GEOGRAPHY

UNIT-1 . LITHOSSPHERE – I. ENDOGENETIC PROCESS

Distinguish between:
1. Core and Crust
S.No Crust Core
1 Crust is the outer layer Core is the inner most and hottest layer
2 Crust is the outer layer The major elements of crust are It is composed mainly of Nickel (Ni)
silica (Si) and Aluminum (Ai) and thus, it is termed as SIAL and iron (Fe). Hence it is called NIFE
3 The crust is classified as continental The core is divided into solid inner
crust and oceanic crust. core and liquid outer core.
4 The thickness is 30km The thickness is 3480 km
2. Epicentre and Hypocentre.
S.No Epicentre Hypocentre.
1 Epicentre is a point on the Earth’s surface that lies The point of origin of an Earthquake is
directly above the focus. called “Focus”
2 The impact of the earthquake is felt the most at the It generates a series of elastic waves.
epicenter.
3. Divergent and convergent boundaries.
S.No Divergent boundaries convergent boundaries.
1 In Divergent boundaries the plates In convergent boundaries the plate
pull away from each other as magma moves toward each other and sometimes
2 pushes up from the mantle. a plate sinks under another. The location where the sinking of
a plate occurs is called a subdiction zone.
4. Primary and Secondary waves.
S.No Primary waves. Secondary waves.
1 The waves pass through solids, The waves travel only through solids.`
liquids and gases
2 The velocity is 5.31 cm per second to The velocity is 1 km per second to 8
10.6 km per second km per second.
3 P wasves are the fastest of all the earthquake waves These transverse waves shake theground perpendicular to
and the first to reach the epicenter. the directionin which they propogate.
5. Shield volcano and Volcanic dome.
Shield volcano Volcanic dome.
1 Shield volcanoes are formed by intense A lava dome or volcanic dome is roughly a circular mound
viscous lava. formed due to the slow ejection of viscous lava from a
volcano.
2 These are shallow depositions with gently sloping As the lava is rich in silica with intense viscosity,
sides.
3 Hence the lava flows out in all directions to create a it is prevented from flowing far from its vent.
shield.
4 - Eg. Mauna Loa, Hawaii Eg. Paricutin, Mexico.
UNIT-2 . LITHOSSPHERE –I I. ENDOGENETIC PROCESS
Distinguish between
1. Physical and Chemical weathering
S.No Physical weathering Chemical weathering
1 It is the breakdown of rocks without changing their Disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to chemical
chemical composition, though the action of reactions is called chemical weathering.
physical forces.
2 Exfoliation, block disintegration granular Chemical weathering takes place through
disintegration etc are the the processes of oxidation, carbonation
different types of weathering solution and hydration
2. Delta and Estuary
S.No Delta Estuary
1 A triangular shaped low lying area Estuary is formed where the river meets the
formed by the river at its mouth called sea.
delta.
2 Deltas have fine deposits of sediments Deposition of silt by the river is not possible
enriched with minerals. here in the estuaries like delta as if the
waves keep on eroding the deposits.
Eg. Cauvery delta Eg. River Narmada and Tapti.
3. Stalactite and Stalagmite
Stalactite Stalagmite
When the water containing dissolved When the calcite deposits rises upward like
calcite gradually drips from the ceiling a pillar stalagmites are formed.
of the caves, water evaporates and the
remaining capcite hangs from the
ceiling. Thus stalactites are folmed
4. Longitudinal and Transverse Dunes
S.No Longitudinal Dunes Transverse Dunes
Longitudinal dunes are long narrow ridges of sand, Transverse dunes are asymmetrical in shape.
which extend in a direction parallel to the prevailing They are formed by alternate slow and fast
winds. These dines are called Seifs in winds that blow from the same direction.
Sahara
5. Inselbergs and Yardangs
Inselbergs: Yardangs
Inselbergs is a German term which means an island In arid regions, certain rocks have hard and soft
mountain. layers arranged vertically.
- Certain hard rocks like igneous rocks are more resistant to - When winds blow over these rocks the soft layers
wind action. get eroded leaving irregular crusts.
- Such isolates residual hills rising abruptly from their - They are called Yardangs.
surroundings are termed as inslbergs. Eg. Uluru, Ayers rock,
Australia
6. Spit and Bar:
. Spit Bar
A spit is a ridge or embankment of sediment A bar is an elongated deposit of sand,
attached to the land on one end and terminating in shingle or mud found in the sea. It is almost
open water on the other end. Spits are common at parallel to the shoreline.
the mouth of estuaries.
 3.ATMOSPHERE
Distinguish between the following:
1. Weather and Climate
Weather
Weather is observed for short duration over
small areas
It changes hour to hours
A place can experience different types of
weather condition in a day.
Weather data is collected everyday in the
observations.
Study of weather is called
Meteorology.
4. HYDROSPHERE
Distinguish the following:
1. Spring tide and Neap tide.
Spring tide
1 When the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned inthe
same line, the collective gravitation pull of the sun and
moon on earth‟s water strengthens to form a high tide
known as spring tide
2 Such tides always occur on full moon and new moon
days.
2. Abyssal plains and Ocean deeps
Abyssal plains
1 The deep sea plains or abyssal plains are
underwater plains found on the deep ocean floor
2 These plains extend from continental rise to the mid
oceanic ridges.
3 These plains are usually covered by the thick layer of
sediments composed of clay, silt and sand, brought
by the rivers
5. BIOSPHERE
Distinguish between the following:
1. Producers and Producers
Producers
1 Producers are self nourishing components of
the ecosystem.
2 Hence they are called Autotrophs
3 They are found both on land and water
4 Eg. Plants, Algae, Bacteria etc
Climate
Climate is observed over long period of time for a
larger area
. It is more or less permanent.
A place can experience almost the same type of
climate.
Climate is average of the weather data.
Study of climate is called climatology.
Neap tide.
When the sun and the moon are at right
angles, their gravitational forces work against
each other, causing a low tide called neap tide
A neap tide occurs between two spring tides
i.e., twice a month, when the first and last
quarter moon appears.
Ocean deeps
Trenches are the deepest part of the oceans
and occupy about 7% of the total relief of the ocean floor
The ocean temperature in the trench is
slightly cooler than the freezing temperature
As they are sediment free, most trenches are
V-shaped with steep sides. Epicentre of the great
earthquakes are all found in the trenches
Producers
Decomposers are some organisms that are
incapable of preparing its own food.
Hence they are called Saprotrophs
They live on dead and decaying plants and
animals
Eg. fungus, mushrooms etc.
2. Tropical vegetation and Desert vegetation
Tropical vegetation
1 The tropical forest biome is comprised of
several sub-biomes, including evergreen
rainforest, seasonal deciduous forest etc.
2 The chief trees found here are rubber, bamboo,
ebony, etc. Bats, pheasants, jaguars, elephants,
monkeys etc.
7. MAPPING SKILLS
Distinguish between the following:
1. Globe and Map
S.No Globe
1 A globe is a three-dimensional sphere
2 The globe represents the whole earth.
3 A globe gives a broad-level picture
. 2. Aerial photographs and satellite imageries.
S.No Aerial photographs
1 Aerial photographs are taken from aircraft,
helicopter and drones.
2 Adversely affected by bad weather
3 It is an analogue record, so no further
improvement is possible after obtaining
photographs.
3. GIS and GPS
S.No GIS
1 The GIS (Geographic Information System)
collects data of a geographic region using
remote sensing and GPS.
2 The geographic information system is a
combination of computer hardware,
software,geographic data and the personal.
Desert vegetation
Deserts are usually found on the western
margins of the continents between 20° and 30°
N and S latitudes. As the soil is sandy and
saline, deserts remain agriculturally unproductive.
Reptiles like snakes, lizards, scorpions, thorny
scrubs and bushes, palms etc., are most
commonly found here
Map
A map is a two-dimensional shape.
A map represents whole earth or part of it.
A map provides more specific information about different places.
satellite imageries.
Satellite imageries are taken from artificial satellites.
Weather does not affect the functioning of satellites
All information is digital; it can be easily integrated
with software for image improvement
GPS
GPS (Global Positioning System) is a device connected
to satellites to provide continuous, worldwidecoverage.
The main purpose of GPS is to help in providing
accurate transport data.It helps in military searches and
rescue in wars.It can work as a reliable tourist guide.