ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT 2

EEE 1201 / EE 13

MD. BULBUL AHAMMED

LECTURER
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
 COURSE DETAILS
• Sinusoidal functions:

• Analysis of single phase AC circuits: Series and parallel RL, RC and RLC circuits, nodal and mesh analysis, application of network theorems
in AC circuits, circuits simultaneously excited by sinusoidal sources of several frequencies, transient response of RL and RC circuits with
sinusoidal excitation;

• Resonance in AC circuits: Series and parallel resonance; Magnetically coupled circuits; Analysis of three phase circuits: Three phase supply,
balanced and unbalanced circuits, power calculation.

• Basic Magnetic Circuits: Magnetic quantities and variables: field, flux, flux Density, Magnetomotive Force, Magnetic Field Strength,
permeability and B-H Curve, reluctance, magnetic field strength.

• Laws in magnetic circuits: Ohm’s law and Ampere’s circuital law. Magnetic circuits: Composite series magnetic circuit, parallel and series-
parallel circuits. Comparison between electrical and magnetic quantities.
• Reference Books:
-A Textbook of Electrical Technology - Volume I
(Basic Electrical Engineering) by B.L. Theraja , A.K. Theraja
-Introductory Circuit Analysis, Robert. L. Boylestad
DC AND AC
SINE WAVE
 WHY IS IT CALLED A SINE WAVE?
The waveform shape produced by our simple single loop generator is
commonly referred to as a Sine Wave as it is said to be sinusoidal in its shape.
This type of waveform is called a sine wave because it is based on the
trigonometric sine function used in mathematics, ( x(t) = Amax. sinθ ).
3 PHASE SIN WAVE
 WAVEFORM

In mathematics, the magnitude or size of a mathematical object is a property which

determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.
Cycle:
It is defined as one complete set of
positive, negative and zero values of an
alternating quantity.

Frequency :
It is defined as number of cycles
completed by an alternating quantity
per second.
Symbol is f.
Unit is Hertz (Hz).
Time period:
It is defined as time taken to complete one cycle. Symbol is T. Unit is seconds. T=1/f.
Amplitude/ Peak value/ Crest value/ Maximum value:
It is defined as the maximum value (either positive or negative) attained by an alternating quantity in
one cycle.
Generally denoted by capital letters.
Im= Maximum Value of current, Vm= Maximum value of voltage, Pm= Maximum values of power
Peak and Peak-to-Peak Values:
During each complete cycle of AC signal there are always two maximum or peak values, one for the
positive half-cycle and the other for the negative half cycle.
The peak value is measured from zero to the maximum value obtained in either the positive or
negative direction. The difference between the peak positive value and the peak negative value is
called the peak-to-peak value of the sine wave. This value is twice the maximum or peak value of
the sine wave and is sometimes used for measurement of ac voltages. The peak value is one-half of
the peak-to-peak value.
 INSTANTANEOUS VALUE
The instantaneous value of an AC signal is the value of voltage or current at one particular instant. The
value may be zero if the particular instant is the time in the cycle at which the polarity of the voltage is
changing. It may also be the same as the peak value, if the selected instant is the time in the cycle at
which the voltage or current stops increasing and starts decreasing. There are actually an infinite
number of instantaneous values between zero and the peak value.
i= Instantaneous value of current, v= Instantaneous value of voltage, p= Instantaneous values of power
v = Vm Sin𝜔t, i = Im Sin𝜔t
f = 50Hz
180 degree = 𝜋
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
 AVERAGE VALUE

The average value of an AC current or voltage is the average of all the instantaneous
values during one alternation. They are actually DC values. The average value is the
amount of voltage that would be indicated by a DC voltmeter if it were connected
across the load resistor. Since the voltage increases from zero to peak value and
decreases back to zero during one alternation, the average value must be some value
between those two limits. It is possible to determine the average value by adding
together a series of instantaneous values of the alternation (between 0° and 180°), and
then dividing the sum by the number of instantaneous values used. The computation
would show that one alternation of a sine wave has an average value equal to 0.636
times the peak value. The formula for a average voltage is
• Vav = 0.636 Vmax
• Iav = 0.636 Imax
 RMS VALUE / EFFECTIVE VALUE
The equivalent value for an alternating current system that provides the same
amount of electrical power to a load as a DC equivalent circuit is called the “effective
value”.
The effective value of a sine wave produces the same I2*R heating effect in a load as we
would expect to see if the same load was fed by a constant DC supply. The effective value
of a sine wave is more commonly known as the Root Mean Squared or
simply RMS value as it is calculated as the square root of the mean (average) of the square
of the voltage or current. That is Vrms or Irms is given as the square root of the average of the
sum of all the squared mid-ordinate values of the sine wave. The RMS value for any AC
waveform can be found from the following modified average value formula as shown.
“It is the equivalent dc current which when flowing through a given circuit for a
given time produces same amount of heat as produced by an alternating current
when flowing through the same circuit for the same time.”
 RMS VALUE / EFFECTIVE VALUE

For a pure sinusoidal waveform this effective or R.M.S. value will always be
equal too: 1/√2*Vmax which is equal to 0.707*Vmax and this relationship holds true
for RMS values of current. The RMS value for a sinusoidal waveform is always
greater than the average value except for a rectangular waveform. In this case the
heating effect remains constant so the average and the RMS values will be the
same.
One final comment about R.M.S. values. Most multimeters, either digital or analogue unless
otherwise stated only measure the R.M.S. values of voltage and current and not the average.
Therefore when using a multimeter on a direct current system the reading will be equal
to I = V/R and for an alternating current system the reading will be equal to Irms = Vrms/R.
Also, except for average power calculations, when calculating RMS or peak voltages, only use VRMS to find IRMS values, or
peak voltage, Vp to find peak current, Ip values. Do not mix them together as Average, RMS or Peak values of a sine wave
are completely different and your results will definitely be incorrect.
 EXAMPLE
Express each of the following frequencies in Hertz
a) 40 cycles in 4.0 seconds
b) 80 cycles in 200 milliseconds
c) 1000 revolutions in 0.5 seconds
d) 600 rotations in 1 minute
• Solution:
a) 40/4.0 = 10 cycles per second = 10 Hz
b) 80/0.2 = 400 cycles per second = 400 Hz
c) 1000/0.5 = 2000 cycles per second = 4000 Hz (4 kHz)
d) 600/60 = 10 cycles per second = 10 Hz
 EXAMPLE
Express each of the following frequencies as angular velocity in radians
per second
a) 60 Hz, b) 500 Hz, c) 10 kHz, d) 1 MHz
Solution:
a) ω = 2π×60 = 377 rad/s
b) ω = 2π×500 = 3141.5 rad/s
c) ω = 2π× (10×𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 103 ) = 62.83 krad/s
d) ω = 2π× (1.0×106 ) = 6.28 Mrad/s
ALLAH HAFIZ

Thank You