COURSE NUMBER AND TITLE: AS 404 – STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN

(Course Outcome: Design and investigate simple timber and steel structures)
 

Module 5: Design and Investigation of Steel Beams

Introduction:
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learner shall be able to:
1. apply NSCP code requirements for beams and other flexural members
2. design an economical steel section for beams and other flexural members
3. investigate steel section for beams for its adequacy
 
Lesson contents:
1. Members with Compact Sections and Allowable bending Stress
2. Members with Compact Sections and Allowable bending Stress
3. Shearing Stress in Beams
4. Design and investigation of beams.
 

Beams and other Flexural Members

tf 

d 
tw 

bf  tf 

Allowable Stress on Strong Axis Bending of I-shaped members and Channels

Members with Compact Section

Members with Compact Section of I-shaped members and Channels

  Width-thickness ratio,         

  Depth-thickness ratio,        

 
For members with compact sections (excluding hybrid beams and members with yield
points greater than 448 MPa), the allowable bending stress in both tension and
compression is:
        𝐹 0.66𝐹  
   
 
 
 
 
Provided the flanges are connected continuously to the web or webs and the laterally
unsupported length of compression flange 𝐿 does not exceed 𝐿 , where
𝐿 is the smaller of the following
200𝑏𝑓
𝐿
𝐹𝑦

,
      𝐿  

where:  𝐿  = laterally unsupported length of compression flange

Members with Non-Compact Section

  For members with 𝐿 𝐿 except that their flanges are non-compact, the
allowable bending stress in both tension and compression is:

                         𝐹 𝐹 0.79 0.000762 𝐹  

 
  For members with non-compact section (not included above) and
  𝐿 ,  the allowable bending stress in both tension and compression is:     
           
                             

            𝐹 0.60𝐹  
 
Members with Partially Compact Section

𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑛 0.66𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.60𝐹  

   
SHEARING STRESS IN BEAMS
On The Cross-Sectional Area Effective in Resisting Shear
   
When   , the allowable shear stress on the overall depth times the web thickness 

𝑑𝑡  is 

      𝐹 0.40𝐹         or       0.40𝐹  

 
When    , the allowable shear stress on the clear distance between flanges times
the web thickness,   ℎ𝑡  is: 
      𝐹 𝐶 0.40𝐹    or    0.40𝐹   𝐶  
. .
 
,
Where: 𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 0.80  
  𝐶 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 0.80 
 
.
  𝑘 4.00 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 1.0 
 
.
  𝑘 5.34 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1.0 
 
  𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑏, 𝑚𝑚 
  𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 , 𝑚𝑚  
  ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑚 
  ℎ 𝑑 𝑡  
  𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 , 𝑚𝑚 
 
 
 
LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS
 
200𝑏𝑓 ,
𝐿 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝐿 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑦

1. When 𝐿 𝐿
Use allowable bending stress : 𝐹 0.66𝐹

2. When 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Use allowable bending stress : 𝐹 0.60𝐹

3. When 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

Determine ; and 𝐿 𝑟

where 𝑟 𝐼 (Refer to sample problem for the computation)

𝐴

𝐿
𝑟𝑡

Use allowable bending stress: the larger value of the following

𝐹 𝐹
.

𝐹
/
Computed 𝐹 from above : 𝐹 0.60 𝐹

4. When 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

Determine ; and 𝐿 𝑟

𝐿
𝑟𝑡
 Use allowable bending stress: the larger value of the following

𝐹
/

Computed 𝐹 from above : 𝐹 0.60 𝐹

Where:
𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠
1
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑏, 𝑚𝑚
6

𝑀 𝑀
𝐶 1.75 1.05 𝑀 0.3 𝑀 2.3

𝐶 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

 
  bf 
 
tf 
  (d ‐ 2 tf)/6 
 
 
  d 
tw 
 
 
  tf 
 
 
 

Sample Problem 4: (Laterally Unsupported Beam)

Design the W-shape beams that carry superimposed load of 4 800 N/m2
excluding the weight of the 100 mm concrete slab and the weight of the beams. The
beams are spaced 2.30 m apart and unsupported length of 6.0 m. Weight of concrete
slab is 23 500 N/m3. The steel beams are A36 with Fy = 250 MPa

Steel beams Steel beams

 
  S
  S
  S
 
 
  L
 
 
 
w kN/m
 
  L
 
 
Solution:
Data: L = 6.0 m ; spacing of beams, S = 2.3 m; A36 steel, Fy = 250 MPa
Loads:
⦿ Compute the loads:
Superimposed loads, wl = 4 800 N/m2 (2.3 m) = 11 040 N/m

Weight of the slab, ws = (23 500 N/m3) (0.10 m)(2.30 m) = 5 405 N/m
⦿ Trial 1: Assume a trial section: W 310 x 21
From table : w = 21.1 kg/m, Sx = 244 x 103 mm3
Weight of beam, wb = 21.1 kg/m (9.81 m/s2) = 207 N/m
Total load on the beam,
wt = wl + ws + wb = 11 040 + 5 405 + 207 = 16 652 N/m

⦿ For allowable bending stress, assume Fb = 0.60 Fy = 0.60 (250 MPa) = 150 MPa

⦿ Compute Maximum moment: 𝑀 74 934 𝑁. 𝑚

⦿ Compute section modulus, 𝑆 ⤖ 𝑆

. /
499 560 𝑚𝑚

Since 𝑆 500 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚 S𝑥 244 x 103 𝑚𝑚3 of W 310 x 21 Inadequate

⦿ Trial 2: W 410 x 39 section:

w = 39.2 kg/m d = 399 mm bf = 140 mm tw = 6.4 mm
𝑆 634 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑡 8.8 𝑚𝑚

⦿ Compute Lc and Lu : Where: L = 6 m = 6 000 mm

200𝑏𝑓 200 140
𝐿 𝐿 1 770.8 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑦 250

, , ,
  𝐿   𝐿 170.44 𝑚𝑚  
.

(L = 6 000 mm) 𝐿 1 770.8 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑢 170.44 𝑚𝑚 or

(L = 6 000 mm) 𝐿 1 770.8 𝑚𝑚 and
(L = 6 000 mm) 𝐿 170.44 𝑚𝑚

⦿ Compute 𝐿 𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝐼 refer to figure for the computation of the 𝐼 and 𝐴

𝐴
From the figure below
d = 399

8. 8 = tf 
399 – 2(8.8) = 381.40

tw = 6.4

bf = 140
 1 1 1
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 2𝑡 𝑡 140 8.8 399 2 𝑥 8.8 6.4 1 638.85 𝑚𝑚
6 6 6
. . .
𝐼 2 013 655.4 𝑚𝑚

𝑟 𝐼 2 013 655.4 35.05 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 1 638.85
𝐿 6 000 171.2
𝑟 35.05

Criteria: Determine 53.04

and 118.6

𝐿 703 270𝐶𝑏 3 516 330𝐶𝑏

𝑟 171.2
𝐹𝑦
53.04 and 𝐿 𝑟 171.2
𝐹𝑦
118.6

Use the larger Fb value of the following:

𝐹 39.82 𝑀𝑃𝑎
.

and 𝐹 42.71 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Use this as the allowable Fb

/
.

Check for the actual Section Modulus, Sx using 𝐹 42.71 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Weight of beam, wb = 39.2 kg/m (10 m/s2) = 392 N/m

wt = wl + ws + wb = 11 040 + 5 405 + 392 = 16 837 N/m

𝑀 75 767 𝑁. 𝑚

𝑆 ⤖ 𝑆
75 767 .
42.71
/
1 773 976 𝑚𝑚

The Trial section: W 410 x 39 with 𝑆 634 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚 IS INADEQUATE

⦿ Trial 3: W 410 x 100 section:
w = 99.6 kg/m d = 415 mm bf = 260 mm tw = 10 mm
𝑆 1 920 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑡 16.9 𝑚𝑚

d = 415

16.9 = tf 
415 – 2(16.9) = 381.2

               
  tw = 10
 
 
bf = 260
 
 
 
 
 
 
  381.2/6 = 63.53
 
 
1 1 1
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 2𝑡 𝑡 260 16.9 415 2 𝑥 16.9 10 5 029.3 𝑚𝑚
6 6 6
16.9 .
𝐼 24 758 160.8 𝑚𝑚

𝑟 𝐼 24 758 160.8 70.16 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 5 029.35
𝐿 6 000 85.52
𝑟 70.16

Criteria: Determine 53.04

and 118.6

𝐿 703 270𝐶𝑏 3 516 330𝐶𝑏

𝑟 85.52
𝐹𝑦
53.04 and 𝐿 𝑟 85.52
𝐹𝑦
118.6

Use the larger Fb value of the following:

85.52
𝐹 𝐹 250 123.34 𝑀𝑃𝑎
. .

and 𝐹 146.01 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Use this as the allowable Fb

/
.
Check for the actual Section Modulus, Sx using 𝐹 146.01 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Weight of beam, wb = 99.6 kg/m (10 m/s2) = 996 N/m

wt = wl + ws + wb = 11 040 + 5 405 + 996 = 17 441 N/m

𝑀 78 484 𝑁. 𝑚

𝑆 ⤖ 𝑆
78 484 .
146.01
/
537 528 𝑚𝑚 5 37 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚

The Trial section: W 410 x 100 section with 𝑺𝒙 𝟏 𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟑 IS ADEQUATE