a green-clad monster,
arched its back against the yew hedge, and put out emerald feelers all through the
garden and turfed alley-ways. (B.D.)
40. Of course, it had to occur on a Thursday afternoon. The season was summer,
suitable for pale and fragile toilettes. And the eight children who sat around Aunt
Harriet's great table glittered like the sun. Not Constance's specially provided
napkins could hide that wealth and profusion of white lace and stitchery. Never in
after-life are the genteel children of the Five Towns so richly clad as at the age of
four or five years. Weeks of labour, thousands of cubic feet of gas, whole nights
stolen from repose, eyesight, and general health will disappear into the manufac-
ture of a single frock that accidental jam may ruin in ten seconds. Thus it was in
those old days, and thus it is today. (A. B.)
41. .. .Isolde the Slender had suitors in plenty to do her slightest hest.
Feats of arms were done daily for her sake. To win her love suitors were willing to
vow themselves to perdition. For Isolde's sake Otto the Otter had cast himself into
the sea. Conrad the Cocoanut had hurled himself from the highest battlement of the
castle head first into the mud. Hugo the Hopeless had hanged himself by the
wristband to a hickory tree and had refused all efforts to dislodge him. For her sake
Siegfried the Susceptible had swallowed sulphuric acid.
But Isolde the Slender was heedless of the court thus paid to her. (L.)
42. I am always drawn back to places where I have lived, the houses and their
neighbourhoods. For instance, there is a brownstone in the East Seventies where,
during the early years of the war, I had my first New York apartment. It was one
room crowded with attic furniture, a sofa and fat chairs upholstered in that itchy,
particular red velvet that one associates with hot days on a train. The walls were
stucco, and a color rather like tobacco-spit. Everywhere, in the bathroom too,
there were prints of Roman ruins freckled brown with age. The single window
looked out on the fire escape. Even so, my spirits heightened whenever I felt in my
pocket the key to this apart' 58
ment; despite all its gloom, it was still a place of my own, the first, and my books
were there, and jars of pencils to sharpen, everything I needed, so I felt, to become
the writer I wanted to be. (T. C.)
43. He leaned his elbows on the porch ledge and stood looking down through the
screens at the familiar scene of the barracks square laid out below with the tiers of
porches dark in the faces of the three-story concrete barracks fronting on the
square. He was feeling, a half-sheepish affection for his vantage point that he was
leaving.
Below him under the blows of the February Hawaiian sun the quadrangle gasped
defencelessly, like an exhausted fighter. Through the heat haze and the thin
midmorning film of the parched red dust came up a muted orchestra of sounds: the
clanking of steel-wheeled carts bouncing over brick, the slappings of oiled leather
sling-straps, the shuffling beat of scorched shoesoles, the hoarse expletive of
irritated noncoms. (J.)
44. He might almost have been some other man dreaming recurrently that he was
an electrical engineer. On the other side of the edge, waiting for him to peer into it
late at night or whenever he was alone and 'the show of work had stopped, was
illimitable unpopulated darkness, a green-land night; and only his continuing heart
beats kept him from disappearing into it. Moving along this edge, doing whatever
the day demanded, or the night offered, grimly observant (for he was not without
fortitude), he noticed much that has escaped him before. He found he was attend-
ing a comedy, a show that would have been very funny indeed if there had been
life outside the theatre instead of darkness and dissolution. (P.)
45. From that day on, thundering trains loomed in his dreams, hurtling, sleek,
black monsters whose stack pipes belched gobs of serpentine smoke, whose
seething fireboxes coughed out clouds of pink sparks, whose pushing pistons
sprayed jets of hissing steam, panting trains that roared yammeringly over farflung,
gleaming rails only to come to limp and convulsive halts-—long, fearful trains that
were hauled brutally forward by red-eyed locomotives that you loved watching as
they (and you trembling) crashed past (and you longing to run but finding your feet
strangely glued to the ground . . .) (Wr.)
46. This constant succession of glasses produced consid-
59erable effect upon Mr. Pickwick; his countenance beamed with the most sunny
smiles, laughter played around his lips, and good-humorous merriment twinkled in
his eye. Yielding by degrees to the influence of the exciting liquid rendered more
so by the heat, Mr. Pickwick expressed a strong desire to recollect a song which he
had heard in his infancy, and the attempt proving abortive, sought to stimulate his
memory with more glasses of punch, which appeared to have quite a contrary
effect; for, from forgetting the words of the song, he began to forget how to
articulate any words at all; and finally, after rising to his legs to address the
company in an eloquent speech, he fell into the barrow, and fast'asleep,
simultaneously. (D.)
47. The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky
and from all the rest of the world. On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains
and made of the great valley a closed pot. On the broad, level land floor the gang
plows bit deep and left the black earth shining like metal where the shares had cut.
On the foothill ranches across the Salinas River, the yellow stubble fields seemed
to be bathed in pale cold sunshine, but there was no sunshine in the valley now in
December. The thick willow scrub along the river flamed with sharp and positive
yellow leaves.
It was a time of quiet and of waiting. The air was cold and tender. A light wind
blew up from,the southwest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain
before long; but fog and rain do not go together. (St.)
48. I spent the next three days there, in Margaret's house, oscillating between a
temperature and a temper. When my temperature came down, my temper rose.
This was partly due to the fact that I objected to staying in bed. But the nurse they
installed had something to do with it. She may have been a good nurse, but as a
companion she was poison. She was a large red-haired woman with a lot of teeth
and freckles, and she treated me as if I was a spoilt darling about ten years old.
With the least encouragement she'd have read some jolly tale for the bairns to me.
She tried to stop me smoking but I won the Battle. But with the help of Margaret,
she did prevent anybody getting in there to see me and offer me a little adult
conversation. Then, again, Margaret was now just the doctor in charge of the case.
So when the temperature came
GO
down, I thrashed about and growled, and was told not to be naughty by that red-
headed monster. (P.)
49. Gopher Prairie was digging in for the winter. Through late November and all
December it snowed daily; the thermometer was at a zero and might drop to twenty
below, or thirty. Winter is not a season in North Middle-west; it is an industry.
Storm sheds were erected at every door. In every block the householders, Sam
Clark, the wealthy Mr. Dawson, all save asthmatic Ezra Stowbody, who
extravagantly hired a boy, were seen perilously staggering up ladders, carrying
storm windows and screwing them to second-story jambs. While Kennicott put up
his windows Carol danced inside the bedrooms and begged him not to swallow the
screws, which he held in his mouth like an extraordinary set of false teeth.
The universal sign of winter was the tov/n handyman— Miles Bjornstam, a tall,
thick, red-moustached bachelor, opinionated atheist, general-store arguer, cynical
Santa Claus. Children loved him, and he sneaked away from work to tell them
improbable stories of sea-faring and horse-trading and bears. The children's parents
either laughed at him or hated him. He was the one democrat in town. (S. L.)
50. The hands of all four thousand electric clocks in all the Bloomsbury Centre's
four thousand rooms marked twenty-seven minutes past two. "This hive of
industry," as the Director was fond of calling it, was in the full buzz of work.
Everyone was busy, everything in ordered motion. Under the microscopes, their
long tails furiously lashing, spermatozoa were burrowing head first into eggs; and,
fertilized, the eggs were expanding, dividing, or if boka-novskified, budding and
breaking up into whole populations of separate embryos. From the Social
Predestination Room the escalators went rumbling down into the basement, and
there, in the crimson darkness, stewingly warm on their cushion of peritoneum
and gorged with blood-surrogate and hormones, the foetuses grew and grew or,
poisoned languished into a stunted Epsilonhood. With a fainl hum and rattle the
moving racks crawled imperceptibly through the weeks and the recapitulated aeons
to where, in the Decanting Room, the newly unbottled babes uttered their first yell
of horror and amazement. (A. H.)
51. It was a marvellous day in late August, and Wirn-
Glsey's soul purred within him as he pushed the car along. The road from Kirkcud
bright to Newton-Stuart is of a varied loveliness hard to surpass, and with the sky
full of bright sun and rolling cloud-banks, hedges filled with flowers, a well-made
road, a lively engine and a prospect of a good corpse at the end of it, Lord Peter's
cup of happiness was full. He was a man who loved simple pleasures.
He passed through Gatehouse, waving a cheerful hand to the proprietor of Antwoth
'Hotel, climbed up beneath the grim blackness of Cardoness Castle, drank in for
the thousandth time the strange, Japanese beauty of Mossyard Farm, set like a red
jewel under its tufted trees on the blue sea's rim, and the Italian loveliness of
Kirkdale, with its fringe of thin and twisted trees and the blue coast gleaming
across the way. (D. S.)
52. The two transports had sneaked up from the South in the first graying flush of
dawn, their cumbersome mass cutting smoothly 'through the water whose still
greater mass bore them silently, themselves as gray as the dawn which
camouflaged them. Now, in (he fresh early morning of a lovely tropic day they lay
quietly at anchor in the channel, nearer 'to the one island than to the other which
was only a cloud on the horizon. To their crews, this was a routine mission and one
they knew well: that of delivering fresh reinforcement troops. But to the men who
comprised the cargo of infantry this trip was neither routine nor known and was
composed of a mixture of dense anxiety and tense excitement. (J.)
53. Around noon the last shivering wedding guest arrived at the farmhouse; then
for all the miles around nothing moved on the gale-haunted moors—neither
carriage, wagon, nor human figure. The road wound emptily over the low hills.
The gray day turned still colder, and invisible clouds of air began to stir slowly in
great icy swaths, as if signalling some convulsive change beyond the sky. From
across the downs came the boom of surf against tjjo island cliffs. Within an hour
the sea wind rose to a steady moan, and then within the next hour rose still more to
become a screaming ocean of air.
Ribbons of shouted laughter and music—wild waltzes and reels—streamed thinly
from the house, but all the wedding sounds were engulfed, drowned and then lost
in
62
the steady roar of the gale. Finally, at three o'clock, spits of snow became a steady
swirl of white that obscured the landscape more thoroughly than any fog that had
ever rolled in from the sea. (MW.)
54. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful
appearance than in the month of August; Spring has many beauties, and May is a
fresh and blooming month, but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by
their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes
when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields, and sweet-smelling
flowers—when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak winds, has faded from
our minds as completely as they have disappeared from the earth—and yet what a
pleasant time it is. Orchards and cornfields ring with the hum of labour; trees bend
beneath the thick clusters of rich fruit which bow their branches to the ground; and
the corn, piled in graceful sheaves, or waving in every light breath that sweeps
above it, as if it wooed .the sickle, tinges the landscape with a golden hue. A
mellow softness appears to hang over the whole earth; the influence of the season
seems to extend itself to the very wagon, whose slow motion across the well-
reaped field is perceptible only to the eye, but strikes with no harsh sound upon the
ear. (D.)
II. GUIDE TO SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
Syntactical SD deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance which creates
the emphasis of the latter irrespective of the lexical meanings of the employed
units.
It should be observed here that oral speech is norma-tively more emphatic than the
written type of speech. Various syntactical structures deliberately employed by the
author as SD-fbr the creation of the proper effect, in oral speech are used
automatically as a norm of oral intercourse and are not to be considered SD. But
when these syntactical oral norms are intentionally imitated by the writer to
produce the effect of authenticity and naturalness of dialogue we may speak of his
preliminary deliberate choice of the most suitable -structures and of their
preconceived usage, l. e. syntactical norms of oral speech, interpreted and arranged
by the writer, become SQ in belles-lettres
63style. Though, while analysing them we should always keep in mind that their
employment as SD is secondary tc their normative usage in oral speech and that
their primary function as SD is to convey the effect of ease and naturalness of the
characters' speech.
Depending upon the part of the syntactical structure that is endowed with
contextual meaning to create the emphasis of the whole structure we differentiate
the following syntactical SD:
(1) Inversion deals with the displacement of the predicate (which is the case
complete inversion) or with the displacement of secondary members of the
sentence (which is the case of partial inversion) and their shift into the front,
opening position in the sentence.
The structure of questions as we know, is character- , ized by 'the grammatically
inverted word order. If direct word order is re-established in questions, we can
speak of secondary inversion (i. e. inversion of inversion). Thus inverted questions
(i. e. questions with direct word order) beyond conveying the tone and manner of
the speaker also, due to the changed structure, acquire the connotational meaning
of the questioner's awareness of the possible nature of the expected answer.
(2) Rhetorical question, which is the statement in the form of a question, also
presupposes the possible (though not demanded) answer: the positive form of the
rhetorical question predicts the negative answer, the negative form— the positive
answer.
(3) Apokoinu construction, characteristic of irregular oral speech, presents a blend
of two clauses into one, which is achieved at the expense of the omission of the
connecting word and the double syntactical function acquired by the unit
occupying the linking position between both former clauses: thus, "I'm the first one
saw her," presents the blend of the complex sentence "I'm the first one who saw
her." Due to its contraction into the apokoinu construction syntactical functions of
"the first one"—predicative of the first clause, and "who"—subject of the second
one—are both attributed to "the first one" which becomes the syntactical centre of
the newly coined sentence.
The main stylistic function of apokoinu constructions is to emphasize the irregular,
careless or uneducated character oi the speech of personages.
64
(4) In ellipsis, which is the omission of one of the main members of a sentence,
we must differentiate the one used in the author's narration to change its tempo and
condense its structure from the one used in personages' speech to reflect the oral
norms and create the effect of naturalness and authenticity of the dialogue.
(5) Through detachment secondary members of the sentence acquire
independent stress and intonation which leads to their emphatic intensification.
The effect is the strongest if detached members are isolated from the rest of the
sentence by full stops.
(6) Sudden break in the narration, or aposiopesis, is a norm of excited oral
speech. As a SD it is used to indicate strong emotions paralyzing the character's
speech or his deliberate stop in the utterance to conceal its meaning. Certain
phrases, often repeated with the intonation of the nonfinished sentence, become
trite aposiopeses. They indicate that the speaker's idea of the possible continuation
of the utterance exists in a very general, non-detailed, vague form. (Cf. "Well, I
never!" reads approximately "Well, I never expected it"; "I never thought oi it"; "I
never imagined it", etc.)
(7) Suspense, holding the reader or the lis'tener in tense anticipation, is often
realized through the separation of predicate from subject or from predicative, by
the deliberate introduction between them of a phrase, clause or sentence
(frequently parenthetic).
(8) The function and impact of repetition depends upon the position occupied by
the repeated unit. Thus,
(a) ordinary repetition offers no fixed place for the repeated unit—aa . . ., . .a. . .,
a. a., .aaa. ., . . .a., etc.
(b) anaphora modelsdifferently: a. . .,a. .
a.
a.
(c) epiphora: . . .a, . .
(d) framing: a. . .a, b.
(e) anadiplosis (catch
(f) chain repetition . ,
.a,
.a.
. . .a, .
.. . .b.
repetition) . . .a, a.
.a, a.', b, b. . . .c,
d.
: We should not forget also morphological repetition when (mainly to achieve
humorous effect) a morpheme is repeated.
(9) Repetition, involving the whole structure of the sentence is called parallelism
and is differentiated into com-
■ 5 Заказ № 53
(&.■
plele parallelism, presenting identical structures of two or? more successive clauses
or sentences, and partial parallel! lism, in which the repeated sentence-pattern may
vary.
(10) Chiasmus is also called reversed parallelism, id into its pattern two
sentences are included, of which the':: second necessarily repeats the structure of
the first, оп1Ц in reversed manner, so that the general formula of chia$ :| mus may
be fixed as follows: SPO, OPS.
(11) Polysyndeton -is also a kind of repetition—her! conjunctions or
connecting words are repeated. The repetition of "and", e. g., mainly creates -the
atmosphere of bustling activity; the repetition of "or" serves either to stress equal
importance of enumerated factors or to emphasize the validity of the indicated
phenomenon regardless of its varying denominations by various parties concerned,
etc.
(12) Asyndeton, like polysyndeton, is a type of syntactical connection but unlike
polysyndeton, offers no conjunctions or connecting words for this purpose. Hence
the difference in functions: asyndeton is used mostly to indicate tense, energetic,
organized activities or to show £ succession of minute, immediately following each
other actions. Opening the story (the passage, the chapter), asyndeton helps 'to give
a laconic and at the same time г detailed introduction into the action proper.
EXERCISES
(1) Inversion
*
I. Analyse the following cases of complete and partial iff version. State the
difference between inversion in interrogative and affirmative sentences.
sprung
-on
1. Out came the chaise—in went the horses-the boys—in got the travellers. (D.)
2. Up came the file and down sat the editor, wit] Mr. Pickwick at his side.
(D.)
3. Women are not made for attack. Wait they mus] (J.C.)
4. And she saw that Gopher Prairie was merely an ei largement of all the hamlets
which they had been passinj Only to the eyes of a Kennicott was it exceptional. (S.
L,
5. . . .Calm and quiet below me in the sun and shai lay the old house . . . (D.)
66 v
[3. 'Benny Gollan, a respected guy, Benny Gollan wants [o marry her." "An agent
could ask for more?" (Г. C.)
7. Then,h,e,.said: "You think it's so? She was mixed up :., this lousy business?" (J.
H.)
8. "Her sickness is only grief?" he asked, his difficult English«len'difig the
question an unintended irony. "She is grieving only?" . . . "She is only grieving?"
insisted Jose. (T. C.)
9. How have I implored and begged that man to inquire into Captain's family
connections; how have I urged and entreated him to take some decisive step. (D.)
10. Gay and merry was the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the
numerous hearts that were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
(2) Rhetorical Question
I. Discuss the nature and functions of the following rhetorical questions.
1. Gentleness in passion! What could have been more seductive to the scared,
starved heart of that girl? (J. C.)
2. Why do we need refreshment, my friends? Because we are but mortal, because
we are' but sinful, because we are but of the earth, because we are not of the air?
Can we fly, my friends? We cannot. Why can we not fly? Is it because we are
calculated to walk? (D.)
3. What courage can withstand the everduring and all besetting terrors of a
woman's tongue? (W. I.)
4. But what words shall describe the Mississippi, great father of rivers, who
(praise be to Heaven) has no young children like him? (D.)
5. Dark Sappho! could not verse immortal save That breast imbued with such
immortal fire? Could she not live who life eternal gave? (B.)
6. How should a highborn lady be known from a sunburnt milk-maid, save that
spears are broken for the one, and only hazelpoles shattered for the other? (W. Sc.)
7. . . .but who would scorn the month of June, Because December, with his breath
so hoary, Must come? (B.)
8. Who will be open where there is no sympathy, or has call to speak to those who
never can'linderstand? (Th.)
5
*
67

9. Wouldn't we all do better not trying to understand, accepting the fact that no
human being will ever understand another, not a wife a husband, a lover a mistress,
nor a parent a child? (Gr. Gr.)
(3) A p о к о i n u Construction
I. Indicate the type of complex sentences contracted into the following apokoinu
constructions. Suggest conjunctions and connecting words which might haye
joined former clauses.
1. I'm the first one saw her. (T. C.)
2. It was I was a father to you. (S. B.) :
3. He's the one makes the noise at night. (H.)
4. He would show these bums who it was kept them, fed. (J.)
5. It was Sponge told Bruce who was in the car. (Sh.A.)
6. I didn't transfer. I was transferred. It was Houston did it because I spoke my
piece. (J.)
7. There's no one enjoys good food more than he does. (S. M.)
8. You'd be surprised at the times we do get our man— sometimes after several
years. It's patience does it—patience and never.letting up. (Ch.)
9. It was then he took the plunge. (S. B.)
10. I love Nevada. Why, they don't even have mealtime-4 here. I never met so
many people didn't own a watch. (A. M.)
11. There was a door led into the kitchen. (Sh.A.)
12. There was no breeze came through the door. (H.)
13. Everyone found him attractive. It was his temper let him down. (Ch.)
14. It was then he met Stella. (S. M.)
15. There was a whisper in my family that it was love drove him out, and not love
of the wife he married. (St.)
(4) Ellipsis and On e-M ember Sentences
I. Discuss the nature of the following elliptical and one-member sentences.
1. Fast asleep—no passion in the face, no avarice, no anxiety, no wild desire; all
gentle, tranquil, and at peace. (D.)
68
2. "I'll go, Doll! I'll go!" This from Bead, large eyes larger than usual behind his
horn-rimmed glasses. (J.)
3. . . .the girl was .washing the glasses. The establishment boasted four; we do
not record the circumstance as at all derogatory to Mrs. Raddle . . . (D.)
4. There was only a jjW|e^roynd window at the Bitter Orange Company. No
waufng-room—nobody at all except a girl, who came to the window when Miss
Moss knocked, and said: "Well?" (K.M.)
5. Pain and discomfort—that was all the future held. And meanwhile ugliness,
sickness, fatigue. (A. H.)
6. A poor boy ... No father, no mother, no any one. (D.)
7. I'm afraid you think I'm conservative. I am. So much to conserve. All this
treasure of American ideals. Stur-diness and democracy and opportunity. Maybe
not at Palm Beach. But, thank heaven, we're free from such social distinctions in
Gopher Prairie. (S. L.)
8. Not that I give a hoot about jewelry. Diamonds, yes. But it's tacky to wear
diamonds before you're forty; and even that's risky. They only look right on the
really old girls. Maria Ouspenskaya. Wrinkles and bones, white hair and
diamonds. (Т. С.)
9. Inspector Badgworthy in his office. Time, 8.30 a.m. A tall portly man, Inspector
Badgworthy, with a heavy regulation tread. Inclined to breathe hard in moments of
professional strain. In attendance Constable Johnson, very new to the Force, with a
downy unfledged look about him, like a human chicken. (Ch.)
10. We have never been readers in our family. It don't pay. Stuff. Idleness. Folly.
No, no! (D.)
11. A black February day. Clouds hewn of ponderous timber weighing down on
the earth; an irresolute dropping of snow specks upon the trampled wastes. Gloom
but no veiling of angularity. The lines of roofs and sidewalks sharp and
inescapable.
The second day of Kennicott's absence . . . (S. L.)
12. A dark gentleman ... A very bad manner. In the last degree constrained,
reserved, diffident, troubled. (D.)
13. And we got down at the bridge. White cloudy sky, with mother-of-pearl veins.
Pearl rays shooting through, green and bluu-white. River roughed by a breeze.
White as
69
a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth ]>in-silver upstream.
Shooting new pins. (J. C.)
14. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"
"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a memorial
and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs.
That's really all one can say about it." (J. Br.)
15. "Good-night. Mr. Povey. I hope you'll be able to sleep." Constance's voice!
"It will probably come on again." Mr. Povey's voice pessimistic!
Then the shutting of doors. It was almost dark, (A. B.)
16. "Them big-assed folks is dumb!" Emphatic judgement.
"Dumb ain't no word for 'em! They just like us, but they too damned mean to admit
it!" Hilarious agreement.
"They scared to death of us. They know if they give us half a chance, we'd beat
'em!" Uttered with sage confidence ...
"Fish, you so quiet and wise." A memorized smile.
"I didn't want to mess up my plans with no trouble with white folks." A
spontaneous lie ...
"Gee, Fish, you lucky." Crooned admiration.
"Aw, that's nothing." Hinting at undisclosed marvels. (Wr.)
II. State the functions of the following ellipses. Indicate most frequently omitted
members of the sentence.
1. And if his feelings about the war got known, he'd be nicely in the soup.
Arrested, perhaps—got rid of, somehow. (A.)
2. He is understood to be in want of witnesses, for the Inquest tomorrow ... Is
immediately referred to innumerable people who can tell nothing whatever. Is
made more imbecile by being constantly informed that Mrs. Green's son "was a
law-writer hisself. . ." (D.)
3. What happiness was ours that day, what joy, what rest, what hope, what
gratitude, what bliss! (D.)
4. "I have noticed something about it in the papers. Heard you mention it once or
twice, now I come to think of it." (B. Sh.)
5. "Very windy, isn't it?" said Strachan, when the silence had lasted some time.
70
f
"Very," said Wimsey.
"But it's not raining," pursued Strachan.
"Not yet," said Wimsey.
"Better than yesterday," said Strachan . . . v
"Tons better. Really you know, you'd think they'd turned on the water-works
yesterday on purpose to spoil my sketching party."
"Oh, well," said Strachan.
"How long have you been on that?"
"About an hour," said Strachan. (D. S.)
6. "Where mama?"
J "She home," his father breathed. (Wr.) ^ 7. "What you think, Fish?" Zeke
asked with an aloof smile.
"Zeke, you a dog and I kind of believe you," Fishbelly said. (Wr.)
I 8. "She one of you family or something?" ^ "Who, the one downstairs? No,
she's called Mrs. Da-vies." (K.A.)
I 9. "Our father is dead." ^ "I know."
"How the hell do you know?"
"Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?"
'"Bout a month."
"What of?"
"Pneumonia."
"Buried here?"
"No. In Washington. . ." (St.)
(5) Detachment > \&м)Хш*>
I. Classify the following isolated members according to their syntactical function.
Discuss the punctuation used to isolate the detached members and their distribution
in the sentence.
1. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he
desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse's mouth. (A. H.)
2. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia
Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)
71
a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth ]>in-silver upstream.
Shooting new pins. (J. C.)
14. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"
"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a memorial
and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs.
That's really all one can say about it." (J. Br.)
15. "Good-night. Mr. Povey. I hope you'll be able to sleep." Constance's voice!
"It will probably come on again." Mr. Povey's voice pessimistic!
Then the shutting of doors. It was almost dark, (A. B.)
16. "Them big-assed folks is dumb!" Emphatic judgement.
"Dumb ain't no word for 'em! They just like us, but they too damned mean to admit
it!" Hilarious agreement.
"They scared to death of us. They know if they give us half a chance, we'd beat
'em!" Uttered with sage confidence ...
"Fish, you so quiet and wise." A memorized smile.
"I didn't want to mess up my plans with no trouble with white folks." A
spontaneous lie ...
"Gee, Fish, you lucky." Crooned admiration.
"Aw, that's nothing." Hinting at undisclosed marvels. (Wr.)
II. State the functions of the following ellipses. Indicate most frequently omitted
members of the sentence.
1. And if his feelings about the war got known, he'd be nicely in the soup.
Arrested, perhaps—got rid of, somehow. (A.)
2. He is understood to be in want of witnesses, for the Inquest tomorrow ... Is
immediately referred to innumerable people who can tell nothing whatever. Is
made more imbecile by being constantly informed that Mrs. Green's son "was a
law-writer hisself. . ." (D.)
3. What happiness was ours that day, what joy, what rest, what hope, what
gratitude, what bliss! (D.)
4. "I have noticed something about it in the papers. Heard you mention it once or
twice, now I come to think of it." (B. Sh.)
5. "Very windy, isn't it?" said Strachan, when the silence had lasted some time.
70
f
"Very," said Wimsey.
"But it's not raining," pursued Strachan.
"Not yet," said Wimsey.
"Better than yesterday," said Strachan . . . v
"Tons better. Really you know, you'd think they'd turned on the water-works
yesterday on purpose to spoil my sketching party."
"Oh, well," said Strachan.
"How long have you been on that?"
"About an hour," said Strachan. (D. S.)
6. "Where mama?"
J "She home," his father breathed. (Wr.) ^ 7. "What you think, Fish?" Zeke
asked with an aloof smile.
"Zeke, you a dog and I kind of believe you," Fishbelly said. (Wr.)
I 8. "She one of you family or something?" ^ "Who, the one downstairs? No,
she's called Mrs. Da-vies." (K.A.)
I 9. "Our father is dead." ^ "I know."
"How the hell do you know?"
"Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?"
'"Bout a month."
"What of?"
"Pneumonia."
"Buried here?"
"No. In Washington. . ." (St.)
(5) Detachment > \&м)Хш*>
I. Classify the following isolated members according to their syntactical function.
Discuss the punctuation used to isolate the detached members and their distribution
in the sentence.
1. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he
desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse's mouth. (A. H.)
2. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia
Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)
713. And life would move slowly and excitingly. With much laughter and much
shouting and talking and much drinking and much fighting. (P. A.)
4. "How do'you like the Army?" Mrs. Silsburn asked. Abruptly, conversationally.
(S.)
5. He is alert to his fingertips. Little muffs, silver garters, fringed gloves draw his
attention; he observes with a keen quick glance, not unkindly, and full rather of
amusement than of tensure. (V. W.)
6. Despiere had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a
jeep accident. (I. Sh.)
7. A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above.
(A.M.)
8. The people are awful this year. You should see what sits next to us in the dining
room. At the next table. They look as if they drove down in a truck. (S.)
9. I have to beg you for money. Daily! (S. L.)
. 10. And he stirred it with his pen—in vain. (К. М.)
11. And Fleur—charming in her jade-green wrapper— tucked a corner of her lip
behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing. (G.)
(6) A p о s i о р е s i s
I. Comment on the syntactical distribution of the following cases of aposiopesis
and on the causes which necessitated them. Suggest the implied meaning of trite
aposiopeses.
1. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way
to salvation—to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of
the > children. . . (P. Q.) I
2. Paritt: Well, they'll get a chance now to show— (Hastily) I don't mean—But
let's forget that. (O.'N.)
3. "She must leave-t-or—or, better yet^maybe drown herself—make away with
herself in some way—or—" •
(Dr.)
4. "Shuttleworth, I—I want to speak to you in—in strictest confidence—to ask
your advice. Yet—yet it is upon
, such a serious matter that I hesitate—fearing—" (W. Q.)
5. Paritt: I told her, "You've always acted the free woman, you've never let any
thing stop you from—" (He 72 ..
; ..•
checks himself—goes on hurriedly.) That' made her sore. (O'N.)
j.
6. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to „ look there—until—until
—well. (Dr.)
7. "It is the moment one opens one's eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh,
these days! I wonder how anybody can . . ." (J. C.)
8. What about the gold bracelet she'd been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet
he'd never seen before and which she'd slipped off her wrist the moment she
realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had. . . (P.Q.)
9. Oh, that's what you are doing. Well, I never. (K. A.)
10. "But, John, you know I'm not going to a doctor. I've told you."
"You're going—or else." (P. Q.)
11. . . .shouting out that he'd come back that his mother had better have the
money ready for him. Or else! That is what he said: "Or else!" It was a threat.
(Ch.)
12. "I still don't quite like the face, it's just a trifle too full, but—" I swung myself
on the stool, (L.)
13. "So you won't come at all?!"
"I don't yet know. It all depends." (P.)
14. "Will you ever change your mind?" "It depends, you know." (T. C.)
(7) 'Suspense
I. Analyse the manner in which the following cases of suspense are organized.
1. All this Mrs. Snagsby, as an injured woman and the friend of Mrs. Chadband,
and the follower of Mr. Chad-band, and the mourner of the late Mr. Tulkinghorn,
is here to certify. (D.)
2. I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my
own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for
the sake of criticism in general. (S. M.)
3. No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were
simply thieves to, say, newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially
intellectual
73
a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth ]>in-silver upstream.
Shooting new pins. (J. C.)
14. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"
"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a memorial
and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs.
That's really all one can say about it." (J. Br.)
15. "Good-night. Mr. Povey. I hope you'll be able to sleep." Constance's voice!
"It will probably come on again." Mr. Povey's voice pessimistic!
Then the shutting of doors. It was almost dark, (A. B.)
16. "Them big-assed folks is dumb!" Emphatic judgement.
"Dumb ain't no word for 'em! They just like us, but they too damned mean to admit
it!" Hilarious agreement.
"They scared to death of us. They know if they give us half a chance, we'd beat
'em!" Uttered with sage confidence ...
"Fish, you so quiet and wise." A memorized smile.
"I didn't want to mess up my plans with no trouble with white folks." A
spontaneous lie ...
"Gee, Fish, you lucky." Crooned admiration.
"Aw, that's nothing." Hinting at undisclosed marvels. (Wr.)
II. State the functions of the following ellipses. Indicate most frequently omitted
members of the sentence.
1. And if his feelings about the war got known, he'd be nicely in the soup.
Arrested, perhaps—got rid of, somehow. (A.)
2. He is understood to be in want of witnesses, for the Inquest tomorrow ... Is
immediately referred to innumerable people who can tell nothing whatever. Is
made more imbecile by being constantly informed that Mrs. Green's son "was a
law-writer hisself. . ." (D.)
3. What happiness was ours that day, what joy, what rest, what hope, what
gratitude, what bliss! (D.)
4. "I have noticed something about it in the papers. Heard you mention it once or
twice, now I come to think of it." (B. Sh.)
5. "Very windy, isn't it?" said Strachan, when the silence had lasted some time.
70
f
"Very," said Wimsey.
"But it's not raining," pursued Strachan.
"Not yet," said Wimsey.
"Better than yesterday," said Strachan . . . v
"Tons better. Really you know, you'd think they'd turned on the water-works
yesterday on purpose to spoil my sketching party."
"Oh, well," said Strachan.
"How long have you been on that?"
"About an hour," said Strachan. (D. S.)
6. "Where mama?"
J "She home," his father breathed. (Wr.) ^ 7. "What you think, Fish?" Zeke
asked with an aloof smile.
"Zeke, you a dog and I kind of believe you," Fishbelly said. (Wr.)
I 8. "She one of you family or something?" ^ "Who, the one downstairs? No,
she's called Mrs. Da-vies." (K.A.)
I 9. "Our father is dead." ^ "I know."
"How the hell do you know?"
"Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?"
'"Bout a month."
"What of?"
"Pneumonia."
"Buried here?"
"No. In Washington. . ." (St.)
(5) Detachment > \&м)Хш*>
I. Classify the following isolated members according to their syntactical function.
Discuss the punctuation used to isolate the detached members and their distribution
in the sentence.
1. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he
desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse's mouth. (A. H.)
2. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia
Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)
713. And life would move slowly and excitingly. With much laughter and much
shouting and talking and much drinking and much fighting. (P. A.)
4. "How do'you like the Army?" Mrs. Silsburn asked. Abruptly, conversationally.
(S.)
5. He is alert to his fingertips. Little muffs, silver garters, fringed gloves draw his
attention; he observes with a keen quick glance, not unkindly, and full rather of
amusement than of tensure. (V. W.)
6. Despiere had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a
jeep accident. (I. Sh.)
7. A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above.
(A.M.)
8. The people are awful this year. You should see what sits next to us in the dining
room. At the next table. They look as if they drove down in a truck. (S.)
9. I have to beg you for money. Daily! (S. L.)
. 10. And he stirred it with his pen—in vain. (К. М.)
11. And Fleur—charming in her jade-green wrapper— tucked a corner of her lip
behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing. (G.)
(6) A p о s i о р е s i s
I. Comment on the syntactical distribution of the following cases of aposiopesis
and on the causes which necessitated them. Suggest the implied meaning of trite
aposiopeses.
1. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way
to salvation—to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of
the > children. . . (P. Q.) I
2. Paritt: Well, they'll get a chance now to show— (Hastily) I don't mean—But
let's forget that. (O.'N.)
3. "She must leave-t-or—or, better yet^maybe drown herself—make away with
herself in some way—or—" •
(Dr.)
4. "Shuttleworth, I—I want to speak to you in—in strictest confidence—to ask
your advice. Yet—yet it is upon
, such a serious matter that I hesitate—fearing—" (W. Q.)
5. Paritt: I told her, "You've always acted the free woman, you've never let any
thing stop you from—" (He 72 ..
; ..•
checks himself—goes on hurriedly.) That' made her sore. (O'N.)
j.
6. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to „ look there—until—until
—well. (Dr.)
7. "It is the moment one opens one's eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh,
these days! I wonder how anybody can . . ." (J. C.)
8. What about the gold bracelet she'd been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet
he'd never seen before and which she'd slipped off her wrist the moment she
realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had. . . (P.Q.)
9. Oh, that's what you are doing. Well, I never. (K. A.)
10. "But, John, you know I'm not going to a doctor. I've told you."
"You're going—or else." (P. Q.)
11. . . .shouting out that he'd come back that his mother had better have the
money ready for him. Or else! That is what he said: "Or else!" It was a threat.
(Ch.)
12. "I still don't quite like the face, it's just a trifle too full, but—" I swung myself
on the stool, (L.)
13. "So you won't come at all?!"
"I don't yet know. It all depends." (P.)
14. "Will you ever change your mind?" "It depends, you know." (T. C.)
(7) 'Suspense
I. Analyse the manner in which the following cases of suspense are organized.
1. All this Mrs. Snagsby, as an injured woman and the friend of Mrs. Chadband,
and the follower of Mr. Chad-band, and the mourner of the late Mr. Tulkinghorn,
is here to certify. (D.)
2. I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my
own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for
the sake of criticism in general. (S. M.)
3. No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were
simply thieves to, say, newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially
intellectual
73class) who never by any chance gave a correct version of the simplest affair. (J.
C.)
4. ". . .The day on which I take the happiest and best step of my life—the day on
which I shall be a man more exulting and more enviable than any other man in the
world—the day on which I give Bleak House its little mistress—shall be next
month, then," said my guardian. (D.)
5. "If you had any part—I don't say what—in this attack," pursued the boy, "or if
you know anything about it—I don't say how much—or if you know who did it—I
go no closer—you did an injury to me that's never to be forgiven." (D.)
6. Corruption could not spread with so much success, though reduced into a
system, and though some ministers, with equal impudence and folly, avowed It by
themselves and their advocates, to be the principal expedient by which they
governed; if a long and almost unobserved progression of causes and effects did
not prepare the conjuncture. (Bol.)
(8) Repetition
I. Classify the following <?ases of repetition according to the position occupied by
the repeated unit. State their
functions.
1. Heroes all. Natural leaders. Morrows always been leaders, always been
gentlmen. Oh, take a drink once in a while but always like Morrows. Always know
how to make heroic gestures—except me—how to knock their wifes up with good
Morrow sons—how to make money without looking like they even give a
damn.
Oh the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows, to the last
syllable of recorded time— (T. H.)
2. "This is a rotten country," said Cyril.
"Oh, I don't know, you know, don't you knowl" I said. (P. G.W.)
3. ... the photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across
and across. (E. F.)
4. I wanted to knock over the table and hit him until my arm had no more strength
in it, then give him the boot, give him the boot, give him the boot—I drew a deep
breath . . . (J. Br.)
74
5. There followed six months in Chicago, in which he palmed no; one ptetm* &a\
4C4S >iUsb.Qto;v to №та„ that was not messed into nothingness by changes and
changes and changes. (Dr.)
6. There seemed to be no escape, no prospect of freedom. "If I had a thousand
pounds," thought Miss Fulkes, "a thousand pounds. A thousand pounds." The
words were magical. "A thousand pounds." (A. H.)
7. One may see by their footprints that they have not walked arm in arm; and that
they have not walked in a straight track, and that they have walked in a moody
humour. (D.)
8. It were better that he knew nothing. Better for common sense, better for him,
better for me. (D.)
9. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and
brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while
the landlord wrote. (D.)
10. Supposing his head had been held under water for a while. Supposing the first
blow had been truer. Supposing he had been shot. Supposing he had been
strangled.
Supposing this way, that way, the other way. Supposing anything but getting
unchained from the one idea for that was inexorably impossible. (D.)
11. The whitewashed room was pure white as of old, the methodical book-keeping
was in peaceful progress as of old, and some distant howler was hanging against a
cell door as of old. (D.)
12. I wake up and I'm alone, and I walk round Warley and I'm alone, and I talk
with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead. . . (J.
Br.)
13. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want
to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle. (St. H.)
14. . . .they took coach and drove westward. Not only drove westward, but drove
into that particular westward division, which Bella had seen last when she turned
her face from Mr. Boffin's door. Not only drove into that particular division, but
drove at last into that very street. Not only drove into that very street, but stopped
at last at that very house. (D.)
15. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor,
75
a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth ]>in-silver upstream.
Shooting new pins. (J. C.)
14. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"
"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a memorial
and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs.
That's really all one can say about it." (J. Br.)
15. "Good-night. Mr. Povey. I hope you'll be able to sleep." Constance's voice!
"It will probably come on again." Mr. Povey's voice pessimistic!
Then the shutting of doors. It was almost dark, (A. B.)
16. "Them big-assed folks is dumb!" Emphatic judgement.
"Dumb ain't no word for 'em! They just like us, but they too damned mean to admit
it!" Hilarious agreement.
"They scared to death of us. They know if they give us half a chance, we'd beat
'em!" Uttered with sage confidence ...
"Fish, you so quiet and wise." A memorized smile.
"I didn't want to mess up my plans with no trouble with white folks." A
spontaneous lie ...
"Gee, Fish, you lucky." Crooned admiration.
"Aw, that's nothing." Hinting at undisclosed marvels. (Wr.)
II. State the functions of the following ellipses. Indicate most frequently omitted
members of the sentence.
1. And if his feelings about the war got known, he'd be nicely in the soup.
Arrested, perhaps—got rid of, somehow. (A.)
2. He is understood to be in want of witnesses, for the Inquest tomorrow ... Is
immediately referred to innumerable people who can tell nothing whatever. Is
made more imbecile by being constantly informed that Mrs. Green's son "was a
law-writer hisself. . ." (D.)
3. What happiness was ours that day, what joy, what rest, what hope, what
gratitude, what bliss! (D.)
4. "I have noticed something about it in the papers. Heard you mention it once or
twice, now I come to think of it." (B. Sh.)
5. "Very windy, isn't it?" said Strachan, when the silence had lasted some time.
70
f
"Very," said Wimsey.
"But it's not raining," pursued Strachan.
"Not yet," said Wimsey.
"Better than yesterday," said Strachan . . . v
"Tons better. Really you know, you'd think they'd turned on the water-works
yesterday on purpose to spoil my sketching party."
"Oh, well," said Strachan.
"How long have you been on that?"
"About an hour," said Strachan. (D. S.)
6. "Where mama?"
J "She home," his father breathed. (Wr.) ^ 7. "What you think, Fish?" Zeke
asked with an aloof smile.
"Zeke, you a dog and I kind of believe you," Fishbelly said. (Wr.)
I 8. "She one of you family or something?" ^ "Who, the one downstairs? No,
she's called Mrs. Da-vies." (K.A.)
I 9. "Our father is dead." ^ "I know."
"How the hell do you know?"
"Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?"
'"Bout a month."
"What of?"
"Pneumonia."
"Buried here?"
"No. In Washington. . ." (St.)
(5) Detachment > \&м)Хш*>
I. Classify the following isolated members according to their syntactical function.
Discuss the punctuation used to isolate the detached members and their distribution
in the sentence.
1. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he
desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse's mouth. (A. H.)
2. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia
Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)
713. And life would move slowly and excitingly. With much laughter and much
shouting and talking and much drinking and much fighting. (P. A.)
4. "How do'you like the Army?" Mrs. Silsburn asked. Abruptly, conversationally.
(S.)
5. He is alert to his fingertips. Little muffs, silver garters, fringed gloves draw his
attention; he observes with a keen quick glance, not unkindly, and full rather of
amusement than of tensure. (V. W.)
6. Despiere had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a
jeep accident. (I. Sh.)
7. A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above.
(A.M.)
8. The people are awful this year. You should see what sits next to us in the dining
room. At the next table. They look as if they drove down in a truck. (S.)
9. I have to beg you for money. Daily! (S. L.)
. 10. And he stirred it with his pen—in vain. (К. М.)
11. And Fleur—charming in her jade-green wrapper— tucked a corner of her lip
behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing. (G.)
(6) A p о s i о р е s i s
I. Comment on the syntactical distribution of the following cases of aposiopesis
and on the causes which necessitated them. Suggest the implied meaning of trite
aposiopeses.
1. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way
to salvation—to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of
the > children. . . (P. Q.) I
2. Paritt: Well, they'll get a chance now to show— (Hastily) I don't mean—But
let's forget that. (O.'N.)
3. "She must leave-t-or—or, better yet^maybe drown herself—make away with
herself in some way—or—" •
(Dr.)
4. "Shuttleworth, I—I want to speak to you in—in strictest confidence—to ask
your advice. Yet—yet it is upon
, such a serious matter that I hesitate—fearing—" (W. Q.)
5. Paritt: I told her, "You've always acted the free woman, you've never let any
thing stop you from—" (He 72 ..
; ..•
checks himself—goes on hurriedly.) That' made her sore. (O'N.)
j.
6. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to „ look there—until—until
—well. (Dr.)
7. "It is the moment one opens one's eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh,
these days! I wonder how anybody can . . ." (J. C.)
8. What about the gold bracelet she'd been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet
he'd never seen before and which she'd slipped off her wrist the moment she
realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had. . . (P.Q.)
9. Oh, that's what you are doing. Well, I never. (K. A.)
10. "But, John, you know I'm not going to a doctor. I've told you."
"You're going—or else." (P. Q.)
11. . . .shouting out that he'd come back that his mother had better have the
money ready for him. Or else! That is what he said: "Or else!" It was a threat.
(Ch.)
12. "I still don't quite like the face, it's just a trifle too full, but—" I swung myself
on the stool, (L.)
13. "So you won't come at all?!"
"I don't yet know. It all depends." (P.)
14. "Will you ever change your mind?" "It depends, you know." (T. C.)
(7) 'Suspense
I. Analyse the manner in which the following cases of suspense are organized.
1. All this Mrs. Snagsby, as an injured woman and the friend of Mrs. Chadband,
and the follower of Mr. Chad-band, and the mourner of the late Mr. Tulkinghorn,
is here to certify. (D.)
2. I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my
own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for
the sake of criticism in general. (S. M.)
3. No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were
simply thieves to, say, newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially
intellectual
73class) who never by any chance gave a correct version of the simplest affair. (J.
C.)
4. ". . .The day on which I take the happiest and best step of my life—the day on
which I shall be a man more exulting and more enviable than any other man in the
world—the day on which I give Bleak House its little mistress—shall be next
month, then," said my guardian. (D.)
5. "If you had any part—I don't say what—in this attack," pursued the boy, "or if
you know anything about it—I don't say how much—or if you know who did it—I
go no closer—you did an injury to me that's never to be forgiven." (D.)
6. Corruption could not spread with so much success, though reduced into a
system, and though some ministers, with equal impudence and folly, avowed It by
themselves and their advocates, to be the principal expedient by which they
governed; if a long and almost unobserved progression of causes and effects did
not prepare the conjuncture. (Bol.)
(8) Repetition
I. Classify the following <?ases of repetition according to the position occupied by
the repeated unit. State their
functions.
1. Heroes all. Natural leaders. Morrows always been leaders, always been
gentlmen. Oh, take a drink once in a while but always like Morrows. Always know
how to make heroic gestures—except me—how to knock their wifes up with good
Morrow sons—how to make money without looking like they even give a
damn.
Oh the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows, to the last
syllable of recorded time— (T. H.)
2. "This is a rotten country," said Cyril.
"Oh, I don't know, you know, don't you knowl" I said. (P. G.W.)
3. ... the photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across
and across. (E. F.)
4. I wanted to knock over the table and hit him until my arm had no more strength
in it, then give him the boot, give him the boot, give him the boot—I drew a deep
breath . . . (J. Br.)
74
5. There followed six months in Chicago, in which he palmed no; one ptetm* &a\
4C4S >iUsb.Qto;v to №та„ that was not messed into nothingness by changes and
changes and changes. (Dr.)
6. There seemed to be no escape, no prospect of freedom. "If I had a thousand
pounds," thought Miss Fulkes, "a thousand pounds. A thousand pounds." The
words were magical. "A thousand pounds." (A. H.)
7. One may see by their footprints that they have not walked arm in arm; and that
they have not walked in a straight track, and that they have walked in a moody
humour. (D.)
8. It were better that he knew nothing. Better for common sense, better for him,
better for me. (D.)
9. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and
brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while
the landlord wrote. (D.)
10. Supposing his head had been held under water for a while. Supposing the first
blow had been truer. Supposing he had been shot. Supposing he had been
strangled.
Supposing this way, that way, the other way. Supposing anything but getting
unchained from the one idea for that was inexorably impossible. (D.)
11. The whitewashed room was pure white as of old, the methodical book-keeping
was in peaceful progress as of old, and some distant howler was hanging against a
cell door as of old. (D.)
12. I wake up and I'm alone, and I walk round Warley and I'm alone, and I talk
with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead. . . (J.
Br.)
13. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want
to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle. (St. H.)
14. . . .they took coach and drove westward. Not only drove westward, but drove
into that particular westward division, which Bella had seen last when she turned
her face from Mr. Boffin's door. Not only drove into that particular division, but
drove at last into that very street. Not only drove into that very street, but stopped
at last at that very house. (D.)
15. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor,
75squalor led, in the final stages, to the smells and stagnation of B. Inn Alley.
(D.duM.)
16. If he had acted guilty . . . they would have had him. But he had carried it off.
He had carried it off, and it was the private who had come out as the guilty party.
(J-) . ■
■ i -
17. Mr. Winkle is gone. He must be found, Sam—found and brought back to me.
(D.)
18. . . .all was old and yellow with decay. And decay was the smell and being of
that room. (B. D.)
19. You know—how brilliant he is, what he should be doing. And it hurts me. It
hurts me every day of my life. (W.D.)
20. If you have anything to say, say it, say it. (D.)
II. Classify the following cases of morphological repetition according to the place
of the repeated morpheme and the function of repetition.
\J 1. She unchained, unbolted, and unlocked the door.
(A. B.)
, 2. "You, Sir," said Snawley, addressing the terrified V Sniike, "are an
unnatural, ungrateful, unloveable boy."
- 3. Young Blight made a'great show of fetching from his desk a long thin
manuscript volume with a brown paper cover, and running his finger down the
day's appoint ments, murmuring, "Mr. Aggs, Mr. Baggs, Mr. Daggs, Mr. Faggs,
Mr. Gaggs, Mr. Boffin. Yes, Sir, quite right. You are a little before your time,
sir. . ."
Young Blight made another great show of changing the volume, taking up a pen,
sucking it, dipping it, and running over previous entries before he wrote. As, "Mr.
Alley, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Calley, Mr. Dalley, Mr. Falley, Mr. Galley, Mr. Halley, Mr.
Kalley, Mr. Malley. And Mr. Boffin." (D.)
4. . . .it's all the chatting and the feeding and the old sj squiring and the toing and
froing that runs away with thi>
time. (K.A.)
5. Laughing, crying, cheering, chaffing, singing, Da-\J vid Rossi's people brought
him home in triumph. (H. C.)
6. There was then ... a calling over of names, and great work of singeing, sealing,
stamping, inking, and
7G
sanding, with exceedingly blurred, gritty and undecipherable results. (D.)
7. The precious twins—untried, unnoticed, undirected— and I say it quiet with my
hands down—undiscovered. (S.)
8. I'm an undersecretary in an underbureau. (I. Sh.)
9. All colours and blends of Americans have somewhat the same tendencies. It's a
breed selected out by accident. And so we are overbrave and overfearful—we're
kind and cruel as children. We're overfriendly and at the same time frightened of
strangers . . . We're oversenti-mental and realistic. (St.)
10. The procession then re-formed; the chairmen resumed their stations; and the
march Was re-commenced. (D.)
11. Force of police arriving, he recognized in them the conspirators, and laid about
him hoarsely, fiercely, star-ingly, convulsively, foamingly. (D.)
12. The doctor's friend was in the positive degree of hoarsness, red-facedness, all-
fours, tobacco, dirt and brandy; the doctor in the comparative—hoarser, puffier,
more red-faced, more all-foury, tobaccoer, dirtier and brandier. (D.)
13. "She says—you know her way—she says, 'You're the chickenest-hearted,
feeblest, faintest man I ever see." \ (D.)
14. He had always been looked up to as a high authority on all matters of
amusement and dexterity, whether offensive, defensive or inoffensive. (D.)
15. The guides called to the mules, the mules pricked up their drooping heads, the
travellers' tongues were loosened, and in a sudden burst of slipping, climbing,
jingling, clinking and talking, they arrived at the convent door. (D.)
16. . . .the gloomy Cathedral of Our Lady . . . without the walls, encompassing
Paris with dancing, love-making, wine-drinking, tobacco-smoking, tomb-
visiting, billiard card- and domino-playing, quack-doctoring ... (D.)
(9) Parallelism
I. Classify the following parallel constructions into complete and partial
parallelism:
1. It was Mr. Squeers's custom to ... make a sort of report . . . regarding the
relations and friends he had seen,
:.; 77
a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth ]>in-silver upstream.
Shooting new pins. (J. C.)
14. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"
"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a memorial
and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs.
That's really all one can say about it." (J. Br.)
15. "Good-night. Mr. Povey. I hope you'll be able to sleep." Constance's voice!
"It will probably come on again." Mr. Povey's voice pessimistic!
Then the shutting of doors. It was almost dark, (A. B.)
16. "Them big-assed folks is dumb!" Emphatic judgement.
"Dumb ain't no word for 'em! They just like us, but they too damned mean to admit
it!" Hilarious agreement.
"They scared to death of us. They know if they give us half a chance, we'd beat
'em!" Uttered with sage confidence ...
"Fish, you so quiet and wise." A memorized smile.
"I didn't want to mess up my plans with no trouble with white folks." A
spontaneous lie ...
"Gee, Fish, you lucky." Crooned admiration.
"Aw, that's nothing." Hinting at undisclosed marvels. (Wr.)
II. State the functions of the following ellipses. Indicate most frequently omitted
members of the sentence.
1. And if his feelings about the war got known, he'd be nicely in the soup.
Arrested, perhaps—got rid of, somehow. (A.)
2. He is understood to be in want of witnesses, for the Inquest tomorrow ... Is
immediately referred to innumerable people who can tell nothing whatever. Is
made more imbecile by being constantly informed that Mrs. Green's son "was a
law-writer hisself. . ." (D.)
3. What happiness was ours that day, what joy, what rest, what hope, what
gratitude, what bliss! (D.)
4. "I have noticed something about it in the papers. Heard you mention it once or
twice, now I come to think of it." (B. Sh.)
5. "Very windy, isn't it?" said Strachan, when the silence had lasted some time.
70
f
"Very," said Wimsey.
"But it's not raining," pursued Strachan.
"Not yet," said Wimsey.
"Better than yesterday," said Strachan . . . v
"Tons better. Really you know, you'd think they'd turned on the water-works
yesterday on purpose to spoil my sketching party."
"Oh, well," said Strachan.
"How long have you been on that?"
"About an hour," said Strachan. (D. S.)
6. "Where mama?"
J "She home," his father breathed. (Wr.) ^ 7. "What you think, Fish?" Zeke
asked with an aloof smile.
"Zeke, you a dog and I kind of believe you," Fishbelly said. (Wr.)
I 8. "She one of you family or something?" ^ "Who, the one downstairs? No,
she's called Mrs. Da-vies." (K.A.)
I 9. "Our father is dead." ^ "I know."
"How the hell do you know?"
"Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?"
'"Bout a month."
"What of?"
"Pneumonia."
"Buried here?"
"No. In Washington. . ." (St.)
(5) Detachment > \&м)Хш*>
I. Classify the following isolated members according to their syntactical function.
Discuss the punctuation used to isolate the detached members and their distribution
in the sentence.
1. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he
desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse's mouth. (A. H.)
2. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia
Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)
713. And life would move slowly and excitingly. With much laughter and much
shouting and talking and much drinking and much fighting. (P. A.)
4. "How do'you like the Army?" Mrs. Silsburn asked. Abruptly, conversationally.
(S.)
5. He is alert to his fingertips. Little muffs, silver garters, fringed gloves draw his
attention; he observes with a keen quick glance, not unkindly, and full rather of
amusement than of tensure. (V. W.)
6. Despiere had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a
jeep accident. (I. Sh.)
7. A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above.
(A.M.)
8. The people are awful this year. You should see what sits next to us in the dining
room. At the next table. They look as if they drove down in a truck. (S.)
9. I have to beg you for money. Daily! (S. L.)
. 10. And he stirred it with his pen—in vain. (К. М.)
11. And Fleur—charming in her jade-green wrapper— tucked a corner of her lip
behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing. (G.)
(6) A p о s i о р е s i s
I. Comment on the syntactical distribution of the following cases of aposiopesis
and on the causes which necessitated them. Suggest the implied meaning of trite
aposiopeses.
1. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way
to salvation—to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of
the > children. . . (P. Q.) I
2. Paritt: Well, they'll get a chance now to show— (Hastily) I don't mean—But
let's forget that. (O.'N.)
3. "She must leave-t-or—or, better yet^maybe drown herself—make away with
herself in some way—or—" •
(Dr.)
4. "Shuttleworth, I—I want to speak to you in—in strictest confidence—to ask
your advice. Yet—yet it is upon
, such a serious matter that I hesitate—fearing—" (W. Q.)
5. Paritt: I told her, "You've always acted the free woman, you've never let any
thing stop you from—" (He 72 ..
; ..•
checks himself—goes on hurriedly.) That' made her sore. (O'N.)
j.
6. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to „ look there—until—until
—well. (Dr.)
7. "It is the moment one opens one's eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh,
these days! I wonder how anybody can . . ." (J. C.)
8. What about the gold bracelet she'd been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet
he'd never seen before and which she'd slipped off her wrist the moment she
realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had. . . (P.Q.)
9. Oh, that's what you are doing. Well, I never. (K. A.)
10. "But, John, you know I'm not going to a doctor. I've told you."
"You're going—or else." (P. Q.)
11. . . .shouting out that he'd come back that his mother had better have the
money ready for him. Or else! That is what he said: "Or else!" It was a threat.
(Ch.)
12. "I still don't quite like the face, it's just a trifle too full, but—" I swung myself
on the stool, (L.)
13. "So you won't come at all?!"
"I don't yet know. It all depends." (P.)
14. "Will you ever change your mind?" "It depends, you know." (T. C.)
(7) 'Suspense
I. Analyse the manner in which the following cases of suspense are organized.
1. All this Mrs. Snagsby, as an injured woman and the friend of Mrs. Chadband,
and the follower of Mr. Chad-band, and the mourner of the late Mr. Tulkinghorn,
is here to certify. (D.)
2. I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my
own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for
the sake of criticism in general. (S. M.)
3. No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were
simply thieves to, say, newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially
intellectual
73class) who never by any chance gave a correct version of the simplest affair. (J.
C.)
4. ". . .The day on which I take the happiest and best step of my life—the day on
which I shall be a man more exulting and more enviable than any other man in the
world—the day on which I give Bleak House its little mistress—shall be next
month, then," said my guardian. (D.)
5. "If you had any part—I don't say what—in this attack," pursued the boy, "or if
you know anything about it—I don't say how much—or if you know who did it—I
go no closer—you did an injury to me that's never to be forgiven." (D.)
6. Corruption could not spread with so much success, though reduced into a
system, and though some ministers, with equal impudence and folly, avowed It by
themselves and their advocates, to be the principal expedient by which they
governed; if a long and almost unobserved progression of causes and effects did
not prepare the conjuncture. (Bol.)
(8) Repetition
I. Classify the following <?ases of repetition according to the position occupied by
the repeated unit. State their
functions.
1. Heroes all. Natural leaders. Morrows always been leaders, always been
gentlmen. Oh, take a drink once in a while but always like Morrows. Always know
how to make heroic gestures—except me—how to knock their wifes up with good
Morrow sons—how to make money without looking like they even give a
damn.
Oh the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows, to the last
syllable of recorded time— (T. H.)
2. "This is a rotten country," said Cyril.
"Oh, I don't know, you know, don't you knowl" I said. (P. G.W.)
3. ... the photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across
and across. (E. F.)
4. I wanted to knock over the table and hit him until my arm had no more strength
in it, then give him the boot, give him the boot, give him the boot—I drew a deep
breath . . . (J. Br.)
74
5. There followed six months in Chicago, in which he palmed no; one ptetm* &a\
4C4S >iUsb.Qto;v to №та„ that was not messed into nothingness by changes and
changes and changes. (Dr.)
6. There seemed to be no escape, no prospect of freedom. "If I had a thousand
pounds," thought Miss Fulkes, "a thousand pounds. A thousand pounds." The
words were magical. "A thousand pounds." (A. H.)
7. One may see by their footprints that they have not walked arm in arm; and that
they have not walked in a straight track, and that they have walked in a moody
humour. (D.)
8. It were better that he knew nothing. Better for common sense, better for him,
better for me. (D.)
9. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and
brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while
the landlord wrote. (D.)
10. Supposing his head had been held under water for a while. Supposing the first
blow had been truer. Supposing he had been shot. Supposing he had been
strangled.
Supposing this way, that way, the other way. Supposing anything but getting
unchained from the one idea for that was inexorably impossible. (D.)
11. The whitewashed room was pure white as of old, the methodical book-keeping
was in peaceful progress as of old, and some distant howler was hanging against a
cell door as of old. (D.)
12. I wake up and I'm alone, and I walk round Warley and I'm alone, and I talk
with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead. . . (J.
Br.)
13. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want
to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle. (St. H.)
14. . . .they took coach and drove westward. Not only drove westward, but drove
into that particular westward division, which Bella had seen last when she turned
her face from Mr. Boffin's door. Not only drove into that particular division, but
drove at last into that very street. Not only drove into that very street, but stopped
at last at that very house. (D.)
15. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor,
75squalor led, in the final stages, to the smells and stagnation of B. Inn Alley.
(D.duM.)
16. If he had acted guilty . . . they would have had him. But he had carried it off.
He had carried it off, and it was the private who had come out as the guilty party.
(J-) . ■
■ i -
17. Mr. Winkle is gone. He must be found, Sam—found and brought back to me.
(D.)
18. . . .all was old and yellow with decay. And decay was the smell and being of
that room. (B. D.)
19. You know—how brilliant he is, what he should be doing. And it hurts me. It
hurts me every day of my life. (W.D.)
20. If you have anything to say, say it, say it. (D.)
II. Classify the following cases of morphological repetition according to the place
of the repeated morpheme and the function of repetition.
\J 1. She unchained, unbolted, and unlocked the door.
(A. B.)
, 2. "You, Sir," said Snawley, addressing the terrified V Sniike, "are an
unnatural, ungrateful, unloveable boy."
- 3. Young Blight made a'great show of fetching from his desk a long thin
manuscript volume with a brown paper cover, and running his finger down the
day's appoint ments, murmuring, "Mr. Aggs, Mr. Baggs, Mr. Daggs, Mr. Faggs,
Mr. Gaggs, Mr. Boffin. Yes, Sir, quite right. You are a little before your time,
sir. . ."
Young Blight made another great show of changing the volume, taking up a pen,
sucking it, dipping it, and running over previous entries before he wrote. As, "Mr.
Alley, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Calley, Mr. Dalley, Mr. Falley, Mr. Galley, Mr. Halley, Mr.
Kalley, Mr. Malley. And Mr. Boffin." (D.)
4. . . .it's all the chatting and the feeding and the old sj squiring and the toing and
froing that runs away with thi>
time. (K.A.)
5. Laughing, crying, cheering, chaffing, singing, Da-\J vid Rossi's people brought
him home in triumph. (H. C.)
6. There was then ... a calling over of names, and great work of singeing, sealing,
stamping, inking, and
7G
sanding, with exceedingly blurred, gritty and undecipherable results. (D.)
7. The precious twins—untried, unnoticed, undirected— and I say it quiet with my
hands down—undiscovered. (S.)
8. I'm an undersecretary in an underbureau. (I. Sh.)
9. All colours and blends of Americans have somewhat the same tendencies. It's a
breed selected out by accident. And so we are overbrave and overfearful—we're
kind and cruel as children. We're overfriendly and at the same time frightened of
strangers . . . We're oversenti-mental and realistic. (St.)
10. The procession then re-formed; the chairmen resumed their stations; and the
march Was re-commenced. (D.)
11. Force of police arriving, he recognized in them the conspirators, and laid about
him hoarsely, fiercely, star-ingly, convulsively, foamingly. (D.)
12. The doctor's friend was in the positive degree of hoarsness, red-facedness, all-
fours, tobacco, dirt and brandy; the doctor in the comparative—hoarser, puffier,
more red-faced, more all-foury, tobaccoer, dirtier and brandier. (D.)
13. "She says—you know her way—she says, 'You're the chickenest-hearted,
feeblest, faintest man I ever see." \ (D.)
14. He had always been looked up to as a high authority on all matters of
amusement and dexterity, whether offensive, defensive or inoffensive. (D.)
15. The guides called to the mules, the mules pricked up their drooping heads, the
travellers' tongues were loosened, and in a sudden burst of slipping, climbing,
jingling, clinking and talking, they arrived at the convent door. (D.)
16. . . .the gloomy Cathedral of Our Lady . . . without the walls, encompassing
Paris with dancing, love-making, wine-drinking, tobacco-smoking, tomb-
visiting, billiard card- and domino-playing, quack-doctoring ... (D.)
(9) Parallelism
I. Classify the following parallel constructions into complete and partial
parallelism:
1. It was Mr. Squeers's custom to ... make a sort of report . . . regarding the
relations and friends he had seen,
:.; 77xi
the news he ha^d heard, the letters he had brought down, the bills which had been
paid, the accounts which had been unpaid, and so forth. (D.)
2. It is the fate of most men who mingle with the world and attain even in the
prime of life, to make many real friends, and lose them in the course of nature. It is
the fate of all authors or chroniclers to create imaginary friends, and lose them in
the course of art. (D.)
3. You know I am very grateful to him; don't you? You know I feel a true respect
for him . . . don't you?. (D.)
4. . . .their anxiety is so keen, their vigilance is so great, their excited joy grows
so intense as the signs of life. strengthen, that how can she resist it! ■.'. (D.)
5. "If you are sorrowful, let me know-why, and be sorrowful too; if you waste
away and are paler and weaker every day, let me be your nurse and try to comfort
you. If you are poor, let us be poor together; but let me be with you." (D.)
6. What is it? Who is it?.When was it? Where was it? How was it? (D.)
7. The coach was waiting, the horses were fresh, the roads were good, and the
driver was willing. (D.)
8. The Reverend Frank Milvey's abode was a very modest abode, because his
income was a very modest income. (D.)
9. . . .they all stood, high and dry, safe and sound, hale and hearty, upon the steps
of the Blue Lion. (D.)
10. The expression of his face, the movement of his shoulders, the turn of his
spine, the gesture of his hands, probably even the twiddle of his toes, all indicated
a half-humorous apology. (S. M.)
11. The one was all the other failed to be. Protective, not demanding; dependable,
not weak; low-voiced, never strident . . . (D. duM.)
12. The sky was dark and-gloomy, the air damp-and raw, the streets wet and
sloppy. (D.)
13. Oh! be that ideal still! That great inheritance throw not away—that tower-of
ivory "do not destroy! (O. W.)
14. Nostrils wide, scenting the morning air for the taint of game, his senses
picked up something alien in the atmosphere. Naked body, taut and alert, his
dark eyes searched the distance. (K. P.)
78
II. State what other syntactical stylistic means are used alongside with the
following cases of parallelism.
1. He was a sallow man—all cobblers are; and had a strong bristly beard—all
cobblers have. (D.)
2. You missed a friend, you know; or you missed a foe, you know; or you
wouldn't come here, you know. (D.)
3. Through all the misery that followed this union; through all the cold neglect
and undeserved reproach; through all the poverty he brought upon her; through
all the struggles of their daily life . , . she toiled on. (D.)
4. It's only an adopted child. One I have told her of. One I'm going to give the
name to. (D.)
5. Secretly, after nightfall, he visited the home of the Prime Minister. He
examined it from top to bottom. He measured all the doors and windows. He took
up the flooring. He inspected the plumbing. He examined the furniture. He found
nothing. (L.) ■
6. "Aha!" he cried. "Where now, Brass? Where now? Sally with you, too? Sweet
Sally! And Dick? Pleasant Dick! And Kit? Honest Kit!" (D.)
7. Passage after passage did he explore; room aftef room did he peep into . . . (D.)
8. Talent Mr. Micawber has. Capital Mr. Micawber has not. (D.)
(10) Chiasmus I. Discuss the following cases of chiasmus.
1. I know the world and the world knows me. (D.)
2. Mr. Boffin looked full at the man, and the man looked full at Mr. Boffin. (D.)
3. There are so many sons who won't have anything to do with their fathers, and
so many fathers who won't speak to their sons. (O. W.)
4. I looked at the gun, and the gun looked. at me.
(R.Ch.)
5. His dislike of her grew because he was ashamed of it ... Resentment bred
shame, and shame in its turn bred more resentment. (A. H.) '
6. For the former her adoration was ecstatic and there-
79
Out,
a new file in the distance. Fishwhite streak on the smooth ]>in-silver upstream.
Shooting new pins. (J. C.)
14. "What sort of a place is Dufton exactly?"
"A lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school and a memorial
and a river that runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs.
That's really all one can say about it." (J. Br.)
15. "Good-night. Mr. Povey. I hope you'll be able to sleep." Constance's voice!
"It will probably come on again." Mr. Povey's voice pessimistic!
Then the shutting of doors. It was almost dark, (A. B.)
16. "Them big-assed folks is dumb!" Emphatic judgement.
"Dumb ain't no word for 'em! They just like us, but they too damned mean to admit
it!" Hilarious agreement.
"They scared to death of us. They know if they give us half a chance, we'd beat
'em!" Uttered with sage confidence ...
"Fish, you so quiet and wise." A memorized smile.
"I didn't want to mess up my plans with no trouble with white folks." A
spontaneous lie ...
"Gee, Fish, you lucky." Crooned admiration.
"Aw, that's nothing." Hinting at undisclosed marvels. (Wr.)
II. State the functions of the following ellipses. Indicate most frequently omitted
members of the sentence.
1. And if his feelings about the war got known, he'd be nicely in the soup.
Arrested, perhaps—got rid of, somehow. (A.)
2. He is understood to be in want of witnesses, for the Inquest tomorrow ... Is
immediately referred to innumerable people who can tell nothing whatever. Is
made more imbecile by being constantly informed that Mrs. Green's son "was a
law-writer hisself. . ." (D.)
3. What happiness was ours that day, what joy, what rest, what hope, what
gratitude, what bliss! (D.)
4. "I have noticed something about it in the papers. Heard you mention it once or
twice, now I come to think of it." (B. Sh.)
5. "Very windy, isn't it?" said Strachan, when the silence had lasted some time.
70
f
"Very," said Wimsey.
"But it's not raining," pursued Strachan.
"Not yet," said Wimsey.
"Better than yesterday," said Strachan . . . v
"Tons better. Really you know, you'd think they'd turned on the water-works
yesterday on purpose to spoil my sketching party."
"Oh, well," said Strachan.
"How long have you been on that?"
"About an hour," said Strachan. (D. S.)
6. "Where mama?"
J "She home," his father breathed. (Wr.) ^ 7. "What you think, Fish?" Zeke
asked with an aloof smile.
"Zeke, you a dog and I kind of believe you," Fishbelly said. (Wr.)
I 8. "She one of you family or something?" ^ "Who, the one downstairs? No,
she's called Mrs. Da-vies." (K.A.)
I 9. "Our father is dead." ^ "I know."
"How the hell do you know?"
"Station agent told me. How long ago did he die?"
'"Bout a month."
"What of?"
"Pneumonia."
"Buried here?"
"No. In Washington. . ." (St.)
(5) Detachment > \&м)Хш*>
I. Classify the following isolated members according to their syntactical function.
Discuss the punctuation used to isolate the detached members and their distribution
in the sentence.
1. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he
desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse's mouth. (A. H.)
2. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia
Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (S.)
713. And life would move slowly and excitingly. With much laughter and much
shouting and talking and much drinking and much fighting. (P. A.)
4. "How do'you like the Army?" Mrs. Silsburn asked. Abruptly, conversationally.
(S.)
5. He is alert to his fingertips. Little muffs, silver garters, fringed gloves draw his
attention; he observes with a keen quick glance, not unkindly, and full rather of
amusement than of tensure. (V. W.)
6. Despiere had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a
jeep accident. (I. Sh.)
7. A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above.
(A.M.)
8. The people are awful this year. You should see what sits next to us in the dining
room. At the next table. They look as if they drove down in a truck. (S.)
9. I have to beg you for money. Daily! (S. L.)
. 10. And he stirred it with his pen—in vain. (К. М.)
11. And Fleur—charming in her jade-green wrapper— tucked a corner of her lip
behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing. (G.)
(6) A p о s i о р е s i s
I. Comment on the syntactical distribution of the following cases of aposiopesis
and on the causes which necessitated them. Suggest the implied meaning of trite
aposiopeses.
1. He would have to stay. Whatever might happen, that was the only possible way
to salvation—to stay, to trust Emily, to make himself believe that with the help of
the > children. . . (P. Q.) I
2. Paritt: Well, they'll get a chance now to show— (Hastily) I don't mean—But
let's forget that. (O.'N.)
3. "She must leave-t-or—or, better yet^maybe drown herself—make away with
herself in some way—or—" •
(Dr.)
4. "Shuttleworth, I—I want to speak to you in—in strictest confidence—to ask
your advice. Yet—yet it is upon
, such a serious matter that I hesitate—fearing—" (W. Q.)
5. Paritt: I told her, "You've always acted the free woman, you've never let any
thing stop you from—" (He 72 ..
; ..•
checks himself—goes on hurriedly.) That' made her sore. (O'N.)
j.
6. And it was so unlikely that any one would trouble to „ look there—until—until
—well. (Dr.)
7. "It is the moment one opens one's eyes that is horrible at sea. These days! Oh,
these days! I wonder how anybody can . . ." (J. C.)
8. What about the gold bracelet she'd been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet
he'd never seen before and which she'd slipped off her wrist the moment she
realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had. . . (P.Q.)
9. Oh, that's what you are doing. Well, I never. (K. A.)
10. "But, John, you know I'm not going to a doctor. I've told you."
"You're going—or else." (P. Q.)
11. . . .shouting out that he'd come back that his mother had better have the
money ready for him. Or else! That is what he said: "Or else!" It was a threat.
(Ch.)
12. "I still don't quite like the face, it's just a trifle too full, but—" I swung myself
on the stool, (L.)
13. "So you won't come at all?!"
"I don't yet know. It all depends." (P.)
14. "Will you ever change your mind?" "It depends, you know." (T. C.)
(7) 'Suspense
I. Analyse the manner in which the following cases of suspense are organized.
1. All this Mrs. Snagsby, as an injured woman and the friend of Mrs. Chadband,
and the follower of Mr. Chad-band, and the mourner of the late Mr. Tulkinghorn,
is here to certify. (D.)
2. I have been accused of bad taste. This has disturbed me, not so much for my
own sake (since I am used to the slights and arrows of outrageous fortune) as for
the sake of criticism in general. (S. M.)
3. No one seemed to take proper pride in his work: from plumbers who were
simply thieves to, say, newspapermen (he seemed to think them a specially
intellectual
73class) who never by any chance gave a correct version of the simplest affair. (J.
C.)
4. ". . .The day on which I take the happiest and best step of my life—the day on
which I shall be a man more exulting and more enviable than any other man in the
world—the day on which I give Bleak House its little mistress—shall be next
month, then," said my guardian. (D.)
5. "If you had any part—I don't say what—in this attack," pursued the boy, "or if
you know anything about it—I don't say how much—or if you know who did it—I
go no closer—you did an injury to me that's never to be forgiven." (D.)
6. Corruption could not spread with so much success, though reduced into a
system, and though some ministers, with equal impudence and folly, avowed It by
themselves and their advocates, to be the principal expedient by which they
governed; if a long and almost unobserved progression of causes and effects did
not prepare the conjuncture. (Bol.)
(8) Repetition
I. Classify the following <?ases of repetition according to the position occupied by
the repeated unit. State their
functions.
1. Heroes all. Natural leaders. Morrows always been leaders, always been
gentlmen. Oh, take a drink once in a while but always like Morrows. Always know
how to make heroic gestures—except me—how to knock their wifes up with good
Morrow sons—how to make money without looking like they even give a
damn.
Oh the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows and the Morrows, to the last
syllable of recorded time— (T. H.)
2. "This is a rotten country," said Cyril.
"Oh, I don't know, you know, don't you knowl" I said. (P. G.W.)
3. ... the photograph of Lotta Lindbeck he tore into small bits across and across
and across. (E. F.)
4. I wanted to knock over the table and hit him until my arm had no more strength
in it, then give him the boot, give him the boot, give him the boot—I drew a deep
breath . . . (J. Br.)
74
5. There followed six months in Chicago, in which he palmed no; one ptetm* &a\
4C4S >iUsb.Qto;v to №та„ that was not messed into nothingness by changes and
changes and changes. (Dr.)
6. There seemed to be no escape, no prospect of freedom. "If I had a thousand
pounds," thought Miss Fulkes, "a thousand pounds. A thousand pounds." The
words were magical. "A thousand pounds." (A. H.)
7. One may see by their footprints that they have not walked arm in arm; and that
they have not walked in a straight track, and that they have walked in a moody
humour. (D.)
8. It were better that he knew nothing. Better for common sense, better for him,
better for me. (D.)
9. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and
brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while
the landlord wrote. (D.)
10. Supposing his head had been held under water for a while. Supposing the first
blow had been truer. Supposing he had been shot. Supposing he had been
strangled.
Supposing this way, that way, the other way. Supposing anything but getting
unchained from the one idea for that was inexorably impossible. (D.)
11. The whitewashed room was pure white as of old, the methodical book-keeping
was in peaceful progress as of old, and some distant howler was hanging against a
cell door as of old. (D.)
12. I wake up and I'm alone, and I walk round Warley and I'm alone, and I talk
with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it's dead. . . (J.
Br.)
13. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want
to kill or be killed, so he ran away from the battle. (St. H.)
14. . . .they took coach and drove westward. Not only drove westward, but drove
into that particular westward division, which Bella had seen last when she turned
her face from Mr. Boffin's door. Not only drove into that particular division, but
drove at last into that very street. Not only drove into that very street, but stopped
at last at that very house. (D.)
15. Failure meant poverty, poverty meant squalor,
75squalor led, in the final stages, to the smells and stagnation of B. Inn Alley.
(D.duM.)
16. If he had acted guilty . . . they would have had him. But he had carried it off.
He had carried it off, and it was the private who had come out as the guilty party.
(J-) . ■
■ i -
17. Mr. Winkle is gone. He must be found, Sam—found and brought back to me.
(D.)
18. . . .all was old and yellow with decay. And decay was the smell and being of
that room. (B. D.)
19. You know—how brilliant he is, what he should be doing. And it hurts me. It
hurts me every day of my life. (W.D.)
20. If you have anything to say, say it, say it. (D.)
II. Classify the following cases of morphological repetition according to the place
of the repeated morpheme and the function of repetition.
\J 1. She unchained, unbolted, and unlocked the door.
(A. B.)
, 2. "You, Sir," said Snawley, addressing the terrified V Sniike, "are an
unnatural, ungrateful, unloveable boy."
- 3. Young Blight made a'great show of fetching from his desk a long thin
manuscript volume with a brown paper cover, and running his finger down the
day's appoint ments, murmuring, "Mr. Aggs, Mr. Baggs, Mr. Daggs, Mr. Faggs,
Mr. Gaggs, Mr. Boffin. Yes, Sir, quite right. You are a little before your time,
sir. . ."
Young Blight made another great show of changing the volume, taking up a pen,
sucking it, dipping it, and running over previous entries before he wrote. As, "Mr.
Alley, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Calley, Mr. Dalley, Mr. Falley, Mr. Galley, Mr. Halley, Mr.
Kalley, Mr. Malley. And Mr. Boffin." (D.)
4. . . .it's all the chatting and the feeding and the old sj squiring and the toing and
froing that runs away with thi>
time. (K.A.)
5. Laughing, crying, cheering, chaffing, singing, Da-\J vid Rossi's people brought
him home in triumph. (H. C.)
6. There was then ... a calling over of names, and great work of singeing, sealing,
stamping, inking, and
7G
sanding, with exceedingly blurred, gritty and undecipherable results. (D.)
7. The precious twins—untried, unnoticed, undirected— and I say it quiet with my
hands down—undiscovered. (S.)
8. I'm an undersecretary in an underbureau. (I. Sh.)
9. All colours and blends of Americans have somewhat the same tendencies. It's a
breed selected out by accident. And so we are overbrave and overfearful—we're
kind and cruel as children. We're overfriendly and at the same time frightened of
strangers . . . We're oversenti-mental and realistic. (St.)
10. The procession then re-formed; the chairmen resumed their stations; and the
march Was re-commenced. (D.)
11. Force of police arriving, he recognized in them the conspirators, and laid about
him hoarsely, fiercely, star-ingly, convulsively, foamingly. (D.)
12. The doctor's friend was in the positive degree of hoarsness, red-facedness, all-
fours, tobacco, dirt and brandy; the doctor in the comparative—hoarser, puffier,
more red-faced, more all-foury, tobaccoer, dirtier and brandier. (D.)
13. "She says—you know her way—she says, 'You're the chickenest-hearted,
feeblest, faintest man I ever see." \ (D.)
14. He had always been looked up to as a high authority on all matters of
amusement and dexterity, whether offensive, defensive or inoffensive. (D.)
15. The guides called to the mules, the mules pricked up their drooping heads, the
travellers' tongues were loosened, and in a sudden burst of slipping, climbing,
jingling, clinking and talking, they arrived at the convent door. (D.)
16. . . .the gloomy Cathedral of Our Lady . . . without the walls, encompassing
Paris with dancing, love-making, wine-drinking, tobacco-smoking, tomb-
visiting, billiard card- and domino-playing, quack-doctoring ... (D.)
(9) Parallelism
I. Classify the following parallel constructions into complete and partial
parallelism:
1. It was Mr. Squeers's custom to ... make a sort of report . . . regarding the
relations and friends he had seen,
:.; 77xi
the news he ha^d heard, the letters he had brought down, the bills which had been
paid, the accounts which had been unpaid, and so forth. (D.)
2. It is the fate of most men who mingle with the world and attain even in the
prime of life, to make many real friends, and lose them in the course of nature. It is
the fate of all authors or chroniclers to create imaginary friends, and lose them in
the course of art. (D.)
3. You know I am very grateful to him; don't you? You know I feel a true respect
for him . . . don't you?. (D.)
4. . . .their anxiety is so keen, their vigilance is so great, their excited joy grows
so intense as the signs of life. strengthen, that how can she resist it! ■.'. (D.)
5. "If you are sorrowful, let me know-why, and be sorrowful too; if you waste
away and are paler and weaker every day, let me be your nurse and try to comfort
you. If you are poor, let us be poor together; but let me be with you." (D.)
6. What is it? Who is it?.When was it? Where was it? How was it? (D.)
7. The coach was waiting, the horses were fresh, the roads were good, and the
driver was willing. (D.)
8. The Reverend Frank Milvey's abode was a very modest abode, because his
income was a very modest income. (D.)
9. . . .they all stood, high and dry, safe and sound, hale and hearty, upon the steps
of the Blue Lion. (D.)
10. The expression of his face, the movement of his shoulders, the turn of his
spine, the gesture of his hands, probably even the twiddle of his toes, all indicated
a half-humorous apology. (S. M.)
11. The one was all the other failed to be. Protective, not demanding; dependable,
not weak; low-voiced, never strident . . . (D. duM.)
12. The sky was dark and-gloomy, the air damp-and raw, the streets wet and
sloppy. (D.)
13. Oh! be that ideal still! That great inheritance throw not away—that tower-of
ivory "do not destroy! (O. W.)
14. Nostrils wide, scenting the morning air for the taint of game, his senses
picked up something alien in the atmosphere. Naked body, taut and alert, his
dark eyes searched the distance. (K. P.)
78
II. State what other syntactical stylistic means are used alongside with the
following cases of parallelism.
1. He was a sallow man—all cobblers are; and had a strong bristly beard—all
cobblers have. (D.)
2. You missed a friend, you know; or you missed a foe, you know; or you
wouldn't come here, you know. (D.)
3. Through all the misery that followed this union; through all the cold neglect
and undeserved reproach; through all the poverty he brought upon her; through
all the struggles of their daily life . , . she toiled on. (D.)
4. It's only an adopted child. One I have told her of. One I'm going to give the
name to. (D.)
5. Secretly, after nightfall, he visited the home of the Prime Minister. He
examined it from top to bottom. He measured all the doors and windows. He took
up the flooring. He inspected the plumbing. He examined the furniture. He found
nothing. (L.) ■
6. "Aha!" he cried. "Where now, Brass? Where now? Sally with you, too? Sweet
Sally! And Dick? Pleasant Dick! And Kit? Honest Kit!" (D.)
7. Passage after passage did he explore; room aftef room did he peep into . . . (D.)
8. Talent Mr. Micawber has. Capital Mr. Micawber has not. (D.)
(10) Chiasmus I. Discuss the following cases of chiasmus.
1. I know the world and the world knows me. (D.)
2. Mr. Boffin looked full at the man, and the man looked full at Mr. Boffin. (D.)
3. There are so many sons who won't have anything to do with their fathers, and
so many fathers who won't speak to their sons. (O. W.)
4. I looked at the gun, and the gun looked. at me.
(R.Ch.)
5. His dislike of her grew because he was ashamed of it ... Resentment bred
shame, and shame in its turn bred more resentment. (A. H.) '
6. For the former her adoration was ecstatic and there-
79
fore blind; her admiration for .the latter, although equally devoted, was less
uncritical. (V.)
7. Well! Richard said that he would work his fingers to the bone for Ada, and Ada
said that she would work her fingers to fthe bone for Richard. (D.)
(11) Polysyndeton
I. State the functions of the following examples of polysyndeton. Pay attention to
the repeated conjunction and the number of repetitions.
1. And the coach, and the coachman, and the horses, rattled, and jangled, and
whipped, and cursed, and swore, and tumbled on together, till they came to Golden
Square. (D.)
2. And they wore their best and more colourful clothes. Red shirts and green shirts
and yellow shirts and pink shirts. (P. A.)
3. Bella soaped his face and rubbed his face, and soaped his hands and rubbed his
hands, and splashed him, and rinsed him and towelled him, until he was as red as
beet-
. root. (D.)
. ■' 4. . . .Then from the town pour Wops and Chinamen and Polaks, men and
women in trousers and rubber coats and oilcloth aprons. They come running to
clean and cut and plack and cook and can the fish. The whole street rumbles and
groans and screams and rattles while the silver rivers of fish pour in out of the
boats and the boats rise higher and higher in the water until they are empty. The
canneries rumble and rattle and squeak until the last fish is cleaned and cut and
cooked and canned and then the whistles scream again and the dripping smelly
tired Wops and Chinamen and Polaks, men and women- straggle out and droop
their ways up the hill into the town and Cannery Row becomes itself again—quiet
and magical. (St.)
5. Mr. Richard, or his beautiful cousin, or both, could sign something, or make
over something, or give some sort of undertaking, or pledge, or bond? (D.)
6. First the front, then the back, then the sides, then the superscription, then the
seal, were objects of Newman's admiration. (D.)
80 . ,.
j (12) Asyndeton
I. Analyse the iollowing cases of asyndeton, indicating their functions and paying
attention to the quality of units, connected asyndetically.
1. The pulsating motion of Malay Camp at night was everywhere.
■ •
People sang. People cried. People fought, .people loved. People hated. Others were
sad. Others gay. Others with friends. Others lonely. * Some died. Some were born.
(P. A.)
2. The mail coach doors were on their hinges, the lining was replaced, the iron-
work was as good as new, the paint was restored, the lamps were alight; cushions
and great coats were on every coach box, porters were thrusting parcels into every
boot, guards were stowing away letter bags, hostlers were dashing pails of water
against the renovated wheels; numbers of men were rushing about. . .,
portmanteaus were handed up, horses were put to, and in short it was perfectly
clear that every mail there was to be off directly. (D.)
3. Double on their steps, though .they may, weave in and out of the myriad corners
of the city's streets, return, go forward, back, from side to side, here, there,
anywhere, dodge, twist, wind, the central chamber where Death sits is reached
inexorably at the end. (Fr. N.)
4. "Well, guess it's about time to turn in."
He yawned, went out to look at the thermometer, slammed the»- door, patted her
head, unbuttoned his waistcoat, yawned, wound the clock, went to look at the
furnace, yawned, and clumped upstairs to bed, casually scratching his thick woolen
undershirt. (S. L.)
5. Through his brain, slowly, sifted the things they had done together. Walking
together. Dancing together. Sitting silent together. Watching people together. (P.
A.)
6. With these hurried words, Mr. Bob Sawyer pushed
6 Заказ Ns 53
8!
(he postboy on one side, jerked his friend into the vehicle, slammed the door, put
up the steps, wafefed the bill on the street-door, locked it, put the key in his pocket,
jumped into the dickey, gave the word for starting . . . (D.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
DEVICES
1. I may live five years or five minutes. Arteries wrong, heart wrong, kidneys
wrong. Exactly. (W. D.)
2. What with the dust and the oil, and the darkness, and the clanking of the rails
and the spitting of the sparks and the muffled screams above, it was enough to
drive a man crazy. (B. N.)
3. . . .their owners went away, after ... many remarks how they had never spent
such a delightful evening, and how they marvelled to find it so late . . . and how
they wished that Mr. and Mrs. Kenwigs had a wedding-day once a week, and how
they wondered Ъу what hidden agency Mrs. Kenwigs could possibly have
managed so well. (D.)
4. Badgworthy was in seventh heaven. A murder! At Chimneys! Inspector
Badgworthy in charge of the case. The police have a clue. Sensational arrest.
Promotion and Kudos for the aforementioned Inspector. (Ch.)
5. ". . .to have the opportunity of speaking to one so well informed about it as
yourself, is an immense relief to me. Quite a boon. Quite a blessing, I am sure."
(D.)
6. Daily she determined, "But I must have a stated amount—be business-like.
System. I must do something about it." And daily she didn't do anything about it.
(S. L.)
7. "Give me an example," I said quietly. "Of something that means something. In
your opinion." (Т. С.)
8. The crow I gave her went wild and flew away. All summer you could hear him.
In the yard. In the garden. In the woods. All summer that damned bird was calling:
"Lulamae, Lulamae." (T. C.)
9. I see what you mean. And I want the money. Must have it. (P.)
10. "Sit down, you dancing, prancing, shambling, scrambling fool parrot!
Sit down!" (D).
82
11. His forehead was narrow, his face wide, his head large, and his nose all on one
side. (D.)
12. He came to us, you see, about three months ago. A skilled and experienced
waiter. Has given complete satisfaction. He has been in England about five years.
(Ch.)
13. She merely looked at him weakly. The wonder of him! The beauty of love!
Her desire toward him! (Dr.)
14. "Honestly. I don't feel anything. Except ashamed." "Please. Are you sure? Tell
me the truth. You might
have been killed."
"But I wasn't. And thank you. For saving my life. You're wonderful. Unique. I
love you." (Т. С.)
15. A solemn silence: Mr. Pickwick humorous, the old lady serious, the fat
gentleman cautious and Mr. Miller timorous. (D.)
16. She stopped, and seemed to catch the distant sound of knocking. Abandoning
the traveller, she hurried towards the parlour, in the passage she assuredly did hear
knocking, angry and impatient knocking, the knocking of someone who thinks he
has knocked too long. (A. B.)
17. Erom the offers of marriage that fell to her, Dona Clara deliberately chose the
one that required her removal to Spain. So to Spain she went. (Th. W.)
18. When he blinks, a parrot-like look appears, the look of some heavily blinking
tropical bird. (A.M.)
19. I am proud of this free and happy country. My form dilates, my eye glistens,
my breast heaves, my heart swells, my bosom burns, when I call to mind her
greatness and her glory. (D.)
20. He, and the falling light and the dying fire, the time-worn room, the solitude,
the wasted life, and gloom,- were all in fellowship. Ashes, and dust, and ruin!
(D.)
21. "Call Elizabeth Cluppins," said Sergeant Buzfuz... The nearest usher called for
Elizabeth Tuppins, another one, at 'a -little distance off, demanded Elizabeth
Juppins, and a third rushed in a breathless state into Ring Street and screamed for
Elizabeth Muffins till he was hoarse. (D.)
22. "I really can't say," replied Eugene ... "At times I have thought yes; at other
times I have thought no; how I have been inclined to pursue such a subject, now I
have felt it was absurd, and it tired and embarrassed me. Abso-
6* 83
(he postboy on one side, jerked his friend into the vehicle, slammed the door, put
up the steps, wafefed the bill on the street-door, locked it, put the key in his pocket,
jumped into the dickey, gave the word for starting . . . (D.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
DEVICES
1. I may live five years or five minutes. Arteries wrong, heart wrong, kidneys
wrong. Exactly. (W. D.)
2. What with the dust and the oil, and the darkness, and the clanking of the rails
and the spitting of the sparks and the muffled screams above, it was enough to
drive a man crazy. (B. N.)
3. . . .their owners went away, after ... many remarks how they had never spent
such a delightful evening, and how they marvelled to find it so late . . . and how
they wished that Mr. and Mrs. Kenwigs had a wedding-day once a week, and how
they wondered Ъу what hidden agency Mrs. Kenwigs could possibly have
managed so well. (D.)
4. Badgworthy was in seventh heaven. A murder! At Chimneys! Inspector
Badgworthy in charge of the case. The police have a clue. Sensational arrest.
Promotion and Kudos for the aforementioned Inspector. (Ch.)
5. ". . .to have the opportunity of speaking to one so well informed about it as
yourself, is an immense relief to me. Quite a boon. Quite a blessing, I am sure."
(D.)
6. Daily she determined, "But I must have a stated amount—be business-like.
System. I must do something about it." And daily she didn't do anything about it.
(S. L.)
7. "Give me an example," I said quietly. "Of something that means something. In
your opinion." (Т. С.)
8. The crow I gave her went wild and flew away. All summer you could hear him.
In the yard. In the garden. In the woods. All summer that damned bird was calling:
"Lulamae, Lulamae." (T. C.)
9. I see what you mean. And I want the money. Must have it. (P.)
10. "Sit down, you dancing, prancing, shambling, scrambling fool parrot!
Sit down!" (D).
82
11. His forehead was narrow, his face wide, his head large, and his nose all on one
side. (D.)
12. He came to us, you see, about three months ago. A skilled and experienced
waiter. Has given complete satisfaction. He has been in England about five years.
(Ch.)
13. She merely looked at him weakly. The wonder of him! The beauty of love!
Her desire toward him! (Dr.)
14. "Honestly. I don't feel anything. Except ashamed." "Please. Are you sure? Tell
me the truth. You might
have been killed."
"But I wasn't. And thank you. For saving my life. You're wonderful. Unique. I
love you." (Т. С.)
15. A solemn silence: Mr. Pickwick humorous, the old lady serious, the fat
gentleman cautious and Mr. Miller timorous. (D.)
16. She stopped, and seemed to catch the distant sound of knocking. Abandoning
the traveller, she hurried towards the parlour, in the passage she assuredly did hear
knocking, angry and impatient knocking, the knocking of someone who thinks he
has knocked too long. (A. B.)
17. Erom the offers of marriage that fell to her, Dona Clara deliberately chose the
one that required her removal to Spain. So to Spain she went. (Th. W.)
18. When he blinks, a parrot-like look appears, the look of some heavily blinking
tropical bird. (A.M.)
19. I am proud of this free and happy country. My form dilates, my eye glistens,
my breast heaves, my heart swells, my bosom burns, when I call to mind her
greatness and her glory. (D.)
20. He, and the falling light and the dying fire, the time-worn room, the solitude,
the wasted life, and gloom,- were all in fellowship. Ashes, and dust, and ruin!
(D.)
21. "Call Elizabeth Cluppins," said Sergeant Buzfuz... The nearest usher called for
Elizabeth Tuppins, another one, at 'a -little distance off, demanded Elizabeth
Juppins, and a third rushed in a breathless state into Ring Street and screamed for
Elizabeth Muffins till he was hoarse. (D.)
22. "I really can't say," replied Eugene ... "At times I have thought yes; at other
times I have thought no; how I have been inclined to pursue such a subject, now I
have felt it was absurd, and it tired and embarrassed me. Abso-
6*
83lutely, I can't say. Frankly and faithfully, I would if I could." (D.)
23. Homeless, he is always home inside his shoes and jeans and shirt, and
interested. (A. M.)
24. The crooks and four-flushers and smart operators everywhere. On the docks.
In the offices. Right up in battalion and company, right up next to you on the front
line. (I. Sh.)
25. In manner, close and dry. In voice, husky and low, In face, watchful behind a
blind. (D.)
26. .. .1 like people. Not just empty streets and dead buildings. People. People. (P.
A.)
27. Passage after passage did he explore; room after room did he peep into; at
length ... he opened the door of the identical room in which he had spent the
evening ...
(D-)
28. .. .it was not the monotonous days uncheckered by variety and uncheered by
pleasant companionship, it was not the dark dreary evenings or the long solitary
nights, it was not the absence of every slight and easy pleasure for which young
hearts beat high or the knowing nothing of childhood but its weakness and its
easily wounded spirit, that had wrung such tears from Nell. (D.)
/ 29. If it had not been for these things, I might have lived out my life, talking at
street corners to scorning men. I might have died, unmarked, unknown, a failure.
Now we are not a failure. This is our career and our triumph. Never in our full can
we hope to do such work for tolerance, for justice, for man's understanding of man,
as now we do by an accident. Our words—our lives—our pains—nothing! The
taking of our lives—lives of a good shoe-maker and a poor fish-peddler—all! That
last moment belongs to us— that agony is our triumph! (H.R.)
30. However, there was no time to think more about the matter, for the fiddles and
harp began in real earnest. Away went Mr. Pickwick—hands across, down the
middle to the very end of the room, and halfway up the chimney, back again to the
door—poussette everywhere—loud stamp on the ground—ready for the next
couple—off again—all the figure over once more—another stamp to beat out the
time—next couple, and the next, and the next again—never was such going! (D.)
31. An Englishman, needing a pair of striped trousers
84 . '
in a hurry for the New Year festivities, goes to his tailor who takes his
measurements.
"That's the lot. Come back in four days, I'll have it ready." Good. Four days later.
"So sorry, come back in a week, I've made a mess of the seat." Good. That's all
right, a neat seat can be very ticklish. A week later. "Frightfully sorry, come back
in ten days, I've made a hash of the crutch." Good, can't be helped, a snug crutch is
always a teaser. Ten days later. "Dreadfully sorry, come back in a fortnight. I've
made a balls of the fly." Good, at a pinch, a smart fly is a good proposition... Well,
to make it short, the bluebells are blowing and he ballockses the buttonholes. "God
damn you to hell, Sir, it's indecent, there are limits! In six days do you hear me, six
days, God made the world. Yes, Sir, mo less, Sir, the world! And you are not
bloody well capable of making me a pair of trousers in three months!"
"But my dear Sir, my dear Sir, look—(disgustedly)—at the world (pause)—and
look—(loving gesture, proudly) — at my trousers!" (S. B.)
32. Colonel Bulder, in full military uniform, on horseback, galloping first to one
place and then to another, and backing his horse among the people, and prancing,
and curvetting, and shouting in a most alarming manner, and making himself very
hoarse in the voice, and very red in the face, without any assignable cause or
reason whatever. (D.)
III. GUIDE TO LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES
While in lexical SD the desired effect is achieved through the interaction of lexical
meanings of words and in syntactical SD through the syntactical arrangement of
elements, the third group of SD is based on the employment of both—fixed
structure and determined scope of lexical meanings. So, in
(1) Climax we observe parallelism consisting of three or more steps, presenting a
row of relative (or contextual relative) synonyms placed in the ascending validity
of their denotational (which results in logical and quantitative climax) or
connotational meanings. The latter type of climax is called emotive and is realized
through still another pattern of a two-step structure, based on repetition
85
of the semantic centre, usually expressed by an adjective or adverb, and the
introduction of an intensifier between two repeated units, e. g., 'I am sorry, terribly
sorry'.
If each step of climax is supplied with a negative particle, that necessitates the
reversed—descending—scale of its components: to emphasize absence of a certain
fact, quality, phenomenon, _etc, the row of relative synonyms begins with the one
showing the highest degree of this quality, importance, etc. Thus the affirmative
and the negative constructions of climax demand diametrically opposite order of
the same lexical units, while stylistic functions of both structural types remain
identical.
Sudden reversal of expectations roused by climax (mainly non-completed), causes
anticlimax. The main bulk of paradoxes is based on anticlimax. . (2) Antithesis is a
structure consisting of two steps, the lexical meanings of which are opposite to
each other. The steps may be presented by morphemes, which brings forth
morphological antithesis, e.g., 'underpaid and overworked'; by antonyms (or
contextual antonyms) and antonymous expressions which is the case of antithesis
proper; and by completed statements or pictures semantically opposite to one
another which brings forth developed antithesis.
(3) Litotes presupposes double negation; one—through the negative particle no or
not; the other—through (a) a word with a negative affix ('not hopeless'); (b) a
word with a negative or derogatory meaning ('not a coward'); (c) a negative
construction ('not without love'); (d) an adjective or adverb preceded by too ('not
too awful').
The stylistic function of all these types is identical: to convey the doubts of the
speaker concerning the exact characteristics of the object in question.
The lexical meaning of the second component of litotes is of extreme importance,
for similar structures may lead to opposite effects: cf. 'looking not too bad'
expresses a weakened positive evaluation, while 'looking not too happy' expresses
a weakened negative evaluation of the phenomenon.
(4) Simile is also a structure of two components joined by a fixed range of link-
adverbs like, as, as ...as, as though, etc. If there is no formal indicator of simile
while semantic relations of both parts of the structure remain those of resemblance
and similarity, we may speak of a disguised
86
simile which preserves only one side of the SD—lexical, modifying its other side
—structural. True enough, instead of the accepted simile-formants, in disguised
similes there are often used verbs, lexical meanings of which emphasize the type of
semantic relations between the elements of the utterance, such as 'to, remind', 'to
resemble', 'to recollect', 'to seem' and others.
If the basis of similarity appears to the author vague, he supplies the simile with a
key, immediately following the structure and revealing those common features of
two compared phenomena which led to the origination of the SD.
(5) The structure of periphrasis is modelled with difficulty, for it is exceedingly
variable. Very generally and not quite precisely it can be defined as a phrase or
sentence, substituting a one-word denomination of an object, phenomenon, etc.
Proceeding from the semantic basis for the substitution, periphrases fall into
logical, euphemistic and figurative. The main stylistic function of all these types is
to convey the author's subjective perception, thus illuminating the described entity
with the new, added light and understanding.
(6) Represented speech, which combines lexical and syntactical peculiarities of
colloquial and literary speech, has gained widespread popularity especially jn the
20th century, allowing the writer in a condensed and seemingly objective manner
to lead the reader into the inner workings of human mind.
EXERCISES
(1) Climax
I. Discuss the nature and distribution of the components of logical climax in the
following examples.
1. It was a mistake... a blunder... lunacy... (W.D.) 2..What I have always'said, and
what I always shall say, is, that this ante-post betting is a mistake, an error, and a
mug's game. (P. Q. W.)
3. And you went down the old steep way... the well-known toboggan run... insane
pride... lies... treachery... murder... (P.)
87
4. Poor Ferse! Talk about trouble, Dinny—illness, poverty, vice, crime—none of
them can touch mental derangement for sheer tragedy of all concerned. (G.)
5. He was numbed. He wanted to weep, to vomit, to die, to sink away. (A. B.) .
.
6. It is done—past—finished! (D.)
7. "It mdst be a warm pursuit in such a climate," ob-_ served Mr. Pickwick.
"Warm!—red hot!—scorching!—glowing!" (D.)
8. A storm's coming up. A hurricane. A deluge. (Th.W.)
9. I was well inclined to him before I saw him. I liked him when I did see him; I
admire him now. (Ch. Br.)
10. There are drinkers. There are drunkards. There are alcoholics. But these are
only steps down the ladder. Right down at the bottom is the meths drinker—and
man can't sink any lower than that. (W. D.)
11. "Say yes. If you don't, I'll break into tears. I'll sob. I'll moan. I'll growl." (Th.
S.)
12. "I swear to God. I never saw the beat of this winter. More snow, more
cold, more sickness, more death." (M.W.)
13. "My nephew, I introduce to you a lady of strong force of character, like
myself; a resolved lady, a stern lady, a lady who has a will that can break the weak
to powder: a lady without pity, without love, implacable..." (D.)
14. "I designed them for each other; they were made for each other, sent into the
world for each other, born for each other, Winkle", said Mr. Ben Allen. (D.)
15. I don't attach any value to money. I don't care about it, I don't know about it, I
don't want it, I don't keep it—it goes away from me directly. (D.)
II. State the nature of the increasing entities in the following examples of
quantitative climax.
1. "You have heard of Jefferson Brick I see, Sir," quoth the Colonel with a smile.
"England has heard of Jefferson Brick. Europe has heard of Jefferson Brick..." (D.)
2. R: "I never told you about that letter Jane Crofut got from her minister when she
was sick. He wrote Jane a letter and on the envelope the address was like this. It
said: Jane Crofut; The Crofut Farm; Grover's Corners; 88
Sutton County; New Hampshire; United States of America."
G: "What's funny about it?"
R: "But listen, it's not finished: the United States of America; Continent of North
America; Western Hemisphere; the Earth; the Solar System; the Universe; the
Mind of God—that's what it said on the envelope." (Th.W.)
3. How many sympathetic souls can you reckon on in the world? One in ten—one
in a hundred—one in a thousand—in ten thousand? Ah! (J. C)
4. You know—after so many kisses and promises, the lie given to her dreams, her
words ... the lie given to kisses—hours, days, weeks, months of unspeakable
bliss... (Dr.)
III. Classify ithe following examples of emotive climax according to their structure
and the number of the components.
■ 1. Of course it's important. Incredibly, urgently, desperately important. (D. S.)
2. "I have been so unhappy here, dear brother," sobbed poor Kate; "so very, very
miserable." (D.)
3. The mother was a rather remarkable woman, quite remarkable in her way. (W.
D.)
4. That's a nice girl; that's a very nice girl; a promising girl! (D.)
5. She felt better, immensely better, standing beside this big old man. (W. D.)
6. He who only five months before had sought her so eagerly with his eyes and
intriguing smile. The liar! The brute! The monster! (Dr.)
7. I am a bad man, a wicked man, but she is worse. / She is really bad. She is
bad, she is badness. She is Evil. V She not only is evil, but she is Evil. (J. O'H.)
8. "An unprincipled adventurer—a dishonourable character—a man who preys
upon society, and makes easily-deceived people his dupes, sir, his absurd, his
foolish, his wretched dupes, sir," said the excited Mr. P. (D.)
9. "I abhor the subject. It is an odious subject, an offensive subject, a subject that
makes me sick." (D.)
10. "I'll smash you, I'll crumble you, I'll powder you. Go to the devil!" (D.)
89

11. "Upon my word and honour, upon my life, upon my soul, Miss Summerson, as
I am a living man, I'll act according to your wish!" (D.)
12. ...to them boys she is a mother. But she is more than a mother to them, ten
times more. (D.)
13. Mr. Tulkinghorn ... should have communicated to him nothing of this painful,
this distressing, this unlooked-for, this overwhelming, this incredible intelligence."
(D.)
(ivyComment on the influence of "the negative particle upon the structure, of
climax, and the meaning of its components. wet «шс/а-чо'л
1. No tree, no shrub, no blade of grass, not a bird or beast, not even a fish that was
not ownedl (G.)
2. "Not a word, Sam—not a syllable!" (D.)
3. Not a word, not a look, not a glance, did he bestow upon his heart's pride of the
evening before. (D.)
4. "Fledgeby has not heard of anything."
"No, there's not a word of news," says Lammle.
"Not a particle," adds Boots.
"Not an atom," chimes in Brewer. (D.)
5. "Be careful," said Mr. Jingle—"not a look." "Not a wink," said Mr. Tupman.
"Not a syllable.—Not a whisper." (D.)
V. Speak on the modes of organization of anticlimax: Pay attention to
punctuation.
1. "In moments of utter crises my nerves act in the most extraordinary way. When
utter disaster seems imminent, my whole being is simultaneously braced to avoid
it. I size up the situation in a flash, set my teeth, contract my muscles, take a firm
grip of myself, and without a tremor, always do the wrong thing." (B. Sh.)
2. This was appalling—and soon forgotten. (G.)
. 3. Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They :an discover everything
—except the obvious. (O. W.)
4. ...they ... were absolutely quiet; eating no apples, cutting no names, inflicting no
pinches, and making no grimaces, for full two minutes afterwards. (D.)
(2) Antithesis
I. Give morphological and syntactical characteristics of the following cases of
antithesis.
90
1. .. .something significant may come out at last, which may be criminal or heroic,
may be madness or wisdom (J.C.)
2. Three bold and experienced men-—cool, confident and dry when they began;
white, quivering and wet when they finished... (R.K.)
3. Don't use big words. They mean so little. (O.W.) JA. Mrs. Nork had a large
home and a small husband.
(S.L.)
K/b. He ... ordered a bottle of the worst possible port wine, at the highest possible
price. (D.)
6. It is safer to be married to the man you can be. happy with than to the man you
cannot be happy without. (E.)
7. The mechanics are underpaid, and underfed, and overworked, (J.A.)
8. There was something eerie about the apartment house, an unearthly quiet
that was a combination of over-carpeting and under-occupanc^. Ш-££^»
9. In marriage the upkeep di woman is often the downfall of man. (E.)
II. Analyse the following examples of developed an-/ tithesis.
1. Cannery Row in Monterey in California is a poem, a stink, a grating noise, a
quality of light, a tone, a habit, a nostalgia, a dream. Cannery Row is the gathered
and scattered, tin and iron, and rust and splintered wood, chipped pavement and
weedy lots and junk heaps, sardine canneries of corrugated iron, honky tonks,
restaurants and whore houses, and little crowded groceries, and laboratories and
flophouses. Its inhabitants are, as the man once said, "whores, pimps, gamblers and
sons of bitches," by which he meant Everybody. Had the man looked through"
another peephole he might have said, "saints and angels and martyrs and holy
men," and he would have meant the same thing. (St.)
2. Men's talk was better than women's. Never food, never babies, never sickness, or
boots needing mending, but people, what happened, the reason. Not the state of the
house, but the state of the Army. Not the children next door, but the rebels in
France. Never what broke the china, but who broke 'the treaty. Not what spoilt the
washing, but
91

who spilled the beans... Some of it was puzzling and some of it was tripe, but all of
it was better than darning Charley's socks. (D. du M.)
3. ...as we passed it seemed that two worlds were meeting. The world of worry
about rent and rates and groceries, of the smell of soda and blacklead and "No
Smoking" and "No Spitting" and "Please Have the Correct Change Ready" and the
world of the Rolls and the Black Market clothes and the Coty perfume and the
career ahead of one running on well-oiled grooves to a knight-
. hood... (J. Br.)
0

4. It was the best of times, it was 'the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it
was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of
incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was 'the season of Darkness, it was the
spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had
nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the
other way—in short the period was so far like the present period, that some of its
noisiest authorities insisted on its being received for good or for evil, in the
superlative degree of comparison only. (D.)
5. They went down to the camp in -black, but they came back to the town in
white; they went down to the camp
/in ropes, they came back in chains of gold; they went down ' to the camp inietters,
but came back with their steps enlarged under them; they went also to the camp
looking for death,' but they came back from thence with assurance of . life;.they
went down to the camp with heavy hearts, but came back with pipes and tabor
playing before them. (J.Bun.)
6. A special contrast Mr. George makes to Smallweed family ... It is a broadsword
to an oyster knife. His developed figure, and-their stunned forms; his large manner,
filling any amount of room; and their little narrow pinched ways; his sounding
voice and their sharp spare tones are in the strongest and the strangest opposition.
(D.)
(3) Litotes
I. Classify the following cases of litotes according to their structure, A .
-','■■ •
1. His sister was in favor of this obvious enthusiasm on the part of her brother,
although she was not unaware that her brother more and more gave to her the
status of a priv-iledged governess. (J. O'H.)
2. "I am not unmindful of the fact that I owe you ten dollars." (J.O'H.)
3. "How slippery it is, Sam."
"Not an uncommon thing-upon ice, Sir," replied Mr. Weller. (D.)
(. /4. In a sharp, determined way her face was,_n.oi_un-handsome. (A.H.)
5. Powell's sentiment of amused surprise was not un-mingled with indignation. (J.
C.)
6. He was laughing at Lottie but not unkindly. (Hut.)
7. .. .there was something bayonetlike about her, something not altogether
unadmirable. (S.)
8. She had a snouty kind of face which was not completely unpretty. (K- A.)
9. The idea was not totally erroneous. The thought did not displease me. (I. M.)
10. She was not without 'realisation already that this thing was impossible, so far
as she was concerned. (Dr.)
11. It was not without satisfaction that Mrs. Sunbury perceived that Betty was
offended:" (S. M.)
12. Bell understood, not without sympathy, that Queen had publicly committed
himself. (J.)
13. Kirsten said not without dignity: "Too much talking is unwise." (Ch;)
14. SKe couldrilt help remembering those last terrible days in India. /Not' that she
isn'f)very happy now, of course... (P.)
15. Well, I couldn't say no: it was too romantic. (Т. С.)
16. I felt ^wouldn't say no to a cup of tea.^K-A.)
17. I don*Ohink I'm the type that doesn't/even ПИ а finger to prevent a weddmg
from flatting. (S.)
18. ...I am a vagabond of the harum-scarum order, and not of the mean sort... (D.)
19. Not altogether by accident he was on the train that brought her back to New
York at the end of school. (J.O'H)
20. He was .almost the same height standing up *as sitting down (a not all that
rare type of physique in Wales). (K.A.)
,
.-'...■ -
83
V
\/
II. Comment on the nature and function of litotes.
1. Joe Clegg also looked surprised and possibly not too pleased. (Ch.)
2. He was not over-pleased to find Wimsey palpitating on his door-step. (D. S.)
3. "How are you feeling, John?" "Not too bad." (K.A.)
4. He wasn't too awful. (E. W.)
5. The place wasn't too tidy. (S. Ch.)
6. I turned to Margaret who wasn't looking too happy.
7. "It's not too bad," Jack said, vaguely defending the last ten years. (I.Sh.)
(7) Simile
I. Classify the. following into traditional and original
similes.
CT) "The man is a public nuisance and ought to be put down by the police," said
the lMtle Princess beating her foot on the floor.
"He has a tonguejike a sword and a penjike a dag-ger," said the young Roman.
(H.C.) " \
2. She went on to say that she wanted all her children absorb the meaning of the
words they sang, not just mouth them, like silly-billy parrots. (S.)
Г5} She was obstinate as a mule, always had been, from a cfiild. (G.)
"When my missus gets sore she is as hot as an '(D.S.)
The air was warm and felt like a kiss as we stepped the plane. (D. W.) '
6. Like a sigh, the breath of a living thing, the smoke e-JK, P.) \^X-/She has
always been as live as a bird. (R. Ch.)
8. As they sang they took turns spin-dancing a girl over the cobbles under the El;
and 'the girl ... floated round in their arms light as a scarf. (Т. С)
^ITY'That's the place where we are to lunch; and by Jove, there s the boy with the
basket, jjuiictual. as clock-work."
94
ov
of
10. He stood irrfmovable like a rock in a torrent. (J. R.)
11. He wore a grey double-breasted waistcoat, and his eyes gleamed like raisins.
(Gr. Gr.)
12. His speech had a jerky, metallic rhythm, like a teletype. (T. C.)
13. The lamp made an ellipse of yellow light on the ceiling, and on the mantel the
little alabaster clock dripped time like a leaking faucet. (P.M.)
14. I left her laughing. The sound was like a hen having hiccups. (R. Ch.)
■II. State the semantic field, to which the second components of the similes
belong.
1. Children! Breakfast is just as good as any other meal and I won't have you
gobbling like wolves. (Th. W.)
2. The eyes were watery and veined with red, like the eyes of a hound who lies too
often too close to the fire.
(Fl.)
3. His mind went round and round like a squirrel in a cage, going over the past.
(Ch.)
4. "We can hear him coming. He's got a tread like-a rhinoceros." (К- А.)
у

5. "I'm as sharp," said Quilp to him at parting, "as sharp as a ferret." (D.)
6. And then in a moment she would come to life and be as quick and restless as a
monkey. (G.)
7. It was a young woman and she entered like a wind-rush, a squall of scarves and
ja«ngling gold. (T. C.)
8. "Funny how ideas come," he said afterwards, "Like a flash of lightning." (S.M.)
9. The sidewalks ran like spring ice going out, grinding and hurried and packed
close from bank to bank. (J. R.)
10. She perceived that even personalities were failing to hold the party. The room
filled with hesitancy as with a fog. (S.L.)
III. Analyse the causes, due to which a developed image is created (key to a simile,
explicitness of the second component, etc.).
1. He felt like an old book: spine defective, covers dull, slight foxing, fly missing,
rather shaken copy. (K.A.)
95
2. "You're like the East. One loves it at first sight, or not at all, and one never
knows it any better." (G.)
3. He ached from head to foot, all zones of pain seemingly interdependent. He
was rather like a Christmas tree whose lights, wired in series, must all go out if
even one bulb is defective. (S.)
4. London seems to me like some hoary massive underworld, a Hoary ponderous
inferno. The traffic flows through "the rigid grey streets like the rivers of hell
through their banks of dry, rocky ash. (D. H. L.)
5. It (the district) lies on the face of the county like an insignificant stain, like a
dark Pleiades in a green and empty sky. And Handbridge has the shape of a horse
and its rider, Bursley of half a donkey, Knype a pair of trousers, Longshaw of an
octopus, and little Turnhill of a beetle. The Five Towns seem to cling.together for
safety. (A.B.)
6. For a long while—for many years in fact—he had not thought of how it. was
before he came to the farm. His memory of those times was like a house where no
one lives and where the furniture has rotted away. But tonight it was as if lamps
had been lighted through all the gloomy dead rooms. (T. C.)
7. Mag Wildwood couldn't understand it, the. abrupt absence of warmth on her
return; the conversation she began behaved like green logs,, they fumed but would
not fire. (T.C.) ■ >.,iJr! ,-a/UM)
IV. Analyse the following disguised similes; Indicate verbs and phrases organizing
them.
1. H.G.Weils ... .reminded her of the rice paddies ih her native California. Acres
and acres of shiny water but never more than two inches deep. (A. H.)
2. There are in every large chicken-yard a number of old and indignant hens who
resemble Mrs. Bogart and when they are served at Sunday noon dinner, as
fricasseed chicken with thick dumplings, they keep up the resemblance. (S. L.)
; -■;
3. .. .grinning a strangely taut, full-width grin .which made his large teeth
resemble a dazzling miniature piano keyboard in the green light. (J.)
4. Her startled glance descended like a beam of light, and settled for a moment on
the-man's face. He wasforty-
96
ish and rather fat, with a moustache that made her think of the yolk of an egg, and
a nose that spread itself. (W. D.)
5. Scobie turned up James Street past the Secretariat. With its long balconies it has
always reminded him of a hospital. For fifteen years he had.watched the arrival of
a succession of patients: periodically at the end of eighteen months certain patients
were sent home, yellow and nervy, and others took their place—Colonial
Secretaries, Secretaries of Agriculture, Treasurers and Directors of Public. Works.
He watched their temperature charts every one— the first outbreak of unreasonable
temper, the drink too many, the sudden attack for principle after a year of acquies-
cence. The black clerks carried their bedside manner like doctors downihe
corridors: cheerful and respectful, they put up with any insult. The patient was
always right. (Gr. Gr.)
6. I'm not nearly hot enough to draw a word-picture that would do justice to that
extraordinarily hefty crash. Try to ..imagine') the Albert Hall falling on the Crystal
Palace, and you will have got the rough idea. (P.G.W.)
(5) Periphrasis
I. Distribute the following periphrases into original and traditional.
1. "Did you ever see anything in Mr. Pickwick's manner and conduct towards the
opposite sex to induce you to believe... (D.)
2. Within the next quarter-hour a stag-party had taken over the apartment, several
of them in uniform. I counted two Naval officers and an Air Force colonel: but
they were outnumbered by graying arrivals beyond draft status. (T.C.)
3. His arm about her, he led her in and bawled, "Ladies and worser halves, the
bride!" (S. L.)
4. I was earning barely enough money to. keep body and soul together. (S. M.)
5. Bill went with him and they returned with a tray of glasses, siphons and other
necessaries of life. (Ch.)
6. ...I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War.
(Sc. F.)
7. "The way I look at it is this," he told his wife. "We've all of us got a little of the
Old Nick in us... The way I see it, that's just a kind of energy". (St.)
7 Заказ №63 . 97
Ypr Л) 8. The nose was anything but Grecian—that was a cer-ia /rtainty, for it
pointed to heaven. (D. du M.)
II. Discuss the following euphemistic periphrases.
1. Everything was conducted on the most liberal and ( delightful scale.
Excisable articles were remarkably cheap
at all the public houses; and spring vans paraded the streets for the accommodation
of voters who were seized with any temporary dizziness in the head—an epidemic
which prevailed among the electors during the contest, to a most alarming extent,
and under the influence of which they might frequently be seen lying on the
pavements in a state of utter insensibility. (D.)
2. "I expect you'd like a wash," Mrs. Thompson said.' "The bathroom's to the right
and the usual offices next to it." (J. Br.)
3. In the left corner, built out into the room, is the : ' toilet with the sign "This is
it" on the door. (O'N)
4. I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother. (I. Sh.).
5. Jean nodded without turning and slid between two vermilion-coloured buses
so that two drivers simultaneously used the same qualitative word. (G)
6. The late Mr. Bardell, after enjoying for many years the esteem and confidence
of his sovereign, as one of guardians of his royal revenues, glided almost
imperceptibly from the world, to seek elsewhere for that repose and peace which a
custom-house can never afford. (D.)
7. James Porter, aged 25, was bound over last week< after pleading guilty to
interfering with a small cabbage and two tins of beans on his way home... (O.)
HI. Classify the following figurative periphrases into metaphorical and
metonymical.
1. The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the
fighting in Africa. (I.Sh.)
2. The beach, strewn with the steel overflow of the factories at home, looked
like a rummaged basement in some store for giants. (I.Sh.)
3. He would make some money and then he would come back and marry his
dream from Blackwood. (Dr.)
4. "Well! Here's the Police Court. I'm sorry I can't spare time to come in. But
everybody will be nice to you.
. It's a very human place, if somewhat indelicate... Come
- 98
.- ■• •
back to tea, if you can." She was gone. The exchange and mart of human
indelicacy was crowded... (G.)
5. For a single instant, Birch was helpless, his blood curdling in his veins at 'the
imminence of the danger, and his legs refusing their natural and necessary office.
(F. C.)
6. ...I contracted pneumonia, in that day a killing disease. I went down and down,
until the wing tips of the angels brushed my eyes. (St.)
7 His face was red, the back of his neck overflowed his collar, and there had
recently been published a second edition of his chin. (P. G. W.)
IV. State the nature and functions of the following pe-. riphrases.
1. "That elegant connection of ours—that dear lady who was here yesterday—".
"I understand," said Arthur. "Even that affable and condescending ornament of
society," pursued Mr. Meagles, "may misrepresent us, we are afraid." (D.)
2. She was still fat; the destroyer of her figure sat at the head of the table. (A.B.)
3. When he saw that I was looking at him, he closed his eyes, sleepily, angelically,
then stuck out his «tongue— an appendage of startling length—and gave out what
in my country would have been a glorious tribute to a myopic umpire. It fairly
shook the tearoom. (S.)
4. And then we 'take a soldier and put murder in his hands and we say to him...
"Go out and kill as many of a certain kind of classification of your brothers as you
can." (St.)
5. Also, my draft board was displaying an uncomfortable interest; and, having so
recently escaped the regimentation of a small town, the idea of entering another
form of disciplined life made me desperate. (T. C.)
6. I wanted something that would depict my face as Heaven gave it to me, humble
though the gift may have been. (L.)
7. In the inns Utopians were shouting the universe into order over beer, and in the
halls and parks the dignity of England was being preserved in a fitting manner. The
villages were full of women who did nothing but fight against dirt and hunger,, and
repair the effects of friction
I on clothes. (А. В.).
7* 99
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
101
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
109
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15(4) Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords:
3.12. p.m.
Defamation Bill
...Viscount SIMON: The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of
much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is
natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with
the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the
view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say
that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present
time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries
under the British Flag where; I understand, there was a change in the law, to a
greater or less degree, in the direction which the' noble and learned Earl so
earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the
view that the case for resisting the noble Earl's Amendment is not overwhelming,
so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is
practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing
statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible
way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of
which run into some conflict.
(July 28, 1952)
(5) Letter to Lord Chesterfield
February 7th, 1755 My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in
which my "Dictionary" is recommended to the public, were written by your
Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour, which, being very little accustomed
to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive or in what terms to
acknowledge.
When, with some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was
overpowered, like the rest of mankind, 116
by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might
bo^st myself "Le yainqueur du vain-queur de la terre",—that I might obtain that
regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little
encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I
had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and
no man is well pleased tohavehisallneglected.be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms or
was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my
work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at
last to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of
encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never
had a patron before. The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and
found him a native of the rocks. Is not a patron, My Lord, one who looks with un-
concern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice you have been pleased to take of my labours,
had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not
want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not to confess obligations when no
benefit has been received; or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as
owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of
learning, I shall now be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be
possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which
I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most obedient Servant Sam Jonson
(6) A Popular Account of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(by D. Livingstone)
117
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15(4) Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords:
3.12. p.m.
Defamation Bill
...Viscount SIMON: The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of
much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is
natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with
the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the
view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say
that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present
time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries
under the British Flag where; I understand, there was a change in the law, to a
greater or less degree, in the direction which the' noble and learned Earl so
earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the
view that the case for resisting the noble Earl's Amendment is not overwhelming,
so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is
practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing
statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible
way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of
which run into some conflict.
(July 28, 1952)
(5) Letter to Lord Chesterfield
February 7th, 1755 My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in
which my "Dictionary" is recommended to the public, were written by your
Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour, which, being very little accustomed
to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive or in what terms to
acknowledge.
When, with some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was
overpowered, like the rest of mankind, 116
by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might
bo^st myself "Le yainqueur du vain-queur de la terre",—that I might obtain that
regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little
encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I
had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and
no man is well pleased tohavehisallneglected.be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms or
was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my
work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at
last to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of
encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never
had a patron before. The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and
found him a native of the rocks. Is not a patron, My Lord, one who looks with un-
concern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice you have been pleased to take of my labours,
had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not
want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not to confess obligations when no
benefit has been received; or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as
owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of
learning, I shall now be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be
possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which
I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most obedient Servant Sam Jonson
(6) A Popular Account of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(by D. Livingstone)
117We had come through another tsetse district by night... This insect, Glossina
morsitants of the naturalist, is not much larger than the common house-fly, and is
nearly of the same brown colour as the honey-bee. The after part of the body has
three or four yellow bars across it. It is remarkably alert, and evades dexterously all
attempts to capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In the cool of the
mornings and evenings it is less agile. Its peculiar buzz when once heard can never
be forgotten by the traveller whose means of locomotions are domestic animals;
for its bite is death, to the ox, horse and dog. In this journey, though we watched
the animals carefully, and believe that not a score "of flies were ever upon them,
they destroyed forty-three fine oxen. A most remarkable feature is Ihe perfect
harmlessness of the bite in man and wild animals, and even calves so long as they
continue to suck the cows, though it is no protection to the dog, to feed him on
milk.
The poison does not seem to be injected by a sting, or by ova placed beneath the
skin, for when the insect is allowed to feed freely on the hand, it inserts the middle
prong of three portions, into which the proboscis divides, somewhat deeply into the
true skin. It then draws the prong out a little way, and it assumes a crimson^ colour
as the mandibles come into brisk operation. The previously shrunken belly swells
out, and if undisturbed, the fly quietly departs when it is full. A slight itching
irritation follows the bite. In the ox the immediate effects are no greater than in
man; but a few days afterwards the eye and nose begin to run, the cough starts, a
swelling appears under the jaw, and sometimes at the navel; and though the poor
creature continues to graze, emaciation commences, accompanied with a peculiar
flaccidity of the muscles. This proceeds unchecked until, perhaps months
afterwards, purging comes on, and the victim dies in a state of extreme exhaustion.
The animals which are in good condition often perish soon after the bite is
inflicted, with staggering and blindness, as if the brain were affected. Sudden
changes of tempera-tuie produced by falls of rain seem to hasten the progress of
the complaint; but in general the wasting goes on for months.
118
(7) Turbine Characteristics With Respect to Form of Blade Passages
Impulse Turbine.—Lt may be defined as a system in which all steam expansion
takes place in fixed nozzles and none occurs in passages among moving blades.
A Single-State or Simple-Impulse Turbine.— Here the steam expands from its
initial to its final pressure in one nozzle (or one set of nozzles, all working at the
same pressure), resulting in a steam jet of high velocity which enters the blade
passages and, by exerting a force on them due to being deflected in direction, turns
the rotor. Energy of all forms remaining in the steam after it leaves the single row
of blading is lost.
The steam volume increases whenever the pressure decreases, but the resulting
velocity changes depend on the type of turbine. As a matter, of fact, these velocity
changes are distinguishing characteristics of the different types.
A Velocity-Stage Impulse Turbine has one set of nozzles, with several rows of
blades following it. In passing from the nozzle exit through one set of blades, the
velocity of the steam is lowered by virtue of the work done on the blades but is still
high. It then passes through a row of fixed guide blades which change the direction
of the steam until it flows approximately parallel to the original nozzle direction,
discharging it into a second row of blading fixed to the same wheel. The second
row again lowers the steam velocity by virtue of the work delivered to the wheel.
A second set of guide blades and a third row of moving blades are sometimes used.
The steam enters through a steam strainer and governor valve into a steam chest
supplying the various nozzles spaced around a portion of the periphery. Individual
nozzles may be opened or closed by a hand-wheel on the stem of the nozzle-
control valve. The turbine wheel is mounted on a shaft which passes through the
casing to bearings outside, carbon packing being used in the shaft glands of this
turbine to maintain steam tightness. The governor is mounted on the right-hand
end of the shaft and operates the balanced piston governor valve through a lever
and link. On the left end of the shaft goes the coupling for attaching the driven
machinery. (E.M.)
113
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15(4) Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords:
3.12. p.m.
Defamation Bill
...Viscount SIMON: The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of
much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is
natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with
the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the
view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say
that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present
time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries
under the British Flag where; I understand, there was a change in the law, to a
greater or less degree, in the direction which the' noble and learned Earl so
earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the
view that the case for resisting the noble Earl's Amendment is not overwhelming,
so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is
practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing
statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible
way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of
which run into some conflict.
(July 28, 1952)
(5) Letter to Lord Chesterfield
February 7th, 1755 My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in
which my "Dictionary" is recommended to the public, were written by your
Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour, which, being very little accustomed
to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive or in what terms to
acknowledge.
When, with some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was
overpowered, like the rest of mankind, 116
by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might
bo^st myself "Le yainqueur du vain-queur de la terre",—that I might obtain that
regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little
encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I
had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and
no man is well pleased tohavehisallneglected.be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms or
was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my
work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at
last to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of
encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never
had a patron before. The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and
found him a native of the rocks. Is not a patron, My Lord, one who looks with un-
concern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice you have been pleased to take of my labours,
had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not
want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not to confess obligations when no
benefit has been received; or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as
owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of
learning, I shall now be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be
possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which
I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most obedient Servant Sam Jonson
(6) A Popular Account of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(by D. Livingstone)
117We had come through another tsetse district by night... This insect, Glossina
morsitants of the naturalist, is not much larger than the common house-fly, and is
nearly of the same brown colour as the honey-bee. The after part of the body has
three or four yellow bars across it. It is remarkably alert, and evades dexterously all
attempts to capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In the cool of the
mornings and evenings it is less agile. Its peculiar buzz when once heard can never
be forgotten by the traveller whose means of locomotions are domestic animals;
for its bite is death, to the ox, horse and dog. In this journey, though we watched
the animals carefully, and believe that not a score "of flies were ever upon them,
they destroyed forty-three fine oxen. A most remarkable feature is Ihe perfect
harmlessness of the bite in man and wild animals, and even calves so long as they
continue to suck the cows, though it is no protection to the dog, to feed him on
milk.
The poison does not seem to be injected by a sting, or by ova placed beneath the
skin, for when the insect is allowed to feed freely on the hand, it inserts the middle
prong of three portions, into which the proboscis divides, somewhat deeply into the
true skin. It then draws the prong out a little way, and it assumes a crimson^ colour
as the mandibles come into brisk operation. The previously shrunken belly swells
out, and if undisturbed, the fly quietly departs when it is full. A slight itching
irritation follows the bite. In the ox the immediate effects are no greater than in
man; but a few days afterwards the eye and nose begin to run, the cough starts, a
swelling appears under the jaw, and sometimes at the navel; and though the poor
creature continues to graze, emaciation commences, accompanied with a peculiar
flaccidity of the muscles. This proceeds unchecked until, perhaps months
afterwards, purging comes on, and the victim dies in a state of extreme exhaustion.
The animals which are in good condition often perish soon after the bite is
inflicted, with staggering and blindness, as if the brain were affected. Sudden
changes of tempera-tuie produced by falls of rain seem to hasten the progress of
the complaint; but in general the wasting goes on for months.
118
(7) Turbine Characteristics With Respect to Form of Blade Passages
Impulse Turbine.—Lt may be defined as a system in which all steam expansion
takes place in fixed nozzles and none occurs in passages among moving blades.
A Single-State or Simple-Impulse Turbine.— Here the steam expands from its
initial to its final pressure in one nozzle (or one set of nozzles, all working at the
same pressure), resulting in a steam jet of high velocity which enters the blade
passages and, by exerting a force on them due to being deflected in direction, turns
the rotor. Energy of all forms remaining in the steam after it leaves the single row
of blading is lost.
The steam volume increases whenever the pressure decreases, but the resulting
velocity changes depend on the type of turbine. As a matter, of fact, these velocity
changes are distinguishing characteristics of the different types.
A Velocity-Stage Impulse Turbine has one set of nozzles, with several rows of
blades following it. In passing from the nozzle exit through one set of blades, the
velocity of the steam is lowered by virtue of the work done on the blades but is still
high. It then passes through a row of fixed guide blades which change the direction
of the steam until it flows approximately parallel to the original nozzle direction,
discharging it into a second row of blading fixed to the same wheel. The second
row again lowers the steam velocity by virtue of the work delivered to the wheel.
A second set of guide blades and a third row of moving blades are sometimes used.
The steam enters through a steam strainer and governor valve into a steam chest
supplying the various nozzles spaced around a portion of the periphery. Individual
nozzles may be opened or closed by a hand-wheel on the stem of the nozzle-
control valve. The turbine wheel is mounted on a shaft which passes through the
casing to bearings outside, carbon packing being used in the shaft glands of this
turbine to maintain steam tightness. The governor is mounted on the right-hand
end of the shaft and operates the balanced piston governor valve through a lever
and link. On the left end of the shaft goes the coupling for attaching the driven
machinery. (E.M.)
113(8) Some Notes on 'Poetry
Taking English Poetry in the common sense of the word, as a peculiar form of the
language, we find that it differs from prose mainly in having a regular succession
of accented syllables. In short it possesses metre as its chief characteristic feature.
Every line is divided into so many feet, composed of short and long syllables
arranged according to certain laws of prosody. With a regular Toot-fall the voice
steps or matches along the line, keeping time like the soldier on drill, or the
musician among his bars. In many languages syllables have a quantity, which
makes them intrinsically long or short; but in English poetry that syllable
alone is long on which an accent falls. Poets, therefore, in the use of that license
which they have, or take, sometimes shift an accent to suit their measure. The in-
version of the order of words, within certain limits, is a necessary consequence of
throwing language into a metrical form. Poetry, then, differs from prose, in the first
place, in having metre; and as a consequence of this, in adopting an unusual
arrangement of words and phrases... We must have, in addition to the metrical
form, the use of uncommon words and turns of expressions, to lift the language
above the. level of written prose. Shakespeare, instead of saying, as he would, no
doubt, have done in telling a ghost story to his wife, "The clock then striking one",
puts into the mouth of the sentinel, Bernardo, "The bell then beating one". When
Thomson describes „the spring-ploughing, the ox becomes a steer, the plough is
the shining share, and the upturned earth appears in this verse as the globe. The use
of periphrasis here comes largely to the poet's aid. Birds are children of the sky,
songsters of the grove, tuneful choirs etc.; ice is a chrystal floor, or a sheet of
polished steel. These are almost all figurative forms, and it is partly by the
abundant use of figures that the higher level of speech is gained.. (M. S.)
(9) Of Studies
•' Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for
delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,
is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can 120

execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and
the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend
too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is
affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar:
they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like
natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth
directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men
condemn studies; simple men admire them and wise men use them; for they teach
not their own use; but what is a wisdom without them and above them, won by
observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for
granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are
to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that
is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not curiously; and
some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also
may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be
only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled
books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;
conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write
little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have-a
present wit; and if he read little, he need have much cunning, to seem to know that
he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle;
natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend:
"Abeunt studia in mores";* there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be
wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the. body may have appropriate
exercises: bowling is good for the tone and veins, shooting for the lungs and breast,
gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head and the like; so if a man's wit
be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be
called away ever so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish
or find difference, let him study schoolmen; for they are
"Studies become habits."
121
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15(4) Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords:
3.12. p.m.
Defamation Bill
...Viscount SIMON: The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of
much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is
natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with
the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the
view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say
that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present
time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries
under the British Flag where; I understand, there was a change in the law, to a
greater or less degree, in the direction which the' noble and learned Earl so
earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the
view that the case for resisting the noble Earl's Amendment is not overwhelming,
so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is
practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing
statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible
way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of
which run into some conflict.
(July 28, 1952)
(5) Letter to Lord Chesterfield
February 7th, 1755 My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in
which my "Dictionary" is recommended to the public, were written by your
Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour, which, being very little accustomed
to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive or in what terms to
acknowledge.
When, with some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was
overpowered, like the rest of mankind, 116
by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might
bo^st myself "Le yainqueur du vain-queur de la terre",—that I might obtain that
regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little
encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I
had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and
no man is well pleased tohavehisallneglected.be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms or
was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my
work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at
last to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of
encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never
had a patron before. The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and
found him a native of the rocks. Is not a patron, My Lord, one who looks with un-
concern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice you have been pleased to take of my labours,
had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not
want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not to confess obligations when no
benefit has been received; or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as
owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of
learning, I shall now be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be
possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which
I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most obedient Servant Sam Jonson
(6) A Popular Account of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(by D. Livingstone)
117We had come through another tsetse district by night... This insect, Glossina
morsitants of the naturalist, is not much larger than the common house-fly, and is
nearly of the same brown colour as the honey-bee. The after part of the body has
three or four yellow bars across it. It is remarkably alert, and evades dexterously all
attempts to capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In the cool of the
mornings and evenings it is less agile. Its peculiar buzz when once heard can never
be forgotten by the traveller whose means of locomotions are domestic animals;
for its bite is death, to the ox, horse and dog. In this journey, though we watched
the animals carefully, and believe that not a score "of flies were ever upon them,
they destroyed forty-three fine oxen. A most remarkable feature is Ihe perfect
harmlessness of the bite in man and wild animals, and even calves so long as they
continue to suck the cows, though it is no protection to the dog, to feed him on
milk.
The poison does not seem to be injected by a sting, or by ova placed beneath the
skin, for when the insect is allowed to feed freely on the hand, it inserts the middle
prong of three portions, into which the proboscis divides, somewhat deeply into the
true skin. It then draws the prong out a little way, and it assumes a crimson^ colour
as the mandibles come into brisk operation. The previously shrunken belly swells
out, and if undisturbed, the fly quietly departs when it is full. A slight itching
irritation follows the bite. In the ox the immediate effects are no greater than in
man; but a few days afterwards the eye and nose begin to run, the cough starts, a
swelling appears under the jaw, and sometimes at the navel; and though the poor
creature continues to graze, emaciation commences, accompanied with a peculiar
flaccidity of the muscles. This proceeds unchecked until, perhaps months
afterwards, purging comes on, and the victim dies in a state of extreme exhaustion.
The animals which are in good condition often perish soon after the bite is
inflicted, with staggering and blindness, as if the brain were affected. Sudden
changes of tempera-tuie produced by falls of rain seem to hasten the progress of
the complaint; but in general the wasting goes on for months.
118
(7) Turbine Characteristics With Respect to Form of Blade Passages
Impulse Turbine.—Lt may be defined as a system in which all steam expansion
takes place in fixed nozzles and none occurs in passages among moving blades.
A Single-State or Simple-Impulse Turbine.— Here the steam expands from its
initial to its final pressure in one nozzle (or one set of nozzles, all working at the
same pressure), resulting in a steam jet of high velocity which enters the blade
passages and, by exerting a force on them due to being deflected in direction, turns
the rotor. Energy of all forms remaining in the steam after it leaves the single row
of blading is lost.
The steam volume increases whenever the pressure decreases, but the resulting
velocity changes depend on the type of turbine. As a matter, of fact, these velocity
changes are distinguishing characteristics of the different types.
A Velocity-Stage Impulse Turbine has one set of nozzles, with several rows of
blades following it. In passing from the nozzle exit through one set of blades, the
velocity of the steam is lowered by virtue of the work done on the blades but is still
high. It then passes through a row of fixed guide blades which change the direction
of the steam until it flows approximately parallel to the original nozzle direction,
discharging it into a second row of blading fixed to the same wheel. The second
row again lowers the steam velocity by virtue of the work delivered to the wheel.
A second set of guide blades and a third row of moving blades are sometimes used.
The steam enters through a steam strainer and governor valve into a steam chest
supplying the various nozzles spaced around a portion of the periphery. Individual
nozzles may be opened or closed by a hand-wheel on the stem of the nozzle-
control valve. The turbine wheel is mounted on a shaft which passes through the
casing to bearings outside, carbon packing being used in the shaft glands of this
turbine to maintain steam tightness. The governor is mounted on the right-hand
end of the shaft and operates the balanced piston governor valve through a lever
and link. On the left end of the shaft goes the coupling for attaching the driven
machinery. (E.M.)
113(8) Some Notes on 'Poetry
Taking English Poetry in the common sense of the word, as a peculiar form of the
language, we find that it differs from prose mainly in having a regular succession
of accented syllables. In short it possesses metre as its chief characteristic feature.
Every line is divided into so many feet, composed of short and long syllables
arranged according to certain laws of prosody. With a regular Toot-fall the voice
steps or matches along the line, keeping time like the soldier on drill, or the
musician among his bars. In many languages syllables have a quantity, which
makes them intrinsically long or short; but in English poetry that syllable
alone is long on which an accent falls. Poets, therefore, in the use of that license
which they have, or take, sometimes shift an accent to suit their measure. The in-
version of the order of words, within certain limits, is a necessary consequence of
throwing language into a metrical form. Poetry, then, differs from prose, in the first
place, in having metre; and as a consequence of this, in adopting an unusual
arrangement of words and phrases... We must have, in addition to the metrical
form, the use of uncommon words and turns of expressions, to lift the language
above the. level of written prose. Shakespeare, instead of saying, as he would, no
doubt, have done in telling a ghost story to his wife, "The clock then striking one",
puts into the mouth of the sentinel, Bernardo, "The bell then beating one". When
Thomson describes „the spring-ploughing, the ox becomes a steer, the plough is
the shining share, and the upturned earth appears in this verse as the globe. The use
of periphrasis here comes largely to the poet's aid. Birds are children of the sky,
songsters of the grove, tuneful choirs etc.; ice is a chrystal floor, or a sheet of
polished steel. These are almost all figurative forms, and it is partly by the
abundant use of figures that the higher level of speech is gained.. (M. S.)
(9) Of Studies
•' Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for
delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,
is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can 120

execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and
the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend
too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is
affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar:
they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like
natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth
directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men
condemn studies; simple men admire them and wise men use them; for they teach
not their own use; but what is a wisdom without them and above them, won by
observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for
granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are
to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that
is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not curiously; and
some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also
may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be
only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled
books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;
conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write
little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have-a
present wit; and if he read little, he need have much cunning, to seem to know that
he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle;
natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend:
"Abeunt studia in mores";* there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be
wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the. body may have appropriate
exercises: bowling is good for the tone and veins, shooting for the lungs and breast,
gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head and the like; so if a man's wit
be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be
called away ever so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish
or find difference, let him study schoolmen; for they are
"Studies become habits."
121"Cymini sectors".* If he be not apt to beat over matters, and so call up one
thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer's cases; so every
defect of' the mind may have a special receipt. (Fr. Вас.)
(10) London in 1689
He who then rambled to what is now the gayest and most crowded part of Regent
Street found himself in a solitude, and was sometimes so fortunate as to have a
shot at a woodcock. On the north the Oxford road ran between hedges. Three of
four hundred yards to the south were the garden walls of a few great houses, which
were considered as quite out of town. On the west was a meadow renowned for a
spring from which, long afterwards, Conduit Street was named. On the east was a
field not to be passed without a shudder by any Londoner of that age. There, as in a
place far from the haunts of men, had been dug, twenty years before, when the
great plague was raging, a pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by
scores. It was popularly believed that the earth was deeply tainted with infection,
and could not be disturbed without imminent risk to human life. No foundations
were laid there till two generations have passed without any return of the
pestilence, and till the ghastly spot had long been surrounded by buildings.
We should greatly err if we were to suppose that any of the streets and squares then
bore the same aspect as at present. The great majority of the houses, indeed, have,
since that time, been wholly, or in great part, rebuilt. If the most fashionable parts
of the capital could be placed before us, such as they then were, we should be
disgusted by their squalid appearance, and poisoned by their noisome atmosphere.
When such was the state of the region inhabited by the most luxurious portion of
society, we may easily believe that the great body of the population suffered what
would now be considered as insupportable grievances. The pavement was
detestable; all foreigners cried shame upon it. The drainage was so bad that in rainy
weather the gutters
hair-splitters
122
soon became torrents. This flood was profusely thrown to right and left by coaches
and carts. To keep as far from the carriage road as possible was therefore the wish
of every pedestrian. The mild and the timid gave the wall. The bold and athletic
took it.
The houses were not numbered. There would indeed have been little advantage in
numbering them; for of the coachmen, chairmen, porters, and errand boys of
London, a very small proportion could read. It was necessary to use marks which
the most ignorant could understand. The shops were therefore distinguished by
painted or sculptured signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets.
The walk from Charing Cross to Whitechapel lay through an endless succession of
Saracens' Heads, Royal Oaks, Blue Bears, and Golden Lambs, which disappeared
when they were no longer required for the direction of the common people.
i
When the evening closed in, the difficulty and danger of walking about London
became serious indeed. The garret windows were opened and pails were emptied,
with little regard to those who were passing below. Falls, bruises, and broken
bones were of constant occurrence. For, /till the last year of the reign of Charles the
Second, most of the streets were left in profound darkness. Thieves and robbers
plied their trade with impunity: yet they were hardly so terrible to peaceable
citizens as another class of ruffians. It was a favourite amusement of dissolute
young gentlemen to swagger by night about the town, breaking windows, upsetting
sedans, beating quiet men, and offering rude caresses to pretty women. The
machinery for keeping the peace was utterly contemptible. There was an Act of
Common Council which provided that more than a thousand watchmen should be
constantly on the alert in the city, from sunset to sunrise, and that every inhabitant
should take his turn of duty. But this Act was negligently executed. Few of those
who were summoned left their homes: and those few generally found it more
agreeable to drink in alehouses than to pace the streets.
In the last year of the reign of Charles the Second, an ingenious Londoner, named
Edward Heming, obtained letters patent conveying to him, for a term of years, the
exclusive right of lighting up London. He undertook, for a moderate consideration
to place a light before every tenth
123

(6) Represented Speech

I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15(4) Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords:
3.12. p.m.
Defamation Bill
...Viscount SIMON: The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of
much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is
natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with
the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the
view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say
that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present
time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries
under the British Flag where; I understand, there was a change in the law, to a
greater or less degree, in the direction which the' noble and learned Earl so
earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the
view that the case for resisting the noble Earl's Amendment is not overwhelming,
so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is
practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing
statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible
way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of
which run into some conflict.
(July 28, 1952)
(5) Letter to Lord Chesterfield
February 7th, 1755 My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in
which my "Dictionary" is recommended to the public, were written by your
Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour, which, being very little accustomed
to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive or in what terms to
acknowledge.
When, with some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was
overpowered, like the rest of mankind, 116
by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might
bo^st myself "Le yainqueur du vain-queur de la terre",—that I might obtain that
regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little
encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I
had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and
no man is well pleased tohavehisallneglected.be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms or
was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my
work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at
last to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of
encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never
had a patron before. The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and
found him a native of the rocks. Is not a patron, My Lord, one who looks with un-
concern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice you have been pleased to take of my labours,
had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not
want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not to confess obligations when no
benefit has been received; or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as
owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of
learning, I shall now be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be
possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which
I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most obedient Servant Sam Jonson
(6) A Popular Account of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(by D. Livingstone)
117We had come through another tsetse district by night... This insect, Glossina
morsitants of the naturalist, is not much larger than the common house-fly, and is
nearly of the same brown colour as the honey-bee. The after part of the body has
three or four yellow bars across it. It is remarkably alert, and evades dexterously all
attempts to capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In the cool of the
mornings and evenings it is less agile. Its peculiar buzz when once heard can never
be forgotten by the traveller whose means of locomotions are domestic animals;
for its bite is death, to the ox, horse and dog. In this journey, though we watched
the animals carefully, and believe that not a score "of flies were ever upon them,
they destroyed forty-three fine oxen. A most remarkable feature is Ihe perfect
harmlessness of the bite in man and wild animals, and even calves so long as they
continue to suck the cows, though it is no protection to the dog, to feed him on
milk.
The poison does not seem to be injected by a sting, or by ova placed beneath the
skin, for when the insect is allowed to feed freely on the hand, it inserts the middle
prong of three portions, into which the proboscis divides, somewhat deeply into the
true skin. It then draws the prong out a little way, and it assumes a crimson^ colour
as the mandibles come into brisk operation. The previously shrunken belly swells
out, and if undisturbed, the fly quietly departs when it is full. A slight itching
irritation follows the bite. In the ox the immediate effects are no greater than in
man; but a few days afterwards the eye and nose begin to run, the cough starts, a
swelling appears under the jaw, and sometimes at the navel; and though the poor
creature continues to graze, emaciation commences, accompanied with a peculiar
flaccidity of the muscles. This proceeds unchecked until, perhaps months
afterwards, purging comes on, and the victim dies in a state of extreme exhaustion.
The animals which are in good condition often perish soon after the bite is
inflicted, with staggering and blindness, as if the brain were affected. Sudden
changes of tempera-tuie produced by falls of rain seem to hasten the progress of
the complaint; but in general the wasting goes on for months.
118
(7) Turbine Characteristics With Respect to Form of Blade Passages
Impulse Turbine.—Lt may be defined as a system in which all steam expansion
takes place in fixed nozzles and none occurs in passages among moving blades.
A Single-State or Simple-Impulse Turbine.— Here the steam expands from its
initial to its final pressure in one nozzle (or one set of nozzles, all working at the
same pressure), resulting in a steam jet of high velocity which enters the blade
passages and, by exerting a force on them due to being deflected in direction, turns
the rotor. Energy of all forms remaining in the steam after it leaves the single row
of blading is lost.
The steam volume increases whenever the pressure decreases, but the resulting
velocity changes depend on the type of turbine. As a matter, of fact, these velocity
changes are distinguishing characteristics of the different types.
A Velocity-Stage Impulse Turbine has one set of nozzles, with several rows of
blades following it. In passing from the nozzle exit through one set of blades, the
velocity of the steam is lowered by virtue of the work done on the blades but is still
high. It then passes through a row of fixed guide blades which change the direction
of the steam until it flows approximately parallel to the original nozzle direction,
discharging it into a second row of blading fixed to the same wheel. The second
row again lowers the steam velocity by virtue of the work delivered to the wheel.
A second set of guide blades and a third row of moving blades are sometimes used.
The steam enters through a steam strainer and governor valve into a steam chest
supplying the various nozzles spaced around a portion of the periphery. Individual
nozzles may be opened or closed by a hand-wheel on the stem of the nozzle-
control valve. The turbine wheel is mounted on a shaft which passes through the
casing to bearings outside, carbon packing being used in the shaft glands of this
turbine to maintain steam tightness. The governor is mounted on the right-hand
end of the shaft and operates the balanced piston governor valve through a lever
and link. On the left end of the shaft goes the coupling for attaching the driven
machinery. (E.M.)
113(8) Some Notes on 'Poetry
Taking English Poetry in the common sense of the word, as a peculiar form of the
language, we find that it differs from prose mainly in having a regular succession
of accented syllables. In short it possesses metre as its chief characteristic feature.
Every line is divided into so many feet, composed of short and long syllables
arranged according to certain laws of prosody. With a regular Toot-fall the voice
steps or matches along the line, keeping time like the soldier on drill, or the
musician among his bars. In many languages syllables have a quantity, which
makes them intrinsically long or short; but in English poetry that syllable
alone is long on which an accent falls. Poets, therefore, in the use of that license
which they have, or take, sometimes shift an accent to suit their measure. The in-
version of the order of words, within certain limits, is a necessary consequence of
throwing language into a metrical form. Poetry, then, differs from prose, in the first
place, in having metre; and as a consequence of this, in adopting an unusual
arrangement of words and phrases... We must have, in addition to the metrical
form, the use of uncommon words and turns of expressions, to lift the language
above the. level of written prose. Shakespeare, instead of saying, as he would, no
doubt, have done in telling a ghost story to his wife, "The clock then striking one",
puts into the mouth of the sentinel, Bernardo, "The bell then beating one". When
Thomson describes „the spring-ploughing, the ox becomes a steer, the plough is
the shining share, and the upturned earth appears in this verse as the globe. The use
of periphrasis here comes largely to the poet's aid. Birds are children of the sky,
songsters of the grove, tuneful choirs etc.; ice is a chrystal floor, or a sheet of
polished steel. These are almost all figurative forms, and it is partly by the
abundant use of figures that the higher level of speech is gained.. (M. S.)
(9) Of Studies
•' Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for
delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,
is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can 120

execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and
the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend
too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is
affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar:
they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like
natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth
directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men
condemn studies; simple men admire them and wise men use them; for they teach
not their own use; but what is a wisdom without them and above them, won by
observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for
granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are
to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that
is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not curiously; and
some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also
may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be
only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled
books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;
conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write
little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have-a
present wit; and if he read little, he need have much cunning, to seem to know that
he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle;
natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend:
"Abeunt studia in mores";* there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be
wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the. body may have appropriate
exercises: bowling is good for the tone and veins, shooting for the lungs and breast,
gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head and the like; so if a man's wit
be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be
called away ever so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish
or find difference, let him study schoolmen; for they are
"Studies become habits."
121"Cymini sectors".* If he be not apt to beat over matters, and so call up one
thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer's cases; so every
defect of' the mind may have a special receipt. (Fr. Вас.)
(10) London in 1689
He who then rambled to what is now the gayest and most crowded part of Regent
Street found himself in a solitude, and was sometimes so fortunate as to have a
shot at a woodcock. On the north the Oxford road ran between hedges. Three of
four hundred yards to the south were the garden walls of a few great houses, which
were considered as quite out of town. On the west was a meadow renowned for a
spring from which, long afterwards, Conduit Street was named. On the east was a
field not to be passed without a shudder by any Londoner of that age. There, as in a
place far from the haunts of men, had been dug, twenty years before, when the
great plague was raging, a pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by
scores. It was popularly believed that the earth was deeply tainted with infection,
and could not be disturbed without imminent risk to human life. No foundations
were laid there till two generations have passed without any return of the
pestilence, and till the ghastly spot had long been surrounded by buildings.
We should greatly err if we were to suppose that any of the streets and squares then
bore the same aspect as at present. The great majority of the houses, indeed, have,
since that time, been wholly, or in great part, rebuilt. If the most fashionable parts
of the capital could be placed before us, such as they then were, we should be
disgusted by their squalid appearance, and poisoned by their noisome atmosphere.
When such was the state of the region inhabited by the most luxurious portion of
society, we may easily believe that the great body of the population suffered what
would now be considered as insupportable grievances. The pavement was
detestable; all foreigners cried shame upon it. The drainage was so bad that in rainy
weather the gutters
hair-splitters
122
soon became torrents. This flood was profusely thrown to right and left by coaches
and carts. To keep as far from the carriage road as possible was therefore the wish
of every pedestrian. The mild and the timid gave the wall. The bold and athletic
took it.
The houses were not numbered. There would indeed have been little advantage in
numbering them; for of the coachmen, chairmen, porters, and errand boys of
London, a very small proportion could read. It was necessary to use marks which
the most ignorant could understand. The shops were therefore distinguished by
painted or sculptured signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets.
The walk from Charing Cross to Whitechapel lay through an endless succession of
Saracens' Heads, Royal Oaks, Blue Bears, and Golden Lambs, which disappeared
when they were no longer required for the direction of the common people.
i
When the evening closed in, the difficulty and danger of walking about London
became serious indeed. The garret windows were opened and pails were emptied,
with little regard to those who were passing below. Falls, bruises, and broken
bones were of constant occurrence. For, /till the last year of the reign of Charles the
Second, most of the streets were left in profound darkness. Thieves and robbers
plied their trade with impunity: yet they were hardly so terrible to peaceable
citizens as another class of ruffians. It was a favourite amusement of dissolute
young gentlemen to swagger by night about the town, breaking windows, upsetting
sedans, beating quiet men, and offering rude caresses to pretty women. The
machinery for keeping the peace was utterly contemptible. There was an Act of
Common Council which provided that more than a thousand watchmen should be
constantly on the alert in the city, from sunset to sunrise, and that every inhabitant
should take his turn of duty. But this Act was negligently executed. Few of those
who were summoned left their homes: and those few generally found it more
agreeable to drink in alehouses than to pace the streets.
In the last year of the reign of Charles the Second, an ingenious Londoner, named
Edward Heming, obtained letters patent conveying to him, for a term of years, the
exclusive right of lighting up London. He undertook, for a moderate consideration
to place a light before every tenth
123

door, on moonless nights, from Michaelmas* to Lady Day,** and from ' six to
twelve o'clock. Those who now see the capital all the year round, from dusk to
dawn, blazing with light, may perhaps smile to think of Fleming's lanterns, which
glimmered feebly before one house in ten during a small part of one night in three.
(Th.M.)
(11) Dependent
STUDENTS who want a bigger, say in the running of universities will be
reinforced in their view by the latest effort of the vice-chancellor of Liverpool
University, and some other academics.
Today these allegedly wise and learned individuals issue, under the patronage of
the Right-Wing Institute of Economic Affairs a statement of the "urgency of
establishing an independent university".
By "independent" they mean one which is dependent on finance from rich private
individuals and Big Business, instead of from the Government.
It is a monstrous misuse of the English language to claim that such a university
would be independent. It would depend entirely on the good will of the rich, and
would find its finances cut off immediately if it displeased them.
Universities already have to rely too much on Big Business sources of finance,
including from US and other firms engaged in war preparations.
Whatever criticisms there may be about the Government's part in their finance at
any rate there is some possibility of democratic control over the public money
allocated to the universities.
There would be none if it all came as aVesult of boardroom decisions. (M. S.
3.1.1969)
(12) No to NED
SCOTTISH miners know from their own experience what Tory planning means. In
the Scottish coalfield Government planning aims to close pits employing 5,000
men..
* 29th September '** 25th March
124
This is a plan for poverty and the Scottish area of the National Union of
Mineworkers is resisting it. It ought to be able to count on the Trades Union
Congress for help.
But the T.U.C. leaders by a majority have decided to join Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's
National Economic Development Council. They are thus to take part in the work of
an organisation set up by the Tories to carry out Tory economic policy.
The T.U.C. chiefs say they will be able to criticize the Government's proposals.
They can do so mojre effectively if they refrain from wedding NED.
By joining NED, the T.U.C. weakens the fight against Tory pay-pause policies and
the Tory Government. Mr. Gaitskell will have a convenient excuse to soft-pedal
Labour's attack.
He will be able to trot out arguments against embarrassing "our T.U.C. friends who
are engaged in complicated and delicate discussions" and so forth.
The T.U.C. should be told to keep out of NED and help to smash the pay-pause
instead. (D. W. 30.1.1962)
(13) American Rocket Launched
Cape Canaveral, Friday.
A 100-FOOT high Atlas-Agena rocket streaked into the sky here today carrying
robot spacecraft which it was hoped would photograph the moon at close range and
crashland instruments on it.
The rocket soared like a silver streak into the cloudless sky, its rocket engines
thundering back and the almost white light of the spewing flames becoming a pin-
point.
The rocket was still in view three minutes after launch as it streaked into the upper
atmosphere.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration announced the Atlas booster had
burned out on time five minutes after launch at an altitude of about 150 miles.
The rocket and its space capsule was then coasting for about half a minute before
explosive charges were due to release the Agena second-stage rocket from the
Atlas.
■'■
125
(6) Represented Speech
I. Classify the following examples of represented speech into represented inner and
represented uttered speech.
1. Me looked at the distant green wall. It would be a long walk in this rain, and a
muddy one. He was tired and he was depressed. His toes squelched in his shoes.
Anyway, what would they find? Lot of trees. (J.)
2. I shook her as hard as I could. I'd done it in play before, when she'd asked me to
hurt her, please hurt her; but this time I was in brutal earnest... (J. Br.)
3. ".. .You ought to make a good mural decorator some day, if you have the
inclination," Boyle went on, "You've got the sense of beauty." The roots of
Eugene's hair tingled. So art was coming to him. This man saw his capacity. He
really had art in him. (Dr.)
4. Ottilie should have been the happiest girl in Port-au-Prince. As Baby said to
her, look at all the things that can be put to your credit: you have a lovely light
color, even almost blue eyes, and such a pretty, sweet face—there is no girl on the
road with steadier customers, every one of them ready to buy you all the beer you
can drink. (Т. С.)
5. He held the cigarette in his mouth, tasting it, feeling its roundness, for a long
time before he lit it. Then with a sigh, feeling, well, I've earned it, he lit the
cigarette. (I.Sh.)
6. She hadn't wanted to marry him or anyone else, for that matter, unless'it was
someone like her father. But there was no one like her father. No one she had ever
seen. So, oh, well, what's the diff! You have to get married some time. (E.F.)
7. For once Wilson's hand (of cards) was poor, and after staying a round because
he was the heavy winner, he dropped out. When the campaign was over* he told
himself, he was going to drum up some way of making liquor. There was a mess
sergeant over in Charley Company who must have made two thousand of them
pounds, the way he sold a quart for five pounds. All a man needed was sugar and
yeast and some of them cans of peaches or apri-, cots. In anticipation he felt a
warm mellow glow in his chest. Why, you could even make it with less. Cousin
Ed, he remembered, had used molasses and raisins, and his stuff had been passing
decent.
100 • '
For a moment, though, Wilson was dejected. If he was going to fix himself any, he
would have to steal all the makings from the mess tent some night, and he'd have
to find a place to hide it for a couple of days. And then he'd need a good little nook
where he could leave the mash. It couldn't be too near the bivouac or anybody
might be stumbling onto it and yet it shouldn't be too far if a man wanted to siphon
off a little in a hurry.
There was just gonna be a lot of problems to it, unless he waited till the campaign
was over and they were in permanent ' bivouac1; But that was gonna take too long
It might be even three or four months. Wilson began to feel restless. There was just
too much figgering a man had to do if he wanted to get anything for himself in the
Army. (J.H.)
II. Discuss lexical and grammatical phenomena characterizing represented inner
speech.
1. Then he would bring her back with him to New-York—he, Eugene Witla,
already famous in the East. Already the lure of the big eastern city was in his mind,
its palaces, its wealth, its fame. It was the great world he knew, this side of Paris
and London. He would go to it now, shortly. What would he be there? How great?
How soon? So he dreamed. (Dr.)
2. Angela looked at him with swimming eyes. He was really different from
anything she had ever known, young, artistic, imaginative, ambitious. He was
going out into a world which she had longed for but never hoped to see-that of art.
Here one was 'telling her of his prospective art studies, and talking of Paris. What
a wonderful thing! (Dr.)
3 Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could not remain away. She
must see him—give him a chance to explain. She must make him understand that it
was not want of love but fear of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept
her so sensitive, aloof, remote. (D.)
4. And then he laughed at himself. He was getting nervy and het up like everybody
else in the house. (Ch.)
III. Indicate characteristic features of represented uttered speech.
1011. I then found a couple of stale letters to reread, one from my wife ... and one
from my mother-in-law, asking me to please send her some cashmere yarn. (S.)
2. The Mayor of Maycomb asked us to please help the garbage collector by
dumping our own trees and trash. (H.L.)
3. Angela, who was taking in every detail of Eugene's old friend, replied in what
seemed an affected tone that no, she wasn't used to studio life: she was just from
the country, you know—a regular farmer girl—Blackwood, Wisconsin, no
less!.. (Dr.)
4. Rosita sniffed and... in her well-bottom voice declared that yes, it was better
that they stay out of the sun, as it seemed to be affecting Ottilie's head. (Т. С.)
5. Certainly he had seen nobody remotely resembling the photograph of Gowan.
Was there anybody at all like what Gowan would be if clean-shaven? Well, there
now, that was asking something that was. Had the Inspector any idea what a
'edge-'og would look like without its spikes? (D. S.)
6. .. .the servants summoned Jby the passing maid without a bell being rung,
and quick, quick, let all this luggage be taken down into the hall and let one of
you call a cab. (J.C.)
7. He kept thinking he would write to her—he had no other girl acquaintance now;
and just before he entered art school he did this, penning a little note saying that he
remembered so pleasantly their ride; and when was she coming? (Dr.)
8. "... So I've come to be servant to you." "How much do you want?"
"I don't know. My keep, I suppose." Yes, she could cook. Yes, she could wash.
Yes, she could mend, she could darn. She knew how to shop a market. (D. du M.)
EXCERPTS FOR DETAILED LEXICO-SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC
ANALYSIS*
1. The stables—-I believe they have been replaced by television studios—were on
West Sixty-sixth street. Holly
* In these exercises major attention is to be paid to functional analysis of the
discussed SD with the aim of establishing their role in the expressiveness of the
given excerpts.
,102
г
| selected for me an old sway-back biack-and-white mare: "Don't wory, she's safer
than a cradle." Which, in my case,
I was a necessary guarantee, for ten-cent pony rides at childhood carnivals were
the limit of my equestrian experience. (T.C.)
2. But you never did look at Vida Shermin in detail. You couldn't. Her electric
activity veiled her. She was as energetic as a chipmunk. Her fingers fluttered; her
sympathy came out in spurts; she sat on the edge of a chair in eagerness to be near
her auditor, to send her enthusiasm and optimism across. (S. L.)
3. Death suddenly slipped into the big room dartingly like a boxer on silent
resigned feet moving pantherishly in to punch. (J.)
4. As Prew listened the mobile face before him melted to a battle-blackened skull
as though a flamethrower had passed over it, kissed it lightly, and moved on. The
skull talked on to him about his health. (J.)
5. The sun seemed hotter than ever, and sweat crept down my chest with a faint
verminous tickling. A large brown dog ran up to me, his whole bearing
demonstrating a mistaken certainty that I'd been waiting all day lor just such a one
as him. On my recommendation his immediate departure, he gave an abrupt,
crashing bark, like a rifleshot on the sound-track of a film about British India, and,
with the demeanour of one making a lightning change of plans, ran off with all his
strength after an invalid-car that was just popping its way round a distant corner.
His bark came fairly back to me through the humidity. I envied him his committed
air. (K. A.)
6. He refused a taxi... Exercise, he thought, and no drinking at least a month.
That's what does it. The drinking. Beer, martinis, have another. And the way your
head felt in the morning. (I.Sh.)
7. He was a tall thin man, with a face rather like Mark Twain's, black eye-brows
which bristled and shot up, a bitten drooping grey moustache, and fuzzy gney hair;
but his eyes were like owl's eyes, piercing, melancholy, dark brown, and gave to
his rugged face an extraordinary expression of spirit remote from the flesh
which had captured it. (G.)
8. The carriage appeared to her io be swimming amid waves over great depths.
Then she was aware of a heavy
103weight against her shoulder; she slipped down Chiras, unconscious...
Later, Sophia seemed to be revisiting the sea on whose waves the cab had swum;
but now she was under the sea, in a watery gulf, terribly deep; and the sounds of
the world came to her through .the water, sudden and strange. Hands seized her
and forced her from the subaqueous grotto where she had hidden into new alarms.
And she briefly perceived that there was a large bath by the side of the bed, and
that she was being pushed into it. (A. B.)
9. As brisk as bees, if not altogether as light as fairies, did the four Pickwickians
assemble on the morning of the twenty-second day of December, in the year of
grace in which these, their faithfully-recorded adventures, were undertaken and
accomplished. Christmas was close at hand, in all his bluff and hearty honesty; it
was 'the season of hospitality, merriment and open-heartedness; the old year was
preparing, like an ancient philosopher, to call his friends around him, and amid the
sound of feasting and revelry to pass gently and calmly away. Gay and merry was
the time; and right gay and merry were at least four of the numerous hearts that
were gladdened by its coming. (D.)
,10. This print represented fifteen sisters, all of the same height and slimness of
figure, all of the same age—about twenty-five or so, and all with exactly the same
haughty and bored beauty. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial
resemblance between them; their demeanour indicated that they were princesses,
offspring of some impossibly prolific king and queen. Those hands had never
toiled, nor had those features ever relaxed from .the smile of courts. The princesses
moved in a landscape of marble steps and verandahs, with a bandstand and strange
trees in the distance. One was in a riding-habit, another in evening attire, another
dressed for tea, another for 'the theatre; another seemed to be ready to go to bed.
One held a' little girl by the hand; it could not be her own little girl, for 'these
princesses were far beyond human passions. Where had she obtained the little girl?
Why was one sister going to the theatre, another to tea, another to the stable, and
another to bed? Why was one in a heavy mantle, and another sheltering from the
sun's rays under a parasole? The picture was drenched in mystery, and the strangest
104
thing about it was that all these highnesses were apparently content with the most
ridiculous and outmoded fashions. Absurd hats, with veils flying behind; absurd
bonnets, fitting close to the head, and spotted; absurd coiffures that nearly lay on
the nape; absurd clumsy sleeves; absurd waists, almost above the elbow's level;
absurd scalloped jackets! (A. B.)
11. We came to the chapel. I have passed it really in my walks, twice or thrice; it
lies in a hollow, between two hills; an elevated hollow, near a swamp, whose peaty
moisture is said to answer all the purposes of embalming on the few corpses
deposited there. The roof has been kept whole hitherto; but as the clergyman's
stipend is only twenty pounds per annum, and a house with two rooms, threatening
speedily to determine into one, no clergyman will undertake the duties of pastor:
especially as it is currently reported that his flock would rather let him starve than
increase the living by one penny from their own pockets. However, in my dream,
Jabes had a full and attentive congregation; and he preached—good God! what a
sermon: divided into four hundred and ninety parts, each fully equal to an ordinary
address from the pulpit, and each discussing a separate sinl Where he searched for
them, I cannot 'tell. He had his private manner of interpreting the phrase, and it
seemed necessary the brother should sin different sins on every occasion. They
were of the most curious character: odd transgressions that I never imagined
previously.
Oh! how weary I grew! How I writhed, and yawned, and nodded, and revived!
How I pinched and pricked myself, and. rubbed my eyes, and stood up, and sat
down again, and nudged Joseph to inform me if he would ever have done. I was
condemned to hear all out: finally he reached the First of the Seventy-first. At that
crisis a sudden inspiration descended on me; I was moved to rise and denounce
Jabes Branderham as the sinner of the sin no Christian should pardon.
"Sir!" I exclaimed, "sitting here within these four walls, at one stretch, I have
endured and forgiven the four hundred and ninety heads of your discourse. Seventy
times seven times have I plucked my hat and been about to depart—Seventy times
seven times have you preposterously forced me to resume my seat. The four
hundred and ninety-first is too much. Fellow-martyrs, have at him! Drag him
105down, and crush him to atoms that the place which knows him may know him
no more!" (E. Br.)
12. "The old gentleman again!" he would exclaim, "a very prepossessing old
gentleman, Mr. Richard,—charming countenance, sir—extremely calm—
benevolence in every feature, sir. He quite realizes my idea of King Lear, as he
appears when in possession of his kingdom, Mr. Richard— the same good humour,
the same white hair and partial baldness, the same liability to be imposed upon.
.Ah! A sweet subject for contemplation, sir, very sweet!" (D.)
13. You look out of the window, twilight is falling, agony; you are shut in. The
air is cool, smells sweet. You are shut in. You are shut in and your heart is shut in
and it tries to get out and it stifles you and grows, it grows, and your being is
dissolved, it dissolves in longing, you do not know what is happening to your life,
you think of the others around you, the man who walks to and fro in his cell from
the time he is shut in at night till the door is opened again in the morning, whose
silence you have never heard, who cannot bear it: of the men in the trenches, and
you want to be free with them, for air, sweet air and the sky overhead; you hear
tapping in the walls, it is the men who are talking to each other, who have to talk to
each other, to tell each other itheir names, their age, who have learned this
complicated code to communicate nonsense to each other because the silence is
unbearable to them; then you think of the men on bread and water and in darkness
because somehow they are always in trouble, because they cannot help
fighting, questioning every authority, and suddenly your misery, your utter
frustration fades, the vibration ceases; you are calm. (J. Rod.)
IV. GUIDE TO GRAPHICAL AND PHONETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS
(1) Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions
which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stress. We refer
here to emphatic use of punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a
word.
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the
speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical SD—aposiopesis,
rhetorical
106
question, suspense, and may be not connected with any other SD: 'And there,
drinking at the bar was—Finneyl'
(R.Ch.)
The changed type (italics, bojd type, etc.) or spelling (multiplication—'laaarge',
'rrruin'; hyphenation—'des-pise', 'g-irl', etc.) are used to indicate the additional
stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
There is no correlation between the type of graphical means and the type of
intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality
of emotions inherent in intonation.
(2) Phonetic expressive means—alliteration, onomatopoeia and others—deal with
the sound instrumenting of the utterance and are mainly found in poerty.
Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the ensuing
violation of the accepted spelling— graphon—is characteristic of prose only and is
used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary
(tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent
factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).
Permanent graphon is vastly used by some modern' writers in England (A. Sillitoe,
S. Chaplin, D, Storey, and others) and by Negro and military-novel writers in
America (R. Wright, J. Baldwin, J. Jones, J. Hersey, and others).
EXERCISES
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:*
1. ".. .1 ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2. .. .on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that
summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. ".. .Adieu you, old man, grey. I pity you, and I despise you." (D.)
4. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in
North Africa. (S.)
* For the use of emphatic punctuation turn to corresponding syntactical stylistic
means (rhetorical question, aposiopesis, suspense, etc.).
107
■ /5. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of
game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall
tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
6. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
7. You have no conception no conception of what we are fighting over here.
(H.L.)
8. "Oh, what's the difference, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know." (S.)
9. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity
of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
10. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, nowl I'm desperate. / am desperate, Ed, do you
hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
11. It was almost three o'clock when Mary Jane finally found Eloise's house. She
explained to Eloise, who came out to the drive-way to meet her, that everything
had been absolutely perfect, that she had remembered the way exactly, until
she had turned off the Merrick Parkway. Eloise said, "Merritt Parkway, baby"...
Eloise asked Mary Jane how it happened that she had the day off. Mary Jane said
she didn't have the whole day off; it was just that Mr. Weynburg had a hernia and
was home in Larchmont, and she had to bring him his mail... She asked Eloise,
"Just what exactly is hernia, anyway?" Eloise, dropping her cigarette on the soiled
snow underfoot, said she didn't actually know but that Mary Jane didn't have
to worry much about getting one...
"No," Eloise was saying, "It was actually red" . . . "I heard it was blond," Mary
Jane repeated. "Uh-uh. Definitely." Eloise yawned. "I was almost in the room with
her when she dyed it" ... (S.)
12. ...When Will's ma was down here keeping-Jiouse for him—she used to run in
to see me, real oftenl (S. L.)
11. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
108 ,,:
. 3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible.
(Sc.F.)
4. .. .he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp
and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard...
(O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets.
She is—or rather
was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, > ^ He sings a song that
can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird. The wicky,
wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house... But snug he lived inside his
house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its
function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train
came into the station. (A. S.)
2. "I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it."
(Th. W.)
3. I had only this one year of working without shhh!
(D.C.)
4. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
5. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the
beach. (I. Sh.)
6. f'Sh—sh."
"But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
7. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me.
(T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes
which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in
graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, e,tc.):
T. >"What is that?"
"A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
1093. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'4s that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would
nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev,
reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" o} Boston Irish, and Levy
looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat
playing." (N.M.)
7. ".. .Ford automobile ... operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. .. .she returned to Mexico City at noon.
Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the
blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They
know that the last thing he'd
do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J.Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of
permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of
usage.
1. "I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with
satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma,—I gotta lotta things
to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They
U0
say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them
onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike.
(J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the
boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to
read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to
it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you."
(J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise
we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're
gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful—whatsamatter with your face?"
(J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here?
Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I. Sh.)
12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. ". . . for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly
possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
Ill15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. You been in the army what now? Five years? Fivenahalf? It's about time
f6r you to get over bein a punk ree-croot. (J.)
17. "What you gonna do, Mouse?" (J. K.)
18. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner
early. Willya?" (S.)
19. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
20. .. .looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?"
(S.)
21. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I.Sh.)
22. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
CHAPTER 111 FUNCTIONAL STYLES
The forthcoming samples of English functional styles, among which, after Prof. I.
R. Galperin,* we differentiate official, scientific, publicist, newspaper and belles-
lettres style, present examples only of the first four, for the last one is duly
represented in the preceding and following chapters of the manual.
I. Analyse the following, indicating basic style-forming characteristics of each
discussed style and tne overlapping features. ,,.'■;•
(1) Supplement to Tank Steamer Voyage Charter Party
War Risk Clauses
1. The Master shall not be required or bound to sign • Bills of Lading for any
blocaded port or for any port
which the Master or Owners in his or their discretion consider dangerous or
impossible to enter or reach.
2. A. If any port of discharge named in this charter party or to which the vessel
may properly be ordered pursuant to the terms of the Bill of Lading be blocaded, or
B. If owing to any war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions,
revolutions, or the opera-<tion of the international law (a) entry to any such port of
discharge of cargo intended for any such port be considered by the Master or
Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or prohibited or (b) it be considered by
the Master or Owners in his or their discretion dangerous or impossible for the
vessel to reach such discharging port—the cargo or such part of it as may be
affected shall be discharged at any, other safe port in the vicinity of the said
* /. R. Galperin. Ocherki po stilistike anglijskogo jazika. Mosc, 1958, p. 342—344.
8 Заказ № S3
113port of discharge as may be ordered by the Charterers (provided such other port
is not blocaded or that entry thereto or discharge of cargo thereat is not in Master's
or Owners' discretion dangerous or prohibited). If no such orders be received from
the Charterers within 48 hours after they or their agents have received from the
Owners a request for the nomination of a substitute discharging port, the Owners
shall be at liberty to discharge the cargo at any safe port which they or the Master
may in their discretion decide on and such discharge shall be deemed to be due
fulfillment of the contract or contracts of affreightment so far as the cargo so
discharged is concerned...
(2) Letter of the Cargo Receivers in Reply to Their Request for Fractional Layer
Discharging of Oil:
Liverpool, 17-th July 19. . .
Messrs. M. Worthington & Co., Ltd., Oil Importers, c/o Messrs. Williams & Co.;
Ship Agents, 17 Fenchurch Street, London, E., C, England
Dear Sirs,
Re: 9500 tons of Edible Oil under B/L Nos.: 273.2, 3734, 4657 m/t Gorky ar'd
16.07.
In connection with your request to start discharging the above cargo first by
pumping out bottom layer Г—2' deep into barges and then to go on with pumping
the rest of the cargo into shore tanks I wish to point out the following.
As per clause of the Bill of Lading "Weight, quantity and quality unknown to me"
the carrier is not responsible for the quantity and quality of the goods, but it is our
duty to deliver the cargo in the same good order and conditions as loaded, it means
that we are to deliver the cargo in accordance with the measurements taken after
loading and in conformity with the samples taken from each tank on completion of
loading.
Therefore if you insist upon such a fractional layer discharging of this cargo, I
would kindly ask you to send 114
your representative to take joint samples and measurements of each tank, on the
understanding that duplicate samples, jointly taken and sealed, will be kept aboard
our ship for further reference. The figures, obtained from these measurements and
analyses will enable you to give 'us clean receipts for the cargo in question, after
which we shall immediately start discharging the cargo in full compliance with
your instructions.
It is, of course, understood, that, inasmuch as such discharging is not in strict
compliance with established practice, you will bear all the responsibility, as well as
the expenses and/or consequences arising therefrom, which please confirm.
Yours faithfully
С I. Shilov
Master of the m/t Gorky. 2.38 p.m.
(3) Speech of Viscount Swinton at the House of Lords:
Customs and Excise Bill 2.38 p.m.
Order of the day for the second reading read.
THE CHANCELLOR of the DUCHY OF LANCASTER (Viscount Swinton): My
Lords, I think that if ever consolidation was justified of her children and came as a
boon and a blessing to men, it is so with this Bill. Until the year 1909 Customs and
Excise were administered in two separate departments, with a completely separate
administration. But there was not only that complication to face. The law of
Customs and Excise was scattered over 200 Acts of Parliament which had grown
up in the course of 150 years. How anyone could find their way through that forest
of ancient timber and dead wood is a mystery to me. It must have involved an
appalling waste of time on the part of the staffs in any trade of business, in spite of
the help given to them by the Customs and Excise, who I think kept almost a corps
of guides to help the ordinary waylarer through the intricacies of the subject...
(July 21st, 1952)
8*
1(15(4) Speech of Viscount Simon of the House of Lords:
3.12. p.m.
Defamation Bill
...Viscount SIMON: The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of
much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is
natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with
the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the
view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say
that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present
time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries
under the British Flag where; I understand, there was a change in the law, to a
greater or less degree, in the direction which the' noble and learned Earl so
earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the
view that the case for resisting the noble Earl's Amendment is not overwhelming,
so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is
practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing
statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible
way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admired but both of
which run into some conflict.
(July 28, 1952)
(5) Letter to Lord Chesterfield
February 7th, 1755 My Lord,
I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in
which my "Dictionary" is recommended to the public, were written by your
Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour, which, being very little accustomed
to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive or in what terms to
acknowledge.
When, with some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was
overpowered, like the rest of mankind, 116
by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might
bo^st myself "Le yainqueur du vain-queur de la terre",—that I might obtain that
regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little
encouraged that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I
had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and
no man is well pleased tohavehisallneglected.be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now passed since I waited in your outward rooms or
was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my
work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at
last to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of
encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never
had a patron before. The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with love, and
found him a native of the rocks. Is not a patron, My Lord, one who looks with un-
concern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice you have been pleased to take of my labours,
had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and
cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not
want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not to confess obligations when no
benefit has been received; or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as
owing that to a patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of
learning, I shall now be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be
possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope in which
I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most obedient Servant Sam Jonson
(6) A Popular Account of Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
(by D. Livingstone)
117We had come through another tsetse district by night... This insect, Glossina
morsitants of the naturalist, is not much larger than the common house-fly, and is
nearly of the same brown colour as the honey-bee. The after part of the body has
three or four yellow bars across it. It is remarkably alert, and evades dexterously all
attempts to capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In the cool of the
mornings and evenings it is less agile. Its peculiar buzz when once heard can never
be forgotten by the traveller whose means of locomotions are domestic animals;
for its bite is death, to the ox, horse and dog. In this journey, though we watched
the animals carefully, and believe that not a score "of flies were ever upon them,
they destroyed forty-three fine oxen. A most remarkable feature is Ihe perfect
harmlessness of the bite in man and wild animals, and even calves so long as they
continue to suck the cows, though it is no protection to the dog, to feed him on
milk.
The poison does not seem to be injected by a sting, or by ova placed beneath the
skin, for when the insect is allowed to feed freely on the hand, it inserts the middle
prong of three portions, into which the proboscis divides, somewhat deeply into the
true skin. It then draws the prong out a little way, and it assumes a crimson^ colour
as the mandibles come into brisk operation. The previously shrunken belly swells
out, and if undisturbed, the fly quietly departs when it is full. A slight itching
irritation follows the bite. In the ox the immediate effects are no greater than in
man; but a few days afterwards the eye and nose begin to run, the cough starts, a
swelling appears under the jaw, and sometimes at the navel; and though the poor
creature continues to graze, emaciation commences, accompanied with a peculiar
flaccidity of the muscles. This proceeds unchecked until, perhaps months
afterwards, purging comes on, and the victim dies in a state of extreme exhaustion.
The animals which are in good condition often perish soon after the bite is
inflicted, with staggering and blindness, as if the brain were affected. Sudden
changes of tempera-tuie produced by falls of rain seem to hasten the progress of
the complaint; but in general the wasting goes on for months.
118
(7) Turbine Characteristics With Respect to Form of Blade Passages
Impulse Turbine.—Lt may be defined as a system in which all steam expansion
takes place in fixed nozzles and none occurs in passages among moving blades.
A Single-State or Simple-Impulse Turbine.— Here the steam expands from its
initial to its final pressure in one nozzle (or one set of nozzles, all working at the
same pressure), resulting in a steam jet of high velocity which enters the blade
passages and, by exerting a force on them due to being deflected in direction, turns
the rotor. Energy of all forms remaining in the steam after it leaves the single row
of blading is lost.
The steam volume increases whenever the pressure decreases, but the resulting
velocity changes depend on the type of turbine. As a matter, of fact, these velocity
changes are distinguishing characteristics of the different types.
A Velocity-Stage Impulse Turbine has one set of nozzles, with several rows of
blades following it. In passing from the nozzle exit through one set of blades, the
velocity of the steam is lowered by virtue of the work done on the blades but is still
high. It then passes through a row of fixed guide blades which change the direction
of the steam until it flows approximately parallel to the original nozzle direction,
discharging it into a second row of blading fixed to the same wheel. The second
row again lowers the steam velocity by virtue of the work delivered to the wheel.
A second set of guide blades and a third row of moving blades are sometimes used.
The steam enters through a steam strainer and governor valve into a steam chest
supplying the various nozzles spaced around a portion of the periphery. Individual
nozzles may be opened or closed by a hand-wheel on the stem of the nozzle-
control valve. The turbine wheel is mounted on a shaft which passes through the
casing to bearings outside, carbon packing being used in the shaft glands of this
turbine to maintain steam tightness. The governor is mounted on the right-hand
end of the shaft and operates the balanced piston governor valve through a lever
and link. On the left end of the shaft goes the coupling for attaching the driven
machinery. (E.M.)
113(8) Some Notes on 'Poetry
Taking English Poetry in the common sense of the word, as a peculiar form of the
language, we find that it differs from prose mainly in having a regular succession
of accented syllables. In short it possesses metre as its chief characteristic feature.
Every line is divided into so many feet, composed of short and long syllables
arranged according to certain laws of prosody. With a regular Toot-fall the voice
steps or matches along the line, keeping time like the soldier on drill, or the
musician among his bars. In many languages syllables have a quantity, which
makes them intrinsically long or short; but in English poetry that syllable
alone is long on which an accent falls. Poets, therefore, in the use of that license
which they have, or take, sometimes shift an accent to suit their measure. The in-
version of the order of words, within certain limits, is a necessary consequence of
throwing language into a metrical form. Poetry, then, differs from prose, in the first
place, in having metre; and as a consequence of this, in adopting an unusual
arrangement of words and phrases... We must have, in addition to the metrical
form, the use of uncommon words and turns of expressions, to lift the language
above the. level of written prose. Shakespeare, instead of saying, as he would, no
doubt, have done in telling a ghost story to his wife, "The clock then striking one",
puts into the mouth of the sentinel, Bernardo, "The bell then beating one". When
Thomson describes „the spring-ploughing, the ox becomes a steer, the plough is
the shining share, and the upturned earth appears in this verse as the globe. The use
of periphrasis here comes largely to the poet's aid. Birds are children of the sky,
songsters of the grove, tuneful choirs etc.; ice is a chrystal floor, or a sheet of
polished steel. These are almost all figurative forms, and it is partly by the
abundant use of figures that the higher level of speech is gained.. (M. S.)
(9) Of Studies
•' Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for
delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,
is in the judgment and disposition of business; for expert men can 120

execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one: but the general counsels, and
the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend
too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is
affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar:
they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like
natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth
directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men
condemn studies; simple men admire them and wise men use them; for they teach
not their own use; but what is a wisdom without them and above them, won by
observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for
granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are
to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that
is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not curiously; and
some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also
may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be
only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled
books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;
conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write
little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have-a
present wit; and if he read little, he need have much cunning, to seem to know that
he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle;
natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend:
"Abeunt studia in mores";* there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be
wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the. body may have appropriate
exercises: bowling is good for the tone and veins, shooting for the lungs and breast,
gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head and the like; so if a man's wit
be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be
called away ever so little, he must begin again; if his wit be not apt to distinguish
or find difference, let him study schoolmen; for they are
"Studies become habits."
121"Cymini sectors".* If he be not apt to beat over matters, and so call up one
thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer's cases; so every
defect of' the mind may have a special receipt. (Fr. Вас.)
(10) London in 1689
He who then rambled to what is now the gayest and most crowded part of Regent
Street found himself in a solitude, and was sometimes so fortunate as to have a
shot at a woodcock. On the north the Oxford road ran between hedges. Three of
four hundred yards to the south were the garden walls of a few great houses, which
were considered as quite out of town. On the west was a meadow renowned for a
spring from which, long afterwards, Conduit Street was named. On the east was a
field not to be passed without a shudder by any Londoner of that age. There, as in a
place far from the haunts of men, had been dug, twenty years before, when the
great plague was raging, a pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by
scores. It was popularly believed that the earth was deeply tainted with infection,
and could not be disturbed without imminent risk to human life. No foundations
were laid there till two generations have passed without any return of the
pestilence, and till the ghastly spot had long been surrounded by buildings.
We should greatly err if we were to suppose that any of the streets and squares then
bore the same aspect as at present. The great majority of the houses, indeed, have,
since that time, been wholly, or in great part, rebuilt. If the most fashionable parts
of the capital could be placed before us, such as they then were, we should be
disgusted by their squalid appearance, and poisoned by their noisome atmosphere.
When such was the state of the region inhabited by the most luxurious portion of
society, we may easily believe that the great body of the population suffered what
would now be considered as insupportable grievances. The pavement was
detestable; all foreigners cried shame upon it. The drainage was so bad that in rainy
weather the gutters
hair-splitters
122
soon became torrents. This flood was profusely thrown to right and left by coaches
and carts. To keep as far from the carriage road as possible was therefore the wish
of every pedestrian. The mild and the timid gave the wall. The bold and athletic
took it.
The houses were not numbered. There would indeed have been little advantage in
numbering them; for of the coachmen, chairmen, porters, and errand boys of
London, a very small proportion could read. It was necessary to use marks which
the most ignorant could understand. The shops were therefore distinguished by
painted or sculptured signs, which gave a gay and grotesque aspect to the streets.
The walk from Charing Cross to Whitechapel lay through an endless succession of
Saracens' Heads, Royal Oaks, Blue Bears, and Golden Lambs, which disappeared
when they were no longer required for the direction of the common people.
i
When the evening closed in, the difficulty and danger of walking about London
became serious indeed. The garret windows were opened and pails were emptied,
with little regard to those who were passing below. Falls, bruises, and broken
bones were of constant occurrence. For, /till the last year of the reign of Charles the
Second, most of the streets were left in profound darkness. Thieves and robbers
plied their trade with impunity: yet they were hardly so terrible to peaceable
citizens as another class of ruffians. It was a favourite amusement of dissolute
young gentlemen to swagger by night about the town, breaking windows, upsetting
sedans, beating quiet men, and offering rude caresses to pretty women. The
machinery for keeping the peace was utterly contemptible. There was an Act of
Common Council which provided that more than a thousand watchmen should be
constantly on the alert in the city, from sunset to sunrise, and that every inhabitant
should take his turn of duty. But this Act was negligently executed. Few of those
who were summoned left their homes: and those few generally found it more
agreeable to drink in alehouses than to pace the streets.
In the last year of the reign of Charles the Second, an ingenious Londoner, named
Edward Heming, obtained letters patent conveying to him, for a term of years, the
exclusive right of lighting up London. He undertook, for a moderate consideration
to place a light before every tenth
123

door, on moonless nights, from Michaelmas* to Lady Day,** and from ' six to
twelve o'clock. Those who now see the capital all the year round, from dusk to
dawn, blazing with light, may perhaps smile to think of Fleming's lanterns, which
glimmered feebly before one house in ten during a small part of one night in three.
(Th.M.)
(11) Dependent
STUDENTS who want a bigger, say in the running of universities will be
reinforced in their view by the latest effort of the vice-chancellor of Liverpool
University, and some other academics.
Today these allegedly wise and learned individuals issue, under the patronage of
the Right-Wing Institute of Economic Affairs a statement of the "urgency of
establishing an independent university".
By "independent" they mean one which is dependent on finance from rich private
individuals and Big Business, instead of from the Government.
It is a monstrous misuse of the English language to claim that such a university
would be independent. It would depend entirely on the good will of the rich, and
would find its finances cut off immediately if it displeased them.
Universities already have to rely too much on Big Business sources of finance,
including from US and other firms engaged in war preparations.
Whatever criticisms there may be about the Government's part in their finance at
any rate there is some possibility of democratic control over the public money
allocated to the universities.
There would be none if it all came as aVesult of boardroom decisions. (M. S.
3.1.1969)
(12) No to NED
SCOTTISH miners know from their own experience what Tory planning means. In
the Scottish coalfield Government planning aims to close pits employing 5,000
men..
* 29th September '** 25th March
124
This is a plan for poverty and the Scottish area of the National Union of
Mineworkers is resisting it. It ought to be able to count on the Trades Union
Congress for help.
But the T.U.C. leaders by a majority have decided to join Mr. Selwyn Lloyd's
National Economic Development Council. They are thus to take part in the work of
an organisation set up by the Tories to carry out Tory economic policy.
The T.U.C. chiefs say they will be able to criticize the Government's proposals.
They can do so mojre effectively if they refrain from wedding NED.
By joining NED, the T.U.C. weakens the fight against Tory pay-pause policies and
the Tory Government. Mr. Gaitskell will have a convenient excuse to soft-pedal
Labour's attack.
He will be able to trot out arguments against embarrassing "our T.U.C. friends who
are engaged in complicated and delicate discussions" and so forth.
The T.U.C. should be told to keep out of NED and help to smash the pay-pause
instead. (D. W. 30.1.1962)
(13) American Rocket Launched
Cape Canaveral, Friday.
A 100-FOOT high Atlas-Agena rocket streaked into the sky here today carrying
robot spacecraft which it was hoped would photograph the moon at close range and
crashland instruments on it.
The rocket soared like a silver streak into the cloudless sky, its rocket engines
thundering back and the almost white light of the spewing flames becoming a pin-
point.
The rocket was still in view three minutes after launch as it streaked into the upper
atmosphere.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration announced the Atlas booster had
burned out on time five minutes after launch at an altitude of about 150 miles.
The rocket and its space capsule was then coasting for about half a minute before
explosive charges were due to release the Agena second-stage rocket from the
Atlas.
■'■
125The condensation trail, several thousand feet/aru as ^e launching paid, shifted into
a giant question m(at wni re, wind caught it—an apt sign of the question thJ^hether
the main unanswered until some time on Monday Щег m ^ capsule has made
contact with the moon.—Reu(/ ' V 27Л.1962)
CHAPTER IV EXCERPTS FOR COMPLEX STYLISTIC ANALYSIS
1. In Arthur Calgary's fatigued brain the word seemed to dance on the wall.
Money! Money! Money! Like a motif in an opera, he thought. Mrs. Argyle's
money! Money put into trust! Money put into an annuity! Residual estate left to
her husband! Money got from the bank! Money in the bureau drawer! Hester
rushing out to her car with no money in her purse... Money found on Jacko,
money that he swore his mother had given him. (Ch.)
2. In her father's desk at the store was a revolver—a large, firm, squarish
mechanism which as she had heard him say, fired eight shots. It was so heavy, so
blue, so cold. She had seen it, touched it, lifted it once—but with a kind of terror
really. It was always so identified with death, anger—not life—but now—
supposing, if she desired to punish Edward and herself—or just herself alone. But
no, that was not the way. What was the way, anyhow? What was the way? (Dr.)
3. Hail, Nickel.
Mother of Murder! Blessed destroyer of human flesh! Balm of twenty-six million
corpses in six years! Hail, saviour of our way of life, sublime bestower of wages
and dividends! Holy Nickel, have mercy on us, we who are about to begin once
again greater and greater production, for higher wages, to pile up millions upon
millions more
dead! (D.C.)
4. Presently one of these became prominent. He was a middle-aged child who had
never shed its baby-fat, though some gifted tailor had almost succeeded in
camouflaging his plump and spankable bottom. There wasn't a suspicion of bone in
his body; his face, a zero filled in with pretty miniature features, had an unused, a
virginal quality: it was as if he'd been born, then expanded, his skin remaining
unlined as a blown up balloon, and his mouth, though ready for squalls and
tantrums, a spoiled sweet puckering. But it was not appearance that singled him
out; preserved infants aren't all that rare. It was, rather, his conduct;
127