MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Q.1. What are the forms of water?

Ans.

 Surface and ground water storage: India currently stores only 6% of its annual
rainfall or 253 billion cubic meters (8.9×1012 cu ft), while developed nations
strategically store 250% of the annual rainfall in arid river basins. India also relies
excessively on groundwater resources, which accounts for over 50 percent of
irrigated area with 20 million tube wells installed. India has built nearly 5,000
major or medium dams, barrages, etc. to store the river waters and enhance ground
water recharging. The important dams (59 nos) have an aggregate gross storage
capacity of 170 billion cubic meters (6.0×1012 cu ft). About 15 percent of India’s
food is being produced using rapidly depleting / mining groundwater resources.
The end of the era of massive expansion in groundwater use is going to demand
greater reliance on surface water supply systems.

 Glaciers: Glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses
into large, thickened ice masses. Glaciers form when snow remains in one location
long enough to transform into ice. What makes glaciers unique is their ability to
move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as
small as football fields, while others grow to be dozens or even hundreds of
kilometers long.

 Water Paper: Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of
liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Unlike other forms of water, water
vapor is invisible.[4] Under typical atmospheric conditions, water vapor is
continuously generated by evaporation and removed by condensation. It is less
dense than air and triggers convection currents that can lead to clouds.

 Lakes: A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by

land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.
Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from
lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or
scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are
usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

 Rivers: Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle; water generally collects in a
river from precipitation through a drainage basin from surface runoff and other
sources such as groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of stored water in
natural ice and snowpack’s (e.g., from glaciers). A river is a natural flowing
watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another
river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of
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its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to
using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill.

Q.2. How much water wealth India have?

Ans.

TRWR PUWR Km3

S No Name of Basin Km3 Surface Ground Total
Water Water
1. Indus 73.3 46 14.3 60.3
2. Mahi 11 3.1 3.5 6.6
3. Narmada 45.6 34.5 9.4 43.9
4. Sabarmathi 3.8 1.9 2.9 4.8
5. Tapi 14.9 14.5 6.7 21.2
6. Brahmani & 28.5 18.3 3.4 51.8
Baitarani
7. Cauvery 21.4 19 8.8 27.8
8. Ganga 525 250 136.5 386.5
9. Godavari 110.5 76.5 33.5 109.8
10. Krishna 78.1 58 19.9 77.9
11. Mahanadi 66.9 50 13.6 63.6
12. Pennar 6.3 6.3 4.04 10.9
13. Brahmaputra 585.6 24.3 25.7 48
14. Meghna 48.4 1.7 8.5 10.2

TRWR: Total Renewable Water Resources PUWR: Potentially Utilizable Water

Resources

Q.3. Describe the legal and constitutional provision of hydropower and

electricity?
Ans. The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 mentioned certain provisions in relation to
hydropower projects. As per section 21 of the Act, the State Electricity Board or a
Generating company may take such measures that are calculated to advance the
development of waterpower in the State concerned. They may also organize and
carry out power and hydrometric survey work. Further, under section 31 of the Act, it
is provided that the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) while giving concurrence for
a scheme shall give particular regard to the proposed scheme and, inter alia, consider
the following:
• If any river-works proposed will prejudice the prospects for the best ultimate
development of the river or its tributaries for power-generation, consistent with
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the requirements of irrigation, navigation and flood-control, and for this purpose
the CEA shall satisfy itself, after consultation with the State Government, the
Central Government, or such other agencies as it may deem appropriate, that an
adequate study has been made of the optimum location of dams and other river
works
• If the proposed scheme will prejudice the proper combination of hydroelectric
and thermoelectric power necessary to secure the greatest possible economic
output of electric power.
PROVISIONS UNDER THE ELECTRICITY ACT, 2003
The Electricity Act, 2003 (hereinafter the EA, 2003) provides the current
framework for the regulation of the power sector which was enacted to
consolidate earlier Electricity Laws like Indian Electricity Act, 1910, Electricity
Supply Act, 1948 and the Electricity Regulatory
Provisions for stand-alone systems
As per Section 3 of the Act, the Central Government in consultation with the State
Governments and Central Electricity Authority shall prepare the National
Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy, for the development of the power system based
on optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclear substances or
materials, hydro and renewable sources of energy.
As per Section 8 (3) the EA, 2003, where a multi-purpose scheme for the
development of any river in any region is in operation, the State Government and
the generating company shall coordinate their activities with the activities of the
persons responsible for such scheme in so far as they are inter-related. The security
aspects of hydro projects shall be a part of any pre contract discussions and must be
addressed prior to the actual commencement of the project or assigning of a project
to any party.
As per Section 4 of the Electricity Act, 2003, the Central Government shall, after
consultation with the State Governments, prepare and notify a national policy,
permitting stand-alone systems (including those based on renewable sources of
energy and non-conventional sources of energy) for rural areas.
As per Section 8(2) of the EA, 2003, the CEA shall before be concurring to any
scheme submitted to it, have particular regard to, whether or not in its opinion -
a) the proposed river-works will prejudice the prospects for the best ultimate
development of the river or its tributaries for power generation, consistent with the
requirements of drinking water, irrigation, navigation, flood control, or other public
purposes, and for this purpose the Authority shall satisfy itself, after consultation
with the State Government, the Central Government, or such other agencies as it
may deem appropriate, that an adequate study has been made of the optimum
location of dams and other river-works.
b) The proposed scheme meets the norms regarding dam design and safety.
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Q.4. What is the inter basin transfer? Explain the different plans, their merits and
demerits?

Ans. The Indian Rivers Inter-link is a proposed large-scale civil engineering

project that aims to effectively manage water resources in India by linking Indian
rivers by a network of reservoirs and canals and so reduce persistent floods in
some parts and water shortages in other parts of India.

The Inter-link project has been split into three parts: a northern Himalayan rivers
inter-link component, a southern Peninsular component and starting 2005, an
intrastate rivers linking component. The project is being managed by India's
National Water Development Agency (NWDA), under its Ministry of Water
Resources. NWDA has studied and prepared reports on 14 inter-link projects for
Himalayan component, 16 inter-link projects for Peninsular component and 37
intrastate river linking projects.

The National perspective plan envisions about 150 million acre feet (MAF) (185
billion cubic meters) of water storage along with building inter-links. These
storages and the interlinks will add nearly 170 million acre feet of water for
beneficial uses in India, enabling irrigation over an additional area of 35 million
hectares, generation of 40,000 MW capacity hydro power, flood control and other
benefits.

The National Perspective Plan comprised, starting 1980s, of two main

components:

1. Himalayan Rivers Development

2. Peninsular Rivers Development

The Himalayan component would consist of a series of dams built along the
Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers in India, Nepal and Bhutan for the purposes of
storage. Canals would be built to transfer surplus water from the eastern tributaries
of the Ganga to the west. This is expected to contribute to flood control measures in
the Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins. It could also provide excess water for the
Farakka Barrage to flush out the silt at the port of Kolkata.

By 2015, fourteen inter-links under consideration for Himalayan component are as

follows, with feasibility study status identified:

 Ghaghara–Yamuna link (Feasibility study complete)

 Sarda–Yamuna link (Feasibility study complete)
 Yamuna–Rajasthan link
 Rajasthan–Sabarmati link
 Kosi–Ghaghara link
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 Kosi–Mechi link
 Manas–Sankosh–Tista–Ganga link
 Jogighopa–Tista–Farakka link
 Ganga–Damodar–Subernarekha link
 Subernarekha–Mahanadi link
 Farakka–Sunderbans link
 Gandak–Ganga link
 Chunar–Sone Barrage link
 Sone dam–Southern tributaries of Ganga link

Peninsular Component: This Scheme is divided in four major parts.

1. Interlinking of Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Palar-Pennar-Kaveri,
2. Interlinking of West Flowing Rivers, North of Mumbai and South of
Tapi
3. Inter-linking of Ken with Chambal and
4. Diversion of some water from West Flowing Rivers

This component will irrigate an additional 25 million hectares by surface

waters, 10 million hectares by increased use of ground waters and generate
hydro power, apart from benefits of improved flood control and regional
navigation.

Merits
1. Possible to utilize the water resources uniformly and economically to yield
Significant output.
2. Enhancement in Irrigation potential and power generation
3. Provides ample surface water to meet the growing needs of Domestic and
Industries.
4. Scopes for Inland Navigation which reduces stress on existing communication
system.
5. It minimizes the intensity of drought and floods.
6. It helps to increase per capita income.
7. Reduces the exploitation of ground water as surface water is made available in
abundant.
8. Huge employment generation
9. Development of fisheries
10. Salinity control
11. Recreation facility
12. Infrastructural development
13. Socio economic development
14. Considerable improvement in ground water potential
15. Control in migration
16. Conversion of barren land into culturable land
17. Reduction in formation of further deltas in coastal zones.
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18. Minimization of the relief expenditure towards floods and droughts.

Demerits
1. Large area liable for submersion due to construction of reservoirs and canals
2. Adverse effects over ecological system
3. Difficult to solve Interstate or International water disputes
4. Legal problem in sharing the water
5. Cost of the project and recurring expenditure for maintenance are high
6. Water pollution in conveyance
7. Loss of water in conveyance through the canals
8. Land acquisition and rehabilitation problems
9. Requires afforestation to compensate for loss in green
10. It is a long term project which may cause large variation in estimation
11. Serving for high altitude areas needs pumping of water which requires huge
power and maintenance.
12. Needs huge debate at micro level and macro level on the issue to convince the
public.
13. Problems of soil erosion and sedimentation
14. In undulated zones it may require to construct large number of cross drainage
works.

Q.5. What are the different ways of harnessing hydro energy?

 Ans. Run - of - River Power Station. : Run-of-river hydroelectricity (ROR)

or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectric generation plant
whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run-of-the-river power plants may
have no water storage at all or a limited amount of storage, in which case the
storage reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without pondage is subject to
seasonal river flows, thus the plant will operate as an intermittent energy source.
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Conventional hydro uses reservoirs, which regulate water for flood control and
dispatchable electrical power.

Fig: Run-of-River Scheme

 Storage type Power Station: Typically, a large system that uses a dam to
store water in a reservoir. Electricity is produced by releasing water from the
reservoir through a turbine, which activates a generator. Storage hydropower
provides base load as well as the ability to be shut down and started up at
short notice according the demands of the system (peak load). It can offer
enough storage capacity to operate independently of the hydrological inflow
for many weeks or even months.

Fig: Storage type scheme

 Pumped-storage hydropower: provides peak-load supply, harnessing water

which is cycled between a lower and upper reservoir by pumps which use
surplus energy from the system at times of low demand. When electricity
demand is high, water is released back to the lower reservoir through
turbines to produce electricity.
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Fig: Pumped Storage Scheme

Q.6.How much Hydropower potential is there in different basins of India?.

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INDUS BASIN: H.P., J&K, PUNJAB

GANGA BASIN : H.P., U.P., UTTARANCHAL, BIHAR, WEST BENGAL,
MADHYA
PRADESH, CHATTISGARH, HARAYANA, RAJASTHAN,
JHARKHAND
BRAHMAPUTRA BASIN: ASSAM, NAGALAND, MANIPUR, MIZORAM,
MEGHALAYA, TRIPURA, SIKKIM, WEST BENGAL
CENTRAL INDIAN RIVER (CIR) SYSTEM: BIHAR, ORISSA, M.P.,
CHATTISGARH, GUJARAT,
MAHARASHTRA, RAJASTHAN
WEST FLOWING RIVER (WFR) SYSTEM: GUJARAT, MAHARASHTRA, GOA,
KARNATAKA, KERALA, TAMIL NADU
EAST FLOWING RIVER (EFR) SYSTEM: ORISSA, M.P., MAHARASHTRA,
ANDHRA PRADESH,
KARNATAKA, KERALA, TAMIL NADU

Probable Installed Capacity

(MW) Capacity Capacity under
Basin River Total as per Above Developed Construction
Reassessment 25 MW (MW) (MW)
Study (1987)
Indus 33832 33028 12323 4741
Ganga 20711 20252 4987 1751
Central Indian 4152 3868 3147 400
Rivers
West-flowing 9430 8997 5661 100
Rivers
East- flowing 14511 13774 7843 410
Rivers
Brahmaputra 66065 65400 2120 5736
Total 148701 145320 36082 13138
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Q.7.Provide details on installed capacity from various sources and different

sectors in India?
Ans.
India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential
assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. In addition, 6740 MW in
terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini and Micro Hydro schemes have been
assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed
capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. It is the most widely used form of
renewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric
potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario.
As of 31 March 2018, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was
45293 MW, or 13.5% of its total utility power generation capacity.

Plan wise Growth of Installed Capacity in India

Hydro Electric Power Stations

50000

44478 45293
45000

40000 38990

34654
35000

30000
26269
25000
21658
20000 18308
MW

14460
15000
10833 11384
10000
6966
5907
5000 4124

508 560 1061 1417

0
47 50 56 61 66 69 74 79 80 85 90 97 02 07 12 17 18
12- 12- 03/ 03/ 0 3/ 03/ 0 3/ 0 3/ 0 3/ 0 3/ 0 3/ 03/ 0 3/ 0 3/ 0 3/ 03/ 03-
- - / / / / / / / / / / / / / / -
31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31
a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n a n l n a n a n a n
Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pl Pa Pl Pl Pl
1st 2st 3 rd u al 4 th 5 th u al 6 th 7 th 8 th th 0 th 1 th 2 th
n n 9
of of of An of of An of of of of of
1
of
1
of
1
n d n d n d 3 n d n d f n d n d n d d d d d
E E E E E o E E E n
of d E En En En
d En
En

Plan/Year

S. States Central State Sector Private Total

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No Sector MW Sector
MW MW
1. Himachal 816 892 749 2457
Pradesh
2. Jammu & 2450 1473 0 3923
Kashmir
3. Punjab 0 168 75 243
4. Uttarakhand 4374 1655 829 6858
5. Madhya 166 0 0 166
Pradesh
6. Andhra 0 1560 0 1560
Pradesh
7. Kerala 0 373 0 373
8. Karnataka 0 400 0 400
9. West Bengal 120 66 0 186
10. Sikkim 520 0 1935 2455
11. Arunachal 1610 0 7969 9579
Pradesh
12. Assam 0 150 0 150
13. Manipur 1566 0 0 1566
14. Tamil Nadu 0 500 0 500
15. Meghalaya 0 54 450 504
TOTAL 11622 7291 12007 30920

Q.8.Write about the main features of electricity Act 2003?

Ans. The Electricity Act, 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to
transform the power sector in India. The act covers major issues involving
generation, distribution, transmission and trading in power.

1. Generation is being de-licensed and captive generation freely permitted, i.e.

any generating company may establish, operate and maintain a generating
station without obtaining a license under this Act with the only exception that
it should comply with the technical standards relating to connectivity with the
grid.
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2. No person shall

(a)transmit electricity; or
(b)distribute electricity; or
(c)undertake trading in electricity,
unless he is authorized to do so by a license issued, exceptions are informed
by authorized commissions through notifications.

3. Central Government may, make region-wise demarcation of the country, and,

from time to time, make such modifications therein as it may consider
necessary for the efficient, economical and integrated transmission and supply
of electricity, and in particular to facilitate voluntary inter-connections and co-
ordination of facilities for the inter-State, regional and inter-regional
generation and transmission of electricity.
Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company
0network.
4. Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of
current level of cross-subsidy, with the surcharge being gradually phased out.
5. The state governments are required to unbundle State Electricity Boards.
However, they may continue with them as distribution licensees and state
transmission utilities.
6. Setting up State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) has been made
mandatory.
7. Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.
8. Provisions related to thefts of electricity made more stringent.
9. For rural and remote areas, stand-alone system for generation and distribution
is permitted.
10.Central government to prepare National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.
11.Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to prepare National Electricity Plan.

Q.9. What is the National Water Policy? Write its main features with recent
changes and modifications.

Ans. National Water Policy is formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources of the
Government of India to govern the planning and development of water resources and
their optimum utilization. The first National Water Policy was adopted in September,
1987. It was reviewed and updated in 2002 and later in 2012. India accounts for 18%
of the world population and about 4% of the world’s water resources. One of the
solutions to solve the country’s water woes is to link the rivers, lakes, etc.
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Salient features

1. Envisages to establish a standardized national information system with a

network of data banks and data bases.
2. Resource planning and recycling for providing maximum availability.
3. To give importance to the impact of projects on human settlements and
environment.
4. Guidelines for the safety of storage dams and other water-related structures.
5. Regulate exploitation of groundwater .
6. Setting water allocation priorities in the following order: Drinking water,
Irrigation, Hydropower, Navigation, Industrial and other uses.
7. The water rates for surface water and ground water should be rationalized with
due regard to the interests of small and marginal farmers.

Water policy and action plan 2020

A report for the Planning Commission presents the water policy and action plan for
the year 2020 for the country. The goals put forward in the policy are such as would
do justice to all users of water and yet would be practical and achievable. At present
it is the central and state governments that play the key role in the management of
water resources. The policy proposed, on the other hand, seeks to involve all the
people at the level of the local communities so that they can conserve, develop and
manage the water resource at the local level itself.

The policy put forward suggests suitable changes at the macro level in the
governmental organizational structures and the adoption of the river basin approach
to the integrated planning and management of water resources. At the micro level the
policy suggests the setting up of community organizations throughout the country -
Watershed Management Associations (WMAs) in rainfed areas, Water Users
Associations (WUAs) in irrigated areas, Joint Forest Management (JFM) committees
in forest areas and Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) in urban areas. These
community organizations will be the organizational mechanism through which
people can be involved in the management of water resources.

Q.10. Write a note on National Hydro policy and new initiative hydropower
development.

Ans. Policy on Hydro Power Development

Based on the recommendations of the Committee on Hydro Power which submitted

its report in March, 1997, the Hydro Power Development Policy was formulated. On
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26.8.1998, the Government has accorded approval to the policy on Hydro Power
Development.

The objectives of the policy are:

1. Ensuring targeted capacity addition during 9th Plan;

2. (ii) Exploitation of vast hydroelectric potential at a faster pace;
3. (iii) Promoting small and mini hydel projects;
4. (iv) Strengthening the role of PSUs/SEBs for taking up new hydel projects;
5. (v) Increasing private investment.

Action plan for accelerating responsible hydropower development in India

Realizing the need for the immediate revival of the hydropower sector in India,
the Ministry of Power has recently forwarded a proposal to the Expenditure
Finance Committee (EFC) of the Cabinet for approval. This proposal, apart
from highlighting the importance of the hydro sector in ensuring long-term
sustainable energy security, recommends strategies to accelerate hydropower
development. Key highlights of the proposal are given below:
Ministry of Power recommendations for revival of hydro forwarded to the EFC
Ministry of Power recommendations for revival of hydro forwarded to the EFC
Rec Envisaged i
Recommendations Envisaged impact

Hydro will be eligible for all benefits

currently extended and accrued to
Declaring all hydropower irrespective
renewable energy sources such as ‘must-
of size as renewable power
run’ status and accelerated
depreciation.
Hydropower purchase obligation within
Mandated purchase of hydropower by
currently mandated non-solar
distribution companies
renewable purchase obligations (RPOs)
(DISCOMs) subject to introduction of the
• Benefits extended to HPP >25 MW
necessary orders/regulators
attain COD with 5 years of
by state regulators
notification of the scheme
Interest subsidy of 4% during
Reduced financial burden on both public
construction (max. of 7 years) and 3
and private hydropower
years post COD to all hydro projects
developers. Additionally, it is expected to
>25 MW
lead to the reduction of
• Subsidy extended to only those
levelised tariff of a standard 2500 MW
projects obtaining COD within 5
hydro project by 0.8 INR/kWh.
years of notification of the scheme
Creation of a Hydro Power This fund is envisaged to finance the
Development Fund (HPDF) to be interest subsidy of 4% to the
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funded
from Coal Cess/National Clean Energy
Fund (NCEF)/Non-Lapsable eligible hydropower projects.
Central Pool of Resources (NLCER)/or
any other source
Excluding cost of enabling
infrastructure from project cost for
Reduced cost of generation and less
tariff
financial burden on
calculations and reimbursement of the
hydro developers
infra-related costs to the
developers
Engaging with bankers/financial Hydropower developers will have greater
institutions (FIs) to modify lending access to long-term lending
terms and conditions at affordable interest rates.
Engaging with CERC by rationalization Reduction of hydropower tariff and
of tariff parameters such as increased project returns for
depreciation, O&M expenses, RoE hydro developers

Q.11. What is SERCs role in Electricity and Hydropower Development?

Ans. State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC)

The concept of SERC as a statutory body responsible for determination of tariff and
grant of license at intra-State level was envisaged in the erstwhile Regulatory
Commissions Act, 1998 and has been continued in the Electricity Act, 2003 (which
has since repealed inter alia the ERC Act, 1998). Main responsibilities of the SERC
are to determine the tariff for generation, supply, transmission and wheeling of
electricity, whole sale, bulk or retail sale within the State; to issue licenses for intra-
State transmission, distribution and trading; to promote co-generation and generation
of electricity from renewal sources of energy etc.

Water being State subject, the SHP projects is governed by the State policies and
the potential sites are allotted by the State Governments to private developers. The
projects involve time consuming process for allotment of sites by the States and
statutory clearances including land acquisition, forest clearance, irrigation clearance
etc.
The small hydro projects have relatively longer gestation period in completing due
to
difficult terrain and limited working season.
The key driver for the mission would be “Reasonable and assured rate of return
on investment” of private sector. The present cost per megawatt of small hydro
projects are now touching about Rs. 8.50 crore to Rs. 9..50 crores per MW. The
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feed-in-tariff offered by the CERC and SERCs needs to be reviewed periodically.

In last 3-4 years, most of the projects have come up in HP, Punjab, Karnataka,
and Maharashtra. There is a need to encourage more States and bring them on
board for developing more Government / Private sector projects. While all the
States would be motivated to participate in the National Mission, focus would be
to be given to J&K and Uttarakhand in North, Tamil Nadu and Kerala in South,
M.P and Chhattisgarh in Central and Sikkim, Meghalaya and Mizoram in North
East of India.

Q.12. Carry out the SWOT analysis of hydropower development.

Ans. The SWOT analysis is a strategic business framework which attempts to map
out the advantages and disadvantages of a particular product, investment, or industry.
SWOT can be applied by firms interested in SHP projects to assess the pros and cons
of investing.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESS
 Low carbon footprint, free C02  High capital cost
Generation  Need for financing
 Low environment impact in  Seasonal variability in “run-of-river”
“run-of-river” schemes. schemes
 Low M&O costs  Infrastructure needed (access roads)
 Electricity as driver for socio-economic  Permitting process regarding water
development And land use/ownership
 Improve living standards for local
communities
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
 Help to meet MDG’s by providing  Weak institutional framework in most
energy access. Of the Countries
 Countries vision for the future with  Lack of local know- how
Special Interest in energy access  Lack of transmission lines
policy development.  Population acceptance
 Foreign investment  Polity stability
Q.13. List out the institutions/department/organization involved in developing
small hydropower at government and other levels.
Ans.
1. GoGoal Hydro Power Pvt Ltd , E-60, Industrial Area, Haridwar, Uttarakhand
249401
2. Jaiprakash Hydro-Power Ltd, Ambla-Shimla-Kaurik Road, Sholtu, Punang
Khas, Himachal Pradesh 172104
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3. Andritz Private Limited, D-17 Opp Bhaskar Industries Raisen Mandideep

MPAKVN, Industrial Area, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462046
4. Hydro power station, adchha, Dadra and Nagar Haveli
5. Reliance Power Plant, Nayapura Kolar Rd, Naya Pura, Kolar Rd, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh 462007
6. HimKailash Hydro Electric Project - Sahu 5MW, Sahu Rd,, Paliur, Himachal
Pradesh 176318
7. Hindustan Power Projects Private Limited, 239, Okhla Industrial Estate Phase
3 Rd, Okhla Phase III, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, Delhi 110020
8. TATA POWER, Bela, Maharashtra 441108
9. Dans Energy Pvt Ltd, 0b, DLF Tower 10th Rd, DLF Cyber City, DLF Phase 2,
Sector 24, Gurugram, Haryana 122002
10.National Hydro Electric Power Corporation, Kanpur Road, Sector H, LDA
Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
11.Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd, Odisha State Police Housing & Welfare
Corporation Building,Vanivihar Chowk, Janpath, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
751022
12.Sai Spurthi Hydro Power Plant, Bengaluru Karnataka India, Karnataka 562126

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES:
CENTRAL
 AHEC(Alternate hydro energy centre)IIT ROORKEE
 IREDA
 Ministry of new and renewable energy

STATE
 The Department of Hydro Power Development, government of Arunachal
(DHPD) and Arunachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency (APEDA)
 Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency (LREDA).
 Kargil Renewable Energy Development Agency(KREDA).
 Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd
 National Hydro Electric Power Corporation