Statistics

The three measures of Central Tendency are

(i) Mean (Average)

(ii) Median (Middle observation)

(iii) Mode (Observation with highest frequency)

Empirical Formula: Mode  3Median  2Mean

Range of data= Maximum value – Minimum value

Mean
Formulae to calculate mean…..

(i) Direct Method

Sum of all the obsevations
x
Total number of observations
n

x  x  x  .....  xn x i
x 1 2 3  i 1
(discrete data)
n n
Grouped Data
Marks  xi  x1 x2 x3 ……. ….. xn
Frequency  f i  f1 f2 f3 ……. …… fn

Sum of all the obsevations

x
Total number of observations
n

f x  f x  f 3 x3  ......  f n xn fx i i
x 1 1 2 2  i 1

f1  f 2  f3  .....  f n n

f
i 1
i

Short-Cut Method (Used for Continuous data)

C.I. 0-10 10-20 20-30 ……. ….. 90-100
Frequency  f i  f1 f2 f3 ……. …… fn
n

fd i i
x  A i 1
n
, where di  xi  A and A  assumed mean
f
i 1
i

Step-Deviation Method (Used for Continuous data)

Marks  x 
i
0-10 10-20 20-30 ……. ….. 90-100

Frequency  f i  f1 f2 f3 ……. …… fn

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 n

 fu i i
xi  A
x  A i 1
n
 h , where ui  and A  assumed mean and h  class size
h
f
i 1
i

NCERT Exercise 14.1

1.
No. of 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14
Plants
No. of 1 2 1 5 6 2 3
houses

Sol:
C.I . Frequency f i Class Mark xi f i xi
0-2 1 1 1
2-4 2 3 6
4-6 1 5 5
6-8 5 7 35
8-10 6 9 54
10-12 2 11 22
12-14 3 13 39
Total 20 162

Upper Limit  Lower limit

Class Mark 
2
n

fx i i
162
Mean = x  i 1
n
=  8.1 Ans.
20
f
i 1
i

2.
Daily wages 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
No. of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Sol:
C.I . Frequency f i Class Mark xi xi  A f iui
ui 
h
100-120 12 110 2 24
120-140 14 130 1 14
140-160 8 150  A 0 0
160-180 6 170 1 6
180-200 10 190 2 20
Total 50 n

 fu
i 1
i i = 12

A is always assumed from xi

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 n

 fu i i
 12   20 =150  4.8  145.2 Ans.
x  A i 1
n
 h = 150 
50
f
i 1
i

` Ques: Find the mean of the following frequency distribution:

Class Interval 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

Number of workers 15 18 21 29 17

Sol: Using Step Deviation Method

C.I frequency Class xi  A f i ui

ui 
 fi  Marks h
 xi  , h  20
0-20 15 10 2 30
20—40 18 30 1 18
40-60 21 50 = A 0 0
60-80 29 70 1 29
80-100 17 90 2 34
Total
f i  100  fu i i  15

Upper Limit  Lower Limit

Class Mark =
2
n

 fu i i
15
x  A i 1
n
 h = 50   20  50  3  53
100
f
i 1
i

Ques:

Expenditure 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350

No. of households 4 5 12 2 2

Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.

Sol:

C.I frequency Class xi  A f i ui

ui 
 fi  Marks h
 xi  , h  50
100-150 4 125 2 8
150-200 5 175 1 5
200-250 12 225= A 0 0
250-300 2 275 1 2
300-400 2 325 2 4
Total
f i  25 fu i i  7

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 n

 fu i i
 7   50  225  14  211Ans.
x  A i 1
n
 h = 225 
25
f
i 1
i

Ques: For the following data, calculate mean:

Classes 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59

Frequency 14 22 16 6 5 3 4

Sol:

Disc. C.I. Cont. C.I fi U .L  L.L x A f i ui

xi  ui  i
2 h
, h5
25-29 24.5 - 29.5 14 27 3 42
30-34 29.5 – 34.5 22 32 2 44
35-39 34.5 – 39.5 16 37 1 16
40-44 39.5 – 44.5 6 42 = A 0 0
45-49 44.5 – 49.5 5 47 1 5
50-54 49.5 – 54.5 3 52 2 6
55-59 54.5 – 59.5 4 57 3 12
Total f i  70 79

In order to change data into continuous form, we add 0.5 to every upper limit and we subtract 0.5 to every
lower limit
n

 fu i i
 79   5  42  79  42  5.6  36.4 Ans.
x  A i 1
n
 h = 42 
70 14
f
i 1
i

Ques: The following data shows the daily pocket money of children. The mean pocket money is Rs 18. Find
the missing frequency f .

Pocket 11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23 23-25

money
Number 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
Sol:

C.I fi xi f i xi
11-13 7 12 84
13-15 6 14 84
15-17 9 16 144
17-19 13 18 234
19-21 f 20 20 f
21-23 5 22 110
23-25 4 24 96
Total 44  f 752  20 f

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 n

fx i i
x i 1
n

f
i 1
i

752  20 f
18 
44  f
 18  44  f   752  20 f
 792  18 f  752  20 f
 792  752  20 f  18 f
 40  2 f
 f  20

Ques: If the mean of the following distribution is 27, find the value of p .

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Frequency 8 p 12 13 10
Sol:

C.I fi Class mark xi f i xi

0-10 8 5 40
10-20 p 15 15 p
20-30 12 25 300
30-40 13 35 455
40-50 10 45 450
Total 43  p 1245  15 p
n

fx i i
x i 1
n

f
i 1
i

1245  15 p
27 
43  p
 27  43  p   1245  15 p
 1161  27 p  1245  15 p
 27 p  15 p  1245  1161
 12 p  84
p7

Ques: The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 100 households in a locality.

Daily Exp. (in ₹) 100-104 104-108 108-112 112-116 116-120

No. of households 15 20 32 18 15

Sol:

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 C.I. fi xi xi  A f i ui
ui 
h
100-104 15 102 2 30
104-108 20 106 1 20
108-112 32 110  A 0 0
112-116 18 114 1 18
116-120 15 118 2 30
Total 100 2
n

 fu i i
 2   4  110  0.08  109.92 Ans.
x  A i 1
n
 h = 110 
100
f
i 1
i

Mode
For continuous Data, the value of Mode is given by

Mode  l 
 f1  f0  h
 2 f1  f0  f 2 
Where, f1  highest frequency
f 0  frequency of class preceding the class with frequency f1
f 2  frequency of the class succeeding the class with frequency f1
l  lower limit of the modal class (Class with highest frequency)

Ques: The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electrical
components:

Lifetimes 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120

No. of 10 35 52 61 38 29
components
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.
Sol:

C.I. frequency
0-20 10
20-40 35
40-60 52  f 0
60-80 61  f1
80-100 38  f 2
100-120 29
 f1  f0   61  52   20  60  9  20  60  5.625  65.625
Mode  l   h  60 
 2 f1  f0  f 2   2  61  52  38 32

Ques: The weight of coffee in 70 packets are shown in the following table:

Weight(in g) 200-201 201-202 202-203 203-204 204-205 205-206

No. of packets 12 26 20 9 2 1

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 Find the Modal weight.

Sol: Ans. 201.7

Ques: Find the mean and mode of the following distribution:

Classes 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200

Frequency 12 14 8 6 10
Sol: Ans. Mean 145.20 Mode 125

Median
Median is the middle observation, when the data is arranged in ascending/descending order.

For Discrete data (if only observations are given)

Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending data.

Step2: Find N = total number of observations.
Case (i) If N is odd,
then the number of middle terms is 1
th
 N 1 
 Median    observation
 2 
Case (ii) If N is even
then the number of middle terms is 2
th th
N N 
     1
2 2 
 Median  obs . obs .

For Continuous data

N 
  c. f 
Median  l  
2  h
f
N
where, median class is obtained from cumulative frequency table corresponding to .
2
l  lower limit of the median class
c. f .  cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f  frequency of the median class
h  class size and N  total number of observations

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 Ques: The distribution below gives the weight of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of the
students.

Weight 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75

No. of students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
Sol:

C.I. Frequency f i c. f .
40-45 2 2
45-50 3 5
50-55 8 13
55-60 6 19  Median Class
60-65 6 25
65-70 3 28
70-75 2 N  30
Total N  30

N 30
For Median, we find   15 and locate 15 in cumulative frequency table
2 2
N 
  c. f 
Median  l  
2   h = 55  15  13  5  55  2  5  55  5  55  1.666  56.67 kg
f 6 6 3

Ques: Find the median of the following distribution:

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

Frequency 8 8 14 22 30 8 10
Sol:

C.I fi c. f .
0-10 8 8
10-20 8 16
20-30 14 30
30-40 22 52 Median Class
40-50 30 82
50-60 8 90
60-70 10 N  100

Total N  100
N 100
  50
2 2
N 
  c. f 
Median  l  
2   h  30   50  30  10  30  20 10  30  9.09  39.09
f 22 22

Ques: Find the mean, mode and median of the following distribution:

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 Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency 4 4 7 10 12 8 5
Sol: mean = 38.2 mode = 43.33 median = 40

Ques: The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all the frequencies is 50. Find
the missing frequency f1 and f 2 .

Classes 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120

Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8
Sol:

C.I. fi xi f i xi
0-20 5 10 50
20-40 f1 30 30 f1
40-60 10 50 500
60-80 f2 70 70 f 2
80-100 7 90 630
100-120 8 110 880
Total f1  f 2  30  50 30 f1  70 f 2  2060
f1  f 2  30  50
 f1  f 2  20....... 1

fx i i
x i 1
n

fi 1
i

30 f1  70 f 2  2060
62.8 
50
62.8  50  30 f1  70 f 2  2060
3140  30 f1  70 f 2  2060]  10
314  3 f1  7 f 2  206
3 f1  7 f 2  314  206  108.......  2 
solving (1) and (2)
3 f1  7  20  f1   108
 3 f1  140  7 f1  108
 140  108  4 f1
 32  4 f1
 f1  8 and f 2  20  8  12

Ques: The mean of the following table is 50. Find the missing frequencies f1 and f 2 .

Classes 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 Total

Frequency 17 f1 32 f2 19 120

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 Sol: f1  28 and f 2  24

Ques: If the median of the distribution is 28.5, find the values of x and y .

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total

Frequency 5 x 20 15 y 5 60
Sol:

C.I. Frequency f i c. f .
0-10 5 5
10-20 x 5 x
20-30 20 25  x
30-40 15 40  x
40-50 y 40  x  y
50-60 5 45  x  y
Total 45  x  y  60

x  y  60  45  15 …….(1)

Median 28.5 lies in the C.I. 20-30, therefore median class corresponds to 20-30.

N 
  c. f . 
Median = l  
2 h
f

28.5  20 
 30   5  x   10
20
30  5  x
28.5  20 
2
25  x
 8.5 
2
 17  25  x
 x  25 17  8  y  15  8  7

Ques: Calculate the missing frequency, if the median of the distribution is 24.

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Frequency 5 25 f 18 7
Sol:

C.I. Frequency c.f.

0-10 5 5
10-20 25 30
20-30 Median f 30  f

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 Class
30-40 18 48  f
40-50 7 55  f
55  f
N 
  c. f 
Median  l  
2  h
f
 55  f 
  30 
2
24  20     10
f
 55  f  60 
 
2
 24  20     10
f
 f 5
4f   10
 2 
 8 f  10 f  50
 50  2 f
 f  25

Ogive
Ogive is the graphical method to find the median of a continuous data.

Types of Ogive
(i) Less than Type: Less than type ogive is obtained by using the cumulative
frequency from upside down(less than the upper limits of the class interval)
and using the upper limits of the class intervals.
(ii) More than type: More than type ogive is obtained by using the cumulative
frequency from downside up (more than the lower limits of the class interval)
and using the lower limits of the class intervals.

Ques: The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.

Daily Income 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200

No. of workers 12 14 8 6 10

C.I. Frequency C.f. Less than type

100-120 12 12 120,12
120-140 14 26 140, 26
140-160 8 34 160,34
160-180 6 40 180, 40
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 180-200 10 50  200,50  Convert the distribution
Total above to a less than type
cumulative frequency
distribution, and draw its ogive.
Sol:

N 50
From the graph corresponding to   25 on y-axis, there is 138 on x-axis, therefore the
2 2
median of the given distribution is 138.

Ques: Draw ‘less than’ ogive and ‘more than’ ogive for the following distribution and hence find
its median.

C.I. 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

Frequency 10 8 12 24 6 25 15
Sol:

C.I. Frequency Less than c.f. More than c.f. Less than type More than type
20-30 10 10 100  30,10   20,100 
30-40 8 18 90  40,18  30,90 
40-50 12 30 82  50, 30   40,82 

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 50-60 24 54 70  60, 54   50, 70 
60-70 6 60 46  70, 60   60, 46 
70-80 25 85 40  80,85  70, 40 
80-90 15 100 15  90,100   80,15 

100  20,100  90,100

90
 30,90 
 40,82 80,85
80

70
 50,70

60  70,60
50
 60,54
40
 70, 40
 50,30 
30

20
 40,18
 30,10  80,15
10

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

From the graph median is 58 (on x-axis)

Ques: A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of100 policy holders.
Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to person having age 18 years onwards but less
than 60 years.

Age Below 20 Below 25 Below 30 Below 35 Below 40 Below 45 Below 50 Below 55 Below 60
frequency 2 6 24 45 78 89 92 98 100

Sol:

C.I. c.f. Frequency

15-20 2 2
20-25 6 4
25-30 24 18
30-35 45 21
35-40 78 = Median class 33
40-45 89 11

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45-50 92 3
50-55 98 6
55-60 100 2
Total 100

N 100
  50
2 2

N 
  c. f . 
Median = l  
2   h  35   50  45  5  35  25  35  0.757  35.76
f 33 33

Ques: Calculate the median from the following data:

Marks below 10 below 20 below 30 below 40 below 50 below 60 below 70 below 80
No. of 15 35 60 84 96 127 198 250
students
Sol:

Marks Cumulative Frequency Class Interval frequency

below 10 15 0-10 15
below 20 35 10-20 20
below 30 60 20-30 25
below 40 84 30-40 24
below 50 96 40-50 12
below 60 127 50-60 31 Median class
below 70 198 60-70 71
below 80 250 70-80 52
Total 250

N 250
N  250 and    125
2 2
N 
  c. f 
Median = l  
2   h = 50  125  96  10 = 50  290  50  9.35  59.35 Ans.
f 31 31

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Probability
The measure of chance of occurrence of an experiment or an outcome under experiment is called
Probability.
favourable number of outcomes
PE  , where E is any event under the sample space (experiment) S
total number of outcomes

Properties of P  E  are as follows:

(i) 0  P  E   1

(ii) If P  E   0 , then event E is called an impossible event.

(iii) If P  E   1 , then event E is called a sure event.

Concept of Playing Cards…..

In total there are 52 playing cards divided into four suits namely, Club(13), Spade(13), Diamond(13) and
Heart(13).
Club and spade cards are black (in total 26 black cards)
Diamond and Heart are Red (in total 26 red cards)

Cards always start from Ace (A) and therefore cards are numbered as
Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King

There are total 12 Face cards …. 4 Jack, 4 Queen, 4 King

Concept of Sample Space…..

Example: (i) a coin is tossed one time, write the possible outcomes
H ,T i.e. 21
(ii) a coin is tossed two times, write the sample space
HH , HT , TH , TT i.e. 2 2
(iii) a coin is tossed three times, write the possible outcomes
HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , TTH , THT , HTT , TTT i.e. 23
(iv) a dice is tossed once
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 i.e. 61
(v) if a dice is thrown 2 times
1,11, 2 1,31, 4 1,5 1, 6 
 2,1 2, 2  2,3 2, 4  2,5  2, 6 
 3,1 3, 2  3,3 3, 4  3,5  3, 6 
i.e. 6 2
 4,1 4, 2  4,3 4, 4  4,5  4, 6 
 5,1 5, 2  5,3 5, 4  5,5 5, 6 
 6,1 6, 2  6,3 6, 4  6,5  6, 6 
Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 15
 Ques: A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of getting an ace?
Sol: number of aces = 4,
E = event of getting an ace
4 1
PE   Ans.
52 13
Ques: When a card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that it may be either a king or a
queen
Sol: number of kings or queens = 4  4  8
E = event of getting a king or a queen
8 2
PE   Ans.
52 13
Ques: One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is red or king.
Sol: number of cards which are either red or king = 26  2  28
E = card is either red or a king
28 7
PE  
52 13
QUES: The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and then well shuffled.
One card is selected from the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a heart (ii) a king (iii) a club (iv) the ‘10’ of hearts
Sol: Removing three cards (king, queen and jack of clubs) from 52 cards, we are left with 52  3  49 cards
13 3 10 1
(i) P  E1   (ii) P  E2   (iii) P  E3   (iv) P  E4  
49 49 49 49

Ques: If a coin is tossed two times, what is the probability of getting ‘head’ at least once?
Sol: HH .HT .TH , TT

3
PE 
4
Ques: A number is chosen at random among the first 100 natural numbers. Find the probability that the
number chosen being a multiple of 5.
Sol: From 1 to 100, multiple of 5 are 5,10,15,......,100 (20 in total)

E = event of selecting a multiple of 5 from 1 to 100

20 1
PE  
100 5
Ques: From a set of 17 cards, numbered 1, 2, ..., 17, one is drawn. What is the probability that is number is
multiple of 3 or 7?
Sol: multiple of 3 or 7 are 3, 6, 9,12, 15, 7, 14
7
PE 
17

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 16

 Ques: From a set of 17 cards, numbered 1, 2, ..., 17, one is drawn. What is the probability that is number is
multiple of 3 or 5?
Sol: Multiples of 3 or 5 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 5, 10
7
PE 
17
Ques: There are 5 green, 6 black and 7 white balls in a bag. A ball it drawn at random from the bag. Find the
probability that it may be -
(i) a white ball (ii) either a green or a black ball (iii) not a black ball
Sol: Total balls are 5  6  7  18
7 5  6 11 5  7 12 2
(i) P  E1   (ii) P  E2    (iii) P  E3    
18 18 18 18 18 3
Ques: A bag contains 4 red and 8 blue marbles. A marble is drawn at random. What is the probability of
drawing.(i) a red marble ? (ii) a blue marble ?
Sol: Total marbles are 4  8  12
4 1
(i) P  E1   
12 3
8 2
(ii) P  E2   
12 3
Ques: A bag contains 6 black, 7 red and 2 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is -
(i) Red (ii) Black or white (iii) Not black
Sol: Total balls are 6  7  2  15
7 62 8 72 9
(i) P  E1   (ii) P  E2    (iii) P  E3   
15 15 15 15 15

Ques: Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting -
(i) two tails (ii) at least one tail (iii) no tail
Sol: HH , HT , TH , TT

1 3 1
(i) P  E1   (ii) P  E2   (iii) P  E3  
4 4 4

Ques: On tossing three coins simultaneously, find the probability of getting -

(i) 3 tails (ii) 2 tails (iii) No tail (iv) 2 heads and 1 tail (v) at least one head
Sol: HHH , HHT , HTH , THH , TTH , THT , HTT , TTT

1 3 1 3 7
(i) P  E3   (ii) P  E2   (iii) P  E3   (iv) P  E4   (v) P  E4  
8 8 8 8 8

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 17

 Ques: 17 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, ...., 16, 17 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. One person drawn a card
from the box. Find the probability that the number on the card is -
(i) odd (ii) a prime (iii) divisible by 3 (iv) not divisible by 3 and 2 both
9
Sol: P  E1  
17
(ii) Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17
7
P  E2  
17
5 17  2 15
(iii) P  E3   (iv) P  E4   
17 17 17
Ques: Fill in the blanks with appropriate correct answer-

(i) A pair of fair dice is thrown and one die shows a four. The probability that the other die shown 5 is......

(ii) Probability of a sure event is......

(iii) Probability of an impossible event is......

(iv) The probability of an event (other than sure and impossible event) lies between.....

(v) A die is rolled once. The probability of getting a prime number is......

Sol: (i) if one dice shows 4, then the other dice shows 5 in the following cases  4,5  ,  5, 4 

2 1
PE  
36 18
(ii) P  S   1, where S repreents Sample space

(iii) P  E   0

(iv) 0  P  E   1

(v) the prime numbers are 2, 3, 5

3 1
PE  
6 2

Ques: Complete the statement:

(a) Probability of event A + Probability of event 'not A'......

(b) Probability of a 'sure' event is......

(c) Probability of an 'impossible' event is......

(d) Sum of the probabilities of each outcome in an experiment is......

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 18

 (e) Probability of an outcome/ event is greater than or equal to....... and less than or equal to.......

Ques: In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice, find the probability of getting

(i) 8 as the sum
(ii) A double
(iii) A doublet of prime numbers
(iv) A doublet of odd number
(v) A sum greater than 9
(vi) An even number on first
(vii) An even number on one and a multiple of 3 on the other
(viii) Neither 9 nor 11 as the sum of the numbers on the faces
(ix) A sum less than 6
(x) A sum less than 7
(xi) A sum more than 7

Sol:

1,11, 2 1,31, 4 1,5 1, 6 

 2,1 2, 2  2,3 2, 4  2,5  2, 6 
 3,1 3, 2  3,3 3, 4  3,5  3, 6 
 4,1 4, 2  4,3 4, 4  4,5  4, 6 
 5,1 5, 2  5,3 5, 4  5,5 5, 6 
 6,1 6, 2  6,3 6, 4  6,5  6, 6 
Ques: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is
(i) A black king
(ii) Either a black card or a king
(iii) Black and a king
(iv) A jack, queen or a king
(v) Neither a heart nor a king
(vi) Spade or an ace
(vii) Neither an ace nor a king.

1. Ques: Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet of an even number.

Sol: doublets of even numbers  2, 2  ,  4, 4  ,  6,6 

and all the outcomes are

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 19

 1,11, 2 1,31, 4 1,5 1, 6 
 2,1 2, 2  2,3 2, 4  2,5  2, 6 
 3,1 3, 2  3,3 3, 4  3,5  3, 6 
 4,1 4, 2  4,3 4, 4  4,5  4, 6 
 5,1 5, 2  5,3 5, 4  5,5 5, 6 
 6,1 6, 2  6,3 6, 4  6,5  6, 6 
3 1
PE   Ans.
36 12
Ques: Three unbiased(fair) coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting at least two heads.
Sol: Outcomes are HHH .HHT .HTH , THH , TTH , THT , HTT , TTT

favorable outcomes are HHT .HTH , THH , HHH

4 1
PE   Ans.
8 2
Ques: What is the probability that a leap year has 53 Sundays?
Sol: A leap year has 366 days
Every year has 52 weeks , so in 52 weeks  7  52  364 days are already used
 only 366  364  2 days are left
These 2 days can be SM , MT , TW , WTh, ThF , FSa, SaS

2
PE 
7
Ques: What is the probability that a non-leap year has 53 Sundays?
Sol: A non-leap year has 365 days
Every year has 52 weeks , so in 52 weeks  7  52  364 days are already used
 only 365  364  1 day is left
that 1 day can be S , M , T ,W , Th, F , Sa

1
PE 
7
Ques: Cards each marked with one of the numbers 6,7,8,...,15 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly.

One card is drawn at random from the box. The probability of getting a card with a number less than 10 is
1 3 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
Sol: Total cards are 15  5  10
Favourable cases are 6, 7, 8, 9
4 2
PE  
10 5

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 20

 Ques: A box contains 3 blue, 2 white and 4 red marbles. If a marble is drawn at random from the box, the
probability that it will not be a white marble is
2 4 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9 9
3 4 7
Sol: P  not white marble   
9 9
Ques: One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability of drawing:
(a) either a black king or a queen (b) red face card
(c) a queen of black suit (d) neither a red card nor a queen
24 6 3
Sol: (i) P  E1    
52 52 26
6 3
(ii) P  E2   
52 26
2 1
(iii) P  E3   
52 26
52  26  2 24 6
(iv) P  E4    
52 52 13
2. Ques: Bag I contains 3 white and 2 black balls. Another bag say II contains 2 white and 4 black balls. If a
white ball is drawn from Bag I and put into Bag II . Then a ball is drawn from Bag II. Find:
(i) P (ball so drawn is white)
(ii) P (ball so drawn is black)
3 4
Sol: (i) P  E1   (ii) P  E2  
7 7
Ques: Cards marked with the numbers 11 to 50 are placed in the box and mixed thoroughly. One card is
drawn from this box. Find the probability that the number on the card is:
(a) an odd number (b) a number less than 25 (c) a number, which is a perfect cube
Sol: Total cards are 50 10  40
(a) an odd number can be 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, …….., 49, therefore in total 20 odd numbers
20 1
P  E1   
40 2
(b) a number less than 25 can be 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 therefore in total 14
14 7
P  E2   
40 20
(c) a number from 11 to 50 which is a perfect cube is 27 only
1
P  E3  
40

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 21

 Ques: A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. What is the probability of getting a black
king?
2 1
Sol: P  E   
52 26
Ques: One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(a) a queen or jack (b) a black face card
44 8 2
Sol: (a) P  E1    
52 52 13
6 3
(b) P  E2   
52 26
Ques: Sum of digits of a 2 digit number is 12. Find the probability that such a number is odd.
Sol: Two digits numbers are 10, 11, 12, 13, ……., 99 therefore 99  9  90
The numbers in which sum of the digits is 12 are 39, 48, 57, 66, 75, 84, 93
Therefore number of outcomes = 7
Out of these odd numbers are 39, 57, 75, 93
4
PE 
7

Phoenix Institute of Mathematics and Science (7696252855, 7986441885) Page 22