S2 Grammar:

Direct Speech (DS) and Indirect Speech (IS)

直接引述及间接引述
(2nd Final Examination)
 DS vs. IS

DIRECT Speech vs. INDIRECT Speech

Direct Speech 直接引述 Indirect Speech 间接引述
▪ Quoted speech: gives the exact words of ▪ Reported speech: reports the words of
the speaker the speaker; not word-to-word
▪ Within double quotation marks 开关引 ▪ Not within quotes
号 (“…”) E.g.: Jackson said (that) he had taken
E.g.: Jackson said, “I took my breakfast his breakfast there the day
here yesterday.” before.
Pronouns 代名词, Verb Tenses 动词时态, Possessive Adjectives 物主形容词,
Places 位置 and Time 时间 may necessarily change from Direct Speech to
Indirect Speech or vice versa.
 DS: Key Elements

DIRECT Speech: KEY ELEMENTS 要素

1. PUNCTUATIONS 标点符号
(a) After a narrative verb 叙事动词 (e.g.: say, ask, yell, cry, etc.):
A comma (,) followed by double quotation marks (“ ”)
E.g.: She said, “Take care of him.”
He asked, “Where can I buy this?”
George yelled, “Marry me!”
The boy cried, “I want my mother.”
 DS: Key Elements

DIRECT Speech: KEY ELEMENTS 要素

1. PUNCTUATIONS 标点符号
(b) At the end of the speech: A full-stop (.), a comma (,), an exclamation
mark (!) or a question mark (?)
E.g.: Jenna said, “I will not marry you.”
“I will not marry you,” replied Jenna.
Jenna shouted, “I will not marry such a poor guy like you!”
“I will not marry you. Are you mad?” laughed Jenna.
 DS: Key Elements

DIRECT Speech: KEY ELEMENTS 要素

2. Difference between NOUNS 名词 and PRONOUNS 代名词

E.g.: (a) Mary said, “I am a student.”
“I am a student,” said Mary. ✔
“I am a student,” Mary said. ✔
(b) She said, “I am a student.”
“I am a student,” she said. ✔
“I am a student,” said she. ❌
 DS ⇌ IS: Pronouns

1. DS ⇌ IS: PRONOUNS 代名词

(A) Subject Pronouns 主语代名词

Direct Speech Subject Pronoun Indirect Speech
Alex said, “I am not hungry.” I ⇌ he / she Alex said that he was not hungry.
Sue asked, “Are you hungry?” you ⇌ I / we Sue asked me if I was hungry.
The children said, “We are The children said that they were
we ⇌ they
hungry.” hungry.
 DS ⇌ IS: Pronouns

1. DS ⇌ IS: PRONOUNS 代名词

(B) Object Pronouns 宾语代名词

Direct Speech
She asked, “Can you help me?”
Alex said, “I can help you.”
Jane and Peter asked, “Can you
help us?”
Object Pronoun Indirect Speech
me ⇌ him / her She asked me if I could help her.
you ⇌ me / us Alex said that he could help me.
Jane and Peter asked me
us ⇌ them
whether I could help them.

1. DS ⇌ IS: PRONOUNS 代名词
(C) Possessive Pronouns 物主代名词
Direct Speech
Jo said, “The pen was mine.”
Fiona asked, “Is the pen
yours?”
The couple said, “The pens
are ours.”
DS ⇌ IS: Pronouns
Possessive Pronoun Indirect Speech
Jo said that the pen had been
mine ⇌ his / hers
his.
Fiona asked me if the pen was
yours ⇌ mine / ours
mine.
The couple said that the pens
ours ⇌ theirs
were theirs.
 DS ⇌ IS: Pronouns

1. DS ⇌ IS: PRONOUNS 代名词

(D) Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns 反身/强调势代名词

Direct Speech
Terry said, “I myself can do it.”
Yuri said, “You must do it
yourself.”
The teacher asked, “Can all of
you do it yourselves?”
The students said, “We
ourselves did it.”
Reflexive/Emphatic Pronoun Indirect Speech
Terry said that he himself could
myself ⇌ himself / herself
do it.
Yuri said that I had to do it
yourself ⇌ myself
myself.
The teacher asked us if we could
yourselves ⇌ ourselves
do it ourselves.
The students said that they
ourselves ⇌ themselves
themselves had done it.
 DS ⇌ IS: Possessive Adjectives

2. DS ⇌ IS: POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 物主形容词

Direct Speech Possessive Adjective Indirect Speech

Jo said that it had been his
Jo said, “It was my pen.” my ⇌ his / her
pen.
Fiona asked me whether it
Fiona asked, “Is it your pen?” your ⇌ my / our
was my pen.
The couple said, “These are The couple said that those
our ⇌ their
our pens.” were their pens.
 DS ⇌ IS: Place

3. DS ⇌ IS: PLACE 位置

Direct Speech Place Indirect Speech

Peter said, “I dropped the keys Peter said that he had dropped
here ⇌ there
around here.” the keys around there.
Kim told us, “I often visit this Kim told us that he often visited
this ⇌ that
place.” that place.
Helen said, “These houses were Helen said that those houses had
these ⇌ those
not built in the 1900s.” not been built in the 1900s.
 DS ⇌ IS: Time

4. DS ⇌ IS: TIME 时间

Direct Speech Time Indirect Speech

She said, “He visited yesterday ⇌ the previous day / She said that he had
me yesterday.” the day before visited her the day before.
last night ⇌ the previous night /
the night before
The tourist informed The tourist informed us
last week ⇌ the previous week /
us, “I arrived from that he had arrived from
the week before
Australia last night.” Australia the night before.
last year ⇌ the previous year /
the year before
 DS ⇌ IS: Time

4. DS ⇌ IS: TIME 时间
Direct Speech Time Indirect Speech
today ⇌ that day He said that he was not free that
He said, “I am not free today.”
tonight ⇌ that night day.
She said, “My company does not She said that her company did
this time ⇌ that time
offer any discount at this time.” not offer any discount at that time.
this morning ⇌ that morning
Jane said, “I did not take any Jane said that she had not taken
this week ⇌ that week
breakfast this morning.” any breakfast that morning.
this year ⇌ that year
Ken said, “I can start the work Ken said that he could start the
now ⇌ then
now.” work then.
 DS ⇌ IS: Time

4. DS ⇌ IS: TIME 时间

Direct Speech Time Indirect Speech

They told us, “We will tomorrow ⇌ the next day / They told us that they
be coming to see you the following day / would be coming to see
tomorrow.” the day after us the next day.
next week ⇌ the following week /
We promised Peter, the week after We promised Peter to
“We will visit you visit him again the
again next week.” next year ⇌ the following year / following week.
the year after
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(A) Present Tense 现在式 ⇌ Past Tense 过去式

Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
She said, “I watch the show every Simple Present ⇌ She said that she watched the show
day.” Simple Past every day.
She said, “I am watching the show Present Continuous ⇌ She said that she was watching the
now.” Past Continuous show then.
She said, “I have watched the Present Perfect ⇌ She said that she had watched the
show twice.” Past Perfect show twice.
She said, “I have been watching Present Perfect Continuous ⇌ She said that she had been
the show the whole day.” Past Perfect Continuous watching the show the whole day.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(B) Past Tense 过去式 ⇌ Past Perfect Tense 过去完成式

Direct Speech
She said, “I watched the show
last night.”
She said, “I was watching the
show at 8 o’clock last night.”
Tense Indirect Speech
Simple Past ⇌ She said that she had watched the
Past Perfect show the night before.
She said that she had been
Past Continuous ⇌
watching the show at 8 o’clock the
Past Perfect Continuous
previous night.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(C) Past Perfect Tense 过去完成式 ⇌ No Change 没有变化

Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
She said, “I had watched She said that she had
Past Perfect
the show before.” watched the show before.
She said, “I had been She said that she had been
watching the show for two Past Perfect Continuous watching the show for two
hours last night.” hours the night before.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态
(D) Future Tense 未来式: Present 现在式 ⇌ Past 过去式
Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
She said, “I will watch the show She said that she would watch the show
tomorrow.” Simple Future the following day.
She said, “I am going to watch the (Present ⇌ Past) She said that she was going to watch the
show tomorrow.” show the following day.
She said, “I will be watching the show Future Continuous She said that she would be watching the
tomorrow.” (Present ⇌ Past) show the next day.
She said, “I will have watched the Future Perfect She said that she would have watched the
show by today.” (Present ⇌ Past) show by that day.
She said, “I will have been watching Future Perfect Continuous She said that she would have been
the show tomorrow.” (Present ⇌ Past) watching the show the next day.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(E) Modal Verbs 情态动词: Present 现在式 ⇌ Past 过去式

Direct Speech
Tessa said, “I will/shall do it.”
Tessa said, “I can do it.”
Tessa said, “I may do it.”
Tessa said, “I must do it.”
Tessa said, “I have to do it.”
Tense Indirect Speech
Tessa said that she would do it.
Tessa said that she could do it.
Modal Verbs
(Present ⇌ Past) Tessa said that she might do it.
Tessa said that she had to do it.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses *

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(F) Certain Modal Verbs 一些情态动词 ⇌ No Change 没有变化

Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
Tessa said, “I should do it.” Tessa said that she should do it.
Modal Verbs
Tessa said, “I ought to do it.” Tessa said that she ought to do it.
(No Change)
Tessa said, “I might do it.” Tessa said that she might do it.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态
(G) If Narrative Verbs 叙事动词 are Present / Future = No Change 没有变化
Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
She says, “I watch television every She says that she watches television
Simple Present
day.” every day.
She is saying, “I watch television She is saying that she watches
Present Continuous
every day.” television every day.
She has said, “I watch television She has said that she watches
Present Perfect
every day.” television every day.
She has been saying, “I watch She has been saying that she
Present Perfect Continuous
television every day.” watches television every day.
She will say, “I watch television every She will say that she watches
Simple Future
day.” television every day.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(H) General Truth 事实 = No Change没有变化 (Simple Present 现在简单式)

Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
She said, “The world is round.” She said that the world is round.
Simple Present
She said, “We only have one (No Change) She said that we only have one
earth.” earth.
 DS ⇌ IS: Tenses *

5. DS ⇌ IS: TENSES 时态

(I) Immediate Response 立即引述 = No Change 没有变化

E.g.: (In the classroom)
The teacher said, “I want you to read Chapter 5 now.” Direct Speech
Classmate A: What did the teacher just say? I did not hear him.
Classmate B: He said that he wants us to read Chapter 5 now. Indirect Speech
 Orders / Requests

ORDERS / REQUESTS 祈使句

Direct Speech (Base Verb) Form Indirect Speech (To-infinitive)

He yelled, “Get out now!”
She ordered the boy, “Report to
the headmaster.”
She said, “Do not close the door.”
Mrs Tan told Mei Yoke, “Do not
stay up too late.”
He told me to get out then.
Positive (+) She told the boy to report to the
headmaster.
She told me not to close the door.
Negative (−) Mrs Tan told Mei Yoke not to stay
up too late.
 Questions

QUESTIONS 疑问句
(A) WH-questions
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Question Word
(WH + Finite Verb + Subject) (WH + Subject + Finite Verb)
He asked, “What is your name?” What 什么 He asked me what my name was.
He asked, “Who is at the door?” Who 谁（主） He asked me who was at the door.
He asked, “Whom did you meet yesterday?” Whom 谁（宾） He asked me whom I had met the day before.
He asked, “Where can the girl go?” Where 哪里 He asked me where the girl could go.
He asked, “When is the match starting?” When 几时 He asked me when the match was starting.
He asked, “Why was he angry?” Why 为什么 He asked me why he had been angry.
He asked, “Which book are you taking?” Which 哪个 He asked me which book I was taking.
He asked, “How do they do it?” How 怎么 He asked me how they did it.
 Questions

QUESTIONS 疑问句
(B) Yes-no Questions
Direct Speech Verb Indirect Speech
Verbs-to-be She asked me if I was going.
She asked, “Are you coming?”
(am / is / are / was / were) She asked me whether I was going.
Verbs-to-have She asked me if I had eaten.
She asked, “Have you eaten?”
(has / have / had) She asked me whether I had eaten.
She asked, “Do you know Verbs-to-do She asked me if I knew him.
him?” (do / does / did) She asked me whether I knew him.
She asked me if I could ski.
She asked, “Can you ski?” Modal Verbs
She asked me whether I could ski.