Lab 08 - Creating tables and using formulas in MS Excel

Creating a spreadsheet

1. You first need to type in descriptive labels for the rows and columns, as shown below. To type in a
label in one of the cells, you first need to select that cell using the mouse or arrow keys.

 Now adjust the column width. Select the columns you have typed by clicking with the left mouse
button on the column heading (“A”, “B”, “C”, etc.) of the first column and drag to the column you
are using.
 Release the left mouse button then either double-click on any column header border (the vertical
line between the column letters), or from the Home tab, in the Cell section, select Format ->
AutoFit Column Width.
 You could resize each column individually but this is often a preferable method.

2. Type in numeric values next. You should do this as follows:

 For the month of September enter 1300, 240, 250, 60, 160, 100 as the dollar amounts for fees,
books, rent, utilities, transportation, and misc respectively.
 Now enter tuition/fees, books, rent, utilities, transportation and misc entries for the other
months the same as those for September. Use the copy-and-paste method that you learned in
Microsoft Word to replicate the numbers for these months without actually typing them all
 over again. The relevant cells can be selected for copy-and-paste by dragging the mouse over
them (the first cell does not become dark).
3. The total of the entries can be computed automatically. For this, you need to specify formulas.
o Let B6 be the cell that holds the total amount spent on fees. This is the sum of the amount
spent for fees during each of the four months, which are assumed to be in cells B2, B3,B4,
B5. Therefore, the formula to be entered in cell B6 is =(B2+B3+B4+B5) The fees total is
automatically computed and entered in cell B6.
o Copy and paste to copy the formula to column C.
o Let's practice an alternate way of entering formulas for computing sums. In cell D6, enter
the formula as =SUM(D2,D3,D4,D5)

4. Now try this :

 type =SUM ( in the cell E6
 press up arrow once
 you are now in E5
 press the shift key then use the up arrow to highlight the column to E2
 press enter
 Now copy and paste this formula to F6. Use Ctrl + C to copy, Ctrl + V to paste.
 Now click on F6 and drag the formula to G6.

5. We still need to enter formulas for computing the row sums.

o To get the total expenses for the month of September, enter the formula for cell H2 as
=SUM (B2:G2)
o This is a third way of specifying the sum from a range of consecutive cells.
o Copy the formula in cell H2 to cells H3 through H5 (using copy-and-paste).
6. Convert the labels and computed values to bold font. Your spreadsheet at this stage should look like the
one below.
7. Change the entries for December's transportation and misc expenses to 400 and 300 respectively.
8. In cell A8 enter your name. This makes easier to identify your spreadsheet. Save your spreadsheet
("Save" under "File" menu).
 Lab 09 - Creating charts using MS Excel

What is a chart?

A chart is recognized as a visual representation of data in columns and rows which is used to analyze
trends and patterns in data sets.

Types of Charts
 Open Excel
 Enter the data
 Select the data you need to represent in the relevant graph
 Click on INSERT tab from the ribbon tab
 Click on the Column chart from the drop down button
 Select the chart type you want

 When you select the relevant chart, the ribbon activates the following tab and apply the different
chart styles you wish , and other options presented in your chart.
 Lab 10 - Introduction to MS PowerPoint

PowerPoint is used to create presentations, i.e. slide shows. The slides created can contain text, charts,
graphics, and all combinations of the above. PowerPoint also allows inclusion of any text, graphics, or
charts created by any one of the other Microsoft Office products

Choose a theme

There are some built-in themes and templates.

1. In the File tab of the Ribbon, select New,

2. Choose a theme.
3. Click Create.

Slide

The first slide in a presentation usually gives the title of the presentation and the name of the person
presenting.

1. Choose the Title layout from the list of predefined layouts.

2. Click on the "New Slide" button under the “Home” tab to go to the next slide.
Slide Design

Now that there is something on the slide, let's find a nice slide design.

Choose the “Design” tab.

The available templates (slide designs) will appear, and you can choose the one that you like the best.

Special Effects

Now, since the presentation is finished, it's time to rehearse it. The option Slide Show in the “View” tab
gives you a view of the presentation. Here you can set timings of the slides, and some other options.

You can notice that the transitions between two slides are not interesting. To make them interesting, we
can add special effects.

1. Go to the first slide

2. Select the Slide Transition option from the Tools menu.
3. Select a special transition effect for each slide

After selecting a special effect, try viewing the slide show.

 Lab 11 - ER diagrams

What is ER diagram?

ER Diagram is an entity relationship model which means a graphical representation of entities and their
relationships to each other.  ER diagram assists to explain the logical structure in the databases and are
mainly based on three basic concepts in name entities, relationships and attributes. ER Diagrams include
different symbols that use rectangles to represent entities, ovals to define attributes and diamond shapes to
represent relationships.

Main components and symbols used

 Rectangles: Represents entity types

 Ellipses : Used to show the attribute
 Diamonds: Stands for the relationships
 Lines: Links the attributes, entitites and relationships
 Primary key: attributes are underlined
 Double Ellipses: Represent multi-valued attributes

Main Components

 Entities

Entity is a real world onject which can be physical or conceptual. It may be a person, thing or
place ( Student, Teacher, Subject)
 Attributes

They are properties that describe the entity

Eg – Student entity can use name, phone number, grade, address as attributes.

Types of attributes

o Atomic – attributes which are not divisable further

Eg – Grade
o Composite – Can be divided into more similar parts which represent more basic
attributes with independent meaning
Eg – Name  first name, last name
o Multi valued – Includes more than one value for an entity
o Single Valued – Includes a single value for an entity
o Derived – In some cases, two attributes are related to each other.
Eg – Age and Date of Birth
o Complex – Attributes that are both composite and multi valued

 Relationships

This means an association among two or more entities. A collection of similar entitites is called a
relationship set.
Cardinality of Relationships

Cardinality defines how many instances of an entity relate to one instant of another entity and vice versa.
There are three types of cardinlities for binary relationships.

1. One to one
2. One to many
3. Many to Many
1.
 Lab 12 - Introduction to computer networks

The main six elements present in a Computer Based Information System are,
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Database
4. Network
5. People
6. Procedure
What is a computer network?
A group of computers that utilize a common set of communication protocols through digital
interconnections to share the resources connected via network nodes.

Network Types

 Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network connects computers within a specified limited area. For an example, a school, an
office or a residence.

 Personal Area Network (PAN)‍

A personal area network related to individual's workspace. The center of the network is the indiviual’s
device where other devices are connected to it. There can be wireless PANs. .

 Home Area Network (HAN)\

This is a nerwok within a home environment including personal computers, smartphones, printers, tablets
and TVs etc.

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

‍This covers a larger geographical area, usually with a radius of more than a kilometer.
  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
‍This extends across a region or a metropolitan area. A MAN is a network of connected LANs in a city,
which might also connect to a WAN.

 Internetworks

By connecting different networks together a larger network can be built.

 Global Area Network (GAN)

‍A worldwide network that connects networks all over the world like the internet.

Types of Network Connections

 Star Topology

There is a central node which connects each computer in

the network. Each computer has an independent
connection to the center, and one connection breaking
will not affect the rest.

 Bus Topology

Here, one central cable connects the computers . The information has to be flowed through each
connected computer to reach the last cmputer. Although less cabling is required, if the central cable
breaks, the entire network collapses.

 ‍Ring Topology

By using a single cable connecting computers to each other in a

circular shape, this network can be built. . The data and signal has
to be sent several times toreach its destination.
Network Protocols

Network protocols are the languages that computer devices use to communicate. The protocols that
computer networks support offer another way to define and group them. Networks can have more than
one protocol and each can support different applications. Protocols that are often used include TCP/IP,
which is most common on the internet and in home network.

Network Media

Three classes of media types:

1. Coaxial cable
2. Twisted pair
3. Fiber optic cable.

1. Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable has a single conductor in the midst of the cable. It

is surrounded by an insulator known as the dielectric in which a
conductive shield is put around. It is like an extra conductor for
the circuit to protect the inner conductor from any interference.
Coaxial cables are generally used by Cable TV networks to
deliver high-speed service customer premises but now they are
out of use.

 Unshielded Twisted Pair

UTP Cables are widely used in network cabling. It has four twisted
pairs wires encased on a sheath.
 Shielded Twisted Pair

FTP or ScTP comes with a metal back to ground the

shield. The shielding minimizes noise and increases
the performance of the cable. These are sometimes
called foiled twisted pair. These types of cables are
are well compatible with normal UTP.

 Multi Mode Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cable is also called as wave guide or light

guide because it is guided by the light waves along
the cable. Multi mode fiber is used for short cable
runs, approximately 2 km or less in general.