UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I
BMCG 1011

INFORMAL REPORT:

BIL: NAME: MATRIX NO:

CLASS SESSION:
1. NURY ARYNA BINTI AZELI B042010113
SECTION 1
2. NURUL HIDAYAH BINTI JOHAR B042010138
LAB GROUP:
3. NURUL BALQISH BINTI DANIAL B042010059 GROUP 1E

4. ONG XI EN B042010029 REPORT

SUBMISSION DATE:
23/10/2021

SEMESTER/SESSION: SEM 1 / SESSION 2021-2022

EXPERIMENT TITLE:
CHARPY IMPACT TEST

LECTURER: PN ANITA AKMAR

LECTURER REMARKS EVALUATION

Objectives

Data and Result

Analysis and Discussion

Conclusions

TOTAL
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ITEMS PAGE

OBJECTIVES 1

THEORY 1

RESULT & DISCUSSION 2-8

QUESTIONS 9 - 11

CONCLUSION 12

REFERENCES 13
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture (or plastic
deformation) under impact loads at various temperatures.

2. To investigate the energy-temperature characteristics of various materials under impact load.

THEORY
Georges Augustin Albert Charpy (1865–1945), who devised the Charpy impact test in 1900, is
widely considered as one of the most widely used tests for determining the relative hardness of
a material in a quick and cost-effective manner. The Charpy impact test determines how much
energy a standard notched specimen absorbs when it breaks under an impact stress. This test is
still used to measure the notch sensitivity and impact toughness of engineered materials such
as metals, composites, ceramics, and polymers as an inexpensive quality control procedure.
The test was performed with a notch specimen by using abrasive cutting machine with
approximate dimensions (D- 6mm, L- 5mm, height of notch root- 2mm). As to determine
impact energy of notch specimens, the test apply at varying temperature. The Charpy impact
test determines how much energy a standard notched specimen absorbs while shattering under
an impact stress. This test entails striking a suitable specimen with a hammer on a pendulum
arm while it is securely secured at both ends. The hammer lands on the other side of the notch.
The amount of energy absorbed by the specimen is precisely calculated by measuring the
pendulum arm's decrease in motion. Low temperatures, high strain rates (by impact or
pressurisation), and stress concentrators such as notches, fractures, and voids are all essential
elements that affect a material's toughness.

It is also performed to determine a material's toughness. Toughness refers to a material's ability

to absorb energy during plastic deformation. Brittle materials have low toughness because they
can only withstand a minimal degree of plastic deformation. Temperature has an impact on a
material's impact value. The impact energy of a substance is generally reduced at lower
temperatures. Because it allows a varying amount of defects in the material, which might
function as stress risers and lower the impact energy, the size of the specimen may also affect
the value of the impact test.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

I) Test result on steels containing different % of Mn as alloying element.

Table 1 shows the raw data of the Impact Energy (J) obtained from a series of Charpy
impact test performed on steels containing different % of Mn as alloying element.
Test Impact energy (J) Impact energy (J)
temperature 0.30% Mn 1.01% Mn

-100 2 5
-75 2 7
-50 2 20
-25 10 40
0 30 75
25 60 110
50 105 130
75 130 135
100 130 135

Table 1

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Based on Table 1, we can plot a graph of Impact energy (J) vs. temperature(°C) for both
steels. The graph is shown in the Figure 1 below.

160 Impact energy (J) vs Temperature (°C)

140

120

100

80
0.30% Mn
60
1.01% Mn
50
40

20

0
-100 -75 -50 -25 -17.8 0 16.7 25 50 75 100

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the values of impact energy (J) and temperature (°C) for the same type of steel
but with different percentage values (%) of Manganese, Mn. The curve with orange colour
shows that steels containing 1.01% of Mn while the curve with blue colour shows that steels
containing 0.30% of Mn. The dotted line in the graph shows the transition temperature of each
steel which are defined as the temperature that provides 50 J of absorbed energy. For steel that
contained 0.30% of Mn, the transition temperature that provides 50 J of absorbed energy is
16.7°C while for steel containing 1.01% Mn is -17.9°C.

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To get the transition temperature (defined as the temperature that provides 50 J of absorbed
energy), we are using interpolation method to get the values since the values are not provided
in the table 1. The calculations are shown as below: -

a) for 0.30% Mn,

Impact Test T-0 50 – 30

energy temperature =
(J) (°C) 25-0 60 - 30

30 0 T = 16.67°C
50 T
60 25

b) for 1.01% Mn,

Impact Test T–0 50 – 75

energy temperature =
(J) (°C) -25 – 0 40 – 75

75 0
T = -17.86°C
50 T
40 -25

Based on Table 1 too, the transition temperature of each steel which are defined by the mean
of absorbed energies in the ductile and brittle regions can be calculated. The calculations are
shown as below: -

Total impact energy

Transition temperature of 0.30% Mn =
number of data
= 2+2+2+10+30+60+105+130+130

= 52.33 (°C)

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Transition temperature of 1.01 Mn = 5+7+20+40+75+110+130+135+135

= 73 (°C)

Based on the calculations above, for steel with 0.30% Mn, the transition temperature (defined
by the mean of absorbed energies in the ductile and brittle regions) are 52.33°C and the
transition temperature (defined as the temperature provides 50 J of absorbed energy) are
16.67°C. It shows that the higher the impact energy (J), the higher the transition temperature.

Manganese is used as an alloying element and it is an important alloying agent. There are many
types of manganese alloy including copper manganese alloy and nickel manganese alloy. The
functions of manganese in terms of toughness of the steel are manganese enhance the
mechanical properties of steel depends on its carbon content, enhance cast ability of the steel
and reduces the cooling rate during hardening, which means that it increases the hardenability
of the steel. Manganese steel are also much tougher than carbon steel when heated.

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II) Test results from a series of Charpy impact test performed on steel (1016) and aluminium
alloy (AA2044) sample

Table 2 shows the raw data obtained from the test performed on both steels in different
temperature
1016 Steel AA2044 Aluminium Alloy

Test temp °C Impact energy (J) Impact energy (J)

1 2 3 1 2 3

-70 8 16 11 11 8 9
-44 23 26 26 9 9 11
0 64 73 56 9 9 11
25 89 95 89 11 11 11
100 99 115 146 9 11 11
Table 2

From the data in table 2, we can find the average value of the impact energy at each
temperature. The average value of impact energy at each temperature are shown in Table 3. To
find the average value, the formula that we will use are shown below: -

Average value = Total of impact energy at a specific temperature

3

Table 3 shows the average values of impact energy (J) at each test temperature (°C)
Test temperature Average impact energy (J) for Average impact energy (J) for
1016 Steel AA2044 Aluminium Alloy

-70 11.67 9.33

-44 25 9.66
0 64.33 9.66
25 91 11
100 120 10.33
Table 3

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 Impact energy (J) vs Temperature (°C)
120

100

80

60 1016 Steel
AA2044 Aluminium Alloy
40

20

0
-70 -44 0 25 100

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the graph of Impact energy (J) vs Temperature for 1016 steel (indicated as
green line in the graph) and AA2044 Aluminium Alloy (indicated as blue line in the graph.
The graph is build based on the data that we calculated in Table 3. From Table 3 too, we can
determine the transition temperature (defined by the mean of absorbed energies in the ductile
and brittle regions) for steel only.

Transition temperature of steel = 11.67 + 25 + 64.33 + 91 + 120

5
= 62.4°C

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There is only steel that have transition temperature and not aluminium alloy. It is because, steel
have Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) structure while aluminium alloy has Face-Centered Cubic
(FCC) structure. Materials that shows significant Ductile Brittle Transition Temperature
(DBTT) are often from material that have BCC structured because BCC structure is more
temperature dependent when it comes to impact toughness compared to FCC structure. The
ductile and brittle transition effect occurs because the development of the plastic zone in the
steel that are dependent on the change of the temperature. At low temperature, steel behave in
brittle manner, while at high temperature, steel behave in ductile manner and while the
dislocations in BCC are no longer happen, dislocations in FCC can still move very quickly.
This lack of dislocation movement makes BCC brittle, while FCC stays ductile.

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows the stress-strain curve. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy to break a unit
volume of material, and it is related to stress-strain curve. But, how does the curve represent
the toughness of the materials? Toughness can be indicated as the total area under the strain-
stress curve up to fracture point. As we can see in the Figure 3, the bigger the total area under
the curve, the large the toughness. It is also stated that ceramics have the smaller toughness
compared to the metals and unreinforced polymers.

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QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of the sample for Impact Test being ‘notched’? What change in the
result do you expect if:

a. Your specimens were un-notched?

Impact energy is a measure of the word done to fracture a test specimen. The
purpose of notched specimen is to allow it to absorb energy until it yields. If the
specimens were un-notched, then the specimens cannot absorb enough energy
until it yields points.

b. The notches are sharper?

If the notches are sharper, the specimens will easily break as it is too thin and
the data obtain of the energy absorbed will not be accurate. Sharp notches in
components result in high-stress concentration which reduces fatigue resistance
and promotes early-fatigue failures.

c. The notch is in U-shaped instead of V-shaped?

The area percentages of fibrous for U-shaped notch samples are higher than
those of V-shaped notch samples, suggesting the impact test of V-shaped notch
samples can evaluate the brittleness tendency of steel more distinctively.

2. How does the impact energy from the Charpy Impact test correlates with the stress-
strain curve obtain from the tensile test? (Support your answer with aid of diagram).

The purpose of an impact test is to test the ability of a material to withstand impact and
commonly used by engineers to predict materials behavior under actual conditions.
Many materials fail suddenly under impact, and it is called as brittle manner. We can
clearly see whether the materials undergo ductile or brittle manners by plotting stress-
strain curve as shown below.

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Impact energy absorbed by the specimen will give the value of the toughness of the
materials. From the figure below, it shows that the area under the stress-strain curve
will shows the toughness of materials. We can clearly say that impact energies are
directly proportional to the area under stress-strain curve.

3.What type of material normally does not show any significant ductile to brittle
transition temperature (DBTT)? Discuss.

There are three categories of structures which are Body Centered Cubic (BCC), Face
Centered Cubic (FCC) and Hexagonal Closed Packed (HCP) structure. Metals with
FCC crystal structure does not show much different in the energy absorbed during
fracture; thus, it also does not show any significant ductile to brittle transition
temperature too (DBTT). At low temperature, steel behave in brittle manner, while at
high temperature, steel behave in ductile manner and while the dislocations in BCC are
no longer happen, dislocations in FCC can still move very quickly. This lack of
dislocation movement makes BCC brittle, while FCC stays ductile.

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4. When does the value of DBTT is consider as critical in engineering design? Provide
an example of a real-life application.

The value of DBTT is consider as critical in engineering design is when the design of
the engineering product is conducted, the type of the used material becomes a
significant concern for the engineers. It is because, the fracture progress of the materials
which is mostly metals must be slowed to prevent sudden failures. In order to do that,
the value of DBTT are so important such that it can shows the brittle and ductile manner
of the materials at specific temperatures. In addition, information of DBTT may prevent
possible disasters.
Real life application: All ships is made of steel that DBTT much lower than the
temperatures of the water that will be used. The act will allow the material of the ship
to maintain its ductility and strength.

5. Describe how the amount of shear in the failure surface of a steel relates with its
brittleness or ductility.

The appearance of the failure surface is indicate the nature of failure. It is use to
determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature. In ductile materials, slips occurs
as the usual mechanism of plastic deformation, which one part of the crystal slides over
another part separated by a slip plane. Slip requires shear stress on the slip plane. As a
result, the failure is due to shear. Meanwhile, brittle materials do not undergo significant
plastic deformation. The failure in brittle materials are due to the breaking of the bonds
between atom which usually requires a tensile stress along the bond.

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CONCLUSION
Overall, the experiment succeeded in full fill all the objectives stated. Firstly, in the test result
on steels containing different percentage (%) of Mn as alloying element, it is clearly shows that
the higher the percentage of Mn, the higher it can absorb the energy at various temperature
under impact loading. From graph 1, we can see that at the same temperature, let’s say at 0 °C,
steels containing 0.30% Mn can absorbed 30 J of energy while steel containing 1.01% Mn can
absorbed higher energy which is 75 J. It is also shows that at the lower energy, the material
behaves in brittle manner while at higher energy which is in higher temperature, the material
behaves in ductile manner.

Secondly, in the test results from a series of Charpy impact test performed on steel (1016) and
aluminium alloy (AA2044) sample, we can know the energy-temperature characteristics of the
materials under impact load. Based on the graph 2, we can see that not all metals or alloys has
a ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT). We can see that steel have DBTT but not
aluminium alloy. It is because steel have BCC structure but aluminium alloy has FCC structure.
Metals or alloy with BCC structure often show significant DBTT as they are more temperature
dependent when it comes to impact toughness compared to FCC structure.

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REFERENCES

W. L. Hu, D. S. Gelles(1986). Charpy impact behavior of manganese- stabilized martensitic

steels. Retrieved from, https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6138892

Stamislaw Zajac, Hydro(2018). In the cold aluminium gets stronger. Retrieved from,
https://www.shapesbyhydro.com/en/expert-thoughts/in-the-cold-aluminium-gets-stronger/

Effects of Mn, P, S, Si & V on the Mechanical Properties of Steel

https://www.leonghuat.com/articles/elements.htm

G.J. Roe ; B.L.(1990). Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloy.
Retrieved from,
Bramfitthttps://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/16/chapter-abstract/253769/Notch-
Toughness-of-Steels?redirectedFrom=fulltext

AZO material(2016). The Properties and Effects of Manganese as an Alloying Element.

Retrieved from,
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=13027

Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature and Impact Energy Tests. (2021, April 2). Yena
Engineering.
Retrieved October 22, 2021, from https://yenaengineering.nl/ductile-brittle-
transition-temperature-and-impact-energy-tests/

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