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HEAT
 Introduction
HEAT is thermal energy in transit from a system (aggregate of electrons, ions, and atoms)
at one temperature to a system that is in contact with it, but is at a lower temperature.
In this booklet, you will learn more about heat and its quantities.

THERMAL ENERGY
THERMAL ENERGY is the random kinetic energy of the particles
(usually electrons, ions, atoms, and molecules) composing a
system. iT refers to the energy contained within a system that is
responsible for its temperature. Heat is the flow of thermal energy.

MORE ABOUT HEAT

Heat is thermal energy transferred from a hotter system to a cooler system that are in contact. Its SI
unit is the joule. Other units used for heat are the calorie (1 cal = 4.184 J) and the British thermal unit
(1 Btu = 1,054 J). The "Calorie" used by nutrisionists is called the "large calorie" and is actually a
kilocalorie (1 Cal = 1 kcal = 10 3 cal).

THE SPECIFIC HEAT (SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY)

The specific heat or specific heat capacity (c) of a substance is the quantity of heat required
to change the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one degree.
∆
If a quantity of heat Q is required to produce a temperature change T in a mass m of∆
substance then the specific heat is

∆Q ∆Q = cm∆T
m∆T
c= or
In the SI, (c) has the unit J/kg · K, which is equivalent to J/kg · °C. Also widely used is the unit
cal/g · °C, where 1 cal/g · °C = 4,184 J/kg · °C.
Each substance has a characteristic value of specific heat, which varies slightly with
temperature. For water, c = 4,180 J/kg · °C = 1.00 cal/g · °C.

FORMULA
THE HEAT GAINED OR LOST
Heat gains or losses result in changes in
temperature, changes in state or the
performance of work. Heat is a transfer of
∆Q = mc∆T
energy. When gained or lost by an object, ΔQ = Heat
there will be corresponding energy changes m = mass
within that object. c = specific heat capacity
ΔT = change in temperature

Page | 01
 AVERAGE SPECIFIC
HEAT CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

EXAMPLES

1 How much heat must be removed from 14 lb of aluminum in order to cool it from 80°F to 15°F?

SOLUTION:
From the table of average specific heat capacities of various substances, the specific heat
∆
capacity of aluminum is 0.22 Btu · lb · °F. Since T = -65°F here,

∆T = (14 lb)( 0.22

Q = mc
Btu
( (-65 °F) = -200 Btu
lb · °F

The minus sign means that this quantity of heat is to be removed to achieve the temperature
change of -65°F.

200 Btu must be removed in order to cool it from 80°F to 15°F.

Page | 02
2 If 0.20 kg of coffee at 90°C is poured into a 0.30-kg cup at 20 C, and we assume that no heat
is transferred to or from the outside, what is the final temperature of the coffee?
SOLUTION:
We will take the specific heat of coffee to be that of water and the specific heat of the cup to
be that of glass. To solve the problem, we begin by noting that

Q(gained) = Q (lost)
Heat gained by the cup = Heat lost by coffee

If the final temperature of both coffee and cup is T, then the heat gained by the cup is

Q(gained)= mc ∆T
( kJ
(
Q(gained) = m cup c cup (T - 20°C) = (0.30 kg) 0.84 kg · °C (T - 20°C)
Q(gained) = (0.25T - 5.0)kJ

and the heat lost by the cofee is

Q(lost)= mc ∆T
(
Q(lost) = m coffee c coffee (90°C - T) = (0.20 kg) 4.19
kJ
( (90°C - T)
kg · °C
Q(lost) = (75.4 - 0.84T)kJ
Now we set the heat gained by the cup equal to the heat lost by the coffee and solve for T:

Q(gained) = Q (lost)
0.25T - 5.0 = 75.4 - 0.84T
T = 74°C

The temperature of the coffee drops by 16°C as it warms the cup. Evidently the cup must be
preheated to get very hot coffee.

The final temperature of the coffee is 74°C.

HEAT OF FUSION HEAT OF HEAT OF

The heat of fusion (Lf) of
a crystalline solid is the
quantity of heat required
to melt a unit mass of the
solid at constant
temperature. It is also
equal to the quantity of
heat given off by a unit
mass of the molten solid
as it crystallizes at this
same temperature. The
heat of fusion of water at
0°C is about 335 kJ/kg or
80 cal/g.
VAPORIZATION
The heat of vaporization
(Lv) of a liquid is the
quantity of heat required
to vaporize a unit mass of
the liquid at constant
temperature. For water at
100°C, the heat of
vaporization is about
2.26 MJ/kg or 540 cal/g.
SUBLIMATION
The heat of sublimation
of a solid substance is
the quantity of heat
required to convert a unit
mass of the substance
from the solid to the
gaseous state at
constant temperature.

Page | 03
HEATS OF FUSION AND
VAPORIZATION AND MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

EXAMPLES

A 20.0-g lead bullet whose temperature is 50°C and whose speed is 400 m/s strikes a large
1 block of ice at 0°C and stops inside it. Assuming that all the energy lost by the bullet goes
into melting ice, how much ice melts?
SOLUTION:

As it cools to 0°C, the bullet loses the heat

∆T = (0.0200 lb)(0.13
Q = mc
kJ
(
(50°C) = 0.13 kJ
kg · °C

The kinetic energy lost by the bullet in coming to a stop is

1 2 1 2
KE lost = mv = (0.0200 kg)(400 m/s) - 1,600 J = 1.60 kJ
2 2

If M is the mass of ice that melts, the heat gained by the ice is

Q gained = ML f = (M)(335 kJ/kg) = 335M kJ/kg

From conservation of energy

Heat lost by bullet + KE lost by bullet = Heat gained by ice

0.13 kJ + 1.60 kJ = 335M kJ/kg

(0.13 + 1.60)kJ 1.73 kJ
M= =
335 kJ/kg 335 kJ/kg
-3
M = 5.2 x 10 kg = 5.2 g

The amount of ice that will melt would be 5.2 g.

Page | 04
2 How much steam is produced when 1,000 Btu of heat is added to 2.00 lb of water at 120°F?

SOLUTION:
The heat needed to raise the temperature of the water from 120°F to its boiling point 212°F is,
∆
since T = 212°F - 120°F = 92°F,

∆T = (2.00 lb) ( 1.00

Q = mc
Btu
( (92°F) = 184 Btu
lb · °F

Thus Q 2 = 1,000 Btu - Q 1 = 816 Btu of heat is available to convert water at 212°F to steam at the
same temperature. From Q2 = m steam L v we have,

Q2 816 Btu
m steam = = = 0.84 lb
Lv 972 Btu/lb

Of the 2.00 lb of water we startd with, 0.84 lb becomes steam at 212°F and 1.16 lb remains as
water at 212°F. (As before, for the sake of convenience we use m in the formulas for heat
with British unites even though weights are specified rather than masses when using this
system of units.

0.84 lb of steam is produced when 1,000 Btu of heat is added to 2.00

lb of water at 120°F.

What is the minimum amount of ice at -10°C that must be added to 0.50 kg of water at 20°C
3 in order to bring the temperature of the water down to 0°C?
SOLUTION:
We begin as before with the statement of energy conservation,
Q(gained) = Q (lost)
Heat gained by the ice = Heat lost by water

The heat Q 2 absorbed by the unknown mass of ice in going from -10°C to its melting point of
0°C is,

(
∆
Q 1 = mice c ice Tice = m ice 2.09
kJ
(
(10°F) = m ice (21kJ/kg)
kg · °C
and the heat Q 2 absorbed by the ice in melting at 0°C is

Q 2= mice Lf ice = m ice (335 kJ/kg)

Hence the total heat absorbed by the ice is

Q gained = Q 1 + Q2 = 356 m ice kJ/kg

The heat lost by the water in cooling from 20°C to 0°C is

(
Q lost = m water c water ∆T kJ
(
water = (0.50kg) 4.19
kg · °C
(20°C) = 42 kJ

Equating the heat gained with the heat lost and then solving for mice yields,
Q gained = Q lost
kJ
356 m ice = 42 kJ
kg
m ice= 0.12 kg
This mass is a minimum because some heat will be lost to the outside world.

The minimum amount of ice should be 0.12 kg.

Page | 05
 ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY
Absolute humidity is the mass of water
vapor present per unit volume of gas
(usually the atmosphere). Typical units
are:
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Relative humidity is the ratio obtained
by dividing the mass of water vapor per
unit volume present in the air by the
mass of water vapor per unit volume

kg/m 3 and g/cm 3

present in saturated air at the same
temperature.

DEW POINT
Cooler air at saturation contains less water than warmer air does at saturation. When air is cooled, it
eventually reaches a temperature at which it is saturated. This temperature is called the dew point.
At temperatures lower than this, water condenses out of the air.

TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY

ENERGY CAN BE TRANSFERRED by CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION. Remember that heat is the
energy transferred from a system at a higher temperature to a system at a lower temperature (with
which it is in contact) via the collisions of their constituent particles.

CONDUCTION
Conduction occurs when thermal energy moves through a material as a
result of collisions between the free electrons, ions, atoms, and
molecules of the material. The hotter a substance, the higher the
average KE of its atoms. When a temperature difference exists between
materials in contact, the higher-energy atoms in the warmer
substance transfer energy to the lower-energy atoms in the cooler
substance when atomic collisions occur between the two. Heat thus
flows from hot to cold.

Consider the slab of material shown on the right. Its thickness is L, and
its cross-sectional area is A. The temperatures of its two faces are
T1 and T 2 , so the temperature difference across the slab is
∆ ∆
T = T 1 - T 2 . The quantity T/L is called the temperature gradient. It is
the rate-of-change of temperature with distance.

MORE INFORMATION ABOUT CONDUCTION

The quantity of heat ∆Q transmitted from face 1 to face 2 in time ∆T is given by

∆Q = k A ∆T
∆t T L
Where k T depends on the material of the slab and is called the thermal conductivity of the
∆ ∆
material. For the SI, it has the units: W/m · K, and Q/ t is in J/s. Other unites are 1 cal/s ·
cm · °C and 1 Btu · in/h · ft.

Page | 06
TABLE OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES

Page | 07
 EXAMPLE

1 A door of pine wood is to be installed in a brick wall 10 inches thick. If the rate of heat
conduction is to be no greater than before, what minimum thickness should the door have?
SOLUTION:
∆
Since A and T are equal in both cases, the ratio k/d must be the same for Q/t to be the
same. Hence
k brick k pine
=
d brick d pine

( (
dpine =
(
kpine (d 0.87
(
brick ) = 4.4
(10 in) = 2.0 in
d brick

The minimum thickness that the door should have is 2.0 inches.

THERMAL RESISTANCE
The insulating ability of a layer of some material is often given in terms of its thermal resistance (R).

∆Q = A∆T
The thermal resistance of a slab is defined by the heat-flow equation in the form:

L
∆t R where R=
kT
2 2
Its SI unit is m 2 K/W. Its customary unit is ft · h · °F/Btu = 0.176 m · K/W.

For several slabs of the same surface area in series, the combined R value is

R = R 1 + R2 + R3 + ··· + R N
where R1... are the R values of the individual slabs.

EXAMPLE

1 Find the rate at which heat flows through an R-2.3 pine door 7.0 ft high and 2.5 ft wide when
the inside temperature is 70°F and the outside temperature is 20°F.
SOLUTION:
∆
The temperature difference here is T = 50°F and the area of the door is A = (7.0 ft)(2.5 ft) =
17.5 ft 2 . The heat flow through the door from the inside to the outside is
∆Q = A∆T
∆t R
∆Q = (17.5 ft )(50°F) = 380 Btu/h
2

∆t 2.3 ft · °F/(Btu/h)
2

The rate at which the heat flows is at 380 Btu/h.

Page | 08
 CONVECTION AIR COOLS AS IT EXPANDS
Convection of thermal energy occurs in a fluid when warm UPON RISING

material flows so as to displace cooler material. The

COOL AIR SINKS
temperature of a land surface rises more rapidly than that of a
water surface in sunlight. The resulting convection is
responsible for the sea breeze experienced on sunny days near
the shore of a body of water. HOT AIR RISES

We can use the formula for Convection:

Q = hA ∆T (Q/t)1 ∆T 1

(Q/t)2
=
∆T 2

EXAMPLE

A photographic enlarger has as its light source a 25-W lamp in a metal hood that keeps light
from escaping except through the enlarger lens. When the darkroom temperature is 20°C,
1 the metal hood is at temperature of 50°C. If the 25-W lamp is replaced by a 50-W lamp, what
is the new temperature of the hood?
SOLUTION:

Because h and A are each the same in both cases,

(Q/t) 1 = ∆T 1
(Q/t) 2 ∆T 2

When (Q/t) 1 = 25 W, the temperature difference ∆T 1 between the hood and the surrounding
air 50°C - 20°C = 30°C. When (Q/t) 2 = 50 W,

(
∆T = ∆T (Q/t) 2
= (30°C)
(
50 W
= 60°C
2 1
(Q/t) 1 25 W

Hence the new hood temperature is 20°C + 60°C = 80°C

The new temperature of the hood is 80°C.

RADIATION
Radiation is the mode of transport of radiant electromagnetic energy through vacuum and the
empty space between atoms. Radiant energy is distinct from heat, though both correspond to
energy in transit. Heat is heat; electromagnetic radiation is electromagnetic radiation - don't
confuse the two.
A BLACKBODY is a body that absorbs all the radiant energy falling on it. At thermal equilibrium, a
body emits as much energy as it absorbs. Hence, a good absorber of radiation is also a good
emitter of radiation.

Page | 09
 MORE INFORMATION ABOUT RADIATION
Suppose a surface of area A has absolute temperature T and radiates only a fraction ε as
much energy as would a blackbody surface. Then ε is called the emissivity of the surface,
and the energy per second (i.e., the power) radiated by the surface is given by the Stefan-
Boltzmann Law:

4
P = εσAT
-8 2 4
where σ = 5.67 x 10 -8 W/m 2 · K 4 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute
temperature. The emissivity of a blackbody is unity.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM

The electromagnetic wave spectrum is shown below. The boundaries of the various
categories are not sharp except in the case of visible light.

FREQUENCY, Hz

5 10 15 20 25
10 10 10 10 10
(TELEVISION, RADAR, ETC.)
AIRCRAFT AND MARINE

SHORT-WAVE RADIO

MILLIMETER WAVES

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
NAVIGATION, ETC.)
LONG WAVE RADIO
(BROADCASTING,

INFRARED LIGHT

VISIBLE LIGHT
MICROWAVES

GAMMA RAYS
X-RAYS

5 0 -5 5 5
10 10 10 10 10

Wavelength

EXAMPLE

A small hole in the wall of a cavity in an object of any kind behaves like a blackbody because
any radiation that falls on it is trapped inside by the reflections from the cavity wall until it is
1 absorbed. At what rate does radiation escape from a hole 10 cm in 2 area in the wall of a

furnace whose interior is at a temperature of 700°C?

SOLUTION:

The absolute temperature of the interior of the furnace is T = 700°C + 273 = 973 K. Since the
hole acts as a blackbody, its emissivity is ε = 1.00.
The hole's area is A = (10 cm 2 )(10 -4 m 2 /cm 2 ). The hole radiates energy at the rate

( -8 W
( -3 2 4
P = RA = εσAT 4 =(1.00) 5.67 x 10 (10-3 m 2 )(973 K)
m · K4
2

P = 51 W

The radiation escapes at a rate of 51 W.

Page | 10
SUMMARY
Heat is energy that is transferred from one body to another due to different in temperature. The SI unit for heat
energy is joule. A more common unit of heat is the calorie.
The mechanical equivalent of heat represented is by J is 4.186 joules/calorie.
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of is 4.186 an object. On the molecular level, temperature is a
measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up the object.
Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by 1 degree.
The SI unit of specific heat is joule/kg C°. A traditional unit of specific heat is cal/g Cº. The specific heat of
water is 4 186 joules/kg C° or 1 cal/g C°.
Vaporization is the change from liquid to gas. Latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to
change a unit mass of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at constant temperature. Latent
heat of vaporization is commonly represented by L.
Fusion or melting is the change from solid to liquid. The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to
change a unit mass of a substance from the solid state to the liquid state at its constant temperature. Latent
heat of fusion is normally designated as L.
Sublimation is the change from solid to gas without passing the liquid state. The heat of sublimation is the sum
of the heat of fusion and heat of vaporization. The heat of sublimation of water is 620 cal/g at 0°C.
When objects at different temperatures are placed in a thermally insulated container, the conservation of
energy dictates that heat lost by the objects equals heat gained by cold objects or the sum of the heat lost and
heat gained equals zero: heat lost + heat gained = 0.
There are three mechanisms by which heat is transferred: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is
heat transfer by molecular collision without gross motion of the body through which heat is transferred.
Convection is heat transfer by actual movement of fluid. Convection is of two types: natural and forced.
Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. Good absorbers of radiant energy are also good emitters.
A perfect absorber of radiant energy is classified as a black body, with an emissivity equal to 1. White bodies are
perfect reflectors, having an emissivity equal to 0.

FORMULAS
FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS IDEAL GAS LAW CONDUCTION
9 PV = nRT ∆Q = k A ∆T
F = C + 32
5
CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT P1 V1 = P 2 V 2
∆t T L
THERMAL RESISTANCE
5
C = (F - 32)
T1 T2 ∆Q = A∆T
9
LINEAR EXPANSION
MASS OF A MOLECULE ∆t L R
∆L = αL ∆T 0 m0 =
M
NA
R=
kT
VOLUME EXPANSION

∆V = βV ∆T 0
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW

P 4
CONVECTION

Q = hA ∆T
R= = eσT
∆T
AREA EXPANSION

∆A = γA ∆T 0
A
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
(Q/t)1
(Q/t)2
=
∆T
1

BOYLE'S LAW
∆Q 2

m∆T
RADIATION
P 1 V 1 = P 2 V2 c= 4
P = εσAT
CHARLES' LAW

V1 T 1 = V 2 T 2
∆Q = mc∆T

Page | 11
 Name: Score:

Year & Section: Date:

TEST BANK

A INSTRUCTION

Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. For the numbers
that require computations, show your solution.

1 . The natural direction of the heat floe between two reservoir depends on
a.Their temperatures
b.Their internal energy contents
c.Their pressures
d.Whether they are in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state
2. Of the following substances, the one that requires the greatest amount of
heat per kilogram for a given increase in temperature is
a.Ice
b.Water
c. Steam
d. Copper
3.One gram of steam of 100˚C cause a serious burn than 1 g of water at 100˚C
because the steam
a.Is less dense
b.Strikes the skin with greater force
c.Has a higher specific heat capacity
d.Contains more internal energy
4.The freezing point of water is 0˚C. Its melting points is
a.Slightly less than 0˚C
b.0˚C
c.Slightly more than 0˚C
d.32˚C
5. When a vapor condenses into a liquid,
a.It absorbs heat
b.It evolves heat
c.Its temperature rises
d.Is temperature drops
6.The heat of evaporation of a substance is
a.Less than its heat of fusion
b.Equal to its heat of fusion
c.Greater than its heat of fusion
d.Any of the above, depending on the nature of the substance
7.A pressure cooker cooks food more rapidly than an ordinary pot with a loose
lid because
a.The pressure forces heat into the food
b.The higher the pressure lowers the boiling point of water
c.The higher the pressure raises the boiling point of water
d.The higher the pressure increases the specific heat capacity of water

Page | 12
8.Sublimation refers to
a.The evaporation of a solid without first becoming a liquid
b.The melting of a solid
c.The evaporation of a liquid
d.The condensation of a gas into a liquid
9.Under conditions corresponding to its triple point, a substance
a.Is in the solid state
b.Is in the liquid state
c.Is in the gaseous state
d.May be in any or all of the above state.
10. In the process of freeze drying, ice goes directly into water vapor. The
temperature at which this can take place is
a.Below the triple point of water
b.At the triple point of water
c.Above the triple point of water
d.Any of the above, depending on the pressure
11. Dry air has a relative humidity of
a.Only in liquids
b.Only in solids
c.Only in liquids and solids
d.In gases, liquids and solids
12. Heat transfer by the convection occurs
a.Only in gases
b.Only in liquids
c.Only in liquids and solids
d.In gases, liquids and solids
13. The rate at which heat flows through a slab of some material does not
depend on
a.The temperature difference between the faces of the slab
b.The thickness of the slab
c.The area of the slab
d.The specific heat capacity of the material
14. Metals are good conductors of heat because
a.They contain free electrons c.Their atoms collide infrequently
b.Their atoms are relatively far apart d .They have reflecting surfaces
15.The materials with the highest heat conductivities are the
a.Gases c.Woods
b.Liquids d .Metals
16.Thirty kilojoules of heat is removed from 1.4 kg of ice initially at -10˚C. its
new temperature is
a.-10.2˚C c.-30˚C
b. -20.2˚C d. -98˚C
17. Hot water at 100˚C is added to 300 g of water initially at 0˚C until the
mixture is at 40˚C. The minimum mass added hot water is
a.60 g
b.75 g
c.120 g
d.200 g
18.Fifty kilojoules of beat is added to a 20-kg block of ice at 0˚C. The amount of
ice that melt is
a.0.093 kg
b.0.15 kg
c.0.63 kg
d.2.5 kg
Page | 13
19.If 1.0 kg of punch of specific heat capacity 3.4kJ/kg ˚C at a temperature
of 5˚C is poured into a 1.0-kg glass punch bowl that is 20˚C, the final
temperature of the punch is
a.6˚C
b.8˚C
c.10˚C
d. 12˚C
20.Water at 50˚C can be obtained by mixing together which one or more of
the following combinations?
a.1 kg of ice at 0˚C and 1 kg of steam at 100˚C
b.1 kg of ice at 0˚C and 1 kg of water at 100˚C
c.1 kg of water at 0˚C and 1 kg of steam at 100˚C
d.1 kg of water at 0˚C and 1 kg of water at 100˚C

B INSTRUCTION

Solve the following problems. Answer ONLY THREE (3) problems. Show your complete solutions.
NOT FOLLOWING OF INSTRUCTIONS will be a deduction of 10 POINTS from the total score.

1. How much heat is given up when 20 g of steam at 100°C is condensed and

cooled to 20°C?
2. A 20-g piece of aluminum at 90°C is dropped into a cavity in a large block of
ice at 0°C. How much ice does the aluminum melt?
3. A 3.00-g bullet moving at 180 m/s enters a bag of sand and stops. By what
amount does the temperature of the bullet change if all its KE becomes thermal
energy that is added to the bullet?
4. Suppose a 60-kg person consumes 2,500 Cal of food in one day. If the entire
heat equivalent of this food were retained by the person's body, how large a
temperature change would it cause? Remember that 1 Cal = 1kcal = 1,000 cal.
5. An iron plate 2 cm thick has a cross-sectional area of 5000 cm. One face is at
150°C, and the other is at 140°C. How much heat passes through the plate each
second?
6. A metal plate 4.00 mm thick has a temperature difference of 32.0°C between
its faces. It transmits 200 kcal/h through an area of 5.00 cm. Calculate the
thermal conductivity of this metal in W/m K.
7.An unclothed person whose body has a surface area of 1.40 m with an
emissivity of 0.85 has a skin temperature of 37°C and stands in a 20°C room.
How much energy does the person lose per minute?
8. (a) Calculate the R value for a wall consisting of the following layers:
concrete block (R = 1.93), 1.0 inch of insulating board (R = 4.3), and 0.50 inch of
drywall (R = 0.45), all in U.S. Customary Units.
(b) If the wall has an area of 15 m, find the heat flow per hour through it when
the temperature just outside is 20°C lower than inside.

Page | 14
 PREPARED BY:

ANA ROSE M. FACULIN, MEd - Physics

Subject Teacher

APPROVED BY:

SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN, Ph.D.

Assistant Principal II, SHS

LAYOUT ARTIST: ENCODER:

CARL V. BANSAG Karen Happuch P. Sarabia

BS Civil Engineering, UA BS Civil Engineering, SAC
12 STEM B, Batch 2020, ANS 12 STEM B, Batch 2019, ANS

bostik
CARL KAREN