A REPORT ON COMPLETION OF STUDENT

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S).

AT

THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF NIGERIAN

TELEVISION AUTHORITY CHANNEL 5 ABUJA
BEHIND OLD PARADE GROUND, AREA 10 GARKI
FCT.
BY

IJI JOHN ELUWA.

BSU/SC/PHY/DE/13/22132.

PRESENTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY MAKURDI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN PHYSICS
(B.SC PHYSISC)

JUNE, 2016.
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Iji John Eluwa with Matriculation number

BSU/SC/PHY/DE/13/22132 of the Department of Physics, Benue State

University, Makurdi, has successfully completed his six months Student

Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) at Nigeria Television Authority

Channel 5, Behind Old parade ground Area 10 Garki Abuja, from ^November,

2015 to 22nd April, 2016.

Iji John Eluwa

(Student) Signature/Date

Dr. Barnabas Achakpa Ikyo

(SIWES Supervisor) Signature/Date

Dr. SlivaTafon

(Departmental SIWES Coordinator) Signature/Date

DR. Tyona M. D

(Head of Department) Signature/Date

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 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His superior act of Love

during the integrated course of my SIWES program, and my father Hon.

Emmanuel I. Eluwa for his financial support toward my academic

pursuit.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With gratitude, I want to acknowledge the Almighty God (most superior) for

His continuous Love, Grace, Favour, faithfulness, and his providence

throughout the period of my SIWES programme.

I want to acknowledge the Engineering Department of NT A Channel 5 Abuja

especially Engr. Ifedayo, Engr. Saka, Engr. Emeka for their moral support in

the cause of this programme.

I also acknowledge you my friends Prince Matthew Obam and course mates

Aja Fidelis, Icheme Samuel (SammySure), James Abechi (Jamal) and host of

others. I am grateful for all your support.

This report will be incomplete if I failed to acknowledge my supervisor Dr.

Barnabas Achakpa Ikyo for taking his time to supervise this work. I am

grateful.

And to all Department of Engineer NTA Channel 5 Abuja, I say thank you for

the opportunity and the privilege of meeting you that was well used. Thanks to

you all.

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 ABSTRACT

This report holds a review of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(S.LW.E.S), at The Nigeria Television Authority; Channel 5 {The Unity

Station) Abuja. The nature of this report spans the duration and findings

during the program, including daily activities, majorly broadcasting,

Networking and the devices used.

v
 CONTENTS PAGE

Section....................................................................................................Page Number

Certification.........................................................................................................i

Dedication...........................................................................................................ii

Acknowledgements............................................................................................iii

Abstract..............................................................................................................iv

Contents Page....................................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................1

1.2 About NTA Ch5 Abuja...............................................................................2

1.3 The Goals and Objectives...........................................................................3

1.4 Brief on the Department..............................................................................4

1.5 About the Company (Organogram).............................................................8

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Duties And Responsibilities........................................................................8

2.2 Setting up the Studio..................................................................................9

2.3 Computer/Internet Networking.................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Duties and Responsibilities...............................................................................19

3.2 News Production...............................................................................................25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Challenges Faced..............................................................................................31

4.2 Problems Encounter and Course of Action.......................................................31

4.3 Confirmatory....................................................................................................32

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Conclusions and Summary of Experiences Obtained........................................33

5.2 Recommendations.............................................................................................33

5.3 References........................................................................................................34
viii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report has been written due to the Industrial Training (IT) program
undergone. It examines the activities carried out during the program as regard
to the duties and responsibilities that I was subjected to including News
production and the organization’s tasks.

This program was incorporated and funded by the Federal Government

of Nigeria, jointly coordinated by the National Universities Commission
(NUC) and Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for the acquisition of skills and
added values to students of various universities.

In the course of the program, I was exposed majorly to “Scala Info

Channel Designer” and “Avid Liquid” as the main software with additional
skills of Audio Control in a higher studio mixing and the ability to deal
resourcefully with unusual Sound control and Interferences.

BIOGRAPHY OF THE ORGANIZATION.

Nigerian Television Authority also known as NT A was inaugurated in 1977

and is the Government-owned body in charge of Television Broadcasting in
the country. Formerly known as Nigerian Television (NTv), the network began
with a takeover of regional television station in 1976 by then Nigerian military
authorities and widely viewed as the authentic voice of the Nigerian
Government. Television began broadcasting on 31st October 1959 under the
name Western Nigerian Government Broadcasting Co-operation (WNTV). It
was based in Ibadan and was the first television station in tropical Africa.
Merged station emerged in March 1962 with Radio-Television Kaduna and
was called Operated Broadcasting Company of North Nigerian. In April 1962-
NBC (Nigerian Broadcasting Company) was established; it was Federal
Government owned service, based in the city of Lagos. Its broadcast was to the
South Western States. In 1974 Benue-Plateau Television

Corporation (BPTV) was established in Jos. It was the first television station to

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lunch regular/permanent colour broadcast in Africa, the colour test
transmission commenced October 1975 while BPTV was later rebranded as
NTv-Jos. From May 1977 all the state television broadcasters named above
were merged and rebranded Nigerian Television Authority (NTA).

1.2 ABOUT NTA CH5 ABUJA

The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Channel 5 Abuja (The Unity

Station} was established in 1981 with a test transmission at Suleja Niger State.
The Station had one kilowatt transmitter then with only 24 km coverage. At the
moment the station has 3.5 kilowatts transmitters located in Area 10 Garki
FCT. The station transmits on VHF 175.25 - Channel 5 respectively.

COVERAGE

NTA Channel 5 Abuja uses Analogue transmitter to transmit only one channel
of its signal. The transmitters enable the station to cover the whole of FCT and
part of the neighbouring states of Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi and Kaduna.

THE VISION

“To be a World Class Television Network”

MISSION

“To provide excellent Television Services Worldwide and to project the true
African Perspective.

1.3 THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goals and objectives of NTA Channel 5 are to educate, entertain and
enlightened the viewing audience by providing and effective coverage of
Nigeria and to broadcast the internationally acceptable programmes.

Some of the prime goals of NTA Channel 5 include;

• Promoting the knowledge of available products through balanced and

controlled information
• To encourage the production and consumption of local product in order

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 to achieve our sufficiency and self reliance
• To foster the spirit of hard work and high productivity with a view to
increase the Nation’s wealth and to elevate the quality of life of the
people.

The Station is headed by the General Manager Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) and
Assisted by six Heads of Department of News, Programmes, Engineering,
Administration, Marketing and Accounts as follows:

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
N NAME POSITION
O.
1 Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) General Manager

2 Mr. John Bivan Manager Marketing

3 Sunday Esogban Manager Finance
4 Ronke Aliyu Manager Programmes
5 Fatima A Hassan Manager News & C/Affairs

6 Hadiza Lawai Gwaram Manager Administration

7 Shuaibu Yahaya Asst. Chief Engineer

1.4 BRIEF ON THE DEPARTMENT

ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

The Admin Department is responsible for General Administration and

personnel matters.

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The Engineering Department is in charge of projects, Engineering Services and

Operations and Communication.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

The Finance Department is responsible for financial matters such as

Accounting records, custodian of the station funds and management
information system.

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MARKETING DEPARTMENT

The Department is responsible for the daily News current Affairs and sport
events.

PROGRAMMES DEPARTMENT

The Programmes Department is responsible for non-news programmes such as

Entertainment and Enlightenment.

ACHIEVEMENT

• Successful coverage of FCT Area Council Election 2010.

• Successful and coordination of International, National and Local
excursion visits.
• Pioneer in the social responsibility and humanitarian activity reporting.
• Timelines of reporting security matters and information concerning the
safety of life and properties of the FCT citizens etc.

AWARDS.

A. Merit award for distinguished professionalism and selfless services to

the growth of life and promotion of Pharmacy profession by
pharmaceutical society of Nigeria 2004.

B. Merit award as a Television station of the year by Centre for prevention

of HIV/AID and Community Health 2004.
C. Award of Excellence: In recognition of successful coverage of FCT
activities by Radio, Television, Theatre and Arts workers Union
(RATTAWU) FCT Council.
D. Award for a brilliant coverage of Bakar Kunama exercise (field training
exercise) 18thJune, 2008 at Keffi Nasarawa State by Nigerian Army.
E. Merit award in recognition of our understanding service to humanity by
Rotary Club of Apo FCT.
F. Merit Award in recognition of our support to soroptimist International
Club Abuja.

4
 G. TV STATION OF THE YEAR by capital Territory Advancement
Award (CTAA) both in 2012 and 2013

The Organization has wide varieties of workers ranging from graduates,

undergraduates, graduates, master degree holders as well as diploma holders.

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WORKING CONDITIONS

Normal working hours for engineering department is 24 (Twenty Four) hours

daily, Mondays to Sundays. Except IT staff, 9.00am to 4.00pm Mondays to
Friday. I was also required to spend extra hours as at when required by the
organization.
ORGANOGRAM OF NTA CHANNEL 5 ABUJA

7
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The Engineering Department of the Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 is

the regulatory department that carry out maintenance and repairs of all the
equipment in all other departments and enhances the fully functionality of all
the devices. During my Industrial Training (IT) program, I leamt that
Engineering Department controls the;

a. WORKSHOP (where all faulty equipment are repaired).

b. STUDIO (Where the News and live programs are recorded for
transmission).
c. MINI CONTROL ROOM (Where the audio and video signals of all
live news and recorded programme are collected).
d. MASTER CONTROL ROOM (also called MCR: where major mixing
of audio and video signals for programs are done and send to
Transmitter).
My training schedule includes:
■ Setting up and operating equipment and transmission links during
broadcast.
■ Arrangement of Scroll messages for News,
■ Troubleshooting and laying of cables and connector i.e. the fibre optic
cables, Bnc cables and coaxial cables.
■ General networking of computer system using twisted pair cable and
RJ45 connector.
■ Control Audio and Video Consoles,
■ Minimizing loss of service when equipment fails quickly by identifying
and implementing alternative method of service provision.
■ Operation and Maintenance of Generators,
■ Changing over from AEDC (Abuja Electricity Distribution Company)
to generator during power failure or live programme.
■ Recording of News.
■ Analysis and repairing technical faults on equipment and systems

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 ■ Servicing of AC (Air Condition s) and printers.

In the course of performing these activities, I acquired valuable skills and

knowledge necessary in the transmission of signals. This is described below:
The first two weeks I was made to know the sources of Power Generation and
Electricity Distribution, Basis of Connectivity, Networking and Signal
Transfer, Equipment used and their Functions.

2.2 SETTING UP OF STUDIO

Setting up of studio is done once a day. The Nigeria Television Authority

Channel 5 News takes place at exactly 1.00pm and it is the duty of the IT Staff
in Engineering Department under the supervision of the Duty Engineer to
make sure that the stage is set ahead of 1.00pm news. We normally set up the
studio at about 12:45pm. There are different background for different
production, in some cases we pull up the chrome background incase of a
normal recording that is just going to be made ahead of a production.

I put ON the studio lights and the camera men adjust their visual to acquire
clear shot, I set up newscaster microphone and made sure that there is no
interference of any incoming signal from another source to the amplifier and if
it does, I will then go to the audio mixer and fade out all other incoming audio
signal and slightly fade in only the newscaster’s microphone. I also check for
communications from the deck of the Technical Directors to all the camera
men and to the Duty Engineer. These is repeated daily before news.

ARRANGEMENT OF SCROUU MESSAGES FOR NEWS

This is the program responsible for the scroll display news that everyone reads
at the task bar of a television screen.

The type of news that the News Editor wants us to display is first of all hand
written and send to me from the News Department and upon receipt, I key it in
along with the logo using “Scala Info Channel Designer” as the software that
allow such program to run. As soon as I finished typing it, I will allow it to

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run. This program work alongside with the display time of the system
therefore the system time and date must be set correctly.

Independently, this program cannot be display on its own, a Duty Engineer

must Turn On the key switch control from Fade On (To Turn it On) and Fade
Off (To Turn it Off). When this is done, the information displayed on the
screen of the Scala Info Channel Designer is been transfer to the IQ Modular
and it is received by the transmitter and it is sent by the transmitter to the every
receiver at home, it is then viewed as scroll news.

POWER GENERATION

The Nigeria Television Channel 5 Abuja has a 200KVA, its uses diesel as
source of power generation. It is able to supply power to every departments in
the station, including all electric appliances.

I leamt that before I start the generator, I check for the water in the radiator,
and when the generator is in use I goes back to check for the temperature and
if the temperature is above 75° Celsius, I will then cool the environment by
connecting pipe from tap water and pure it on the floor close to the generator. I
will then go to every office and put off their Air conditioner. I will also go to
the recording studio to turn off the studio lights off if there is no recording
done at that particular moment.

At the engineering department, I write down the time that I put on/off the
generator in the log book of the organization. This is done at every hour
repeatedly.

2.3 COMPUTER/INTERNET NETWORKING

NETWORKING

A computer network is a telecommunication network which allows computers

to exchange data. In computers, networked computing devices exchange data
with each other using data link.

While wireless is also possible, most computer networks today still utilize

1
0
cables. In computer networking, the media over which data or massage are
transferred are called network media. The medium affects nearly every aspect
of communication. For instance, different types of cables have different
capacity for carrying data and also transfer the data from one point to another
at different speed.

The power and data cables are in various forms and are often standardized. For
instance, a data cable can be recognize as a printer cable and another as a
monitor cable.

A cable can only be connected to a device if it has a connector.

NETWORK CABLES AND CONNECTORS

A simple network consist of computers communicating over a cable. There are

different type of connectors are required to connect the cables to the
computers.

NETWORK CABLES:

The major types of network cables include the following:

i. Twisted - pair cable

ii. Coaxial cable
iii. Fibre - optic cable
iv. Telephone cable

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1
I will be talking about Twisted - pair cable, because that is the networking
cable that I was taught how to use during networking.

TWISTED-PAIR CABLES

There are two types of twisted-pair cables. They are:

(i) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

(ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

i UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)

Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of cooper telephone wiring.
Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many
business computers to the telephone company. Two insulated copper wires are
twisted around each other, a number of twisted-pair wires are often grouped
together and enclosed in a protective sheath to form a cable. Each twisted-
wires consist of two copper wires that are separately insulated and twisted
together. This is to enable the cable reduce crosstalk or electromagmatic
induction and outside electrical interference between pairs of wire. Yet, this
cable is still susceptible to noise and crosstalk. Crosstalk is defined as a
situation -where signals from one line are mixed with signals from another
line.

Bellow is the image of Unshielded Twisted - Pair Cable.

Copper wire
 (i) SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE (STP)

This is similar to UTP, but it has a braided metal shielded and a foil wrap
between and around the twisted pairs to reduce noise and crosstalk. Bellow is
the image of Shielded Twisted - Pair Cable.

The two types of twisted pair cables (UTP and STP) have a metal conducting
core (copper); therefore they transmit data in form of electrical signals.

CONNECTORS

The connector is also described as an interface for linking devices by using cables.

The connectors are either male (containing one or more expose pins) or female
(contain holes in which the male connector can be inserted).

Most connectors generally have a male end with pins protruding from it. This plug
is meant to be inserted into a female part (also called socket), which includes holes
for accommodating the pins.

However, there are “hermaphroditic” plugs which can act as either male or female
plugs, and can be inserted into either one.

The common network cable connectors include the following:

i. Rj45 connector
ii. Rjll connector

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iii. BNC connector
iv. Fibre optic connector

I will be talking about Rj45 and Rjll connectors, because they are the connectors I
was taught about.

RJ-45 CONNECTOR

Short stand for Registered Jack - 45, an eight - wire connector used commonly to
connect computers onto a Local - Area Network (LAN), especially Ethernet. Rj45
connectors feature eight pins to which cables interface electrically. The common
type of cable used is the twisted - pair cable. Rj45 connector look similar to the
ubiquitous Rj 11 connectors used for connecting telephone equipment, but they
are somewhat wide.

Fig: RJ45 connector.

RJ-11 CONNECTOR

Short for Registered Jack - 11, a four or six - wire connector used primarily to
connect telephone equipment using the telephone cable.

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 Fig: RJ11 connector.

CONFIGURATION OF TWISTED - PAIR COLOR CODE

There are two types of Configuration such as:

i. Cross - Over Color Code Configuration

ii. Straight Color Code Configuration

Bellow is the color code configuration of both Cross - Over Color Code
Configuration and Straight Color Code Configuration. It shows us how the both
end of a Twisted - Pair cable is to be arrange before connecting the connectors.

Cross - Over Color Code Straight Color Code

Configuration Configuration
First End Second End First End Second End
Green White Orange White Orange White Orange White
Green Orange Orange Orange
Orange White Green White Green White Green White
Blue Blue Blue Blue
Blue White Blue White Blue White Blue White
Orange Green Green Green
Brown White Brown White Brown White Brown White
Brown Brown Brown Brown
> Cross - Over Color Code Configuration are use when connecting like terms,
such as, System to System, Router to Router and Switch to Switch etc.
> Straight Color Code Configuration are use when connecting unlike terms
such as, System to Switch, Switch to Router and System to Router etc.

1
5
USES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE

Used for telephone systems and network cabling especially LANs such as
Ethernet and star topology, and also for Pair to Pair connection between one
system to another system.

ADVANTAGES OF TWISTED - PAIR CABLE

i. It is cheap and readily available.

ii. It allows straightforward addition of extra nodes (i.e. computers or other
devices like printer) to a network, especially is star topology.

DISADVANTAGES OF TWISTED - PAIR CABLE

i. It is susceptible or prone to noise (electrical interference from external

sources)
ii. It is also prone to crosstalk (electrical interference from adjacent cables)
iii. Low data transmission i.e. it can only carry few data signals compared to
fiber optic cable

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS

A television transmission comprises of Audio and Visual signal with the use of
multiple devices and equipment.

Some of these devices include:

a. An ATEM Switcher
b. Open Gear
c. IQ Modular
d. Mixing Console
e. Logo Inserter
f. Transmitter

3.1.1 ATEM

An ATEM is a device that switches between SDI (Serial Digital Interface), HD

1
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(High Definition) or Ultra HD video standards so that one can form exciting live
production with a wide range of video sources such as cameras, disk recorders
and slide shows or animation from computers.

Fig: ATEM 2M/E Broadcasting Board

Powerful features such as chroma key, creative transitions, audio mixer, multi-
view and more, can be gotten The more advanced models include features such
as up to 20 SDI inputs, SuperSource multi-layer engine, full

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motion DVE (Digital Video Effect), larger media pool with full motion clips and
up to an incredible 6 auxiliary outputs.

OUTPUT

The output of ATEM program include down converted program outputs plus
auxiliary outputs allowing clean feeds, perfect for connecting to giant outdoor
LED screens, projectors, etc. The multi view outputs are in HD so you can use
any TV or monitor.

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8
 +

PREVIEW PROGRAM

Cam
Cam 1 Cam 3 Cam 4
2

NETWOR
DV1 DV2 STD A
K

asting View

ATEM 1M/E Production Studio 4K

*
: Built in power supply : 6G-SDI inputs for cameras 3x 6G-SDI Auxiliary HDMI and 6G-SDI program ; Connect XLR and HiFi
: compatible with 110V to or decks in SO, HD and outputs for dean feeds : outputs and down converted : audio equipment to buit
• 240V sources. i Ultra HD. * and monitoring. « HD output. in « audio mixer.

1
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OPEN GEAR

OpenGear Converters is the device that instantly switches between all SD and HD
video format the instant the video input changes.

These inputs can either be analog bit or digital audio. OpenGear Converters
support the standard channel audio rear modules, so they can be used with other
brand.

Audio and video synchronization is combined with a signal processor, offering

full control of the 16 channels of audio, with gain, invert, shuffle and sample rate
conversion. Video processing offers adjustment for luma / chroma gain plus black
offset with metadata processor. Pillar bar / letter box (wings) insertion can be
achieved with the external fill signal or internally from the logo inserter.

IQ MODULAR
The best High Definition TV broadcasts combine great picture quality with high

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0
resolution audio in order to bring those pictures to life. To this end, providing
tools for repurposing content to maximize it’s future value and potential is a key
focus of the IQ range of video and audio processing

modules. However, Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties

of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a modulating signal that
typically contains information to be transmitted.

IQ modulation allows twice the amount of information to be sent compared to

basic AM. Besides our mere visual on the device, the device does a lot of
calculations in its functional board. IQ modular receives all SD signal HD visual
information from all electronic devices connected to it including ATEM switcher,
Open gear and Logo Inserter and send to Transmitter.

The IQ modular transports all information it receives directly to the transmitter.

Multiplication (i.e mixing) operation shifts infrequency and creates undesired high
frequency components at receiver.

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1
Lowpass filtering passes only the desired baseband signal at receiver.

Transmitter Output
I stands for in-
phase component
1

Q stands for
quadrature
component

“a modulation that
contains both a
sine and cosine -wave, the resultant is known as I Q modulation. In
this case, the I Q signals occupy the same frequency band, but one is
real and one is imaginary.”

RF MODULATION

An RF modulation is an electronic device with input baseband signal which is

used to modulate a radio frequency.

Televisions were designed to only accept signals through the aerial connector.
Signals originate at a TV station are transmitted over the air, and are then received
by an antenna and demodulated within the TV. When equipment was developed
which could use a Television receiver as its display device such as VCRs, DVD
players and video consoles, the signals was modulated and sent to the RF input
connector.

The aerial connector is standard on all TV sets, even very old ones. Since later TV
designs include composite, s-video and component video jacks, which skip the
modulation and demodulation steps.
Modulators are no longer included as standard equipment and RF modulators are
now largely a third-party product, purchase primarily to run newer equipment
such as DVD players with an old TV set.

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2
SCALA INFO CHANNEL DESIGNER

This is program that enables an Engineer to display Station Logo at either comer
of a Television during broadcasting from a particular broadcasting station. It is the
same program that is used to display scrolling news at the bottom of a Television
during broadcasting. (About Info Channel software)

3.2 NEWS PRODUCTION

News production starts with stories, events or ideas in the society gathered by the
News crews. Reporters are assigned to the venue of the events to gather
information which becomes news. The information gathered is written down as a
story by the reporter, edited by the news editor and submitted to the News
Producer who compiles all the stories that would run as news. The news caster
goes through all the stories for familiarization and pronouncement of words while
the news Director with the help of the

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3
Engineer on duty arranges the stories according to preference and order. At
news time, the Engineer on duty collect the news via an Ethernet network
cable between network computers from the Editing studio to MCR, the Duty
Engineer arrange the story according to program log. In this same manner, the
written story is also been typed on the teleprompter machine and export to the
Main recording Camera through the output of the teleprompting machine.
Studio lights are turned on, and a chromo display background, is arranged. All
audio sounds are checked and tested, visual effect is checked. The news
production is done with the help of Technical Director who is in charge of all
communication to the camera men and Duty Engineer on what story to
display. It is the same Technical Director that control the video mixer by
selecting on the desire camera view.

TELEPROMPTING DEVICE

The teleprompting Machine comprises of a Computer System with two display

monitor. One of the display monitor IS just in front of the operator, this
display monitor shows exactly what the operator wants to key in. The second
display monitor is placed 180° to the standing camera lens, this second display
monitor display an inverted information seen at the first display monitor. A
transparent glass is placed at an angle of 45° and supported by a black material
incline to the lens of the main camera. This
transparent glass looks as if it is erect to 90° when view from a distance, and it is
placed in between the lens and the second display monitor of the teleprompting device
and the main camera lens.

The inverted information displayed on the second display monitor of the

teleprompting device is seen on the transparent glass and it is erect. This is where the
newscaster read all stories from and it is as if the newscaster has memorized all
stories. All news stories are typed on the Teleprompting device.

UP LINK AND DOWNLINK

A link is a communication channel that connects two or more communicating device.

This link may be physical or logical.

The term link is widely used in computer networking to refer to the communication
facilities that connects nodes of a network link in a logical link.

TYPES OF LINKS

❖ Point to point
❖ Broad cast
❖ Multipath
❖ Point to multipath

UPLINK
\I/
An uplink is a portion of communication link
used to transmission of signal from an earth
signal to a satellite or air bome platform.

DOWNLINK

x
' ' This is the link from a
satellite to
Transmitting antenna
the ground satellite.

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4
 Satellite x

Receiving antenna

FREQUENCIES TO PRIMARY MODE OF PROPAGATION

BAND FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH

ELF 3 - 30Hz 10,000- 100,OOOKm

(Extremely Low Frequency)

SLF 30 - 300Hz 10,000- l,000Km

(Super Low Frequency)
ULF 0.3 - 3KHz (300-3,000 Hz) 1,000- lOOKm
(Ultra Low Frequency)
VLF 3 - 30KHz (3,000-30,000 Hz) 100- lOKm
(Very Low Frequency)
LF 30 - 300KHz (30,000-300,000 Hz) 10- lKm
(Low Frequency)
MF 300 - 3000KHz (300,000-3,000,000 Hz) 1000 - 100m
(Medium Frequency)
HF 3 - 30MHz 100- 10m
(High Frequency) (3,000,000-30,000,000 Hz)
VHF 30 - 300MHz 10- lm
(Very High Frequency) (30,000,000-300,000,000 Hz)
UHF 300 - 3000MHz 100 - 10cm
(Ultra High Frequency) (300,000,000-3,000,000,000 Hz)

SHF 3 - 30GHz 10 - 1cm

(Super High Frequency) (3,000,000,000-30,000,000,000 Hz)

EHF 30-300GHz 10-1 mm

(Extremely High Frequency) (30,000,000,000-300,000,000,000 Hz)

THF 0.3-3 THz 1-0.1 mm

(Tremendously High frequency) (300,000,000,000 -3,000,000,000,000 Hz)

2
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TRANSMITTER

A Transmitter is an electronic device that generates and amplifies a carrier wave,

modulates it with a meaningful signal derived from speech or other sources, and
radiates the resulting signal from an antenna. In Telecommunication,
Transmission (Tx) is the process of sending & propagation of analogue and
digital information signal over a physical point to point or point to multiple point
transmission medium either wire, optical fibre.

TELEVISION TRANSMITTER

A television transmitter is a device that broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to the

television receivers. Television transmitter may be analog or digital.

A transmitter modulates both picture and sound into one signal then sends this
transmission over a wide range for a receiver (TV set) to receive.

Radio waves are affected by the phenomenon of reflection, refraction, diffraction,

absorption, polarization and scattering.

SIGNAL TRANSFER

The signal passes through buffer stages and it is then applied to a modulator where it
modulates an “intermediate frequency” carrier (IF). This modulation technique is
usually frequency modulation (FM) with a typical maximum deviation of 50 kHz.

The video (VF) input is a composite video signal (i.e video information with sync) of
maximum 1 volt on 75 Q impedance. However, the modulator is followed by a
special filter known as Vestigal sideband (VSB) filter. This filter is used to suppress a
portion of one side band, thus bandwidth is reduced. This suppression doesn't cause a
loss in information. Although the suppression causes phase delay problems the VSB
stage also includes correction circuits to equalize the phase.

OUTPUT STAGES

The modulated signal is applied to a mixer (also known as frequency

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converter). Another input to the mixer which is usually produced in a crystal
oven oscillator is known as subcarrier. The two outputs of the mixer are the sum
and difference of two signals. Unwanted signal (usually the sum) is filtered out
and the remaining signal is the radio frequency (RF) signal. Then the signal is
applied to the amplifier stages. The number of series amplifiers depends on the
required output power. The final stage is sent to a receiver.

RECEIVER

A receiver (TV set) receives the transmitted signals (TV programs) and turns radio
waves, which include audio and video signals, into useful signals that can be
processed into an image and sound.

DISPUAY DEVICE

This is either a TV set or monitor. A display device has the technology to turn
the electrical signals received into visible light. On a standard TV set, this
includes the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology from one of the output of the
visual mixer

TELEVISION INTERFERENCE

This a particular case of electromagnetic interference which affects television

reception. Many natural and man-made phenomena can disrupt the reception of
television signals. These include naturally occurring and artificial spark
discharges, and effects due to the operation of radio transmitters.

Analogue television broadcast display different effects due to different kinds of

interference. Digital television reception generally gives a good quality picture
until the interference is so large that it can no longer be eliminated by the error
checking systems in the receiver, at which point the video display becomes
pixelated, distorts, or goes blank.

CO-CHANNEL & MULTIPATH (GHOST IMAGE)

During unusual atmospheric condition, a distant station normally undetectable at a

particular location may provide a much stronger signal that usual. The analog
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television picture may display the sum of the two signals, producing an image from
the strong local signal with traces or “ghost” from thee distant, weaker signal. TV
broadcast stations are located and assigned channels so that such events are rare.
These can be corrected by readjusting of the receiving antenna may allow more of the
distant signal to be rejected, improving image quality.

A local signal may travel by more than one path from the transmitter to receiving
antenna “multipath” reception is visible as multiple impressions of the same image,
slightly shifted along the width of the screen due to the varying transmission to road
vehicles or air craft passing.

STATIC ELECTRICITY AND SPARKS

The sparks generated by static electricity can generate interference: many

systems (mostly television) where radio frequency interface is caused by sparkling
can be modeled as the following circuit. The source of energy charges Cl via a
resistance, and when the spark gap breaks down, the electricity passes through L and
excites the resonance LC circuit. The energy in the LC circuit is then radiated through
the aerial.

R = resistor C = capacitor L = inductor

Fig: a diagram of static electricity

MIXING CONSOLE

In Telecommunication, a mixing console (also known as an audio mixer, mixing

desk or sound mixer) is an electronic device for combining (also called "mixing"),
routing, and changing the level, timbre (tone color) or dynamics of many different

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audio signals, such as microphones being used by newscaster, mics picking up
acoustic instruments such as drums or saxophones, or signals from electric or
electronic instruments such as the electric bass or synthesizer.

In the NTA CH5, the Video and Audio Mixer is able to control analog or digital
signals, depending on the type of signal its receives. The modified signals (voltages
or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined output signals, which are
then broadcast and amplified through a sound reinforcement system.

Mixing consoles are used in many applications, in NTA CH5 including the recording
studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems, broadcasting,
television, pre-program and News production . A typical, simple application
combines signals from two microphones (each used by news caster, and guest during
live program,) into an amplifier that drives one set of speakers simultaneously. In live
performances, the signal from the mixer usually goes directly to an amplifier but
NTA CH5 mixer has a built in power amplifier and it is connected to powered
speakers.

The audio mixer at the Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 have 16 channels. A
mixing console in a professional recording studio may have as many as 72 channels.
It does provide phantom power for capacitor microphones; pan control (which
changes a sound's apparent position in the stereo soundfield); filtering and
equalization; routing facilities; and monitoring facilities, whereby one of a number of
sources can be routed to loudspeakers or headphones for listening, often without
affecting the mixer's main output. It has onboard electronic effects, such as reverb.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CHALLENGES FACED

The program was requiring more than usually expected, especially great patience
effort and skill. Among others are:

The Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 Abuja is a Nigeria Government owned

establishment but it is too difficult for the management to compensate IT students
with a stipend especially the Industrial Students in the Engineering Department that
are required to carry out a lot of task. Also, at some particular period, I was the only
IT student in the Engineering Department and the work was too cumbersome on me
that I began to close late at times even without pay.

Most of the Duty Engineer cannot really explain the basis behind their job, they were
only thought on how to operate the equipment and they do not require IT Students to
go into the MCR when not required unless they are fully aware that an individual is
given a task to undergo. For this reason, I could not comprehensively grasp the use of
swing applications in Avid Liquid and Info Channel software.

The other challenge was finance; Owing to the fact that the organization does not give
me any grant or financial support, transportation became a major source of
expenditure. It was not an easy task to undergo, only God in Heaven saw me through.

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4.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND THE COURSES OF
ACTION

Problems Encountered

The major state of difficulties encountered was:

There are majorly three Duty Engineer that really knows the devices and the free
use of all the equipment and they are very friendly in explaining them when they
are less busy, but each of these Duty Engineer are on duty shift of five (5)
working days apart, its take me two to three weeks to meet with such Duty
Engineer.

How It Was Solved

The course of action was: Practice from previous idea and knowledge base on what
was thought to me by such Engineer.

COMPANY’S LIMITATIONS AND POTENTIALS

Limitations

The major limitation is lack of facilities like computers for students on IT training.

Potentials

The potentials and strengths as by the company’s regulation include:

The organization has extensive experience in Management, Entertainment,

Education and Broadcasting on recent events in the Country and beyond. The
organization has the culture of team work, there are always two Duty Engineers
working side-by-side and they are hard working, they have respect for
colleagues.

4.3 CONFIRMATORY

The Organization’s full contact is as below:

Address: Behind Old Parade Ground, Opposite Radio house, Area 10 Garki

Slogan: Unity Station

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Supervisory Officer: Engr. Sani Ada Mohammed

General Manager: Oganya L. Simon (Mrs)

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCES

OBTAINED

In summary, the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a Skill

Training Program designed to prepare and expose students of the University to the
industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

In the course of my engagement during the IT program at Nigeria Television

Authority, Channel 5 Abuja, I was introduced to Info Channel software, a major
technology comprising of Television Logo Insertion animated background and scroll
news.

I was also introduce to “Avid Liquid” a software that enable and engineer to play
programs such as news, jingles, advertisement for news production. I also learnt
how to network computers, how to make two or more computer belong to a
member of a domain using Ethernet cable. I also learnt how to repair some
electrical appliances.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to the gains and favourable reception, it is advisable as a course of action, that
students of the university who do not engage in the Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S), should be allowed to participate and involve
themselves as this will go a long way enhancing and promoting their welfare giving
them great opportunities in acquiring skills for the future.

Also, financial support should be made available before the commencement of the
training so as to aid students in their mobility.

REFERENCES

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Training Log Book By Iji John
Eluwa

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WELCOME TO COMPUTER STUDIES

- For Senior Secondary School 3 (1st Edition), Dele Kelani, Boye Jokotoye

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION

- Television Transmitter -Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

ADC (ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER)

https://en.m. wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter signals!

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS RESEARCH STUDIES IN PHYSICS

www.intemationalstudent.com/study-broadcasting/study-television- broadcasting/

QUANTIZATION TECHNIQUES IN AUDIO FREQUENCY

https ://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)

MODULATION
https: //en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/Modulation

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