SOLID GEOMETRY
a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a
TERMS
Solid Geometry (also known as Solid
Mensuration) is the geometry of three-
dimensional space. It is the study of various solids,
measure of volume, area, height, length, and many
more.
A prism is a polyhedron comprising an n-sided
polygon base, a second base which is a
translated copy of the first, and n other faces
called lateral faces, necessarily all
parallelograms, joining corresponding sides of the
two bases.
An oblique prism is a prism in which the joining
edges and faces are not perpendicular to the base
faces.
A right prism is a prism in which the joining edges
and faces are perpendicular to the base faces. The
altitude of a prism is a segment with one endpoint
in one of the bases, the other endpoint in the plane
that contains the other base, perpendicular to that
base. It is often called the height of the prism. The
lateral edges of a prism are the line segments
connecting corresponding vertices of the bases of
the prism.
When three edges meet, they form a point, which
is called a vertex (the plural of vertex is vertices).
A cylinder is defined as a surface consisting of all
the points on all the lines which are parallel to a
given line and which pass through a fixed plane
curve in a plane not parallel to the given line.
Cube is a regular solid with six square faces; also
known as regular hexahedron.
A parallelepiped is a three-dimensional geometric
solid with six faces that are parallelograms.
A pyramid is a polyhedron formed by connecting a
polygonal base and a point, called the apex or
vertex. Each base edge and apex form a triangle,
called a lateral face. It is a conic solid with
polygonal base.
A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape
that tapers smoothly from a flat base to a point
called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a
set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting
base that is in a plane that does not contain the
apex.
Frustum is the part of a conical solid left after
cutting off a top portion with a plane parallel to the
base. The part of a solid, as a cone or pyramid,
between two usually parallel cutting planes.
A truncated prism is a portion of a prism formed
by passing a plane not parallel to the base and
intersecting all the lateral edges. Since the
truncating plane is not parallel to the base, the
solid formed has two nonparallel bases, which are
both polygons of the same number of edges.
A cylindrical segment, sometimes also called a
truncated cylinder, is the solid cut from a circular
cylinder by two (or more) planes.
A prismatoid is a polyhedron whose vertices all lie
in two parallel planes.
A cylindrical wedge is cut from a cylinder by
slicing with a plane that intersects the base of the
cylinder.
A sphere is a geometrical object in three-
dimensional space that is the surface of a ball.
Like a circle in a two-dimensional space, a sphere
is defined mathematically as the set of points that
are all at the same distance r from a given point in
a three-dimensional space.
A spherical segment is the solid defined by
cutting a sphere with a pair of parallel planes. It
can be thought of as a spherical cap with the top
truncated, and so it corresponds to a spherical
frustum. The surface of the spherical segment
(excluding the bases) is called a zone.
A spherical lune (or biangle) is an area on a
sphere bounded by two half great circles which
meet at antipodal points.
A spherical wedge or ungula is a portion of a ball
bounded by two plane semi disks and a spherical
lune (termed the wedge's base).
Spherical sector is bounded by a zone and one or
two conical surfaces. The spherical sector having
only one conical surface is called a spherical V =π r 2 h
cone, otherwise it is called open spherical sector.
b. Lateral Area
A spherical polygon is a plane polygon that is
L A=Σ A trian gular faces
formed on a sphere by arcs of great circles.

A spherical pyramid is a solid bounded by a If the base is a regular polygon :

spherical polygon and portions of planes passing 1
LA= Pbase ∙ l
through the sides of the polygon and the center of 2
the sphere.
c. Total Surface Area
Platonic solid, any of the five geometric solids TSA= Abase + LA
whose faces are all identical, regular polygons
meeting at the same three-dimensional angles.
Also known as the five regular polyhedra, they 4. Cone
consist of the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, a. Volume
dodecahedron, and icosahedron. 1
V= A ∙h
3 base
1
V = π r2 h
DERIVED FORMULA 3

1. Prism b. Lateral Area

a. Volume LA= Aface / sector
V =k ∙l LA=πrl
k = Abase sinθ
c. Total Surface Area
b. Lateral Area TSA= Abase + LA
LA=Σ A rectangular∨¿¿
TSA=π r 2+ πrl
parallelogram face
5. Frustums of Pyramid and Cone
If the base is a regular polygon : LA=Pbase ∙ l a. Volume
h
V= ¿¿
c. Total Surface Area 3
TSA=Σ A bases + LA

2. Cylinder b. Lateral Area

a. Volume L A frustum−cone=π ( r 1 +r 2 ) l
V = A base ∙ h 1
L A frustum− pyramid = ( P1+ P 2)l
V =π r 2 h with reg. polygonalbase 2

b. Lateral Area c. Total Surface Area

LA= Aface TSA=∑ Abases + LA
LA=2 πr h

c. Total Surface Area

TSA=2 A base + LA 6. Truncated Prism
2
TSA=2 π r +2 πr h a. Volume
V truncated =k ∙ eave prism
prism
3. Pyramid
k = Abase sinθ
a. Volume
V = A base ∙ h
7. Truncated Prism
a. Volume c. Surface Area
V truncated =k ∙ have cylinder SA+ A zone + Σ A bases
cylinder
k = Abase sinθ ¿ A zone + π a 2
h1 +h 2
h ave=
2

8. Prismatoid
a. Volume 13. Spherical Lune and Wedge
A1 + 4 A 2 + A3 a. Lune Area
V= h
6 A lune A sphere 4 π r 2
= ¿
θdeg 360 ° 360 °

1
Alune = π r 2 θdeg
9. Cylindrical Wedge 90
a. Volume Alune =2 r 2 θrad
A1 + 4 A 2 + A 3
V= h;
6 b. Wedge Volume
A1= A 3=0 4 2
πr
V wedge 3
=
θdeg 360°
10. Sphere
a. Volume 1
V wedge = π r 3 θdeg
4 270
V = π r3
3 2
V wedge = r 3 θrad
3
b. Surface Area
SA=4 π r 2 14. Spherical Sector
a. Volume
11. Spherical Segment (Two Bases) 1
V = ∙ A zone ∙ R
a. Volume 3
πh 2
V= (3 a21 +3 a22 +h2 ) V = π r2 h
6 3

b. Zone Area
A zone= A face=2 πrh

c. Surface Area
SA+ A zone + Σ A bases
¿ A zone+ π a 21+ π a22
15. Spherical Polygon and Pyramid
a. Spherical Polygon Area
12. Spherical Segment (One Base)
a. Volume A spherical=ER 2
polygon
π h2 E=ΣI−( n−2 ) 180 °
V= ( 3r −h)
3 b. Spherical Pyramid Volume
1
b. Zone Area V spherical = ∙ A base ∙ R
pyramid 3
A zone= A face=2 πrh
16. Platonic Solids nF s 2
a. Tetrahedron SA=
180 °
 3 triangles meet at
each vertex
4 tan ( n )
 4 faces n−no . of sides of a polygon
 4 vertices m−no .of faces meeting at a vertex
 6 edges d−dihedral angle

d. Dihedral Angle
180 °
b. Hexahedron
 3 squares meet at
d
sin ( )=
cos ( m )
2 180 °
sin (
n )
each vertex
 6 faces
 8 vertices
 12 edges

c. Octahedron
 4 triangles meet at
each vertex
 8 faces
 6 vertices
 12 edges

d. Dodecahedron
 3 pentagons meet at
each vertex
 12 faces
 20 vertices
 30 edges

e. Icosahedron
 5 triangles meet at
each vertex
 20 faces
 12 vertices
 30 edges

17. Platonic Solids Properties

a. Euler’s Polyhedron Theorem
F+ V −E=2

For any polyhedron :2 E=nF=Vm

m−no .of polygons meetingat a vertex
n−no . of sides of a polygon

b. Volume

V=
nF s 3 tan ( d2 )
24 tan 2 ( 180°
n )

c. Surface Area