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Chapter –8
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Organic Chemistry: Study of specific Carbon compounds.
 Hydrocarbons: The compounds containing Carbon and Hydrogen only.

Unique Nature of Carbon:

 Tetra valency of Carbon: Since carbon has 4 valence electrons it forms 4 covalent
bonds. Hence it exhibits tetra valency.

 Catenation: The tendency of an element to form long chains of identical atoms.

–C–C–C–C–C–C–C–C–

 Isomerism: Tetra valency and Catenation of Carbon atom result in the formation of
isomers – The compounds having same molecular formula but different structural
formula.

 Catenation and tetra valency of Carbon also result in the formation of

Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond
So Carbon can form millions of compounds hence Carbon compounds are studied under a
separate branch of chemistry – Organic chemistry.

Classification of Organic Compounds:

 Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons:

A series f Hydrocarbons in which the successive members of the series follow a regular
structural pattern and differ by a –CH2 – group.
The compounds belonging to the same Homologous series have similar molecular
formula and chemical properties.

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Homologous series of Homologous series of Homologous series of

alkanes alkenes alkynes
General Formula – CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
Methane – CH4 - -
Ethane – C2H6 Ethene – C2H4 Ethyne – C2H2
Propane – C3H8 Propene – C3H6 Propyne – C3H4
Butane – C4H10 Butene – C4H8 Butyne – C4H6
Pentane – C5H12 Pentene – C5H10 Pentyne – C5H8
Hexane – C6H14 Hexene – C6H12 Hexyne – C6H10

Structures organic compounds:

The structure of a compound shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule of the given
compound.

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 Isomers: Organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different molecular
structure are called Isomers.

 Organic compounds can show the following types of structural isomerism.

1. Chain isomerism
2. Position isomerism
3. Functional isomerism
4. Metamerism
5. Tautomerism
6. Stereo isomerism (Geometrical isomerism)

1. Chain isomerism is due to the difference in the arrangement of Carbon atoms in the
chain.
2. Position isomerism is due to the difference in the position of the functional group.
3. Geometrical isomerism is due to the difference in the arrangement of atoms around a
double bond.

 Alkanes show chain isomerism.

Example : Chain isomers of Butane – C4H10

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 Alkenes show chain, position and geometrical isomerism.

 Alkynes show position isomerism

Nomenclature:
There are two systems : i) Trivial system (common name) ii) IUPAC system

i) Trivial system : In this system the compounds are named based on their:
a) Source b) properties c) Greek or Latin origin

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ii) IUPAC system : In this system the compounds are named systematically
according to certain rules.

Rules of Nomenclature in IUPAC system:

The name of every compound consists of :

Prefix + Root word + primary suffix + secondary suffix.

Root word – indicates the number of Carbons present in the principal chain of the
compound.
Primary suffix – indicates the nature of the bond between the Carbon atoms in the principal
chain.
Secondary suffix – indicates the functional group.
Prefix – indicates the substituent.
No. of Carbon Nature of the
Root word Primary suffix
atoms bond
1 Meth C – C single bond ane
2 Eth C = C double bond ene
3 Prop C  C triple bond yne
4 But
5 Pent

Functional Secondary
Substituent prefix
group suffix
– COOH oic acid – CH3 Methyl
– CHO al – C2H5 Ethyl
– CO – one – Cl Chloro
– OH ol – Br Bromo
–I Iodo

ALKANES:
 Alkanes are saturated aliphatic Hydrocarbons.
 They are called Paraffins.
 Alkanes contain C – C single bonds and C – H bonds.
 The general formula alkanes is CnH2n+2.

 Methane is the simplest Hydrocarbon with only one Carbon.

 Formula is CH4. Molecular wt . – 16

 Ethane a saturated hydrocarbon with 2 Carbons.

 Its formula is C2H6.

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1. Laboratory preparation of Methane and Ethane.

 Alkanes are prepared by heating Sodium salts of Carboxylic acids with Soda lime
(NaOH + CaO). It involves elimination of Carboxylic group hence this reaction is
called decarboxylation.
 Since Methane and Ethane are insoluble in water they are collected by downward
displacement of water.

2. General methods:
Methane and Ethane can be prepared in the following methods also:

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Reactions of alkanes
1. Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with Chlorine in presence of diffused
sunlight/UV light or at high temperatures.
This reaction takes place stepwise in each step one Hydrogen will be replaced by one
Chlorine atom.

2. Oxidation of Alkanes:
Combustion:

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Uses of Methane and Ethane:

 They are used as Fuels in the form of Natural gas.

 In the manufacture of chemicals like Chloroform, Carbon black, Formaldehyde,
Methanol, Ethanol etc.

ALKENES:

 Alkenes are unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons with – C = C – double bond.

 General formula is CnH2n
 They are also called olefins.

Ethene (Ethylene) – C2H4

Preparation of Ethene:

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Reactions of alkenes

Uses of Ethene:

 Ethylene is used to produce oxy-ethylene torch

 Ripening of fruits.
 In the manufacture of chemicals like Ethylene glycol etc.
 In the manufacture of Polymers like Polyethylene, PVC etc.

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ALKYNES
 Alkynes are unsaturated Hydrocarbons with Carbon – Carbon triple bond (– C  C –).
 General formula CnH2n-2
Preparation of Acetylene (Ethyne)

Reactions of alkynes
Alkynes undergo addition reactions.

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Uses of Acetylene:

 Acetylene is used in producing Oxy-acetylene flame.

 In artificial ripening of fruits.

Test for unsaturation:

1. Ethene and Ethyne decolourises Bromine water and acidified Potassium

Permanganate.
2. They turn orange acidified Potassium dichromate to clear green.

These tests are used for the identification of Carbon-Carbon double bond or triple bond.

Comparison between Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

1. In these compounds Carbons are
linked with single bonds
2. All the carbons are fully satisfied by
single bonds.
3. Due to the single covalent bonds
between the Carbon atoms they are
less reactive hence undergo
substitution reaction only.
1. These compounds contain Carbons
joined with either double bond or
triple bond.
2. At least two Carbons are not fully
satisfied.
3. Due to the presence of double bond
and triple bond they are more reactive
and undergo addition reactions.

ALCOHOLS

 Alcohols are hydroxy derivatives of alkanes. R – OH

Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) C2H5OH :

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 Physical Properties of Ethyl alcohol

1. Ethyl alcohol is a volatile colourless liquid with pleasant smell and toxic in nature.
2. It is soluble in water and almost all the organic solvents.

Uses of Ethyl alcohol

 Ethyl alcohol is used as a solvent.
 In the manufacture of chemicals like Acetaldhyde, Acetic acid etc.

1. Ethyl alcohol containing about 5% of Methyl alcohol is named as Methylated Ethyl

alcohol.
2. Ethyl alcohol containing Pyridine or Copper sulphate is called denatured alcohol.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (R – COOH )

Carboxylic acids are the organic compounds containing Carboxylic group ( – COOH ).
Preparation of Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid) - CH3COOH

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Physical properties of Acetic acid

 Acetic acid is a colourless liquid with pungent odour of vinegar.

 It is miscible with water, alcohol and ether.
 Pure anhydrous Acetic acid on cooling forms its crystals and it is called Glacial Acetic
acid which resembles ice.

Chemical properties:

1. Acetic acid when dissolved in water produces Hydronium ions hence it is acidic in
nature. It turns litmus solution to red.
2. With alkali: Acetic acid reacts with alkalis to form corresponding salt and water.

Uses f Acetic acid:

 It used in the manufacture of organic compounds e.g. Vinyl acetate, dyes, perfumes
etc.
 In food industry as a preservative and to add flavor.
 For coagulating rubber.

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