V.R.

SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING: VIJAYAWADA-7

MINI PROJECT

Name of the Project: ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER OF KRISHNA
DISTRICT.
Name of the Guide: Dr.V.V.N.Prabhakar Rao
Section: CE –III Batch No: 15

S.No. Roll.no. Student Name

1.
188W1A01C7 D.Samba siva rao
2.
188W1A01C5 Ch.Rambabu
3.
188W1A01C2 B.Bhavani venkata sai
4.
188W1A01D4 K.Prudhvi

Signature of Leader Signature of Guide

CONTENTS:  ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
 STUDYAREA
 SOFTWARE USED
 DATA USED
 METHODOLOGY
 RESULTS
ABSTRACT:
The study of land use/land cover (LU/LC)
changes is very important to have proper
planning and utilization of natural
resources and their management.
Traditional methods for gathering
demographic data, censuses, and analysis
of environmental samples are not adequate
for multi complex environmental studies,
since many problems often presented in
environmental issues and great complexity
of handling the multidisciplinary data set;
we require new technologies like satellite
remote sensing and Geographical
Information Systems (GISs). GIS is an
integrated system of computer hardware
and software capable of capturing, storing,
retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and
displaying geographically referenced
(spatial) information for the purpose of
aiding development-oriented management
and decision-making processes. We
perform the analysis in Google Earth
Engine (GEE), based on imagery from
sentinel 2 data as input. The methodology
produces maps of Land use Land covers
across the Krishna District. Although the
dataset can facilitate supervised image
classification in any platform, we highlight
its potential use in GEE for temporal large-
scale analysis of the Land Use and Land
Cover. In this study we are going to detect
the change in the agriculture area in
Krishna district from past years to the
current years using the Google Earth
Engine and ArcGIS.
INTRODUCTION:
Endowed with a rich variety of soils, the
Krishna district occupies an important
place in agriculture which is the most
important occupation. The predominant
crops of Kharif season in Krishna district
are paddy, cotton, groundnut and turmeric
and in Rabi season crops like paddy,
maize, black gram are predominant.
According to agricultural census 2012-13
the gross cropped area of the district was
7.01 Lakh Hectares of which gross
irrigated area was 3.63 lakh Hectares.
While 2011-12 the gross cropped area of
the district was 7.26 Lakh Hectares of
which gross irrigated area was 3.75 lakh
Hectares. Three types of soils in the
district:
1. Black soil which constitute 57.6% of the
villages
2. Sandy Clay-loams with 22.3% and
3. Red loamy with 19.4% of the villages
are prevalent in this District, while a small
sandy soils constitute 0.7% along the
fringes of the seacoast.
In the current scenario,
rapid replacement of land cover (LC) by
various land use (LU) patterns is observed
globally. The pace of change in LC to LU
depends on the needs and the rate of
population growth of an area along with
the natural and economic drivers.
However, in the last few decades, the
changes are more pronounced due to
urbanization, deforestation, and changing
agricultural practices .Conversion of
agricultural land into non-agricultural use
is the major problem of urbanization.
The development policies
proposed by the government as a part of
infrastructure expansion or economic
stability also plays a major role in the
modification of Land use and land cover of
an area. Geographic information system
have capability of detecting and/ or
monitoring the features of earth’s surface
using satellite images have different
radiometric, spectral, spatial, and temporal
resolution. These technologies resolutions
have several advantages in order to
minimize time and cost to extract Land
cover and Land use.
In change detection
applications, it is necessary to use multi-
temporal datasets to analyze the temporal
effects of the object or phenomenon.
Currently, with increased computer
capability and data availability, Remote
Sensing and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) have become effective tools
for detecting objects and phenomena
change. In parallel, cloud-based
computational platforms have become
increasingly accessible and allow one to
scale analysis across space and time. One
such platform is Google Earth Engine
(GEE).
Google Earth Engine
leverages cloud-computational services for
planetary-scale analysis and consists of
petabytes of geospatial and tabular data,
including a full archive of Landsat,
Sentinel and MODIS scenes, together with
a JavaScript, Python based API (GEE
API), and algorithms for supervised image
classification. Therefore in this study we
are going to concentrate on land use and
land cover of agricultural lands.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
V. Kumar, S. Agrawal (2019)
Urbanization is occurring at a fast rate in
India. Population residing in urban areas
was 11.4% according to the Census of
1901. This percentage has gradually
increased to 31.16% according to the
Census of 2011. Conversion of agricultural
land into non-agricultural uses is the major
side effect of urbanization.
Praveen Kumar Mallupattu and
Jayarama Reddy Sreenivasula
Reddy. (2013)
In an urban environment natural and
human-induced environmental changes are
of concern today because of deterioration
of environment and human health. The
study of land use/land cover (LU/LC)
changes is very important to have proper
planning and utilization of natural
resources and their management. . GIS is
an integrated system of computer hardware
and software capable of capturing, storing,
retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and
displaying geographically referenced
(spatial) information for the purpose of
aiding development-oriented management
and decision-making processes
Zahraa Abbas, Dr. Hussein Sabah
Jaber. (2020)
Remotely sensed imagery identifying as
the best type of data has information
throughout the world. The imagery has a
importance information, since it can show
up-date-today information, and provide a
truly information.. Geographic information
system have capability of detecting and/ or
monitoring the features of earth’s surface
using satellite images have different
radiometric, spectral, spatial, and temporal
resolution. These technologies resolutions
have several advantages in order to
minimize time and cost to extract Land
cover and Land use (LULC)
N.N. Salghuna, P. Rama Chandra
Prasad, J. Asha Kumari. (2018)
In the current scenario, rapid replacement
of land cover (LC) by various land use
(LU) patterns is observed globally. The
pace of change in LC to LU depends on
the needs and the rate of population
growth of an area along with the natural
and economic drivers. The choice of
economic growth over ecological
sustainability, led to the depletion of
enormous natural resources like forest,
water bodies, minerals, soil, etc., leading
to drastic and rapid changes in LULC
patterns.
Abdullah F. Alqurashi, Lalit
Kumar (2013)
The accuracy of change detection on the
earth’s surface is important for
understanding the relationships and
interactions between human and natural
phenomena. Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
have the potential to provide accurate
information regarding land use and land
cover changes. . Recently, artificial neural
networks, chi-square, decision tree and
image fusion have been frequently used in
change detection. Research on integrating
remote sensing data and GIS into change
detection has also increased.
Sophia S. Rwanga, J. M.
Ndambuki (2017)
Remote sensing is one of the tool which is
very important for the production of Land
use and land cover maps through a process
called image classification. For the image
classification process to be successfully,
several factors should be considered
including availability of quality Landsat
imagery and secondary data, a precise
classification process and user’s
experiences and expertise of the
procedures. Land use and land cover
information is required for policy making,
business and administrative purposes.
Land use classification is vital because it
gives data which can be used as input for
modeling, especially the one dealing with
environment, for instance models deals
with climate change and policies
developments
Dipak R. Samal, Shirish Gedam.
(2021)
Rapid economic development in India has
intensified the changes in natural land
cover .LULC is never static; rather it has
consistently been modified by natural and
anthropogenic drivers. However, in the last
few decades, the changes are more
pronounced due to urbanization,
deforestation, and changing agricultural
practices. The effect of LULC change in a
catchment depends on the degree of
modification to natural land cover by
human influence, intensity, location and
type of change within a catchment.
GN Vivekananda, R Swathi
&AVLN Sujith. (2020)
Land use/land cover (LULC) changes play
an essential role in the studies of regional,
local and global environmental change.
Land cover refers to how the Earth’s
surface is covered by forests, wetlands,
impervious surfaces, agricultural, and
other types of land and water. Land use
refers to how humans use the landscape,
whether for development, conservation, or
mixed uses. Land use includes recreation
areas, wildlife habitats, agricultural land,
and built-up land.
Kaushal K. Garg , K.H. Anantha ,
Rajesh Nune , Venkata Radha
Akuraju , Pushpraj Singh ,
Murali Krishna Gumma ,
Sreenath Dixit, Ragab
Ragab(2020)
Globally, freshwater availability is census of India. It is located between
declining, coupled with increasing latitude 16.6100° N, and longitude
population pressure, land use change, 80.7214° E.
industrial growth and urbanization. There
Endowed with a rich variety
is increasing concern among different
of soils, the district occupies an important
sectors/stakeholders for their water share
place in agriculture which is the most
at local, regional and national scal. .
important occupation and paddy is the
Globally, agriculture consumes about 80 %
main food crop produced.
of fresh water resources and more than 570
million farm families are dependent on the
agriculture sector and are vulnerable to SOFTWARES USED:
increasing water scarcity. Climate change
has worsened the situation further with
uncertainty in freshwater availability and  Google earth engine (GEE), In Google
its sustainability. earth engine we have inbuilt codes and
algorithms required to do
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY: classifications. A platform called code
editor is also available to edit and run
the code we developed for the purpose
 To identify different land use and land
of the study.
cover categories present in study area.
 Arc geographical information system
 To classify the satellite image into
(ArcGIS) 10.6.12 version is used for
required classes using geospatial
reclassification of the classified data.
techniques.
 Microsoft excel for calculation of
 To calculate the percentage of area
areas.
under each classified feature class.
 To determine the percentage change
occurred in agricultural area in the past
five years. DATA USED:

 Sentinal optical data (10m resolution)

STUDY AREA:  Landsat optical data (30m resolution)
 Data 1: acquired in the year 2011.
 Data 2: acquired in the year 2015.
 Data 3: acquired in the year 2020.
 Literature that provide an
understanding of the concept and
advancement in this area of study.

Krishna district is one of the nine districts

in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian
state of Andhra Pradesh .It has a total
coastline of 88 km (55 mi). It has an area
of 8,727 km2 (3,370 sq mi) and had a
population of 4,529,009 as per 2011
 RESULTS: 2011:

Distribution of Land Use / Land

Cover in Krishna district 2011
S.No Class _Name Area_sqkm_2011
1 Crop land 4954.8
2 Barren 228.21
3 Plantation 928.46
4 Scrub/Shrubs 124.17
5 Builtup 480.1
6 Forest 566.36
Wet lands /
1402.13
7 Water bodies
8 Grass land 15.32

Area_sqkm_2011
6000
FUTURE WORK:
4000
2000
 Calculation of areas and percentage
0
areas of obtained LULC classes. Area_sqkm_2011
Forest
Scrub/Shrubs

Wet lands / Water bodies

Crop land

Plantation

Builtup

Grass land
Barren

 Separating agriculture class and

calculating the change occurred in
the past 10 years in the Krishna
district.
 Suggesting the causes for the
agriculture change.
2015: 2020:

Distribution of Land Use / Land

Cover in Krishna district 2015
Area_sqkm_201
S.No Class _Name 5
1 Crop land 4806.43
2 Barren 257.36
3 Plantation 1010.89
4 Scrub/Shrubs 146.77
5 Builtup 531.46
6 Forest 522.95
Wet lands / Water 1449.75
7 bodies
8 Grass land 12.45 Distribution of Land Use / Land
Cover in Krishna district _2020
S.N
o Class _Name Area_sqkm_2020
1 Crop land 4965.45
Area_sqkm_2015 2 Barren 60.95
6000 3 Plantation 521.65
5000 4 Scrub/Shrubs 526.4
5 Builtup 608.55
4000
6 Forest 776.67
3000 Wet lands / Water
7 bodies 1221.19
2000
Area_sqkm_20 8 Grass land 25.1
1000 15
0
Forest
Scrub/Shrubs

Wet lands / Water bodies

Grass land
Crop land
Barren
Plantation

Builtup

Area_sqkm_2020
6000
4000
2000
0
Area_sqkm_2020
Wet lands / Water bodies
Scrub/Shrubs
Plantation

Grass land
Crop land

Forest
Builtup
Barren
Final change in crop land: [2]Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover
Change s Using Remote Sensing Data and
GIS at an Urban Area, Tirupati, India
Crop land ,Praveen Kumar Mallupattu and Jayarama
Reddy Sreenivasula Reddy.(2013)
5000
4950 [3]Accuracy assessment of supervised
4900 classification methods for extraction land
4850 use maps using remote sensing and GIS
Crop land techniques Zahraa Abbas, Dr. Hussein
4800
4750 Sabah Jaber. (2020)
4700
[4]Assessing the impact of land use and
Area in 2011

Area in 2015

Area in 2020

land cover changes on the remnant patches

of Kondapalli reserve forest of the Eastern
Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India N.N.
Salghuna , P. Rama Chandra Prasad ,J.
Asha Kumari .(201[5]Investigating the
Final change in builtup: Use of Remote Sensing and GIS
Techniques to Detect Land Use and Land
Cover Change: A Review by Abdullah F.
Builtup Alqurashi, Lalit Kumar (2013)
700 [6]Accuracy Assessment of Land
600 Use/Land Cover Classification Using
500 Remote Sensing and GIS by Sophia S.
400 Rwanga, J. M. Ndambuki (2017)
300 Builtup
200 [7]Assessing the impacts of land use and
100 land cover change on water resources in
0 the Upper Bhima river basin, India, Dipak
R. Samal, Shirish Gedam. (2021)
Area in 2011

Area in 2015

Area in 2020

[8]Multi-temporal image analysis for

LULC classification and change detection
by GN Vivekananda, R Swathi&AVLN
Sujith. (2020)
REFERENCES:
[9]Impact of land use changes and
[1]AGRICULTURAL LAND USE management practices on groundwater
CHANGE ANALYSIS USING REMOTE resources in Kolar district, Southern India
SENSING AND GIS: A CASE STUDY Kaushal K. Garg , K.H. Anantha , Rajesh
OF ALLAHABAD, INDIA V. Kumar 1, Nune , Venkata Radha Akuraju , Pushpraj
S. Agrawal (2019) Singh , Murali Krishna Gumma , Sreenath
Dixit , Ragab Ragab(2020).
[10]Land use and land cover changes and
Soil erosion in Yezat Watershed, North
Western Ethiopia Lemlem Tadesse, K.V.
Suryabhagavan, G. Sridhar, Gizachew
Legesse (2017)