Natural sand and gravels

common Aggregate
Sources
{ Crushed

Manufactured
Rocks

aggregates

Natural sand } Gravels :

Stream beds
Dunes
AlluvialDeposits
Marine Deposits
Crushed Rocks :

Igneous Rocks from molten minerals

( granite ,
basalt , diorite )

from
sedimentary Rocks cemented soils

( limestone , sandstone

Metamorphic Rocks Pre -

existing rocks under

heat 3 pressure

Manufactured
Aggregates :
Iron Blastfurnace slag Non -

metallic
by-product
in furnace
a
metallurgic
IF
Expanded Clay and shales
Light , hard } Strong
Used to do lightweight
concrete

Sintered Pulverised Fuel Ash By product

-
of coal

(
Fly Ash ) combustion

Lightweight aggregates

Ore and
Metallic steel shot
strong
/
Punching s
heavyweight aggregate
 Grading * Only these 4

/
Particle shape } Surface Texture affect concrete
water Absorption in
plastic
Abrasion Resistance state .

Aggregate twenties Density

Dimensional Stability
Soundness
strength } Rigidity
Reactivity
Thermal
Expansion
Colour

* All affect concrete in hardened state

 Requirements of
Aggregate

1)
Grading Influences Water Demand }
Workability
Affect
Strength
Test Sieve
Analysis
:

Sieve Analysis
:
Coarse Aggregates > 5mm

Fine Aggregates 4 5mm ,

>
75µm

↳ sit < 75µm ,

>
2µm

Clay
<
2µm
Fineness Modulus measure of fineness 1 coarseness of the
aggregates

Not Unique
Measure Variations

Maximum smallest
size sieve
opening through which all material will

pass
Nominal size number above smallest
whole sieve
opening through
which material
nearly all will
pass .
 Lawes of
Grading graphical presentation sieve analysis

3 types :
Gap grading one / more intermediate size

fractions are omitted

prone to segregation

Uniform grading narrow site

range

continuous grading Conventional grading used

in concrete
 Influences
Aggregate grading : water demand

Affect bleed I
workability segregate
Affect water / cement ratio strength

Aim > Continuous , smooth

grading curve

↳ Fewer Voids
Good workability with lower cement content

Economical mixes
2) Particle shape } Surface Texture

Affecting how well a material can be compacted .

Round ,
regularly shaped Aggregates pack better ( Best
workability )

often
Angular ,
flaky and
elongated Aggregates display selective orientation

and L Best strength )

bridging
honeycombs
Shape Classification Methods : 1) Angularity Number amount
by which
percentage
of voids exceeds 33

T T
angular the
aggregate ,
angularity number

1 0-12 )
range

( )
Mean of in container
mass
aggregate
✗ , ,,
67
Volume of container .
FD of aggregate

7. D: Particle Density
67 Percentage solid volume of the most
:

rounded gravel .
2) Flakiness Index percentage by volume 1 weight
,

of
flaky particles whose ,

thickness 4 0.6 of its

mean dimension .

Weight of flaky particles

Flakiness Index = ✗ 100%
weight of
sample
3) Aschenbrenner and Classification
Zingg

Used To describe of
shape a
particle .
3) Water
Absorption

Affects and
workability strength

4) Dimensional stability

swelling 1 Shrinkage in
aggregates > concrete shrinkage
5) Abrasion Resistance Resistance to
breaking down to fines

Los Angeles Test

prone to degradation
T 1. A value , more

i.
cannot produce highly durable concrete .

b) Soundness to withstand
Ability aggressive actions

Affect
Durability
 THINE
}
7) Strength Rigidity

T modulus of
elasticity , more effective in
reducing concrete

shrinkage

8)
Reactivity
Reactions between and alkalis from 1
aggregate cement other

sources

> > Loss of

Expansion cracking strength
 Alkali carbonate reaction

Alkali silica reaction

organic matters

9) Thermal Expansion

Expansion differential stresses

causes on
curing

10 ) Colour
117
Porosity
 Volume of Voids Vu
Voids Ratio =

Volume of solids
Porosity = e =

✓
One size of volume
particle equal ,

void content is constant

Two aggregate sizes are combined ,

void content decreased .

127
Density
1) Particle ( Relative
Density )
Density

mass of a
quantity of even -
dried particles unit :

kglm
'
l

saturated surface dried volume kgll

2) Bulk of of dried
Density mass a unit volume Wen -

aggregate

1
kg / m
'
mass of material in container unit :

Volume of container Kyle

 determine I bulk
Can loose , in -
situ compacted density

compaction increases the number of contact

points
between particles

Reduces inter -

particle contact forces for a

load applied to
given the mass

of
Increases
load-bearing capacity the

mass