ECE 111: Electronics

Lecture No. 1
Course Lecturer
Dr. Ahmed Benaya
 Course Syllabus

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 Lab. Experiments

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 Course Textbook

Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices,

Conventional Current Version 2012 9th Edition,
Prentice Hall, Pearson Inc.

• Highly recommended.
• Well balanced book.
• It will be useful in the future.
• Slides are based on this book, most of the
figures are taken from this book.

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 Course Assessment Schedule

Task Week Marks

Quiz 1 4 5
Mid-Term Exam 8 20
Quiz 2 12 5
Activities Weekly 10
Practical Exam To be determined 20
Final Exam To be determined 40
Total 100
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 Lecture Outline

Atoms, Electron, Proton, and Nucleus

Electron shells and orbits

Valence electron and Ionization

Insulators, Conductors , and Semiconductors

Semiconductor Fundamentals
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 Introduction

Electronics
Is that branch of science and technology which
deals with the theory and application of class of
device in which there is a flow and transport of Circuit
electrons.
Integrated
Circuits (IC)
So, the branch which deals with the design, Gates
development and application of electronic
Devices( Tr, Diode)
devices is termed as Electronic Engineering

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 Atoms

The smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that

element
• Nucleus
Is the centre of atoms and contain the positive charges.

• Protons
Is the positive charge in the atoms.

• Electrons
Negatively charged particles orbit around the nucleus
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 Shells and Orbits

• Energy Levels
• Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain
distances from the nucleus.
• Electrons near the nucleus have less energy than
those in more distant orbits.

• Shell
• the orbits are grouped into energy levels

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 Shells and Orbits

• Shell
• A given atom has a fixed number of shells. Each shell
has a fixed maximum number of electrons.
• The maximum number of electrons (Ne) that can exist
in each shell of an atom is a fact of nature and can be
calculated by the formula

Ne=2n

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 Valence Electrons and Ionization

• Valence electrons

• Electrons that are in orbits farther from the nucleus have higher energy and
are less tightly bound to the atom.

• Ionization
• Valence electrons gain enough energy from an external force, they can
leave the atom and become free, moving randomly from atom to atom. The
escaped valence electron is called a free electron.
• Ionization is significant in current flow.
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 Different Types of Materials

• Conductors
• Materials have few valence electron and very loosely bound to the atom so that it
contains a large number of free electrons ( copper, aluminium, silver,..)
• Insulators
• Valence electrons are tightly bound to the atoms; therefore, there are very few free
electrons ( wood, glass, paper,…)

• Semiconductor
• material that is between conductors and insulators
• has ability to conduct electrical current ( Si, Ge)

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 Energy Gap

• Band Gap
• In ionization, valence electrons
leave the valence shell, become a
free electron, and exist in what is
known as the conduction band
• The difference in energy between
the valence band and the conduction
band is called an energy gap or
band gap.

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 Covalent Bonds

• A silicon (Si) atom with its four valence electrons shares an electron with each of
its four neighbours, creating a covalent bond with each.
• All bonds are intact, and no free electrons are available for current conduction

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 Current in Semiconductors

• At room temperature, pure silicon crystals are poor conductors (insulator). If

heat energy is applied to the crystals, however, some of the electrons absorb
the energy and move to a higher orbit, breaking the covalent bond. gives rise
to a free electron and a hole, both of which become available for current
conduction.

• Silicon, like other semiconductor materials, is said to have a negative

temperature coefficient (temperature increases, its resistance decreases.)

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 Current in Semiconductors

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 Current in Semiconductors

electron current

hole current

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 Doped Semiconductors

• Pure (intrinsic) semiconductor materials have small number of electron-hole

pairs at room temperature.

• They do not conduct current well.

• So doping, which is the process of adding impurities to a semiconductor

material, is used to increase conductivity.

• Two types of extrinsic (impure) semiconductor materials, n-type and p-type.

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 N-Type Semiconductor

• Increase the concertation of free electrons by doping a silicon with an

element with a valence of 5.
• These elements called donors.
• These are atoms with five valence electrons such as arsenic (As),
phosphorus (P) and antimony (Sb).
• The resulting doped silicon is then said to be of n type because the negative
charge is the majority Carrier.

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 N-Type Semiconductor

- Four of the donor atom’s valence

electrons are used to form the covalent
bonds with silicon atoms, leaving one
extra electron.

- This extra electron becomes a

conduction electron.

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 P-Type Semiconductor

• Increase the number of holes by doping a silicon with an element with a

valence of 3.

• These elements called acceptor.

• These are atoms with three valence electrons such as boron (B), indium (In),
and gallium(Ga).

• The resulting doped silicon is then said to be of p type because the positive
charge is the majority Carrier.

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 P-Type Semiconductor

- Three of the acceptor atom’s valence electrons are used to form the
covalent bonds with silicon atoms, leaving one hole.

- This hole produces hole current.

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Thank you!!