RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Chapter 15

JOANNA CABUHAY
293 Calingacion St.Poblacion Sibulan
FUNTIONS OF TH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Cellular metabolism and breathing Respiratory System has Two Divisions:

Includes the following process Upper Respiratory Tract

Ventilation or Breathing Includes nose, pharynx (throat), and larynx.

The Exchange of Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Lower Respiratory Tract

Dioxide (CO2) between air in the lungs and the
blood. Includes trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Nose
The Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood.

The Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood Consists of the external nose and the nasal
cavity.
and tissues.

It can be confusing to hear the term Respiration External Nose

alone because sometime it also refers to Visible structure that forms a prominent feature
Cellular Metabolism or Cellular Respiration. of the face.
The respiratory system performs the following Nares
functions:
Are the external openings of the nose.
Regulation of Blood pH
Choanae
Can alter blood pH by changing blood CO 2
levels. Are the openings into the pharynx.

Voice Production Nasal Cavity

Air movement past the vocal cords makes Extends the nares to the choanae.
sound and speech possible.
Nasal Cavity is lined with two different types of
Olfaction Epithelial Tissues:

Sensation of smell occurs when airborne The Lining of the Cavity

molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity.
Composed of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Innate Immunity containing coarse hairs.

Against some microorganisms and other The Rest of the Nasal Cavity
pathogens.
Lined with Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelial the common passageway for both the
Cells containing cilia and many mucus- respiratory and digestive system.
producing goblet cells.
Pharynx is divided into three regions:
Nasal Septum
Nasopharynx
A partition dividing the nasal cavity into right
The superior part of the Pharynx
and left parts.

Deviated Nasal Septum The posterior part of the Nasopharynx

Occurs when the septum bulges to one side.
Hard Plate
Forms the floors of the nasal cavity.
Conchae
Are the openings into the pharynx.
contains:
Pharyngeal Tonsil
Which helps defend the body against infection.
Oropharynx
Extends from the Uvula to the Epiglottis, and
the oral cavity opens into the Oropharynx.

Paranasal Sinuses Two Sets of Tonsils:

Air-filled space within bone. Palatine Tonsils

Sinusitis Located in the lateral walls near the border of

the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx.
Inflammation of the mucos membrane of a
sinus. Lingual Tonsil

Nasolacrimal Ducts Located on the surface of the posterior part of

the tongue
Which carry tears from the eyes.
Laryngopharynx
Sneeze Reflex
Passes posterior to the Larynx and extends from
Dislodges foreign substances from the nasal the tip of the Epiglottis to he Esophagus.
cavity.
Soft Palate
Photic Sneeze Reflex
An incomplete muscle and connective tissue
Is fancifully called ACHOO (Autosomal- partition separating the Nasopharynx from the
Dominant –Compeling-Helio-Opthalmic- Oropharynx.
Outburts).
Uvula
“Pharynx”
The posterior extension of the Soft Palate.
Pharynx
“Larynx”
Larynx
Hoses the Vocal Chords.
Commonly called The Voicebox.
Located in the Anterior Throat and Extends
from the base of the tongue to the trachea.
It has Three Main Functions:
Maintains an open airway
Protects the airway during swallowing
Produces the voice
Thyroid Cartilage or Adam’s apple
The First Single and Largest Cartilage.
Attached superiorly to the Hyoid Bone.
Cricoid Cartilage
The Second Single and most Inferior Cartilage
Forms the base of the larynx on which the other
cartilage rest.
Epiglottis
The Third Single Cartilage
Protects the airway during swallowing.
Prevents swallowed materials from entering the
larynx by covering the glottis.
Three Parts of Cartilages on each side of
posterior part of the larynx:
Cuneiform Cartilage
The Top Cartilage.
Corniculate Cartilage
The Middle Cartilage.
Arytenoid Cartilage
The Bottom Cartilage.
Two Sets of Ligaments that extend from the
posterior surface of the Thyroid to the Paired
Cartilage:
Vestibular Folds or False Vocal Cords
The Superior Set of Ligaments Forms.
Vocal Folds or True Vocal Cords
The Inferior Set of Ligaments.
Laryngitis
An inflammation of the mucous Epithelium of
the vocal folds.
“Trachea”
Trachea or Windpipe
Allows air to flow into the lungs.
C-shaped pieces of Hyaline Cartilage.
Lined with a mucous membrane.
Cough Reflex
Contraction of the smooth muscle can narrow
the diameter of the trachea.
“Establishing Airflow”
Heimlich Maneuver
Abdominal Thrusts
The sudden application of pressure to the
abdomen.
Intubation
The insertion of a tube into an opening, a canal
or a hollow organ.
Cricothyrotomy Superior Lobe

A tube is then inserted into the opening to Inferior Lobe

facilitate the passage of air.
Bronchopulmonary Segments
Tracheostomy
Separated from one another by connective
An operation to make an opening into the tissue septa.
trachea.
Tracheobronchial tree
Tracheotomy
Consists of the main bronchi and many
Refers to the actual cutting into the trachea. branches.

“Bronchi” Lobar Bronchi or Secondary Bronchi

Trachea divides into the left and right Main As they enter respective lungs.
Bronchi or Primary Bronchi
Conduct air to each Lung Lobe.
The Left Main Bronchus
Segmental Bronchi
Is more horizontal than The Right Main
This leads to the bronchopulmonary segments
Bronchus
of the lungs.
The Right Main Bronchus
Bronchioles
It is displaced by the heart
Bronchioles also subdivide numerous times to
The Main Bronchi give rise to:

This connects to lungs. Terminal Bronchioles

Extend from the trachea to the lungs. Which then subdivide into Respiratory
Bronchioles.
“Lungs”
Respiratory Bronchiole subdivides to form:
Lungs
Alveolar Ducts
The Principal Organs of Respiration.
Long, branching ducts with many openings into
The Right Lung has Three Lobes: alveoli.
Superior Lobe Alveoli
Middle Lobe Small air-filled chambers where the air and the
Inferior Lobe blood come into close contact with each other.

The Left Lung has Two Lobes: Alveolar Sacs

Which are chambers connected to two or more Covers the surface of the lungs.
alveoli.

Respiratory Membrane

Is where the gas exchange between the air and

blood takes place.

Consist of two layers of Simple Squamous

Epithelium, including secreted fluids called
Alveolar Fluids.

The individual layer are the following:

A thin layer of alveolar fluid

The alveolar epithelium, composed of a single

layer of cells-simple squamous epithelium

The basement membrane of the alveolar

epithelium

A thin interstitial space

The basement membrane of a capillary

endothelium

The capillary endothelium, also composed of a

single layer of cells-simple squamous
epithelium

“Pleural Cavities”

Pleural Cavity

Cavity between pleural and visceral pleural.

Pleural

Lined with a serous membrane.

Parietal Pleura

Lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and

mediastinum.

Visceral Pleura