Summer 2020 Dr. Hidir Maral Department of Mechanical Engineering

MECH3311 Fluid Mechanics
Summer 2020
Dr. HIDIR MARAL
Department of Mechanical Engineering
WEEK 8: BERNOULLI EQUATION – ENERGY EQUATION
21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 1

Frictionless Flow – Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli equation: An approximate

relation between pressure, velocity,
and elevation, and is valid in regions
of steady, incompressible flow where
net frictional forces are negligible.
Despite its simplicity, it has proven to
be a very powerful tool in fluid
mechanics.
The Bernoulli approximation is
typically useful in flow regions outside The Bernoulli equation is an approximate equation
that is valid only in inviscid regions of flow where
of boundary layers and wakes, where
net viscous forces are negligibly small compared to
the fluid motion is governed by the inertial, gravitational, or pressure forces. Such
combined effects of pressure and regions occur outside of boundary layers and wakes.
gravity forces.

Consider an elemental
fixed streamtube control volume!

Conservation of mass:
𝑑 𝜕𝜌
න 𝜌𝑑∀ + 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 0 ≈ 𝑑∀ + 𝑑 𝑚ሶ
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉
Where 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 and 𝑑∀≈ 𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝜌
𝑑𝑚ሶ = 𝑑 𝜌𝐴𝑉 = − 𝐴𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡
This relation does not require an assumption of frictionless flow!
Write the linear momentum equation in streamwise direction:

𝑑 𝜕
෍ 𝑑𝐹𝑠 = න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + 𝑚𝑉
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚𝑉
ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ≈ 𝜌𝑉 𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑(𝑚𝑉)
ሶ
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉 since s is the streamwise direction.
The forces are due to pressure and gravity neglecting the shear force.
𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = −𝑑𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧

Consider an elemental
fixed streamtube control volume! 1
𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑑𝑝𝑑𝐴 − 𝑑𝑝 𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴 ≈ −𝐴𝑑𝑝
2
𝜕 2 2
෍ 𝑑𝐹𝑠 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧 − 𝐴𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝑉 𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑 𝑚𝑉
ሶ 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝 1 2
𝜕𝑡 න 𝑑𝑠 + න + 𝑉2 − 𝑉12 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 2
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑉 1 1
= 𝑉𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝜌𝐴𝑑𝑠 + 𝑚𝑑𝑉
ሶ + 𝑉𝑑𝑚ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌 Bernoulli Equation for
𝑑𝑚ሶ = 𝑑 𝜌𝐴𝑉 = − 𝜕𝑡 𝐴𝑑𝑆 and divide by 𝜌𝐴
 Unsteady
 compressible
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝  Frictionless
𝑑𝑠 + + 𝑉𝑑𝑉 + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 Flow.
2 2
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝 1 2 Two evaluate the remaining integrals one must
න 𝑑𝑠 + න + 𝑉2 − 𝑉12 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0 estimate the unsteady effect and variation of
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 2
1 1 density with pressure.

2 2 𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2 1 2
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑝 1 2 + 𝑉1 + 𝑧1 = + 𝑉 + 𝑧2 = 𝐻 ≡ 𝐻𝐸𝐴𝐷
න 𝑑𝑠 + න + 𝑉2 − 𝑉12 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 2
1 1
Bernoulli Equation for the fluid flow:
 Unsteady
For steady and incompressible flow:  Incompressible
 Frictionless
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 1 2
+ 𝑉2 − 𝑉12 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝜌 2
The sum of the kinetic, potential, and
flow energies of a fluid particle is
constant along a streamline during
𝑝1 1 2 𝑝2 1
+ 𝑉1 + 𝑔𝑧1 = + 𝑉22 + 𝑔𝑧2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 steady flow when compressibility and
𝜌 2 𝜌 2 frictional effects are negligible.

Frictionless Flow – Bernoulli Equation (alternative derivation)
෍ 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠
𝑑𝑉
𝑃𝑑𝐴 − 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑉
𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧/𝑑𝑠 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑉
−𝑑𝑃𝑑𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠𝑉
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
1
−𝑑𝑃 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉 𝑉𝑑𝑉 = 2 d(𝑉 2 )
𝑑𝑃 1
+ d 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2
𝑑𝑃 𝑉 2
න + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2
(Along a streamline)

The incompressible Bernoulli equation is

derived assuming incompressible flow,
and thus it should not be used for flows
with significant compressibility effects.

 The Bernoulli equation can be viewed as the “conservation of mechanical energy

principle.”
 This is equivalent to the general conservation of energy principle for systems that
do not involve any conversion of mechanical energy and thermal energy to each
other, and thus the mechanical energy and thermal energy are conserved
separately.
 The Bernoulli equation states that during steady, incompressible flow with negligible
friction, the various forms of mechanical energy are converted to each other, but
their sum remains constant.
 There is no dissipation of mechanical energy during such flows since there is no
The Bernoulli equation friction that converts mechanical energy to sensible thermal (internal) energy.
states that the sum of the  The Bernoulli equation is commonly used in practice since a variety of practical
kinetic, potential, and flow fluid flow problems can be analyzed to reasonable accuracy with it.
energies of a fluid particle is
constant along a streamline
during steady flow.

Restrictions of Bernoulli Equation:

 Steady flow
 Compressible flow: Mach number should be less than 0.3
 Frictionless flow (ideal case)
 Flow along a streamline: different streamlines may have
different Bernoulli constants depending on the flow
conditions.
 No shaft work between 1 and 2: no pumps or turbines
 No heat transfer between 1 and 2: either added or
removed.

Stagnation, Static and Dynamic Pressure
𝑝 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝐻 ≡ 𝐻𝐸𝐴𝐷
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 = 𝐻 EGL: Energy Grade Line
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Energy Grade Line: shows the height of

the total Bernoulli constant. In
frictionless flow with no work or heat
transfer EGL has a constant height.
Hydraulic Grade Line: shows the height

corresponding to the elevation and
pressure head, that is EGL minus velocity
head.

In more general flow conditions, the EGL will drop slowly

due to friction losses and will drop sharply due to a
substantial loss (a valve or obstruction) or due to work
extraction (to a turbine). The EGL can rise only if there is
work addition (as from a pump or impeller). The HGL
generally follows the behavior of the EGL with respect to
losses or work transfer, and it rises and/or falls if the
velocity decreases or increases.

𝑝 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 P is the static pressure: It does not incorporate any dynamic effects; it
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
represents the actual thermodynamic pressure of the fluid. This is the
Multiply by 𝝆𝒈 same as the pressure used in thermodynamics and property tables.
V2/2 is the dynamic pressure: It represents the pressure rise when the
1 fluid in motion is brought to a stop isentropically.
𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2 gz is the hydrostatic pressure: It is not pressure in a real sense since its
value depends on the reference level selected; it accounts for the elevation
𝒑: static pressure effects, i.e., fluid weight on pressure.
𝟏 𝟐:
𝝆𝑽 dynamic pressure Total pressure: The sum of the static, dynamic, and
𝟐
hydrostatic pressures. Therefore, the Bernoulli equation
𝟏 states that the total pressure along a streamline is constant.
𝒑 + 𝝆𝑽𝟐 : stagnation pressure
𝟐

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔∆ℎ − 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔∆ℎ
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝑔∆ℎ(𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 )
Bernoulli equation between 0 and 1 (Assume that z1=z2=z0)
𝑝0 𝑉02 𝑝1 𝑉12
+ = +
1
𝑝1 − 𝑝0 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉02 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
2
1 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑎 𝑉02 = 𝑔∆ℎ 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ⇒ 𝑉0 = 2𝑔∆ℎ −1
2 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

Close-up of a Pitot-static probe,

showing the stagnation pressure hole
and two of the five static circumferential
pressure holes. The static, dynamic, and
stagnation pressures measured
using piezometer tubes.

The Energy Equation
𝜕 1 2 1 2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 − 𝑊ሶ 𝜐 = ෠
න 𝑢ො + 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧 𝜌𝑑∀ + න ℎ + 𝑉 + 𝑔𝑧 𝜌 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑡 2 2
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
𝑊ሶ 𝑠 : shaft work
Unsteady part Flux
𝑊ሶ 𝜐 : viscous work
𝑝 Steady, one dimensional, viscous (friction effects included), pump, turbine

ℎ෠ = 𝑢ො + 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑢ො +
𝜌
𝐻1 + ℎ𝑃 = 𝐻2 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝑓
෠ enthalpy
ℎ:
𝑢:
ො internal energy
𝑣: specific volume Pump Friction losses
Turbine
𝑝 𝑉2 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄ℎ 𝑇 = 𝑄∆𝑃
+ +𝑧 =𝐻
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Find a relation between the nozzle Assumptions:

discharge velocity and tank free-  Steady flow
surface . Assume steady frictionless  Friction is neglected
flow.  Incompressible flow
In order to write the Bernoulli equation, try to choose points 1

and 2 where maximum information is available.
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 =0
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22 𝑉1 ≈ 0
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝑉22 − 𝑉12 = 2𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2𝑔ℎ
2𝑔ℎ
𝑉22 =
𝐴22
1− 2
𝐴1

In order to write the Bernoulli equation, try to choose points 1

and 2 where maximum information is available.
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 =0 𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22

+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝑉22 − 𝑉12 = 2𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2𝑔ℎ
2𝑔ℎ
𝑉22 =
𝐴22
1− 2
𝐴1
Since 𝐴1 ≫ 𝐴1
𝑉22 ≈ 2𝑔ℎ
𝑉1 ≈ 0 velocity at the free surface is assumed to be zero!!

A constriction in a pipe will cause the velocity to rise and Write the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and point 2:
the pressure to fall at section 2 in the throat. The pressure
difference is a measure of the flow rate through the pipe. 𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
The smoothly necked-down system is called a venture + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
tube. Find an expression for the mass flux in the tube as a
function of the pressure change. 𝑉22 − 𝑉12 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 =0 =
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Write incompressible continuity equation:
𝐴2
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = 𝛽 2 𝑉2
𝐴1
𝐷
Where 𝛽 = 𝐷2
1
Then substitute the equation into the Bernoulli Equation
1/2
2 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑉2 =
𝜌 1 − 𝛽4
1/2
2𝜌 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴2
1 − 𝛽4

Assumptions:
 Steady
 Incompressible
 Frictionless
Write the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and point 2:

𝑉1 ≈ 0 𝑉2 = 0
2 2
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝑧1 = 0
𝑝1 𝑝1 400 × 103
= 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ⇒ 𝑧2 = = = 40.8 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 9.81 × 1000


w=𝝆𝒈

Continuity equation:
2
𝐴1 𝐷1
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝑉2 = 𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 12 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 1 𝐷2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
1
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
2
𝑝2 = 260 × 10 + 500 32 − 122 + 9810 × 10
3
𝑝2 = 290600 𝑃𝑎

2
1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔 ℎ + ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔 ℎ + ℎ1 + ℎ2 = 𝑝2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ
Assumptions!!


𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑄 = 50 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Energy equation between the inlet and the outlet of the pump:
𝐻1 + ℎ𝑃 = 𝐻2
𝐷1 = 𝐷2 ⇒ 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑃 = + + 𝑧2
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 300 − 100 × 103

ℎ𝑃 = + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = = 20.4 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 9810
Hydraulic power:
𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝,ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄ℎ𝑃 = 9810 × 0.05 × 20.4 = 10006.2 𝑊 ≈ 10𝑘𝑊
Power of electric motor after losses:
𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊ሶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 0.90 × 15 = 13.5 kW
𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝,ℎ𝑦𝑑 10
𝜂 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒; 𝟕𝟒%
𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 13.5

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑃 = + + 𝑧2
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ≈ 0
ℎ𝑃 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 15 𝑚
𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝,ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄ℎ𝑃 = 9810 × 0.07 × 15 = 10300.5 𝑊 ≈ 10.3 𝑘𝑊
𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝,ℎ𝑦𝑑 10.3
𝜂= = = 0.669
ሶ
𝑊𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 15.4
2 𝜂 = 66.9 %
10300
1 𝑊ሶ 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝,ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄ℎ𝑃 = 10300 ⇒ 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑃 = = 14714.3 𝑃𝑎
0.07
𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑃 = ∆𝑝 ≈ 14.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Energy equation between 1 and 2

𝐻1 + ℎ𝑃 = 𝐻2 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝑓 𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ≈ 0
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿
ℎ 𝑇 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 − ℎ𝐿 = 120 − 35 = 85 𝑚
𝑊ሶ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄ℎ 𝑇 = 1000 × 9.81 × 100 × 85

𝑊ሶ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,ℎ𝑦𝑑 ≈ 83.4 𝑀𝑊
𝑊ሶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝜂 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 = ⇒ 𝑊ሶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 83.4 × 0.8 = 66.7 MW
ሶ
𝑊ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐

Bernoulli Equation between points 1 and 2:
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
1
𝜌 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑝1 =
2
1.5
𝑄 4𝑄 4 × ( )
𝑉1 = = = 60 = 3.2 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 𝜋𝐷12 𝜋0.12
1.5
𝑄 4𝑄 4 × ( )
𝑉2 = = = 60 = 35.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 𝜋𝐷22 𝜋0.032
1
𝑝1 = × 1000 × 35.42 − 3.22 = 621460 𝑃𝑎
2

Linear Momentum Equation:
෍ 𝐹Ԧ = ෍ 𝛽𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑜𝑢𝑡
− ෍ 𝛽𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑖𝑛
෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑉2 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑉1
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = − 𝐹𝐵 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 621460 × 0.00785 − 25 × 35.4 − 3.2
𝐹𝐵 = 4073.5 𝑁

Both fluids are at 20°C. If V1=0.5 m/s and losses are From Continuity equation (for incompressible flow)
2
neglected, what should the manometer reading h be? 𝐴1 𝐷1
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝑉2 = 𝑉 = 𝑉1
𝐴2 1 𝐷2
2
1.5
0.5 cm 𝑉2 = 0.5 = 4.5 𝑚/𝑠
0.5
Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2:
3m 𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
1.5 cm
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
1
𝑝1 = 𝜌 𝑉22 − 𝑉12 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 500 4.52 − 0.52 + 9810 × 3
2
0.6 m 𝑝1 = 39430 𝑃𝑎
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔 × 0.6 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ
39430 − 1000 × 9.81 × 0.6

ℎ= = 0.251 𝑚 = 25.1 𝑐𝑚
13600 × 9.81

The horizontal wye fitting splits the From Continuity equation (for incompressible flow)
water rate equally. If 𝑄1 = 0.14 𝑚3 /𝑠 1 𝑚3
and 𝑝1 = 172 𝑘𝑃𝑎 estimate p2, p3 and 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 = 𝑄1 = 0.07
2 𝑠
vector force required to keep the wye 4𝑄1 𝑚 4𝑄2 𝑚 4𝑄3 𝑚
𝑉1 = = 7.92 𝑉2 = = 15.84 𝑉3 = = 8.91
in place. 𝜋𝐷12 𝑠 𝜋𝐷22 𝑠 𝜋𝐷32 𝑠
𝐷1 = 75 𝑚𝑚 Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2:
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
1
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌 𝑉12 − 𝑉22 = 172000 + 0.5 × 1000 7.922 − 15.842 = 77910.4 𝑃𝑎
2
Bernoulli equation between 1 and 3:
𝐷1 = 150 𝑚𝑚 1
𝑝3 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌 𝑉12 − 𝑉32 = 172000 + 0.5 × 1000 7.922 − 8.942 = 163401.4 𝑃𝑎
2
𝐷3 = 100 𝑚𝑚

෍ 𝐹Ԧ = ෍ 𝛽 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑜𝑢𝑡
− ෍ 𝛽 𝑚ሶ 𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑖𝑛
𝐷2 = 75 𝑚𝑚
෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑉2 + 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑉3 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑉1
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 − 𝑝3 𝐴3 𝑠𝑖𝑛50 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑉2,𝑥 + 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑉3,𝑥 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑉1,𝑥
𝐷1 = 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑥 = −𝑝1 𝐴1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 + 𝑝3 𝐴3 𝑠𝑖𝑛50 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑉2,𝑥 + 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑉3,𝑥 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑉1,𝑥

𝑅𝑥
y = −172000 × 0.01767 + 77910.4 × 4.42 × 10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 + 163401.4 × 7.85 × 10−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛50
𝐷3 = 100 𝑚𝑚
+ 0.07 × 1000 15.84𝑠𝑖𝑛30 + 0.07 × 1000 8.91𝑠𝑖𝑛50 − 0.14 × 1000 7.92
= −3039.24 + 172.18 + 982.61 + 554.4 + 477.78 − 1108.8 = −1961.07 𝑁
x ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑅𝑦 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 𝑝3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠50 = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑉2,𝑦 − 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑉3,𝑦 − 𝑚ሶ 1 𝑉1,𝑦
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 𝑝3 𝐴3 𝑐𝑜𝑠50 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑉2,𝑦 − 𝑚ሶ 3 𝑉3,𝑦

𝑅𝑦 = + 77910.4 × 4.42 × 10−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 163401.4 × 7.85 × 10−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠50
+70 × 15.84𝑐𝑜𝑠30 − 70 × 8.91𝑐𝑜𝑠50 = 298.23 − 824.50 + 958.43 − 400.91 = 31.25𝑁




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MECH3311 Fluid Mechanics

WEEK 8: BERNOULLI EQUATION – ENERGY EQUATION

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 1

Bernoulli equation: An approximate

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 2

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 3

Write the linear momentum equation in streamwise direction:

𝑑𝐹𝑠,𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = −𝑑𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝛾𝐴𝑑𝑧

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 5

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 6

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧/𝑑𝑠 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 7

The incompressible Bernoulli equation is

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 8

 The Bernoulli equation can be viewed as the “conservation of mechanical energy

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 9

Restrictions of Bernoulli Equation:

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 10

Energy Grade Line: shows the height of

Hydraulic Grade Line: shows the height

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 11

In more general flow conditions, the EGL will drop slowly

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 12

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 13

Bernoulli equation between 0 and 1 (Assume that z1=z2=z0)

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 14

Close-up of a Pitot-static probe,

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 15

𝑝 Steady, one dimensional, viscous (friction effects included), pump, turbine

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 16

Find a relation between the nozzle Assumptions:

In order to write the Bernoulli equation, try to choose points 1

𝑉22 − 𝑉12 = 2𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2𝑔ℎ

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 17

In order to write the Bernoulli equation, try to choose points 1

𝑝1 = 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 =0 𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22

𝑉22 − 𝑉12 = 2𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2𝑔ℎ

𝑉1 ≈ 0 velocity at the free surface is assumed to be zero!!

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 18

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 19

Write the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and point 2:

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 20

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 21

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 22

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 23

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 24

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 25

𝑝2 − 𝑝1 300 − 100 × 103

Power of electric motor after losses:

𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊ሶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 0.90 × 15 = 13.5 kW

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 26

𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑃 = ∆𝑝 ≈ 14.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 27

Energy equation between 1 and 2

𝑊ሶ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄ℎ 𝑇 = 1000 × 9.81 × 100 × 85

21.07.2020 MECH3311 WEEK 8 - BERNOULLI - ENERGY EQUATION 28

Bernoulli Equation between points 1 and 2: