International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hmt

Thermal performance of double serpentine minichannel heat sinks:

Effects of inlet-outlet arrangements and through-holes
Xin Cao a,b, Huan-ling Liu a,b,∗, Xiao-dong Shao a,b, Han Shen c, Gongnan Xie c,∗
a
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Space Solar Power Station System, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
b
Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071,
China
c
School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: To decrease the substrate temperature gradient of a traditional single serpentine mini-channel heat sink,
Received 23 December 2019 we present a novel double serpentine heat sink and perform experimental and numerical tests by em-
Revised 15 February 2020
ployee ANSYS FLUENT (version 15) code to trade off the flow and thermal performance of the heat sink.
Accepted 24 February 2020
The effects of three inlet-outlet arrangements, the through-hole numbers and the diameter of through-
Available online 12 March 2020
hole on the cooling capacity are compared and analyzed. It can be found that the introduction of in-
Keywords: terleaved inlet-outlet outperform provides much better uniform substrate temperature, meanwhile, the
Double minichannel heat sink pressure drop can be reduced by up to 43%, and the average Nusselt number can be raised by up to 26%
Inlet-outlet arrangement through punching holes on the channel wall at Qv = 0.159 L/min. It is also suggested that the double ser-
Through-hole pentine heat sink using more holes exhibits much better thermal performance attributed to the distinct
Nusselt number alleviation of the maximum substrate temperature.
Thermal resistance
Pressure drop © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction reentrant cavities. Chen et al. [18] investigated the capability of

High integration of electronic components comprised in elec-
tronic circuits cause high heat flux, extensive hot spots, and thus
the degradation in life performances. The menacing miniaturiza-
tion and the maldistribution of the resulted heat drive continuous
development of microchannel heat sinks worldwide [1–6].
With the goal of enhancing thermal performance of conven-
tional MCHS, different structures of microchannel for MCHSs have
been proposed, for examples, spiraling radial inflow microchan-
nel [7], zig-zag microchannels [8,9], multistage minichannel in-
flow [10], wavy microchannels with alternating secondary branches
[11], consecutive bifurcating microchannels [12], different pin-fin
shaped channels [13], different types serpentine microchannels
[14,15].
Recently, Al-Neama et al. [16] performed experimental and nu-
merical studies on water-cooled serpentine minichannel heat sinks,
and evaluated their compatibility of gallium nitride (GaN) high-
electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) equipment for the thermal
management. Liu et al. [17] presented the contrast of the thermal
and hydraulic features of serpentine microchannel with fan-shaped
∗
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: hlliu@xidian.edu.cn (H.-l. Liu), xgn@nwpu.edu.cn (G. Xie).
micromixers with serpentine microchannels through experiments
and simulations, and reported that the square-wave serpentine mi-
cromixer is effective and well fabricated.
The limitation of single inlet and outlet arrangement leads to
uneven bottom surface temperature distribution of microchannel
heat sinks. Therefore, different entrance and exit arrangements has
been rearranged [19–24] to upgrade the evenness of heat trans-
fer bottom surface temperature and high convective heat transfer
coefficient. Zheng et al. [19] investigated the characteristics of dis-
tribution in a PFHE (plate-fin heat exchangers) under fierce condi-
tions employing the medium of air and water. Liu et al. [20] used
non-uniform mini baffles to improve the flow distribution, report-
ing that the promotions in the flow mal-distribution is realized by
the nonuniform baffles. Saeed et al. [21] developed an analytical
model to ensure the uniform distribution of liquid flow within the
heat sink channels under minimum sizes of the distributor and
collector header. Liu et al. [22] proposed a flow into 2n flow paths
at the last stage, and conducted numerical analysis of the impact of
the flow path bifurcation structure and dimensions on the unifor-
mity of flow distribution. Ramos-Alvarado et al. [23] realized un-
exceptionable flow uniformity with the flow region configurations
of Distributor-A and B (a modified version of serpentine) at a re-
markably low pressure loss in the planar plate heat sinks. Further-
more, Vinodhan et al. [24] proposed a novel MCHS consisting of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119575
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2 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

prove the heat transfer rate [25–30]. Wen et al. [25] examined the
Nomenclature heat transfer characteristics during compulsive convection based
on the pin-fin heat sinks with two different types (Type A and
Ach cross-section area of minichannel, m2 Type B) of with/without a hollow in the heating basement. Park
Aeff effective heat transfer area per minichannel, m2 et al. [26] investigated the characteristic of a direct methanol fuel
Ah bottom heating area of the MCHS, m2 cells (DMFCs) of four different kinds of geometries in serpentine
CP specific heat of fluid, J/kg•K flow field by numerical simulation and experiment. Zhao et al.
D the diameter of through-holes, m [27] indicated that the flow uniformity of a 40-cell solid oxide
Dh hydraulic diameter, m fuel cell (SOFC) stack powerfully regarding on geometric configura-
h heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 •K tions of mainfold, comprising the coincident position between tube
H height of the heat sink, m and mainfold. Luo et al. [28] established three various models of
Hb substrate thickness, m leaf-vein-inspired minichannels, reporting that the excellent heat
Hch minichannel height, m and mass transfer specialties is obtained from leaf-vein-inspired
Hs secondary minichannel height, m minichannels. Liu et al. [29] studied two innovative configura-
kf thermal conductivity of fluid, W/m•K tions with annular microchannel heat sink (MRNH and MRSH) to
ks thermal conductivity of copper, W/m•K strengthen the flow uniformity and thermal substrate distribution
L length of heat sink, m of the MCHS. They concluded that the uniformity of thermal gra-
Lch total minichannel length, m dients with the staggered arrangement is superior to that with
n number of through-holes the sequential one. In addition, Al-Neama et al. [30] introduced
Nu Nusselt number chevron fins in a serpentine heat exchanger to lower the thermal
P total pressure drop, Pa resistance and enhance the heat transfer performances. Their re-
PP pumping power, W sults implied that this novel design significantly reduces the pres-
Pw the wet perimeter, m sure drop penalty.
Qv the volumetric flow rate, L/min Until now, no data has been reported about using interleaved
Qw input heat power, W in-outlets in a double serpentine MCHS with punching through-
r1 minichannel inner ring radius, m holes. Therefore, in this paper, a novel double serpentine MCHS
r2 minichannel outer ring radius, m design, namely, through-holes are punched on the wall of serpen-
Re Reynolds number tine microchannels, is proposed to explore benefits in the substrate
Rth total thermal resistance, m2 •K/W temperature uniformity. The experimental procedure and analyti-
Rconv thermal resistance, m2 •K/W cal methods are shown in Section 2, and model descriptions are
Rbulk bulk temperature-rise thermal resistance, m2 •K/W listed in Section 3. The consequences and main achievements are
Rcond thermal conduction resistance, m2 •K/W analyzed and summarized in Section 4 and Section 5, respectively.
Tb substrate temperature, K
Tfin inlet temperature of the fluid, K 2. Problem description and experimental setup
Tfout outlet temperature of the fluid, K
Tfavg fluid bulk temperature, K 2.1. Design and fabrication of MCHS models
Tsurf, max maximum substrate temperature, K
Twavg averaged wall temperature, K Three kinds of MCHSs with multiple inlets and outlets are built
Twtci calculated wall temperature, K by Pro/Engineer. SMPF shown in Fig. 1(a) is the conventional sin-
u
 velocity of fluid, m/s gle serpentine MCHS. The second model is a double serpentine
u velocity of axial, m/s MCHS which is deemed as D-SMPF used for the experiment shown
W width of heat sink, m in Fig. 1(b). Another one is a double serpentine MCHS with five
Wch minichannel width, m through-holes which is named as D-SMTH shown in Fig. 1(c).
Ws1 minichannel side width, m For the sake of forming a detailed contrast among three differ-
Ws2 channels flow gap, m ent MCHSs, we set all of the heat sinks in the same dimension
Ww width of two minichannels, m including the depth of heat sink(H), substrate area (W × L), chan-
nel depth (Hch ), fin width (WW ), channel width (Wch ) and substrate
Greek symbols
thickness (Hb ). Copper is chosen as the material of MCHSs with the
μ kinematic viscosity, kg/m•s
thermal conductivity is 388 W/m•K at 20 °C. Fig. 2(a) depicts the
ρ density, kg/m3
actual appearance and shape of D-SMPF, while Fig. 2(b) shows the
Subscripts 3-Dimensional isometric and top view of D-SMTH. With respect to
avg average D-SMPF, the design of D-SMTH is used to punch through-holes in
f fluid(water) the middle of the heat sink to connect the upper and lower rows of
in inlet serpentine channels. The radius of the through-hole (r3 ) is 0.5 mm,
out outlet whereas the secondary channel depth (Hs ) and secondary channel
max maximum width (Ws ) are 0.5 mm and 1 mm, correspondingly. The specific
min minimum parameters are shown in Table 1.
s solid The D-SMPF MCHS is processed by electric discharge machining
tci thermocouple location technology (EDM). The accuracy is 0.005–0.01 mm. D-SMPF sam-
w wall ple is assembled with Acrylic Perspex plastic sheet cover, and is
connected with copper block by inbuilt-enveloping glue to prevent
water leakage. Four holes are drilled on the both two sides of plas-
four components with scattered coolant entrance and exit plenum tic sheet covering to fix inlet-outlet tubes. Another two holes are
for each components. used to install the digital pressure meter (Comark C9555 model
Currently, optimizing the internal connections of the mi- (2.1 bar)) for gauging the pressure drop between the inlet and the
crochannels are always carried in heat exchangers systems to im- outlet. Due to the symmetrical arrangement of the two serpentine
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575 3

Fig. 1. Preliminary sketch of serpentine minichannel heat sink configurations (a) SMPF, (b) D-SMPF and (c) D-SMTH.

Fig. 2. The actual shape and 3-D model of the heat sinks (a) D-SMPF (b) D-SMTH-A, all dimension in mm.
4 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

Table 1
Dimensional details of SMPF and D-SMPF heat sinks.

Characteristic SMPF D-SMPF

Material Copper
Heat sink dimensions, width∗ length∗ height, W × L × H (mm) 38 × 38 ×4
Main channel width, Wch (mm) 1.5
Fin width, Ww (mm) 1
Channel depth, Hch (mm) 2
Substrate thickness, Hb (mm) 2
In-outlet diameter, r4 (mm) 0.75
Hydraulic diameter, Dh (mm) 1.714
Number of minichannels, (mm) 12 24
Secondary channel height, Hs (mm) – 0.5
Channels flow gap, Ws 2 (mm) – 1

Fig. 3. Schematic of the experimental setup.

minichannel, we select one mini-channel to test the pressure drop.
The D-SMPF MCHS applied in this work is made by a professional
processing workshop.
2.2. Experimental apparatus and procedure
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of experimental setup, and
Fig. 4 exhibits the facilities for measurement. A DC power (Tek-
tronix/Series 2230G High Power, Model: 2230G-30-6) is used to
generate heat power with the output voltage in the range of 0–
30 V and the current in the range of 0–5 A. All devices can
work normally during test. A thermostatic water bath (JULABO-
VIVO RT2) is employed to keep the fluid at room temperature
(20 °C). The temperature error of thermostatic water bath is ±
0.05 °C. Peristaltic pump pushes the water from the thermostatic
water bath. In order to keep the constant velocity at the en-
trance of MCHS, the inlet flow rate is regulated by the peristaltic
pump (Masterflex GY7792175) which offers a volume flow rate
of 0.053–0.159 L/min. The fittings with internal/external diameter
of 2.2/4 mm and transparent plastic pipes are used to form the
flow loop. The resistance of two power film resistors used as heat
unit to provide the highest power of 100 W (31 W/cm2 ) is 10 Ω
(MP9100-274), and the cross-section area of the power film resis-
tors is 11.5 mm × 14 mm. Besides, one layer of thermal silica with
the thermal conductivity of 2.1 W/m•K is covered between the film
resistors and the MCHS to eliminate the contact thermal resistance.
There are four K-type thermocouples, namely, T1 , T2 , T3 and T4
with the range of accuracy ±0.1 K inserted into the holes manu-
ally with the diameter of 0.5 mm, which is used to measure the
wall temperature of the mini-channel. When all the readings, that
is, the pressure drop and temperature readings become stable, we
write down all the data. The time with fluctuation range of data
can be treated as the stability of experiments when the fluctuation
is lower than 0.1%. For instance, the fluctuation range is less than
0.2 K for the temperature reading.
2.3. Analysis on experimental outcomes
2.3.1. Analysis on heat transfer
Based on the Newton’s law of cooling, we have the average heat
transfer coefficient havg :
Qw
hav g = (1)
Ae f f (Twavg − T f avg )
where Qw is the quantity of the heat supplied to the bottom sur-
face of the MCHSs, and Aeff is the heat transfer area available for
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575 5

Fig. 4. Testing apparatus of the performance evaluation.

Fig. 5. Exploded view of D-SMPF part in experiment.

the heat flux. The coolant supplied to the heat sinks is water. In The corresponding average Nusselt number can be evaluated:
the present work, we assume other surface of the heat exchanger hav g · Dh
adiabatic except for the substrate of the heat exchanger. N uavg = (4)
kf
The average value of the wall temperature in the mini-channel
heat exchanger Twavg can be calculated: where kf is the thermal conductivity of the coolant and Dh the hy-
4 draulic diameter in the mini-channel.
i=1 Twtci The hydraulic diameter can be determined:
Twavg = (2)
4 4Ach 2(Wch · Hch )
Dh = = (5)
The average fluid temperature of the minichannel heat ex- Pw Wch + Hch
changer Tfavg can be estimated: where Ach denotes the cross sectional proportion, and Pw denotes
T f in + T f out the wetted perimeter of the mini-channel.
T f avg = (3)
2
2.3.2. Wall temperature calculations
where Tfin and Tfout on behalf of the inlet coolant temperature and We insert four thermocouples into micro holes punched on the
the outlet coolant temperature, respectively. side of the heat sink to test the wall temperature. However, the
6 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

Fig. 6. 3-D fluid-solid coupling model and the grid distribution for D-SMTH.

Table 2 2.3.3. Thermal resistance in the system

Uncertainties of the critical experimental parameters of D-SMPF.
The total thermal resistance (Rth ) in the D-SMPF can be calcu-
Parameter Absolute uncertainties Relative uncertainties lated:
Channel width (Wch ) ± 0.05mm Tsur f,max − T f in
Rth = (7)
Channel height (Hch ) ± 0.03mm q
Channel Length (Lch ) ± 0.015mm
Fin width (Ww ) ± 0.03mm
where Tsurf, max is the maximum value of substrate temperature of
Hydraulic diameter (Dh ) 1.1% the heat sink. The total thermal resistance can be determined:
Channels flow gap (Ws 2 ) ± 0.01mm Hb 1 1
Volumetric flow rate (Qin ) ± 0.6% Rth = Rcond + Rconv + Rbulk = + + · (8)
ks · Ah hav g · Ae f f m ·C p
Temperature (T) ± 0.2K
Pressure drop (P) ± 0.3% where m represents the total mass flow rate. Cp is the specific
Nusselt number (Nu) 3.8%
heat capacity of the coolant. Both of the convective thermal resis-
Thermal resistance (Rth ) 2.9%
Heat loss of the unit 6.8% tance and bulk temperature-rise thermal resistance decrease grad-
ually with the increase of the coolant flow rate while the heat con-
ductive thermal resistance keeps constant because of the constant
thickness of the heat sink.
wall temperature of the mini-channel can not be directly measured
2.3.4. Data comparison and experimental uncertainty
easily, while it is convenient to get Tytci . The location and the dis-
According to the law of energy conservation, the heat quantity
tance of the thermocouples are shown in Figs. 2 and 5. The point
(Q1 ) supplied by electrical heating source should be equal to the
A is on the channel wall while the Point B is used to fix therm-
sum of heat (Q2 ) taken away by cooling fluid (water) and the heat
couples. In fact, the distance between the two points (A and B) is
loss (Qloss ) into environment:
only 1 mm. The local wall temperature Twtci can be achieved by
estimating one-dimensional heat conduction in y direction [31]: Q1 = UI (9)

Qw y Q2 = C p m(Tfout − Tfin ) (10)

Twtci = Tytci − (6)
Ae f f ks
Qloss = Q1 − Q2 (11)
where y is the distance between A and B, and Tytci is the same as Correspondingly, U is electric voltage, I is electric current. So
(T1 +T2 +T3 +T4 )/4. T1 , T2 , T3 and T4 are the temperature readings of the maximum relative error of heat balance is
the four thermocouples. Aeff is the effective substrate area and ks Q B |Qloss | |Q1 − Q2 |
= Q1 +Q2
= Q1 +Q2
(12)
is the thermal conductivity of the heat sink. QB
2 2

Table 3
Measured (subscribed with exp) and simulated (subscribed with sim) temperature, pressure drop
and average Nusselt number with different velocities for D-SMPF heat sink.

u(m/s) 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

T(sim) (K) 103.3 89.5 77.9 70.4 65.2 56.1

T(exp) (K) 100.4 85.1 74.7 69.2 61.8 52.3
P(sim) (Pa) 433.461 1090.744 1700.562 2130.433 2660.791 3050.534
P(exp) (Pa) 422.375 1068.257 1626.539 2019.652 2555.626 2969.883
Relative error 2.6% 2.1% 4.4% 5.2% 1.7% 2.6%
Nuavg (sim) 16.515 17.831 18.628 19.322 19.871 20.778
Nuavg (exp) 15.627 16.797 17.544 18.539 18.967 19.879
Relative error 5.4% 5.8% 5.8% 4.1% 4.5% 4.3%
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575 7

Table 4
Reynolds numbers corresponding
to the inlet volumetric flow rate.

Qv (L/min) u (m/s) Re

0.053 0.5 747

0.074 0.7 1046
0.095 0.9 1345
0.117 1.1 1644
0.138 1.3 1942
0.159 1.5 2241

When all the data readings become stable, the calculating result
shows that QB /QB < 6.8% when (Tfout −Tfin ) is 37 K. It indicates the
heat loss into surrounding environment is less than 6.8%.
In this paper, the approach to estimate the experimental un-
certainty is applied which is from Coleman et al. [32] and ASME
standard [33]. All the uncertainties for principal parameters are
Fig. 7. Comparison of Nuavg with previous work [30].
tabulated in Table 2. For the sake of validating the discrepancy
between the experimental and simulated outcomes within a rea-
sonable range, both the average Nusselt number and pressure drop (3) No radiation and gravity are assumed.
under six different velocities are presented in Table 3. By calcu- (4) The thermo-physical properties of water are supposed to un-
lation, the maximum relative error of the P is 5.2% while that of changed and in-compressible.
the Nu is 5.8%. This indicates that the numerical results are in good (5) Axial conduction and viscous dissipation are not under consid-
accordance with the experimental results. eration.
The general governing equations comprising continuity, mo-
3. Governing equations and simulation process
mentum, and energy equations can be regarded as following:
Continuity equation:
3.1. Governing equations
∂ ( ρ ui )
=0 (13)
In this research, the assumptions are listed below: ∂ xi
Momentum equation:
(1) The heat transfer and flow are regarded as steady.  
(2) The volume force and the impact of surface tension are ne- ∂ ( ρ ui u j ) ∂ ∂u ∂p
= μ i − (14)
glected. ∂ xi ∂ xi ∂ xi ∂ xi

Table 5
Grid independence test results.

D-SMPF D-SMTH-A

Number of elements 2861563 4677259 6550130 2822974 4833716 6890975

Tb (K) 400.4572 399.2336 398.1055 344.1369 342.8311 341.2967
Relative error 0.31% – 0.28% 0.38% – 0.45%
P(Pa) 433.4611 432.3733 431.5642 400.3587 399.2597 398.0676
Relative error 0.25% – 0.19% 0.27% – 0.3%

Fig. 8. Three different inlet-outlet arrangements.

8 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

Fig. 9. Temperature contours on the x-z section for D-SMPF and D-SMTHs at Qv =0.159 L/min; (a) D-SMPF heat sink; (b) D-SMTH-A heat sink; (c) d-SMTH-B heat sink; (d)
D-SMTH-C heat sink;.

Energy equation: Inlet:

  −
→
∂ ( ρ ui T ) ∂ k ∂T u = uin T = Tin = 20◦ C (17)
= (15)
∂ χi ∂ χi c p ∂ χi Outlet:
For the solid: ∂T
  P = Pout = 1atm, =0 (18)
∂n
∂ ∂T
k =0 (16) The interface between solid and coolant:
∂ xi s ∂ xi
 ∂ Ts ∂T
u = 0, T = TS , T = TS − ks = −k (19)
3.2. Boundary conditions
∂n ∂n
The heat flux applied to the bottom surface of the heat sink:
The following descriptions are the detailed boundary condi- ∂ Ts
tions: q = −ks (20)
∂n
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575 9

Fig. 10. Velocity vectors for D-SMTH-A heat sink at Qv =0.159 L/min.

3.3. Numerical procedures and grid sensitivity

We chose ANSYS FLUENT (15.0) commercial software as compu-

tational fluid dynamics in this study. The finite-volume method is
picked for solving the governing equations. We use SIMPLE method
to figure out the coupling calculation of pressure and velocity. The
second-order upwind discretization schemes are selected in the
numerical simulation. The ANSYS ICEM CFD 14.5 software is used
to generate a range of unstructured meshes for the solver, further-
more, the grids at the inlet and outlet are encrypted.
In order to test the influence of grid number on the simulation
accuracy, we carry out the grid sensitivity examination in the cal-
culation for both of the D-SMPF and D-SMTH heat sinks. In the
examination, three test cells with rough, intermediate and good
quality grids such as 2861563, 4677259 and 6550130 elements, are
employed for D-SMPF, while 2822974, 4833716 and 6890975 ele-
ments are selected for D-SMTH. The effects of the grid number on
the substrate temperature Tb and pressure drop P under differ-
Fig. 11. Comparison of the pressure drop for four heat sinks at different volumetric
flow rate. ent grid numbers are listed in Table 5. This shows that the max-
imum relative errors of Tb and P are less than 0.45% and 0.3%,
separately. Therefore, the transitional grid can reach the required
The Reynolds number is: accuracy by evaluation time and computational expense. Fig. 6 is
ρ u Dh shown the 3-Dimensional fluid-strcuture interaction and gird mod-
Re = (21)
μ els for D-SMTH. In addition, the mesh quality is larger than 0.25
during the simulation procedure which can meet the accuracy of
The coolant is water and the MCHS is fabricated by cop-
numerical calculation under the laminar regime. It needs to em-
per. The thermo-physical properties of working coolant are:
phasize that the convergence criteria of 10−5 is set for both of con-
ρ = 998.2 kg/m3 , Cp = 4128 J/kg•K, μ = 0.001 kg/m•s,
tinuity and velocity, and 10−6 is for energy.
kf = 0.6 W/m•K and ks = 397 W/m•K. The Re in relation to the
volume flow rate is depicted in Table 4. 4. Results and discussions
The total volumetric flow rate of the D-SMPF heat exchanger
can be calculated: 4.1. Comparison with the previous study
Qv = 2 · u · Hch · Wch (22)
In order to explore the benefits of the D-SMTH-A, we compare
The pumping power can be calculated by:
the Nu of D-SMTH-A with that of the SMCF design of Al-Neama
P P = P · Q v (23) et al. [30]. The result is shown in Fig. 7. Since the heat sink of
10 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575
Fig. 12. Comparison of the average Nusselt number at five MCHS configurations.
this paper is different from that Al-Neama et al. [30], the pumping
power is selected to measure the performance of different MCHSs.
It may be seen the maximum growth of the Nu can be increased
by 13.7% compared to the previous work.
4.2. The effect of different in-outlet arrangement
Three kinds of inlet-outlet arrangements for double serpentine
microchannels are shown in Fig. 8. All the bottom surfaces of the
MCHSs are supplied with uniform heat flux of 31 W/cm2 and the
volumetric flow rate is set to 0.053–0.159 L/min corresponding to
the Reynolds number of 747–2241. Generally, Fig. 8(a) shows the
design of D-SMTH-A whose entrances and exits are placed inter-
leaved (in-out-out-in), and Fig. 8(b) depicts the design of D-SMTH-
B whose entrances are set at the left side of the heat sink and
exits are set at the right of the heat sink (in-out-in-out). However,
Fig. 8(c) describes the D-SMTH-C whose entrances are distributed
on the front side and exits are located at the back side (in-in-out-
out). In addition, there are five through holes punched on the fins
for all the three designs to improve the coolant mixing.
Fig. 9 shows the bottom surface temperature contours at Re=
2241 for D-SMPF and D-SMTH-(A-C) heat sinks with heat flux of
31 W/cm2 per heater which is mounted underneath the heat sink.
It can be observed that the maximum temperature for the D-SMTH
is always lower than that of the D-SMPF. This is because there
exists through holes in the design of D-SMTH which enhances
the fluid mixing between the main and secondary flow channels
leading to lower maximum temperature. One may observe the
maximum temperature is lowest for the design of D-SMTH-A
among the four designs due to the punching holes which permit
the coolant from one serpentine microchannel rushing into an-
other channels resulting in the direct mixing between the cooler
fluid and hotter fluid. It turns out that it is beneficial for enhanc-
ing heat transfer by punching through holes. Hot spots occur near
the outlets due to the temperature rise of fluid along the channel
when it absorbs the heat from the heater.
Fig. 10 shows the velocity vectors of D-SMTH-A heat sink at
Qv =0.159 L/min. The fluid of one serpentine mini-channel is trans-
ferred into another serpentine mini-channel forming vortices at
the starting and ending edges of each section, resulting in thin-
ner boundary layer and higher temperature gradient. Therefore,
it is pertinent to note that interleaved in-outlet arrangement and
punching holes on the minichannels can enhance fluid mixing and
re-development of the boundary layer resulting to the heat trans-
fer promotion.
Fig. 13. The variation of total thermal resistance with different pumping power for
five MCHS configurations.
Fig. 11 denotes that the comparison of the pressure drop among
different kinds of heat sinks. The pressure drop of the D-SMTH
is always smaller than that of D-SMPF. This can be attributed to
the secondary channel between the two serpentine channels which
transfers the fluid from the main channel to the secondary chan-
nel. One can see that the pressure drop of the D-SMTH-A is the
lowest compared to other heat sink designs due to the short-
est flow path in consequence of the shorter distance between the
through hole and the exit.
The Nu of four new configurations and that of SMPF as a func-
tion of pumping power is displayed in Fig. 12. It can be easily
found that the Nu of D-SMTH-A is the largest among five MCHS
configurations and the growth trend is the fastest. However, the
growth trend of the other four configurations is relatively slow.
Compared to the conventional model (SMPF), the Nusselt number
for D-SMTH-A design is increased by 32.6%, which indicates that
D-SMTH-A design can contribute to higher Nusselt number. This is
mean that at the same pumping power, the interleaved in-out dou-
ble serpentine channels with through-holes can improve the fluid
mixing due to the introduced secondary channels which alter the
flow direction (see Fig. 10) leading to the improvement on heat
transfer characteristics.
The total thermal resistance versus the function of pumping
power for four new configurations and SMPF is illustrated in
Fig. 13. The total thermal resistance of all of the designs show
a downward trend as the pumping power increases. At the same
pumping power, the total thermal resistance of D-SMTH-A is the
smallest because the heat transfer ability of D-SMTH-A is the
largest (see Fig. 12) which leads to lower thermal resistance in
convection and bulk temperature-rise thermal resistance since the
conductive thermal resistance safeguards stability.
4.3. The influence on the number of through-holes punched
For the sake of studying the impacts of the number of through-
holes on the heat transfer performance of D-SMTH-A, numerical
studies are carried out for six through-holes (named Case 1), five
through-holes (named Case 2) and four through-holes (named Case
3). Moreover, the aperture dimensions of all through-holes for all
the cases are the same and the diameter for all the through-hole
equals 1 mm. Due to the limited length of the channel, an appro-
priate number of the through-holes can not be increased unlimit-
edly. Therefore, only three cases are discussed in this work. Fig. 14
is the temperature contours on the x-z section for Case 1, Case 2
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575
Fig. 14. Temperature contours on the x-z section for Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 at
Qv =0.159 L/min.
and Case 3 at Qv =0.159 L/min. It can be observed that the tem-
perature contours are almost the same. This indicates that we can
not increase the number of through-holes unlimitedly to get uni-
form substrate temperature because the velocity of the secondary
channel may be reduced when the number of through-holes are
increased.
Fig. 15 depicts the comparison of pressure drop for three cases
at different volumetric flow rate. The P for Case 1 can be seen
11
Fig. 15. Comparison of the pressure drop for Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 at different
volumetric flow rate.
Fig. 16. Comparison of the average Nusselt number at Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3
with different pumping power.
Fig. 17. Analysis of total thermal resistance with different pumping power for Case
1, Case 2 and Case 3.
is the lowest because Case 1 has more through-holes resulting
more fluid diverted into secondary channels. Therefore, the pres-
sure drop slumps down. Moreover, the pressure drop for Case 1 is
approximately reduced by 27% compared to the D-SMTH-A.
12 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

Fig. 18. Temperature contours on the x-z section for Case 4, Case 5 at Qv =0.159 L/min.

Fig. 16 indicates that the influence of the through-hole num-

ber on the Nu with different pumping power. As seen in this fig-
ure, the Nuavg of Case1 is the largest compared to other Cases.
The Nuavg of Case 1 is improved by 2.4% against to the Case 3,
and increased by 5.6% against to the D-SMTH-A. The existence of
six through-holes alter the flow direction forming vortices which
disrupt the momentum boundary layers resulting in the heat
transfer enhancement.
The variation of the thermal resistances with different pump-
ing power is shown in Fig. 17. It can be clearly seen that Rth de-
creases as the number of through-holes grows. As for Case 1, Rth
decreases from 2.94e−4 K/W to 1.54e−4 K/W when the pumping
power varies from 0.022 W to 0.48 W. The Rth for Case 1 is de-
creased by 1.3% compared to the Case 3. Punching more through-
holes on the channel fins can result in larger Aeff and lower values
of Rth.

Fig. 19. Comparison of the pressure drop for Case1, Case 4, Case 5 at different vol-
4.4. The effect of the diameter of through-holes punched umetric flow rate.

The effects of the diameter of through-holes on the heat trans-

fer characteristics of the MCHS are examined for Case 1 numer-
ically. Three different dimensions of the apertures are analyzed,
and the values of diameter are set at 0.9 mm (named Case 4),
1 mm (named Case 1) and 1.1 mm (named Case 5) respectively.
It is noted that the number of through-holes punched in the Case
1, Case 4 and Case 5 are all of the same. Because the height of the
channel is limited, three moderate values of diameter are chosen.
Fig. 18 shows the temperature contour for the plane of the heat
wall with heat flux of 31 W/cm2 for Case 4 and Case 5 heat sink
designs. As seen in the figure, the maximum temperature of Case 5
is lower than Case 4 because much more coolant is transferred into
secondary mini-channel in consequence of larger diameter through
holes. As a result, the temperature of the hot zone decreases.
Fig. 19 displays the comparison of pressure drop for three cases
at different volumetric flow rate. It is found that the pressure
drop decreases with the increases of the diameter of through-holes
quickly at the same volumetric flow rate. This is because much
more fluid rushes into the sub-channels resulting in the decrease
of velocity of the main channel. The pressure drop for Case 5 is re-
duced by around 11.1% compared to Case 4, and decreased by 5.7%
that for Case 5 compared to Case 1 at Qv = 0.159 L/min.
Fig. 20 shows the velocity vectors for Case 1, Case 4, Case 5 at
the joint where the two rows of channels with Pp =0.48 W. As we
can see that Case 5 possesses the best flow uniformity compared
to other Cases. Furthermore, it is proved that the more uniform
coolant flow, the smaller pressure drop can be achieved. Fig. 21
indicates the comparison of the average Nusselt number with dif-
ferent pumping power, and Fig. 22 is the variation of the total
thermal resistance with different pumping power for Case 1, Case
4 and Case 5. The Nuavg increases as the diameter of through-
holes increases because the velocity of secondary channel becomes
larger. On the other hand, the larger aperture means larger convec-
tive heat transfer area leading to the decrease of hot spot temper-
ature. The Nuavg for Case 5 is increased by 6.9% compared to Case
4, and that for Case 5 increased by 5.9% compared to Case 1.
One can observe from Fig. 22, the Rth reduces with the increase
of the diameter of through-holes due to higher Nuavg (see Fig. 21).
The Rth is decreased drastically by 12.9% for Case 5 against to Case
4, and that is decreased by 10.8% for Case 5 against to Case 1.
Therefore, Case 5 is recommended as the most optimal heat sink
design.
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575
Fig. 20. Velocity vectors for Case 1, Case 4, Case 5 at Pp = 0.48 W.
Fig. 21. Comparison of the average Nusselt number at Case 1, Case 4, Case 5 for
different pumping power.
4.5. Performance evaluation analysis
Both the outcomes from calculations and experiments reveal
that the total thermal resistance Rth and pressure drop P of the
D-SMTH are decreased and the average Nusselt number Nuavg are
enhanced compared to SMPF. Hence, we evaluate the merit and
demerit of the new double serpentine MCHS (D-SMTH) by the
thermal performance evaluation criterion PEC [34] at the same
pumping power consumption. The PEC can be defined:
N uD−SMT H /N uSMPF E present in opposite trend. That is, the more through-holes, the
P EC =  = Nu
3 PD−SMT H /PSMPF 3 E P
where NuD-SMTH is on behalf of the average Nusselt number of the
configuration (D-SMTH), NuSMPF is on behalf of the average Nus-
selt number of the configuration (SMPF), PD-SMTH is the pressure
drop of D-SMTH, and PSMPF is that of the SMPF acquired by cal-
culation, separately. While ENu denotes the enhancement of aver-
13
Fig. 22. The variation of total thermal resistance with different pumping power for
Case 1, Case 4, Case 5.
age heat transfer, and E P represents the pressure drop values.
The geometrical parameters of heat transfer designs are all con-
sistent with each other including the base surface area, minichan-
nel height/width and substrate thickness, respectively. The perfor-
mance of D-SMTH is calculated at three number (4, 5 and 6) in
calculation. The variations of Nuavg and Rth with n for Pp = 0.37 W
are plotted in Fig. 23. With the increase of the quantity of through-
hole, the variations of Nusselt number and thermal resistance
(24)
higher heat transfer performance, while the smaller resistance.
Fig. 24 depicts the variations of ENu , E P and PEC with n ranging
from 1 to 6. A tremendous increase in ENu can be observed with
raising n and the maximum value is increased by 16.9%. While
the maximum decrease of E P is up to 26.1% for d = 1.1 mm. Be-
yond that, the effective heat transfer area Aeff does significant ef-
fects on heat transfer characteristics. The lager Aeff is, the lower
14 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575

ration in heat transfer characteristics with lower pressure penalty.

As described earlier, the enlarging of d represents the increase of
effective heat transfer area implying that the heat transfer charac-
teristics of the D-SMTH configuration are always superior to that
of the SMPF configuration. On the other hand, one can observe
E P is always< 1 and E P is decreased as d increases. This can be
explained that the pressure dop reduces when d is enlarged (see
Fig. 19). It is also can be observed that PEC shows small increments
when n and d are increased.

5. Conclusion

In this work, a novel serpentine mini-channel heat sink D-SMPF

Fig. 23. Variations of Nuavg and Rth with n for Pp = 0.37 W.
with interleaved inlets and outlets is proposed and a comprehen-
sive experimental and numerical investigation of the flow and heat
transfer are performed systematically. Through simulation meth-
ods, the effects of the inlet and outlet arrangements on the heat
dissipation performance of the D-SMPF with punching through-
holes (D-SMTH) is numerically examined and revealed. The num-
ber of through-holes punching on the channel wall and the diame-
ter of the through-holes are investigated numerically for the design
of D-SMTH-A. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows:

(1) The outcomes of experiments agree well with the calculated re-
sults for D-SMPF design.
(2) D-SMTH-A with interleaved entrances and exits has distinct ad-
vantages to conventional MCHS (SMPF) in reducing the thermal
resistance and the enhancement of the Nusselt number at the
uniform pumping power. The thermal resistance of D-SMTH-B
is lower than D-SMTH–C, while the heat transfer performance
of D-SMTH-B is more effective than that of d-SMTH–C. How-
ever, the pressure drop in D-SMTH–C is significantly lower than
in D-SMTH-B.
(3) At the same punching power, Case 5 alleviates both the pres-
sure drop and the thermal resistance up to 43% and 11%, and
increase the average Nusselt number up to 26% against to SMPF
Fig. 24. The effect of n on ENu , EP and PEC at Pp = 0.37 W. design.
(4) Increasing the number of the through-holes can enhance the
heat transfer, but it is not obvious for the peak temperature
drop of the substrate.
(5) Case 5 is the best configuration in heat transfer performance
due to PEC is always > 1 since ENu > 1 and E P < 1.

6. Future research

In the future, we may adopt the method of topology optimiza-

tion to automatically design the micro-channel to realize the max-
imal heat exchange and minimum pumping power under certain
conditions, limitation and specific metrics. Subsequently, different
structural parameters of the MCHS derived by the topology opti-
mization will be optimized by multi-objective genetic algorithm.

Author statement

On behalf of all named authors, herein I submit a paper enti-

Fig. 25. The effect of d on ENu , E P and PEC at Pp = 0.37 W.
temperature of the heating surface will be.With respect to E P , it
reduces slowly when n increases. Since E P < 1 for all values of
n, the pressure drop in D-SMTH is always lower than SMPF. There-
fore, the PEC is always >1.
Fig. 25 demonstrates the effect of d ranging from 0.8 to 1.1 mm
on ENu , E P and PEC. It can be seen that ENu is > 1, which denotes
that the D-SMTH configuration is greater than the SMPF configu-
tled “Thermal Performance of Double Serpentine Minichannel Heat
Sinks: Effects of Inlet-Outlet Arrangements and Through-Holes”
for the publication in the International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer as a Research Paper. We state that this paper has not been
published previously, that it is not under consideration for publica-
tion elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors. The
authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative in-
terest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the
work submitted.
 X. Cao, H.-l. Liu and X.-d. Shao et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (2020) 119575 15

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