REAL NUMBERS

1. HCF (x,y) × LCM (x,y) = xy

2. a = bq + r [dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder]

3. Terminating Expansion : 2, 4, 5, 8

4. Non terminating but repeating : 3, 6, 9, 7

5. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

6. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

7. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

8. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab

9. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)

10. (a –b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a –b)

11. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab +b2)

12. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

13. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

14. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

15. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0 [if a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c]

1
 POLYNOMIALS

1. x = a is a zero of polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0

2. If x = a is a zero of p(x) then (x – a) is a factor of p(x) & vice versa

3. nth degree polynomial has maximum ‘n’ roots.

−b c
4. if α & β are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then  +  = and  = .
a a

5. Quadratic Equation with α & β as roots is k(x – α) (x – β) = 0

6. If (x – a) and (x – b) are factors of p(x), then (x – a)(x – b) is also a factor of p(x).

7. If graph of a polynomial cuts the x-axis at ‘n’ points then no. of roots of the polynomial

are ‘n’.

8. If α, β, γ are roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 then:

−b
++  =
a
c
 +  +  =
a
−d
 =
a

9. Cubic equation with roots α, β, γ is : k [x3 – (α + β + γ)x2 + (αβ + βγ + γα)x – αβγ] = 0.

10. p(x) = g(x). q(x) + r(x). Where g(x) is divisor, q(x) is quotient and r(x) is remainder.

2
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

1. ax + by + c = 0 is a linear equation in 2 variables. It represents a straight line in 2D

cartesian plane.
2. There are three types of pair of lines :
(i) Intersecting
(ii) Parallel
(iii) Coincident
3. In two given lines : a1x +b1y + c1 = 0
a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 = 0
a1 b1
Lines are intersecting if  and they have unique solution.
a 2 b2

a1 b1 c1
Lines are parallel if =  and they have no solution.
a 2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1
Lines are coincident if = = and they have infinite solution.
a 2 b2 c2

4. Lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are said to be consistent if they have unique

solution or infinite solution.

5. Lines are said to be inconsistent if they have no solution.

6. Graphically, the solution is the intersection point of the two lines.

7. There are 3 methods by which we can solve the equations algebraically:

Substitution, Elimination and Cross Multiplication.

8. For questions like upstream, downstream, remember that : d = s × t

ie : distance = speed × time.

3
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. x-axis and y-axis divide the coordinate plane into 4 quadrants.

2. Each point in cartesian plane a coordinate: (x, y)

3. x-coordinate is called absicca & y-coordinate is called ordinate.

4. First Coordinate: (+, +)

Second Coordinate: (–, +)

Third Coordinate: (–, –)

Fourth Coordinate: (+, –)

( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
2 2
5. Distance Formula: d =

6. Section Formula: a point P divides the line joining A (x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) in ratio

m : n, then coordinates of P are :

 mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1 
P= , 
 m+n m+n 

 x + x 2 y1 + y 2 
7. Mid point Formula.  1 , 
 2 2 

8. If the point P is given, then to find out the ratio, assume the ratio to be k : 1.

4
 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLES

1. Circumference of a circle is 2πr.

2. Area of circle is πr2.


3. Area of a sector making angle θ at the center is  r 2 .
360


4. Length of arc making angle θ at the center is  2r 2 .
360

5
 PROBABILITY
no.of favourableoutcomes
1. P(E) =
no.of totaloutcomes

2. Sample space is the set of total outcomes.

3. Probability of Sure Event is 1.

4. Probability of impossible event is 0.

5. 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1

6. E is complementary event of E. P(E) + P( E ) = 1.

6
 TRIGONOMETRY
p
1. sin  = , where p is the side opposite to angle θ and h is the hypotenuse.
h

b
2. cos  = , where b is ‘base’ side which is not ‘p’ & ‘h’.
h

sin  p
3. tan  = =
cos  b

p h
4. sin  = cosec  =
h p

b h
cos  = sec  =
h b

p b
tan  = cot  =
b p

5.
0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
sin θ 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos θ 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tan θ 0 1 1 3 n.d
3
cosec θ n.d. 2 2 2 1
3
sec θ 1 2 2 2 n.d
3
cot θ n.d 3 1 1 0
3

7
6. sin (90o – θ) = cos θ

cos (90o – θ) = sin θ

7. sec (90o – θ) = cosec θ

cosec (90o – θ) = sec θ

8. tan (90o – θ) = cot θ

cot (90o – θ) = tan θ

9. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

10. sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1

11. cosec2 θ – cot2 θ = 1

8
 TRIANGLES
1. Two figures are said to be congruent if they are exact copies of each other.

2. Two figures are said to be similar if their shapes are same and dimensions are

proportional.

3. Area of triangles

A A

c b
h

B C B C
b a

A = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

1
A = bh a+b+c
2 where, s =
2
1
4. Area of a right angled triangles : A = bh
2

3 2
5. Area of equilateral triangle : A = a
4

9
6. Basic Proportionality theorem :

If DE is | | to BC of a ΔABC then :
A

AD AE
=
D E DB EC
AD AE DE
and = =
AB AC BC

B C

7. SSS similarity :

AB BC AC
If in 2 triangles ΔABC & ΔDEF, = = then the two triangles are similar.
DE EF DF

ΔABC ~ ΔDEF

8. AAA or AA similarity :

If in 2 triangles ΔABC & ΔDEF, ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E & ∠C = ∠F, the two triangles are

similar. ⇒ ΔABC & ΔDEF

Also if 2 angles are same in two triangles then also the triangles are similar.

9. SAS similarity

If in 2 triangles ΔABC & ΔDEF,

AB BC
= and ∠ABC = ∠DEF
DE EF

than ΔABC ~ ΔDEF

10
10. If AL, BM, CN are medians / altitudes /⊥r bisector / ∠bisector of ΔABC and

DX, EY, FZ are medians / altitudes /⊥r bisector / ∠bisector of ΔDEF and

ΔABC ~ ΔDEF then ..

AB BC AC AL BM CN
= = = = =
DE EF DF DX EY FZ

11. If ΔABC ~ ΔDEF

2 2 2 2 2 2
ar(ABC)  AB   BC   AC   AL   BM   CN 
Then =  =  =  =  =  = 
ar(DEF)  DE   EF   DF   DX   EY   FZ 

where AL, BM, CN etc. are medians / altitudes /⊥r bisector / ∠bisector.

12. Pythagoras Theorem:

In a ΔABC right angled at B,

AB2 + BC2 = AC2

If BD is ⊥r to AC then the two small right triangles are similar to each other and also to

the main ΔABC.

D ΔADB⁓ΔBDC⁓ΔABC

B C

11