Name: Nandang, Renaida S.

Nakan, Jamine K.
Course: Diploma in Midwifery Level 1 Cluster 2
Title of the Report: Excretory System

Abstract
The excretory system is the system of an organism's body that performs
the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. The
Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by
homeostasis. There are several parts of the body that are involved in this
process, such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system.
Every human has two kidneys. Each kidney is made up of three sections: the
renal cortex, the renal medulla and the renal pelvis. The blood arrives at the
kidney via the renal artery, which splits into many afferent arterioles. These
arterioles go to the Bowman's Capsules of nephrons, where the wastes are
taken out of the blood by pressure filtration. Peritubular capillaries also
surround the nephron so substances can be taken in and out of the blood. The
renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney and the medulla is the inner layer
of the kidney. The renal pelvis takes urine away from the kidney via the ureter.
Both of the ureters lead the urine into the body's only urinary bladder, which
expands and sends nerve impulses when full. From there, urine is expelled
through the urethra and out of the body.

Introduction
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess,
unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help
maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The
dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of
metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in
a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds
and reptiles) most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some
degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating. Only the
organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory
system. In the narrow sense, the term refer to the urinary system. However, as
excretion involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not
usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function. As most
healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire
organism depends on the function of the system. Breaking down of one of more
of the systems is a serious health condition, for example kidney failure.

Content
The Excretory System consists of organs which remove metabolic wastes
and toxins from the body. In humans, this includes the removal of urea from
the bloodstream and other wastes produced by the body. The removal of urea
happens in the kidneys, while solid wastes are expelled from the large
intestine. In addition the Excretory System in humans consists mainly of the
kidneys and bladder. The kidneys filter urea and other waste products from the
blood, which are then added to the urine within the bladder. Other organs,
such as the liver, process toxins but put their wastes back into the blood. It is
up to the kidneys to filter the blood so that toxic substances do not
accumulate.

Guide Question
1. What is Excretory system?
2. What are the function of Excretory Sytem?
3. What are the functions of each parts?

1. Pick out key terms and terminologies in Excretory system that are utilized
in the article.

Bile
Urine
Faesces
Sweat
Breath
2. Identify 3 basic concepts in digestive system that are mentioned in
article.

Kidneys
The kidneys are large, bean-shaped organs which are present on each
side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. Humans have two
kidneys and each kidney is supplied with blood from the renal artery. The
kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as
salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. This is done with
the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney. The filtrated blood is
carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein (or kidney vein). The urine
from the kidney is collected by the ureter (or excretory tubes), one from each
kidney, and is passed to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder collects and
stores the urine until urination. The urine collected in the bladder is passed
into the external environment from the body through an opening called the
urethra.
Ureter
The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the
urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12
in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial
aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the
psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of
the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a
common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the
uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the
pelvis. They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back,
at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few
centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as
ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass through the mesometrium
on the way to the bladder.
Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the
kidneys prior to disposal by urination. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible
(or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the
ureters and exits via the urethra. Embryologically, the bladder is derived from
the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. In human
males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic
symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the
rectovesical excavation. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and
anterior to the vagina. It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine
excavation. In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the
abdomen even when empty.

3. Identify 3 advance concept in excretory system that are mentioned in

this article

Excretion of Urine
From the collecting ducts of the kidneys, urine enters the ureters, two
muscular tubes that move the urine by peristalsis to the bladder (see Figure
above). The bladder is a hollow, sac-like organ that stores urine. When the
bladder is about half full, it sends a nerve impulse to a sphincter to relax and
let urine flow out of the bladder and into the urethra. The urethra is a
muscular tube that carries urine out of the body. Urine leaves the body
through another sphincter in the process of urination. This sphincter and the
process of urination are normally under conscious control.
Kidneys and Homeostasis
The kidneys play many vital roles in homeostasis. They filter all the blood
in the body many times each day and produce a total of about 1.5 liters of
urine. The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in
the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. The kidneys also secrete
hormones that help maintain homeostasis. Erythropoietin, for example, is a
kidney hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells when
more are needed. The kidneys themselves are also regulated by hormones. For
example, antidiuretic hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the kidneys
to produce more concentrated urine when the body is low on water.
Kidney Disease and Dialysis
A person can live a normal, healthy life with just one kidney. However, at
least one kidney must function properly to maintain life. Diseases that threaten
the health and functioning of the kidneys include kidney stones, infections,
and diabetes.
4. What are those concept trying to explain in excretory system?
The concept trying to explain in excretory system or urinary system is
to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits.
One aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that
accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism, and, because of this, it is
sometimes referred to as the excretory system. Although the urinary system
has a major role in excretion, other organs contribute to the excretory function.
The lungs in the respiratory system excrete some waste products, such as
carbon dioxide and water. The skin is another excretory organ that rids the
body of wastes through the sweat glands. The liver and intestines excrete bile
pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin. The major task of
excretion still belongs to the urinary system. If it fails the other organs cannot
take over and compensate adequately. The urinary system maintains an
appropriate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in
the urine. Other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of
various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood.
In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system
controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. The
urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by
secreting the enzyme renin.

Conclusion
Therefore, we have reviewed a lot of information about the Excretory system
it is passive biological system that removes excess unnecessary from an
organism, so as to help maintain homeostasis within the organism and prevent
damage to the body. It is responsible for the elimination of waste product of
metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous waste. Organs of excretion
make up the excretory system. They include the kidneys, large intestine, liver,
skin, and lungs. The kidneys filter blood and form urine. They are part of the
urinary system, which also includes the ureters, bladder, and urethr3. At the
final we conclude that water is important in many aspects and it have a lot to
be in many systems of humans and that it help a lot the excretory system,
without water we can’t make some things like right now either we can’t live.
Water make possible to our excretory system works well and we to don’t wet
sick, but really nobody can survive without water because it nake function all
in our body.

References
https://www.slideshare.net/harshraman1989/excretory-system-
45878979#:~:text=CONCLUSION%20The%20excretory%20system%20is,other
%20liquid%20and%20gaseous%20waste.
https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookEXCRET.
html#:~:text=Excretory%20systems%20regulate%20the%20chemical,liver%2C
%20lungs%2C%20and%20skin.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology/section/23.4/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretory_system