Chemetron Manual FM 200 Flow Calc

FM-200™
ENGINEERED SYSTEMS
DESIGN & FLOW CALCULATION MANUAL
For use with Chemetron FM-200 Flow Calculation Program CHEM-200
Issued November 15, 1995

Revision K
Revised May 26, 2006
Manual Part Number 30000034
FM-200™ ENGINEERED SYSTEMS
Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
REVISION PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
GENERAL COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 FM-200 SYSTEM DESIGN 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Agent Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 The Piping System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 The Discharge Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 FLOW CALCULATIONS 12
2.1 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2 Design Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Nozzle and Piping Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Hydraulic Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Two-Phase Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
APPENDIX 53
Example 1 ............................................................. 54
Example 2 ............................................................. 61
Example 3 ............................................................. 67
Example 4 ............................................................. 73
Example 5 ............................................................. 79
Example 6 ............................................................. 85
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATION PAGE NO.
1.2.4.1A Graph: FM-200 Calculated cylinder Pressure vs.
Percent of Agent Supply Discharged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.4.1B Graph: FM-200 Cylinder Discharge Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Graph: FM-200 Pipiline Densities vs. Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 Graph: FM-200 Agent Temperature vs. Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.7A Graph: Sample Bull Head Tee Test - No Correction for
Mechanical Separation Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.7B Graph: Sample Side-thru Tee Tests - Effect of Mechanical
Phase Separation on side Branch Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Graph: FM-200 Specific Nozzle Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2 Graph: Chemetron FM-200 8 Port Nozzle Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.5 Graph: FM-200 Cylinder Pressure Recession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.6 Graph: FM-200 Mid-Discharge Storage Pressure vs.
Percent of Agent in Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1.5 Graph: Minimum Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1.6A Orientation of Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.1.6B Minimum Distance From Elbow to Tee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3A Plan View - Above Floor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3B Plan View - Underfloor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.1 Flow Calc Program Screen View - System Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.1.1.A Flow Calc Program Screen View - Project Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.1.1.B Flow Calc Program Screen View - Revision Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.1.1.C Flow Calc Program Screen View - Cylinder Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1.1.D2 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configuration Variables - Altitude . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1.1.D3 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configuration Variables - Calc Increment . . . 25
2.4.1.2 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Hazard Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1.2.A2 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Class B fuels list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.1.3 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.1.3.A3 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Nozzle Reference Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.1.3.A7 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.1.3.A8 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1.3.A9 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.1.3.C Flow Calc Program Screen View - Piping Data - Fixed Pounds & Orifices . . . . . 34
2.4.1.4.A Flow Calc Program Screen View - Calculation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.1.4.B Flow Calc Program Screen View - Nozzle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.1.4.C Flow Calc Program Screen View - Hazard Concentration Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4.1.4.D Flow Calc Program Screen View - Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE NUMBER DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATION PAGE NO.
2.4.1.5 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Print Data and Results
or Print Output Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.1.5.C Flow Calc Program Screen View - Configure Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.1.5.D Flow Calc Program Screen View - Printer Font Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.3.1 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Load Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4.5 Flow Calc Program Screen View - Volume/Weight/Concentration
Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
2.4.1.1.C Cylinder Capacity Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1.3A8 Pipe Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Fitting Equivalent Length Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cylinder/Check Valve Equivalent Length Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3/8" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1-1/4" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1-1/2" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2" 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
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REVISION SHEET
Date of issue for original and revised pages is:
Original . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 15, 1995

Revision 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 10, 1996
Revision 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 17, 1996
Revision 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Revision 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 1997
Revision A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 20, 1998
Revision B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 31, 1999
Revision B-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 10, 2000
Revision C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 5, 2001
Revision D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 17, 2001
Revision E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Revision F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 15, 2001
Revision G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 4, 2002
Revision H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 23, 2003
Revision I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
Revision J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 1, 2005
Revision K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 2006
Section Number Page Numbers Revision Date

Title Page (blank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 2006
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii - iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 5, 2001
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 2006
General Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 2006
Section 1.0 - 1.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 1.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Section 1.1.4 - 1.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 1.2.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 17, 1996
Section 1.3 - 1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Section 1.3.2 - 1.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 1.3.5 - 1.3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Section 1.4 - 1.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 1.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 20, 1998
Section 1.4.3 - 1.4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Section 1.4.7 - 1.4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 10, 1996
Section 2.0 - 2.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Section 2.1.1.1 - 2.1.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 17, 1996
Section 2.1.1.4 - 2.1.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 2.1.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Section 2.1.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 2.1.1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Section 2.1.1.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
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Section Number Page Numbers Revision Date
Section 2.2.1 - 2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Section 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1997
Section 2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Section 2.3 (Figures 2.3A & 2.3B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Section 2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 1997
Section 2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 26, 2001
Section 2.3.4 - 2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 1997
Section 2.4 - 2.4.1.1.C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 - 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
Table 2.4.1.1.C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 2006
Section 2.4.1.1.C - 2.4.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
Section 2.4.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 2006
Section 2.4.1.3 - 2.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
Section 2.4.6 - 2.5.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 5, 2001
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 1997
Appendix - Example #1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 - 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 16, 2004
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Foreword
Chemetron Fire Systems reserves the right to revise and improve its products as it deems necessary without
notification. This publication is intended to describe the state of this product at the time of its publication, and may
not reflect the product at all times in the future. The software screen prints depicted in this manual are presented
for reference and example purposes only and may not reflect the most current version of the FM-200 Flow
Calculation software (CHEM-200.exe and support files).
This technical manual provides the necessary information for designing and performing flow calculations for a
Chemetron FM-200 Engineered System. This is a single volume technical manual arranged in 2 sections, fol-
lowed by an Appendix.
This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose, without
the express written consent of Chemetron Fire Systems.
Any questions concerning the information presented in this manual should be addressed to the Matteson Office.
Copyright © 2006 Chemetron Fire Systems. All Rights Reserved.

Chemetron Fire Systems™ and Cardox® are registered trademarks of Chemetron Fire Systems.
FM-200 is a registered trademark of Chemtura, Inc..
4801 Southwick Drive, 3rd Floor

Matteson, IL 60443
Phone 708/748-1503 • Fax 708/748-2847
Customer Service Fax 708/748-2908
A World of Protection
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General Comments
FM-200 Systems using concentrations below 6.25% are not UL & ULC Listed nor Factory Mutual
Approved.
UL, ULC & FM Approvals require multiple tiers of nozzles for heights above 16' 0" (4.88 M).
The calculation method used by Chemetron Fire systems has been investigated using A-53, Schedule
40 pipe and 300 lb malleable iron fittings for test installations.
When specified limitations noted in this manual and in the Chemetron software are not maintained,
there is the risk that the system will not supply the required amount of extinguishing agent.
For installation, design, operation and maintenance of Chemetron Fire Systems FM-200 Fire
Suppression Systems, please refer to the Alpha Series Engineered Systems Design, Installation,
Operation and Maintenance Manual, Part Number 30000050, Beta & Gamma Series Engineered
Systems Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual, Part Number 30000030, and
the Sigma Series Engineered Systems Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual,
Part Number 30000049.
For installation, design, operation and maintenance of Chemetron Fire Systems FM-200 Fire Protection
Systems for Marine Service, please refer to the Marine Service (with Nitrogen Actuation) Design,
Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual, Part Number 30000064 and the Marine Service
(with CO2 Actuation) Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual, Part Number
30000047.
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1 FM-200 SYSTEM DESIGN
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Decomposition
An adverse characteristic of FM-200 is that it will decompose into toxic and corrosive byproducts if
exposed to fire or to objects heated above 1,300°F (704°C). Such decomposition is kept at a negligible
level by rapidly discharging the agent so as to extinguish the flames promptly. This minimizes the quantity
of agent that passes through a flame front at concentrations too low for flame extinguishment. The
problem of FM-200 decomposition has led to a requirement in NFPA 2001 that discharge of 95 percent
of the agent mass needed to achieve minimum design concentration be discharged within 10 seconds.
This 10 second discharge time requirement is very important in hazards where flammable liquids are
likely to be the fuel.
1.1.2 Design Difficulties

The requirement for a rapid discharge makes it more difficult to adequately mix or distribute FM-200
in the hazard area, but proper nozzle and orifice design can overcome this problem. The two-phase
nature of the FM-200 agent as it flows through pipes and orifices complicates the design of agent dis-
tribution piping networks. The use of a computer program overcomes this difficulty. The “two-phase”
compressible nature of agent flow also demands that piping installations are done in rigorous conformance
to the system design parameters. Such things as pipe that is rougher than the norm or the addition of
unanticipated changes in pipe direction can introduce performance problems - especially if the system
is “unbalanced” and intended to simultaneously flood separate compartments. Simple piping layouts
help overcome this difficulty.
1.1.3 Flow Calculation

Pipe and nozzles for Chemetron FM-200 systems are sized using a computer program. The program
is based on recognized hydraulic theory and the results of the program have been verified in rigorous
laboratory tests. Calculations made with this program have been checked by FM Approvals, UL, and
ULC to assure accuracy and determine the limitations beyond which it is not practicable to predict results
accurately. The calculations are based on an ambient cylinder temperature of 70°F ±10°F (21.1°C ±5.5°C).
Therefore, the cylinder shall be located in a climate controlled environment to ensure a temperature
consistently within this range. Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are not maintained
within this range may not be accurate and the designed quantities of agent may not be discharged from
one or more discharge nozzles.
1.1.4 System Check

While the basic computer program used for calculating pipe and orifice sizes cannot be checked by
manual means, there is a definite need to check the input information upon which the calculation is based.
Since there may be inadvertent or necessary changes due to on-site job conditions, it is also essential
to check the system as calculated against the system as installed. All of this does not preclude the
desirability of an actual discharge test on the installed system to check for unanticipated circumstances
that might influence overall system performance.
S/N 30000034
ISSUED: 11/15/95 Rev. K REVISED: 5/26/2006 Page 1
1.2 Agent Characteristics

1.2.1 Pressure vs. Temperature
For optimum pipeline flow characteristics over the entire range of possible ambient temperatures, it is
necessary to superpressurize the agent with another gas such as nitrogen. At the present time, one
pressurization level is permitted: 360 psig measured at 70°F (25.8 bar at 21.1°C).
1.2.2 Nitrogen Superpressure

When a storage container is pressurized with nitrogen, some of the nitrogen goes into solution in the
liquid phase. The volume of the liquid phase increases slightly because of the addition of nitrogen, which
behaves as though it were liquefied. The remainder of the nitrogen remains in the vapor phase where
it combines with the partial pressure of FM-200 vapor to produce the desired level of pressurization when
the system is in equilibrium at 70°F (21.1°C). If the ambient temperature rises, the pressure will increase
and the volume of the liquid portion will also increase.
1.2.3 System Discharge

The delivery of FM-200 into the hazard area is accomplished by means of a piping network that terminates
in one or more specially designed discharge nozzles. In order to best study the discharge of FM-200
from the storage cylinder to the hazard area, it is desirable to consider the delivery system in three parts:
the storage container, the piping system, and the discharge nozzle.
1.2.4 The Storage Cylinder

When the storage cylinder is open to the pipeline, pressure in the cylinder will force liquid from the bottom
of the cylinder into the piping network. As the liquid is discharged, the pressure in the cylinder will drop
and the volume of the vapor phase will increase. With the drop in pressure, nitrogen gas comes out
of solution with the liquid and forms bubbles. These bubbles are not pure nitrogen, but contain propor-
tionate amounts of FM-200 vapor, depending upon the partial pressure relationship. Thus, the liquid
will boil vigorously during the discharge and supply additional gas to maintain pressure in the vapor phase.
If this were not so, the discharge pressure would drop drastically, since it would have to depend only
on the expansion of the gas in the vapor space for its pressure.
1.2.4.1 Pressure Recession

Pressure recession curves for filling densities of 35, 40, 50, 60, and 70 lbs./cu.ft. have been calculated
and are plotted in Figure 1.2.4.1A. These calculated pressure recession curves are based upon an
assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases in the storage cylinder.
In an actual system discharge, a sharp drop in pressure is noted during the initial rush of liquid into the
pipeline. Figure 1.2.4.1B shows actual pressure versus time data taken during an FM-200 discharge.
The cylinder pressure initially falls below the pressure calculated for the equilibrium condition. This effect
is due to a time lag between the initial depressurization and the boiling of the liquid in the storage
container. As soon as the liquid begins to boil violently forming vapor bubbles, the surface area of the
liquid-vapor interface increases at a tremendous rate and the cylinder pressure recovers to follow the
pressure recession curves for saturation equilibrium. It is assumed that virtually all of the vapor formed
by boiling in the cylinder remains in the cylinder during the discharge and only the liquid phase enters
the pipeline. Depending upon the initial fill density, between 92% and 97% of the total contents is
discharged as liquid, with the remaining agent following as a residual vapor phase.
S/N 30000034
FM200 CYLINDER PRESSURE RECESSION
400
350
300
PRESSURE (PSIA)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
PERCENT DISCHARGED
70 LB./CU.FT. 60 LB./CU. FT. 50 LB./CU. FT. 40 LB./CU. FT. 30 LB./CU.FT.
Figure 1.2.4.1A Calculated pressure in the storage container versus the percent of agent supply discharged from the container is
plotted for the 360 psig system.
Figure 1.2.4.1B Pressure versus time data taken during an actual FM-200 discharge at 70 lbs/cu.ft. fill density.
S/N 30000034
1.3 The Piping System

1.3.1 Pipeline Flow
The liquid continues to boil because of further pressure drop as it flows through the pipeline. Hence,
the agent flowing in the pipeline is a true two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor. Since the volume of
the vapor phase increases rapidly with the dropping pressure, the average density of the mixture falls
off from an initial value of about 100 lbs/cu.ft. as it leaves the cylinder to values of 20 lbs/cu.ft. or less,
depending upon the pressure at the end of the pipeline. In order to maintain a constant flow rate through
the pipeline, the velocity must continuously increase and, of course, the rate of pressure drop per foot
of pipe also increases. Hence, the rate of pressure drop for a given flow rate is not linear as with water,
but is a variable depending upon the density existing at the particular point in the pipeline.
1.3.2 Pipeline Density
Figure 1.3.2 Calculated pipeline densities plotted versus pipeline pressure for increments of liquid leaving the cylinder at
various stages during a discharge.
The density of the two-phase mixture in the pipeline can be calculated on the basis of the thermodynamic
properties of the agent taking into account the effects of the nitrogen used for superpressurization. The
density of the agent as it leaves the cylinder varies from the start to the completion of the liquid phase
of the discharge. The starting density is lowest for the first portion of liquid to leave the cylinder and
becomes progressively greater until the final portion of liquid leaves the cylinder. Figure 1.3.2 shows
S/N 30000034
the density-pressure curves for increments of liquid leaving the cylinder at various stages during the
discharge of a 360 psig (25.8 bar) storage container. Curves are shown for the 50th percentile to leave
the cylinder (pipe holds 0% of the agent supply) and the 97th percentile to leave the cylinder (pipe holds
approximately 50% of the agent supply during discharge). The pipeline pressure density condition is
calculated based on the actual percent agent held in the pipe during discharge. If necessary, “percent
in the pipe” values other than 0% and 50% are found by extrapolation.
1.3.3 Temperature
Figure 1.3.3 Calculated agent temperature versus pressure as agent flows through pipeline.
As the agent flows from the cylinder into the pipeline, the drop in cylinder pressure is accompanied by
a drop in temperature. Figure 1.3.3 is a plot of agent temperature versus pressure in the cylinder during
the discharge of a 360 psig (25.8 bar) storage container filled to 70 lb/ft3 (1121.3 kg/m3). As the agent
flows down the pipeline, the additional drop in pressure is likewise accompanied by a further drop in
the agent temperature. The net effect is the introduction of a cold liquid into the pipeline at ambient
temperature.
S/N 30000034
1.3.4 Initial Vapor Time

After the cylinder valve opens, there is a brief period of time during which the air in the pipeline is
discharged from the nozzles. As FM-200 begins flowing into the pipe, heat is extracted from the pipe
until the temperature of the pipe is approximately the same as that of the flowing liquid. This effect is
most pronounced at the very beginning of the discharge. For the first few moments of the discharge,
virtually all of the liquid entering the pipeline is vaporized before it reaches the discharge nozzles. The
mass flow rate for vapor is on the order of one-half the rate for liquid in a given system. Therefore, this
initial vaporization limits the flow rate until a type of equilibrium condition is achieved between agent
temperature and pipe temperature.
1.3.5 Liquid Flow

At the beginning of the discharge, there will be a time delay between the opening of the cylinder valve
and the time at which liquid begins to discharge from the nozzles. This delay in “liquid arrival time” at
the nozzle is due to three physical phenomena: evacuation of air from the pipe, the time needed for the
pressure wave to travel from the cylinder outlet to the nozzles, and vaporization of some liquid FM-200
due to heat input from the pipe. The delay for each nozzle to begin discharging liquid may vary in an
unbalanced system - nozzles close to the cylinder may begin discharging liquid somewhat before more
distant nozzles. After these initial transient conditions, the mass flow rate in the system is relatively
constant until the last of the liquid phase leaves the cylinder. The last “slug” of liquid leaving the cylinder
is propelled by residual vapor in the cylinder. Transient conditions again take effect as the liquid discharge
ends and the nozzles discharge the residual vapor. The end of liquid occurs at slightly different times
for the various nozzles. Nozzles closer to the cylinder generally will stop discharging liquid sooner than
more distant nozzles.
1.3.6 Phase Separation

As already noted in paragraph 1.3.1, the liquid phase of the discharge, in reality, contains a mixture of
both liquid and vapor. In a properly sized pipeline, the velocity will be so great that the flow is in a highly
turbulent state and the liquid and vapor phases will be uniformly mixed. However, if the pipe size is too
large for the flow rate, the liquid and vapor phase may tend to separate. If such separation does occur,
the pipeline flow pattern will take one of two forms - both of them very undesirable: 1) alternate slugs
of liquid and vapor will flow through the pipe; or 2) the liquid phase will run along the bottom of the pipeline
while the vapor phase flows above it. If such separation were to occur in a branch line leading directly
to a nozzle, the discharge from that nozzle would be sporadic due to the alternate flow of the liquid and
vapor phases. The computerized flow calculation also uses a friction factor for system piping that is
based on turbulent flow conditions. In order to help assure turbulent flow, minimum flow rates are
specified based on pipe diameter. The minimum flow rates are tabulated in paragraph 2.1.1.5.
1.3.7 “Mechanical” Separation at Tees

Even in a properly sized pipe, preferential flow of liquid and vapor agent has been observed at tees.
Due to centripetal effects, more of the liquid phase tends to flow into the “minor flow” branch of a bullhead
tee. At a side-thru tee, more liquid tends to flow into the thru branch. Figure 1.3.7A shows this effect
as reflected in the quantity of agent discharged from nozzles supplied by a bullhead tee. Figure 1.3.7B
shows the effect of mechanical separation on the quantity of agent discharged from nozzles fed by a
side-thru tee.
S/N 30000034
Figure 1.3.7A The effects of “mechanical” separation as reflected in the quantity of agent discharged from nozzles
supplied by a bullhead tee.
Figure 1.3.7B The effect of “mechanical” separation on the quantity of agent discharged from nozzles fed by a side-
thru tee.
S/N 30000034
1.4 The Discharge Nozzle

The discharge nozzle is the ultimate device that delivers the agent to the hazard area. The nozzle flow
rate is dependent upon the velocity, pressure and density of the agent as it enters the nozzle. The flow
rate from any nozzle device is limited to the amount of flow that the pipeline can deliver to the nozzle.
1.4.1 Maximum Pipeline Flow

The maximum flow rate that can be carried by a pipe at a given velocity, pressure and density condition
is determined by the laws of energy conservation. Figure 1.4.1 shows calculated maximum pipeline
specific flow rates as a function of total nozzle pressure for the 360 psig (25.8 bar) storage condition.
The densities used for this calculation correspond to the average pipeline densities for the various systems
with a factor added to compensate for velocity effects. These figures represent the maximum flow rates
that might be expected from an open-end pipe at the given pressures. Any orifice attached to the end
of a pipe will necessarily restrict the flow rate to something less than these maximum figures.
FM200 70 LB/CU FT FILL DENSITY SPECIFIC NOZZLE FLOW RATES
50
45
40
35
SPECIFIC RATE (LB/SEC/SQ IN)
97% 50% LEAVING CYLINDER

47% 0% IN PIPE
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
PRESSURE (PSIA)
Figure 1.4.1
S/N 30000034
1.4.2 Nozzle Rating

Nozzles are rated in terms of their efficiency relative to “perfect” flow from an open ended pipe. Thus,
all nozzle rates will fall between 0 and 100 percent. It is not possible to increase the rate of flow from
a pipeline by attaching a nozzle. Hence, it is impossible to have a nozzle with efficiency greater than
100. Because of geometry considerations for the Chemetron 8 port nozzle, the maximum ratio of nozzle
orifice area to feed pipe area is limited to 85% for all nozzles except the 1/4" NPT nozzle. The limit is
75% for the 1/4" NPT nozzle. This information has been plotted in Figure 1.4.2.
NOTE
THE 1/4" NOZZLES ARE NOT UL LISTED OR FM APPROVED.
CHEMETRON FM200 8 PORT NOZZLE
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
EFFICIENCY (%)
50%
40%
30%
1/4" NPT NOZZLE
20%
10%
0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
PERCENT PIPE AREA
Figure 1.4.2 Nozzle efficiencies for the Chemetron 8 port nozzle are related to the ratio of total orifice area to feed-pipe area. See
Note in Paragraph 1.4.2.
1.4.3 Nozzle Characteristic Curve

Test work using a nozzle with radial discharge ports was done to determine the relationship between
orifice area, feed pipe area, and nozzle efficiency. The results of this test work are summarized in Figure
1.4.2. This figure shows the relationship between the percent of open-end pipeline flow rate permitted
by a nozzle and the ratio of actual orifice hole area to feed pipe cross-sectional area. This data is valid
only for the Chemetron Fire Systems line of eight port nozzles. Other orifice geometries will yield their
own characteristic code vs. area-ratio curve.
S/N 30000034
1.4.4 Average Pressure Conditions

Since the changing conditions in the storage cylinder throughout the discharge are reflected at the nozzle,
an average condition for purposes of calculation must be chosen. The volume of piping, however, has
a marked effect on the average pressure, density, and velocity conditions at the nozzle. It is the average
conditions at the nozzles that ultimately determine the quantity and duration of agent discharge from
each nozzle.
1.4.5 Average Nozzle Pressure

The average nozzle pressure is chosen at the point in the discharge when half of the liquid phase of
the agent has left the nozzle. The pressure drop between the storage container and nozzle should be
calculated for this point in time. In order to choose the proper cylinder pressure for this calculation, the
quantity of agent that resides in the pipe must be considered. For example, consider a system in which
20% of the agent weight resides in the pipeline during equilibrium discharge. When 50% of this liquid
phase has been discharged from the nozzle, approximately 70% of the agent will have left the storage
container. The pressure in the cylinder at this point in time will be that indicated on the storage pressure
recession curve for the 70% outage condition. Figure 1.4.5 depicts this situation.
FM200 CYLINDER PRESSURE RECESSION 70 LB/CU FT FILL DENSITY

400
350
300
MID-DISCHARGE PRESSURE
250
PRESSURE (PSIA)
IN CYLINDER
200
150
50% AGENT 20% AGENT

100 IN PIPE
DISCHARGED FROM
THE NOZZLE
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
PERCENT DISCHARGED FROM CYLINDER
Figure 1.4.5
S/N 30000034
1.4.6 Percent-in-the-Pipeline
The calculated average cylinder pressures during discharge are based on the above consideration. Figure
1.4.6 shows the relationship between the average pressure in the cylinder during nozzle discharge and
the ratio of the pipe volume to the volume of the agent supply expanded under flowing conditions.
This latter quantity shall be referred to simply as the Percent-in-the-Pipe.
Figure 1.4.6 The mid-discharge pressure in the cylinder during nozzle discharge is a function of the percent of agent supply
needed to fill the pipeline.
1.4.7 Liquid Arrival Time

The amount of time required for the initial slug of liquid to travel from the cylinder to each of the nozzles
is the Liquid Arrival Time. This time is dependent on both the length of pipe between the cylinder and
nozzle and the velocity of liquid in the pipe. The liquid arrival time cannot exceed one (1) second.
1.4.8 Liquid Runout Time

As the last slug of liquid leaves the cylinder, residual vapor follows. On an unbalanced piping system
there may be a difference in time at which the liquid-vapor interface reaches the various nozzles. The
program limit is set at a two (2) second maximum difference in the liquid runout time.
S/N 30000034
2 Flow Calculations
2.1 Design Criteria

The Chemetron Fire Systems method of flow calculation is embodied in a computer program that is
capable of computing flow to a very high degree of accuracy, provided proper input data is supplied.
2.1.1 Limitations
Any distribution system that does not employ exactly the same actual and equivalent lengths of pipe
from the storage cylinder to each nozzle, and the same orifice sizes for each nozzle has some degree
of system imbalance. Such systems are, however, the rule rather than the exception. Due to structural
components present at the job site, it is often impossible to install perfectly balanced piping systems.
However, it is desirable to maintain balanced piping whenever possible.
2.1.1.1 Splits at Bullhead Tees

The mechanical separation of phases that is evidenced at bullhead tees is outside classical thermo-
dynamic theory. In order to predict the amount of agent that will be discharged from nozzles fed by
bullhead tees, a correction for this phase separation must be incorporated in the flow calculation. The
correction is an empirical factor based on a body of laboratory test data. The empirical correction is
adequate for bullhead splits with as little as 30% of the flow going to the “minor” branch. Of course, the
upper limit of the correction is a balanced, “50-50” split at a bullhead tee.
2.1.1.2 Splits at Side-Thru Tees

A similar empirical correction for side-thru tee phase separation effects is incorporated in the flow
calculation program. The empirical correction is adequate for side branch flows from 10% up to 35%
of the incoming flow.
2.1.1.3 Restriction on Pressure at Tee Inlets

The empirical corrections for both bullhead and side-thru tee phase separation are a function of both
the percent of flow going down the respective tee branch lines and the “quality” of agent entering the
branch line. The quality of agent is related to the fraction of vapor versus liquid agent in the turbulent
mixture entering the tee. It was found by test and supported by theory that the empirical corrections
break down if the pressure at the tee inlet is very close to the pressure in the storage cylinder during
discharge. The physics of this phenomena are beyond the scope of this manual. The program limits
maximum tee inlet pressure to 91% of the cylinder pressure during discharge. The minimum ratio of
tee inlet pressure to average cylinder pressure during discharge is set at 63%, which is the lowest limit
of current test data.
2.1.1.4 Discharge Time

NFPA 2001 currently requires that 95% of the design quantity shall be discharged within 10 seconds
or less from start of discharge. A system must, therefore, be designed to meet this criterion unless the
authority having jurisdiction permits a longer discharge time. The Chemetron program is listed for dis-
charge times between 5 seconds and 10 seconds.
S/N 30000034
2.1.1.5 Minimum Flow Rates

The pipe friction factor embodied in the energy conservation equation used to calculate pressure drop
for two-phase flow in fire protection systems is based on the premise that highly turbulent flow is present
in the pipeline. Also, a high degree of turbulence must be maintained in pipe sections that approach
dividing points. The pipe size that can be used for a given flow rate is thus based upon the minimum
flow rate required to maintain complete turbulence. This limitation is shown in Figure 2.1.1.5 and
is automatically taken into consideration when the computer selects pipe sizes for the system. Flow
rates as low as 60% of the minimum rates on the graph may be used in branch lines that lead
directly to nozzles with no intervening flow division.
FM200 Minimum Flow Rate versus Pipe ID
Pipe ID (mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
350 160
Labels indicate nominal 6" 140

300
Schedule 40 Pipe Sizes.
120
250
5"
Flow Rate (kg/sec)

100
Flow Rate(lb/sec)
200
80
150 4"
60
100 1 1/2"
1/2" 1" 3" 40
NOTE: Branches leading to discharge nozzles with
no intervening flow splits may use flow rates no
2 1/2"
50 1 1/4" lower than 60% of the plotted minimum rates.
3/4" 2" 20
3/8"
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pipe ID (inches)
Figure 2.1.1.5 Minimum Flow Rates. The pipe that can be used for a given flow rate is based upon the minimum flow rate
required to maintain complete turbulence.
2.1.1.6 Tee Installation

Pipe tees supplying branch lines are to be installed with both outlets discharging horizontally.
This is to eliminate any possible effect of gravity upon the degree of liquid-vapor separation. This limitation
does not apply to manifold piping for groups of cylinders where flow is combining rather than dividing.
There must be a minimum of 10 nominal pipe diameters between an elbow and the inlet to any tee (does
not apply in manifolds where flow is combining).
S/N 30000034
Figure 2.1.1.6A - Orientation of Tees: Tee outlets should be placed in the horizontal plane to minimize gravitational effects
on liquid - vapor separation
Figure 2.1.1.6B - Minimum Distance From Elbow to Tee: Minimizes centripetal effects on liquid - vapor separation before
entering a flow split.
S/N 30000034
2.1.1.7 Percent in Pipeline Limit

Tests have shown that flow can be predicted very accurately in systems where the percent in the pipeline
does not exceed 75%. This limit on the ratio of the pipe volume to the volume of the expanded liquid
agent supply, calculated under average flowing conditions, has been set in the computer program. The
UL and ULC limit is 75%; the FM approval limit is 70%.
2.1.1.8 Minimum Nozzle Pressures

Although the flow calculation program is capable of accurately predicting nozzle pressures as low as
70 psia (5.82 bar), the minimum nozzle pressure for which the Chemetron 8 port nozzle is approved
is 125 psia (7.60 bar).
If the program is used to calculate an “as-built” system, it will calculate lower nozzle pressures - an error
or warning message will result if pressures below the pressures required for the approval agencies are
calculated.
2.1.1.9 Maximum Orifice Size

The maximum nozzle orifice size that may be used in the system is limited in two ways. First there is
a limit on the ratio of actual nozzle orifice area to cross section area of the feed pipe. This ratio is limited
to 85% for all Chemetron 8 port FM-200 nozzles except the 1/4" NPT size. The internal geometries of
the 1/4" NPT size nozzle are such that the ratio of actual nozzle orifice area to cross sectional area of
the feed pipe is 75%. NOTE: The 1/4" nozzle is not FM approved or UL listed. This limitation is
checked by the computer and could be checked manually.
A second limitation on nozzle orifice sizing is a limit on the ratio of flow through the nozzle to the theoretical
maximum flow that the feed pipe branch could carry under the calculated pressure, density and
temperature conditions. This limit is 65% of the maximum feed pipe flow. The computer checks this.
This limitation serves two purposes: 1) it insures that the nozzle, and not the equivalent length of the
pipe run, will control the amount of discharge from that nozzle; and 2) it provides an automatic check
against calculating systems having nozzle flow rates that cannot be achieved under the calculated terminal
pressure conditions.
2.1.1.10 Minimum Orifice Area

The minimum nozzle orifice area ratio relative to the cross section area of feed pipe is 18.3%.
2.1.1.11 Transient Effect Limits

A program limit is set to permit no more than a one second difference between the shortest and longest
liquid arrival times at the system nozzles. If the time difference is greater than one second, an error
message is generated. A similar limit is set for the end of liquid times for the various nozzles in the
system. If the maximum difference in calculated end of liquid times is greater than two seconds, an error
message is generated.
S/N 30000034
2.2 Design Philosophy

The basic philosophy underlying the method of flow calculation presented herein is to provide a mathe-
matical model of the events that take place during an actual FM-200 discharge. In the final analysis,
the main criteria for a good design procedure is that it accurately predict the amount of agent
that each nozzle in the system will discharge. The calculating procedure has been tested and shown
to be accurate within plus 10% or minus 10% of the actual distribution. All of the considerations mentioned
in the first chapter of this manual are taken into account in the computerized method of system design.
The following considerations are also made in the computerized design procedure.
2.2.1 Average Cylinder Pressure During Discharge

The average pressure in the storage containers for purposes of flow calculation is dependent upon both
the cylinder fill density and, as already discussed, percent in the pipe. Calculations may be based upon
cylinder fill densities of 35, 40, 50, 60, or 70 lbs/ft3 (560.7, 640.8, 801, 961.2, 1121.4 kg/m3).
2.2.2 Velocity Head

The velocity of flow is constantly changing as the agent proceeds from the storage cylinder in route to
the nozzles. This conversion of pressure energy to velocity, necessitated by the changing density, is
accounted for in the two-phase flow equation. When a change in pipe size is encountered or when the
flow branches, an added change in the velocity of flow must occur. If the velocity is increased, there
will be a drop in pressure to provide the energy needed for acceleration. If the velocity is reduced, a
portion of the velocity head energy is converted back to pressure. These changes are over and above
those accounted for in the two-phase energy conservation equation. Correction for these effects is
automatically made in the computer program.
2.2.3 Elevation Changes

Head pressure corrections are made in each pipe section where a change of elevation takes place.
The corrections are based upon the calculated density of the fluid as it enters each such section.
When the elevation difference between outlet tees is in excess of 30 feet (9.1 m), consideration should
be given to rerouting piping to reduce the elevation difference between tees. Even though sound
engineering theory is used to predict pressure changes due to elevation, no actual testing has been
performed incorporating the combination of maximum and/or minimum limits with elevations.
1. If nozzles are located above the container outlet, then the maximum elevation difference between
the container outlet and the furthest horizontal pipe run or discharge nozzle (whichever is furthest)
shall not exceed 30 feet (9.1 m).
2. If nozzles are only located below the container outlet, then the maximum elevation difference between
the container outlet and the furthest horizontal pipe run or discharge nozzle (whichever is furthest)
3. If nozzles are located both above and below the container outlet, then the maximum elevation
difference between the furthest horizontal pipe runs or discharge nozzles (whichever is furthest)
S/N 30000034
2.3 Nozzle and Piping Layout

The first step in designing the piping distribution system is to prepare a layout of nozzle location, storage
location, and piping on a suitable plan drawing of the hazard. Such a layout is illustrated in Figures 2.3A
& 2.3B. Note that the nozzles are installed at the same elevation. The following points should be
considered:
2.3.1 Nozzle Location

The Chemetron Fire Systems line of total flooding nozzles was tested to demonstrate adequate distribution
over a nominal area of 1,412 ft2 (131.2 m2).
The 360° nozzle cannot be mounted in a corner or against a wall. The maximum discharge radius
is 26.6 ft (8.1 m). A single nozzle may be used to flood a rectangular area of a nominal 1,412
ft2 (131.2 m2), with the longest side of this rectangle not to exceed 37 feet 7 inches (11.45 m).
Nozzles must be oriented so that a pair of orifice holes parallels the wall of the enclosure.
These nozzles should be centered in the area of protection when multiple nozzles are discharged
into the same hazard.
The maximum throw distance of the 180° nozzle is 37.0 ft (11.3 m). The maximum distance between
180° nozzles is 37.6 feet (11.5 m). The maximum coverage distance from the nozzle to a wall is
18.8 feet (5.7 m). The 180° nozzle must be installed at no more than 6 inches (15.2 cm) from the
enclosure wall and at a maximum of 9.25 inches (23.5 cm) down from the ceiling.
For UL, ULC, and FM Approvals, the maximum enclosure height that may be flooded by a single
tier of nozzles is 16 feet (4.88 m) with the nozzle located no more than 9.25 inches (23.5 cm) below
the ceiling.
Before using a single nozzle at the maximum area or volume rating, consideration should be given to
whether the contents of the hazard might be damaged by the resultant high velocity discharge. In hazards
such as computer rooms or areas where fragile apparatus is stored, the number of nozzles used to flood
an area should be increased so as to limit discharge velocities to a safe level. After considering possible
damage to the hazard by the FM-200 discharge and determining a reasonable area [not to exceed 1,412
ft2 (131.2 m2)] to be covered by each nozzle, the nozzles should be located. The Chemetron 8 port nozzles
must be placed in the center of each area. The discharge rate for each nozzle should be based upon
flooding the volume protected by that nozzle within the design discharge time.
2.3.2 Underfloor Nozzles

The maximum area of coverage for a single nozzle in an underfloor is likewise 1,412 ft2 (131.2 m2) with
the same limitations on height and positioning noted in the preceding paragraphs. The MINIMUM height
of an underfloor that may be protected is 12 inches (30.5 cm). The coverage possible in an underfloor
is dependent upon the density of cables, runways, and other equipment that might be present in the
underfloor space. The maximum figures should be used only for underfloors that will be relatively open.
This requires some judgment on the part of the designer, but in general, if the horizontal line of sight
is more than 70% obstructed in an underfloor, these maximum figures should be reduced by 50%.
S/N 30000034
Figure 2.3A Plan View - Above Floor System Figure 2.3B Plan View - Underfloor System
2.3.3 Cylinder Storage Location

Ideally, the storage cylinder should be located in an area where the ambient temperature is at least 60°F
(15.6°C). Since systems are designed for a 70°F (21.1°C) storage condition, optimum performance
can be expected if the storage area is kept near 70°F (21.1°C). For unbalanced systems, proper
distribution and adequate system performance is approved for storage temperatures of 70°F ±10°F
(21.1°C ±5.5°C). Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are not maintained within this
range may not be accurate and the required quantities of agent may not be discharged from one or more
nozzles.
2.3.4 Pipe Routing

The piping between storage containers and nozzles should be by the shortest route, with a minimum
of elbows and fittings. Every attempt should be made to keep the system in reasonable balance by
supplying the nozzles from a central point, if this can be done without substantially increasing the length
and volume of the piping. The maximum pipe run permissible will be somewhat proportional to the total
quantity of agent to be discharged. All piping elevation changes should be clearly indicated so that these
will not be overlooked in flow calculations.
S/N 30000034
2.3.5 Pipe Sections

The piping system must now be divided into sections and identified for flow calculation purposes. An
isometric sketch of the piping is helpful at this point. (Refer to Figures 2.3A and 2.3B.) Beginning at
the first storage cylinder, the first piping section shall begin at point 1 within the cylinder and terminate
at point 2 where the connector from the cylinder joins the cylinder manifold. The next section, beginning
at point 2, must include the entire straight portion of the manifold. A new pipe section is identified
whenever there is a change of pipe size or flow rate, or an elevation change. Pipe sections terminate
at the junction of each tee in the system and tees are included in the sections that follow them. Nozzles
are identified by a series of ID numbers from 301 to 559.
2.4 Hydraulic Flow Calculation Program (CHEM-200)

The next step in system design is to provide the necessary design parameters to the computer program
to numerically model the FM-200 system accurately. The program, CHEM-200, has been written within
the Windows™ environment. (It is our assumption that the user has a basic knowledge of this operating
system and its operation will not be directly addressed within this manual.) The computer program will
establish pipe sizes, calculate terminal pressures, discharge time, and nozzle drill sizes. The primary
requirement for a proper calculation is that the system be modeled into the computer correctly. Therefore,
the parameters may be printed out as well as the calculation results. This makes it possible to verify
the input data against the intended design parameters and/or the actual installation. It is possible to
input either the flow rate required for each nozzle or the existing nozzle drill sizes.
The Chemetron FM-200 flow calculation program has been divided into three main areas: Commands
Available, Output and File Utilities.
NOTE
THE CALCULATION INFORMATION CAN BE ENTERED AND DISPLAYED IN US STANDARD OR METRIC UNITS. IT CAN
BE CONVERTED AT ANY TIME UPON COMMAND BY SIMPLY USING THE METRIC CHECK BOX.
S/N 30000034
2.4.1 Commands Available

This area has been subdivided into five categories:
System Information
Hazard Information
Piping Model Data
Calculate and Display Results
Clear All Current Data
Figure 2.4.1 Flow Calc Program - Commands Available
For reference only, a Vol/Lbs/% calculator, a CARDOX valve equivalent length chart, and a minimum
flow rate chart have been included.
S/N 30000034
2.4.1.1 System Information

Within the System Information screen there are four submenus:
Project Data
Revision
Cylinder Data
Configuration Variables
A. The Project Data section consists of the following data:

1. Project Number: Reference number
2. Project Name: Name of project or end user
3. Site Location: Installation location
4. Hazard Name: Name of protected hazard.
Figure 2.4.1.1.A Flow Calc Program - Project Data
S/N 30000034
B. Revision: This data field is used to track versions/changes on a specific data file and/or submittal.
Figure 2.4.1.1.B Flow Calc Program - Revision Version Data Field
C. The Cylinder Data section consists of the following data:

1. Pounds/Cylinder (Kilograms/Cylinder): This data field is used to input the actual amount of
FM-200 required per cylinder.
2. Number of Cylinders: The number of cylinders required to contain the amount of FM-200
required for a discharge. This value may be entered by one of two means: the value may be
directly entered into this field or a value may be selected from the drop-down list, which can be
accessed by clicking onto the arrow at the right of the data field.
3. Cylinder Capacity: This data field is used to input the description of the actual type of cylinders
to be used. The nominal cylinder capacity is displayed for the chosen FM-200 cylinder assembly
along with its minimum and maximum FM-200 cylinder capacity. By clicking on the arrow at
the right of the field, additional cylinder choices may be viewed. User Specified Beta, Gamma,
and Sigma can be selected from the list for special cylinder capacities, in which case the cylinder
volume capacity will need to be inputted and either the Beta, Gamma, or Sigma valve selected.
S/N 30000034
WARNING
WHEN THE CYLINDER CAPACITY FIELD FOR “USER SPECIFIED” BETA, GAMMA, AND SIGMA CYLINDERS IS USED,
FACTORY MUTUAL APPROVAL AND UL LISTING HAVE BEEN VOIDED.
Figure 2.4.1.1.C Flow Calc Program - Cylinder Data
TABLE 2.4.1.1.C - CYLINDER CAPACITY CHART

CAPACITY CAPACITY
CYLINDER MINIMUM MAXIMUM CYLINDER MINIMUM MAXIMUM
LBS KG LBS KG LBS KG LBS KG
Alpha Cylinders Beta Cylinders
Alpha 10# 6 2.7 12 5.4 Beta 40# 21 9.5 41 18.6
Alpha 20# 12 5.4 23 10.4 Beta 55# 28 12.7 55 24.9
Gamma Cylinders Beta 95# 48 21.8 96 43.5
Gamma 150# 82 37.2 163 73.9 Sigma Cylinders
Gamma 250# 138 62.6 274 124.3 Sigma 600# 304 137.9 607 275.3
Gamma 400# 211 95.7 421 191.0 Sigma 750# 455 206.4 910 412.8
Gamma 550# 282 127.9 500 226.8 Sigma 1000# 620 281.2 1,000 562.0
NOTE: Chemetron Alpha cylinder/valve assemblies are not UL and ULC listed.
S/N 30000034
4. Max Capacity: This is a read only field and is intended to inform the user of the maximum
capacity of FM-200 to which the cylinder selected may be filled.
5. Pipe Temp: The initial average pipe temperature shall be inputted here to accurately calculate
the vapor portion of the discharge. UL listing and FM approval is based upon a temperature
of 70°F ±10°F (21.1°C ±5.5°C). Calculations performed on systems where the cylinders are
not maintained within this range may not be accurate and the required quantities of agent may
not be discharged from one or more discharge nozzles.
6. Cylinder Volume [ft3 (m3)]: This heading will only appear when either the Beta User Specified,
Gamma User Specified, or Sigma User Specified cylinder option is selected. This shall be
used to accurately compute the minimum and maximum fills for a unique cylinder.
7. Main/Reserve: Automatically adds the equivalent length of a required check valve for main and
reserve systems.
D. The Configuration Variables section consists of the following data:
1. Report Title: The data entered here will appear in the general heading area on all printouts.
The intended use is to allow Chemetron distributors to incorporate their company name into the
printouts.
2. Altitude: This data field allows for the installation of a system from -3000 feet (-.914 km) below
sea level up to 10000 feet (3.05 km) above sea level. These values may be selected from the
drop-down list. These values are established in NFPA 2001.
Figure 2.4.1.1.D2 Flow Calc Program - Configuration Variables - Altitude
S/N 30000034
3. Calc Increment (sec): The calculation increment is the method in which the calculation portion
of the program adjusts the discharge flow rate. The program is designed to perform calculations
by adjusting the rate of discharge to achieve the desired pounds to each nozzle within 10
seconds. In order to optimize the pipe sizes, the program begins at a slower flow rate, a time
nearer to 10 seconds. If it finds that the data file does not compute results within known
parameters, the rate will be adjusted and the calculation will be run again. The increments in
which the program will adjust the rate is directly related to the time the program assumes for
the next calculation run. This data field allows the user to select the incremental time for the
recalculation process. The more problematic the system design is, the lower the increment
should be set. By adjusting the time to a smaller increment, and therefore the discharge rate
to a smaller amount for each calculation run, the better the chance for the difficult system to
produce satisfactory results. However, the normal system design will calculate properly with
an incremental time of 0.2 seconds. The range is predefined. Additional time increments are
not available to the user.
Figure 2.4.1.1.D3 Flow Calc Program - Configuration Variables - Calc Increment
4. Calculation: The calculation may be performed by either Automatic or Manual means. The
automatic mode will not allow the user to view the current attempt to solve the data into a
satisfactory result and does not require any user interface during the calculation. The manual
mode will pause after each attempt to solve the system design parameters. This will allow the
user to view the results - acceptable or not - of the previous calculation run. This manual mode
may aid the user in troubleshooting a problematic design.
S/N 30000034
5. Nozzle: Allows the choice of either stainless steel or brass nozzles.

6. Exclude Pipe Sizes: When selected, it will force the flow calculation module to ignore a given
pipe size(s).
NOTE
DUE TO PRESSURE AND FLOW RATE LIMITATIONS, THIS MAY INCREASE THE DIFFICULTY IN GETTING VALID
CALCULATION RESULTS.
2.4.1.2 Hazard Information

Within the Hazard Information screen there are three subcategories:
Hazard Data
Area Data
Area Nozzle List
An example of an area would be a room. All nozzles must be in the same room. Individual data must
be entered for each area to ensure that the appropriate amount of FM-200 is divided accordingly. This
portion of the program will model the data for each area. UL and FM Approvals will accept no less than
a 6.25% design concentration in any application.
Additional areas may be added to the data list to calculate more than one area simultaneously. Example:
room area, underfloor and false ceiling.
Figure 2.4.1.2 Flow Calc Program - Hazard Data
S/N 30000034
A. Hazard Data
The first section is used to input the hazard area name(s) for reference, concentration required and
the temperature.
1. Area Name: Enter the name of the specific area.
2. Fire Type: Three choices are available - Class A Fire,
Class B Fire and Class C Fire. The default design
concentration is 6.25%. If Class B Fire is chosen, a form
appears that lists all of the Class B fuels that have been
tested by Great Lakes Chemical Corp., and the extin-
guishing concentration required. Simply select the Class
B fuel being protected and click the Okay button - the
appropriate concentration will be inserted into the hazard
data grid. To cancel your selection, click the close button
to close the form; the default selections - 6.25% design
concentration and Class A Fire - will be inserted into the
hazard data grid.
3. % Concentration: Enter the required concentration
here. Figure 2.4.1.2.A2 - Class B fuels list
4. Temperature: Enter the temperature for the area.

5. Total Volume: This field is provided for information only and may not be modified. This field
will indicate the total volume of the area as input into the Area Data section below.
B. Area Data
Enter the appropriate values in the Length, Width and Height fields and the program will compute
the correct room volume and amount of agent required automatically. As you will note, the Width
and Height fields are both set to a default of 1. If the volume is known, enter it into the Length data
field and leave the Width and Height fields as 1. Once the data has been entered, clicking on the
Add button will assign this data to the current hazard.
C. Area Nozzle List
Each area will have one or more nozzles within it. This section is intended to model the nozzles
for a particular area. Each nozzle has a unique ID number. These numbers are automatically
assigned and are incremental. Two types of nozzles are included in the program: the 8 Port 360°
discharge pattern (Style F) nozzle and the 8 Port 180° discharge pattern (Style G) nozzle.
D. Add and Delete Data In The Hazard Data Screen
1. Add: Once the correct values have been entered into the editing box, clicking on the Add button
within that section will temporarily save the data to the screen. Another line of data may then
be entered on the blank line created at the bottom of the grid.
2. Delete: To delete a line of data from the data file, the name of the area containing the data to
be deleted must appear in the Current Hazard box of the Hazard Data section. Click on the area
name with the mouse so that the appropriate information is reflected on the Current Hazard box.
Again, the corresponding data will appear in the Area Data and Area Nozzle List sections. Move
the mouse to the appropriate field and click on the line to be deleted. Clicking on the Delete button
will delete this data.
S/N 30000034
2.4.1.3 Piping Data

The Piping Data is the heart of the system model; it’s the area where the pipe and pounds/nozzle data
is recorded. Several pieces of information are required. The following is a brief description of each of
the columns.
Figure 2.4.1.3 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data
A. Column Headings and Descriptions

1. Nodes: These points identify the section of pipe, nozzle or a cylinder that is being modeled.
2. Start: This indicates the beginning of a pipe, manifold, or cylinder section.
3. End: This indicates the end of the same section. If
this line is a nozzle, clicking the button that appears
in this cell will cause a hazard nozzle reference box
to be visible. Here the user can scroll through the
hazards and select the desired nozzle.
Figure 2.4.1.3.A3 - Hazard nozzle reference box
4. Cyl Qty: The quantity of cylinders flowing through this
specific section of piping.
5. Pipe Len: Total length of pipe expressed in feet or meters, including any elevation changes.
S/N 30000034
6. Elev: Change of elevation within the pipe section, expressed in feet or meters.
A positive number indicates a rise in elevation.
A negative number indicates a drop in elevation.
A zero (0) indicates no change in elevation.
7. Type: Type of pipe to be installed. There are several types available, accessible through the
pop-down, for use:
a. 40T: Schedule 40 pipe with threaded fittings.
b. 40W: Schedule 40 pipe with welded fittings.
c. 80T: Schedule 80 pipe with threaded fittings.
d. 80W: Schedule 80 pipe with welded fittings.
e. 40G: Schedule 40 pipe with grooved fittings (not FM approved).
Figure 2.4.1.3.A7 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Type
S/N 30000034
8. Size: The size of pipe in the section. By accessing the pop-down window, choices from zero
(0) (no fixed pipe size) to 6" (150 mm) are available.
Figure 2.4.1.3.A8 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Size
NOTE
BOTH THE INTERNAL PIPE DIAMETER AND THE MASS OF THE PIPE ARE USED IN THE HYDRAULIC CALCULATION.
IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE PIPE USED FOR INSTALLATION HAVE A DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS (WITHIN
TOLERANCES SPECIFIED IN ANSI AND ASTM STANDARD) USED IN THE CALCULATION. THE WEIGHT PER UNIT
LENGTH OF THE PIPE IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE INTERNAL DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS. THE FOLLOWING
TABLE GIVES THE NOMINAL PIPE SIZES WITH THE PIPE DIAMETER AND WEIGHT PER UNIT LENGTH USED IN THE
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION.
S/N 30000034
Table 2.4.1.3.A8 - Pipe Size

Pipe Nominal Pipe Size ID Weight ID Weight
Type inch mm (inches) (lb/ft) (mm) (kg/m)
1/8 6 0.269 0.24 6.83 0.36

1/4 8 0.364 0.42 9.25 0.63
3/8 10 0.493 0.57 12.52 0.85
1/2 15 0.622 0.85 15.80 1.26
Schedule 40
3/4 20 0.824 1.13 20.93 1.68

1 25 1.049 1.68 26.64 2.50
1-1/4 32 1.380 2.27 35.05 3.38
1-1/2 40 1.610 2.72 40.89 4.05
2 50 2.067 3.65 52.50 5.43
2-1/2 65 2.469 5.79 62.71 8.62
3 80 3.068 7.58 77.93 11.28
3-1/2 90 3.548 9.11 90.12 13.56
4 100 4.026 10.79 102.26 16.06
5 125 5.047 14.62 128.19 21.76
6 150 6.065 18.97 154.05 28.23
1/8 6 0.215 0.31 5.46 0.46
1/4 8 0.302 0.54 7.67 0.80
3/8 10 0.423 0.74 10.74 1.10
Schedule 80
1/2 15 0.546 1.09 13.87 1.62

3/4 20 0.742 1.47 18.85 2.19
1 25 0.957 2.17 24.31 3.23
1-1/4 32 1.278 3.00 32.46 4.46
1-1/2 40 1.500 3.63 38.10 5.40
2 50 1.939 5.02 49.25 7.47
2-1/2 65 2.323 7.66 59.00 11.40
3 80 2.900 10.25 73.66 15.25
3-1/2 90 3.364 12.5 85.45 18.60
4 100 3.826 14.98 97.18 22.29
5 125 4.813 20.78 122.25 30.92
6 150 5.761 28.57 146.33 42.52
S/N 30000034
9. Fitting: 90 & 45 degree elbows and tees for installation.

Equivalent
a. 90's: Number of 90 degree elbows in the pipe section. Fitting Number of
When 45 degree elbows are used, they are treated as Elbows
an equivalent number of elbows. In this case, 0.5 90 Deg Elbows 1.0
should be included for each 45 degree elbow and 45 Deg Elbows 0.5
included in the 90's field.
Tee Thru 0.6
b. Tees: Used when a separation of agent flow is re- Tee Side 2.0
quired.
i. None: This is the default value. Choose this or simply press enter in this field if no tees
are installed.
ii. Thru: The beginning of the pipe section begins with a thru tee. If the side branch of a
tee is used to provide pressure for tripping a pressure switch or pressure release, it is
treated as an equivalent number of elbows. In this case, 0.6 should be included in the
90's field.
iii. Side: The beginning of the pipe section begins with a side tee. If one of the thru branches
of a tee is used to provide pressure for tripping a pressure switch or pressure release,
it is treated as an equivalent number of elbows. In this case, 2.0 should be included in
the 90's field.
iv. Blow Out: Choose this option if a tee used in the pipe section is part of a blow out, i.e.,
the last nozzle on a branch line.
Figure 2.4.1.3.A.9 Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Fittings
S/N 30000034
10. Cplng/Union: The number of couplings or unions in the pipe section.
11. Pounds (Kgs) Req'd: The number of pounds (kilograms) required to be discharged from this
particular nozzle, when the option Fixed Pounds is selected. If the Fixed Orifice option
is selected, the value in this field will represent the nozzle orifice drill diameter in inches.
NOTE
THE ALPHA CYLINDER/VALVE ASSEMBLIES ARE CURRENTLY NOT UL & ULC LISTED. HOWEVER, THE EQUIVALENT
LENGTH NOTED BELOW FOR THE ALPHA VALVE HAS BEEN DETERMINED BY UL AFTER WITNESSING TESTING.
12. Equiv Length: The equivalent length of a Equivalent Length

cylinder assembly, check valve, or other (Feet/Meters)
unique components that may be needed in Cylinder Multiple
some systems. Single
Cylinders
Cylinder
w/check valve
B. Add, Copy & Paste, Insert, and Delete
30 ft
Alpha (1/2" outlet) N/A
1. Add: The Add button works similarly to the (9.14 m)
Add button on the previous screens. Once Beta 60 ft 60 ft
the data has been entered into the grid, (1-1/4" outlet) (18.29 m) (18.29 m)
clicking on the Add button will add a blank
Gamma 51 ft 64 ft
line to the bottom of the pipe grid so that the (2" outlet) (15.55 m) (19.51 m)
next line of piping input can be entered.
61 ft. 80 ft
Sigma (3" outlet)
2. Copy & Paste: Click the Copy button. (18.59 m) (22.56m)
Alternatively, you can depress the F9 key.
Select any cell in the row or rows desired to be copied. If multiple rows are desired to be copied
at once, simply click on any cell in the first row to be copied and while continuing to depress
the left mouse button, highlight the remaining rows. Select a cell in the row where you want to
paste the copied rows. Press the Paste button. Alternatively, you can depress the F10 key.
NOTE
ONLY CONSECUTIVE ROWS CAN BE COPIED AT ONCE. THE LINES WILL BE INSERTED STARTING AT THE ROW OF
THE CELL THAT IS HIGHLIGHTED. YOU CAN PASTE THIS INFORMATION AT ANY TIME AND AS MANY TIMES AS
NECESSARY WITHOUT RESELECTING THE ROWS TO BE COPIED.
3. Insert: The Insert button is used to insert a line of data into the data grid in a specific location.
In order to insert a line, click on the highest line in the data grid that must be moved down. Once
the line has been chosen, click on the Insert button and the lines in the data grid will be relocated
down one line position and a new line (identical to the selected line) will be placed into the open
position.
4. Delete: The Delete button is used to delete a line of data in the data grid. Highlight the data
line within the data grid by clicking on it with the mouse. Click on the delete button. A verification
message will appear to validate the request. Should you confirm the request, the data line will
be deleted and any data lines below it will be moved up to compensate for the deleted line of
data.
S/N 30000034
C. Fixed Weight and Fixed Orifices
It is possible to input either the pounds or kilograms required for each nozzle or the existing nozzle
orifice drill diameter. The program has the flexibility to calculate an existing system model by allowing
the nozzle orifice diameter to be input as data. The combination of both weight required from one
nozzle and the orifice diameter of the second nozzle is not permitted and cannot be calculated.
Figure 2.4.1.3.C Flow Calc Program - Piping Data - Fixed Pounds & Fixed Orifices
1. Fixed Pounds (Kgs): This radio button should be on when the values in the Pounds (Kgs)
Required column indicate the quantity of pounds (Kgs) required to be discharged from a particular
nozzle.
2. Fixed Orifices: This radio button should be on when the values in the Pounds (Kgs) Required
column indicate the actual nozzle drill diameter in inches for a particular nozzle.
S/N 30000034
2.4.1.4 Calculate and Display Results

By clicking on the Calculate and Display Results button, the data file will be passed on to the calculation
program for processing. If the Automatic mode of calculation has been selected, no input from the user
will be required during this operation. If the Manual mode of calculation was selected, the user must
press Return at the prompts to do so. In either situation, once the calculation process is completed,
the results will be displayed on four different screens:
Calculation Results
Nozzle Performance
Hazard Concentration Results
Error Messages
A. Calculation Results
The calculation results screen depicts the cylinder information and the piping model information.
1. Conditions
a. Storage Pressure: The starting pressure just prior to the cylinder actuation.
b. Average Cylinder Pressure: The average cylinder pressure during the discharge.
c. Average Initial Pipe Temp: The average ambient pipe temperature at the beginning of the
discharge.
d. Fill Density: The fill density [lbs/ft3 (kgs/m3)] of the cylinder. For all systems, the range is
35 to 70 lb/ft3 (560.7 to 1121.4 kg/m3).
e. Percent of Agent in Pipe: Based on the volume of discharge pipe. This value represents
what percentage of the total amount of FM-200 is in the piping network during the discharge.
f. Average Discharge Time: This value represents the average discharge time of all of the
nozzles.
g. Cylinders: The quantity of cylinders modeled.
h. Lbs/Cyl (Kgs/Cyl): Quantity of FM-200 within each cylinder.
i. Total Lbs (Kgs) of FM-200: The total amount of FM-200 within all the cylinders.
j. Cylinder Type: The type of cylinder selected for the calculation.
S/N 30000034
Figure 2.4.1.4.A Flow Calc Program - Calculation Results
2. Piping Results
a. Section Nodes: The starting and ending nodes for a particular section of the pipe model.
b. Nominal Pipe Size: The computed or inputted pipe size and schedule.
c. Length: Length of pipe within the section, including elevation changes.
d. Elev: The length of an elevation change within the section of pipe.
e. EQL: Total equivalent length of the section of pipe. This includes pipe, elbows, tees, coup-
lings, unions, valves, and any additional information inputted into the equivalent length column
of the data file.
f. Start PSIA (Bar): The pressure at the beginning of the section.
g. Term PSIA (Bar): The pressure at the termination of the section.
S/N 30000034
h. Flow Rate: The flow rate through the pipe section.
B. Nozzle Performance
1. Nozzle ID: The identification number given to a specific nozzle.
2. Size: The selected or computed size and schedule of a nozzle.
3. Stock Number: The Chemetron Fire Systems’ stock number for the particular nozzle.
4. Style: The manufacturing designation for the particular configuration of the nozzle.
5. Drill Diameter: The specific drill diameter in inches (mm) for each of the nozzle ports.
6. Drill Size: The industry's designation for a particular drill diameter.
7. FM-200 Discharged: The quantity of FM-200 discharged through a particular nozzle.
Figure 2.4.1.4.B Flow Calc Program - Nozzle Performance
S/N 30000034
8-Port Styles F and G Nozzle Drill Nos/Diameter Charts
3/8 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle 1/2 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle
DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL
DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL
DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA
# # # #
inches mm inches mm inches mm inches mm
48 0.0760 1.930 33 0.1130 2.870 41 0.0960 2.438 23 0.1540 3.912
5/64 0.0781 1.984 32 0.1160 2.946 40 0.0980 2.489 5/32 0.1562 3.967
47 0.0785 1.994 31 0.1200 3.048 39 0.0995 2.527 22 0.1570 3.988
46 0.0810 2.057 1/8 0.1250 3.175 38 0.1015 2.578 21 0.1590 4.039
45 0.0820 2.083 30 0.1285 3.264 37 0.1040 2.642 20 0.1610 4.089
44 0.0860 2.184 29 0.1360 3.454 36 0.1065 2.705 19 0.1660 4.216
43 0.0890 2.261 28 0.1405 3.569 7/64 0.1094 2.779 18 0.1695 4.305
42 0.0935 2.375 9/64 0.1406 3.571 35 0.1100 2.794 11/64 0.1719 4.366
3/32 0.0938 2.383 27 0.1440 3.658 34 0.1110 2.819 17 0.1730 4.394
41 0.0960 2.438 26 0.1470 3.734 33 0.1130 2.870 16 0.1770 4.496
40 0.0980 2.489 25 0.1495 3.797 32 0.1160 2.946 15 0.1800 4.572
39 0.0995 2.527 24 0.1520 3.861 31 0.1200 3.048 14 0.1820 4.623
38 0.1015 2.578 23 0.1540 3.912 1/8 0.1250 3.175 13 0.1850 4.699
37 0.1040 2.642 5/32 0.1562 3.967 30 0.1285 3.264 3/16 0.1875 4.763
36 0.1065 2.705 22 0.1570 3.988 29 0.1360 3.454 12 0.1890 4.801
7/64 0.1094 2.779 21 0.1590 4.039 28 0.1405 3.569 11 0.1910 4.851
35 0.1100 2.794 20 0.1610 4.089 9/64 0.1406 3.571 10 0.1935 4.915
34 0.1110 2.819 27 0.1440 3.658 9 0.1960 4.978
26 0.1470 3.734 8 0.1990 5.055
25 0.1495 3.797 7 0.2010 5.105
24 0.1520 3.861 13/64 0.2031 5.159
NOTE
NOZZLE ORIFICES ARE DRILLED USING STANDARD WIRE GAUGE AND FRACTIONAL DRILLS. THE TABLES ON THIS
PAGE SHOW THE STANDARD DRILL SIZES AND NOMINAL DIAMETERS IN INCHES AND MILLIMETERS. IF METRIC UNITS
ARE CHOSEN IN THE COMPUTER PROGRAM, NOZZLE ORIFICE DIAMETERS WILL BE GIVEN IN INCHES. EVEN THOUGH
THE METRIC OPTION IS CHOSEN, THE CALCULATION WILL BE PERFORMED IN ENGLISH UNITS AND THE NOZZLES
MUST BE ORDERED IN ENGLISH UNITS (INCHES).
S/N 30000034
3/4 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle 1 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle
DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL
DRILL DRILL
# DIA DIA # DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA
# #
1/8 0.1250 3.175 11 0.1910 4.851 21 0.1590 4.039 A 0.2340 5.944
30 0.1285 3.264 10 0.1935 4.915 20 0.1610 4.089 15/64 0.2344 5.954
29 0.1360 3.454 9 0.1960 4.978 19 0.1660 4.216 B 0.2380 6.045
28 0.1405 3.569 8 0.1990 5.055 18 0.1695 4.305 C 0.2420 6.147
9/64 0.1406 3.571 7 0.2010 5.105 11/64 0.1719 4.366 D 0.2460 6.248
27 0.1440 3.658 13/64 0.2031 5.159 17 0.1730 4.394 E 0.2500 6.350
26 0.1470 3.734 6 0.2040 5.182 16 0.1770 4.496 F 0.2570 6.528
25 0.1495 3.797 5 0.2055 5.220 15 0.1800 4.572 G 0.2610 6.629
24 0.1520 3.861 4 0.2090 5.309 14 0.1820 4.623 17/64 0.2656 6.746
23 0.1540 3.912 3 0.2130 5.410 13 0.1850 4.699 H 0.2660 6.756
5/32 0.1562 3.967 7/32 0.2188 5.558 3/16 0.1875 4.763 I 0.2720 6.909
22 0.1570 3.988 2 0.2210 5.613 12 0.1890 4.801 J 0.2770 7.036
21 0.1590 4.039 1 0.2280 5.791 11 0.1910 4.851 K 0.2810 7.137
20 0.1610 4.089 A 0.2340 5.944 10 0.1935 4.915 9/32 0.2812 7.142
19 0.1660 4.216 15/64 0.2344 5.954 9 0.1960 4.978 L 0.2900 7.366
18 0.1695 4.305 B 0.2380 6.045 8 0.1990 5.055 M 0.2950 7.493
11/64 0.1719 4.366 C 0.2420 6.147 7 0.2010 5.105 19/64 0.2969 7.541
17 0.1730 4.394 D 0.2460 6.248 13/64 0.2031 5.159 N 0.3020 7.671
16 0.1770 4.496 E 0.2500 6.350 6 0.2040 5.182 5/16 0.3125 7.938
15 0.1800 4.572 F 0.2570 6.528 5 0.2055 5.220 O 0.3160 8.026
14 0.1820 4.623 G 0.2610 6.629 4 0.2090 5.309 P 0.3230 8.204
13 0.1850 4.699 17/64 0.2656 6.746 3 0.2130 5.410 21/64 0.3281 8.334
3/16 0.1875 4.763 H 0.2660 6.756 7/32 0.2188 5.558 Q 0.3320 8.433
12 0.1890 4.801 2 0.2210 5.613 R 0.3390 8.611
1 0.2280 5.791
NOTE
S/N 30000034
1-1/4 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle 1-1/2 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle
DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL DRILL
DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA DIA
# # # #
4 0.2090 5.309 N 0.3020 7.671 D 0.2460 6.248 11/32 0.3438 8.733
3 0.2130 5.410 5/16 0.3125 7.938 E 0.2500 6.350 S 0.3480 8.839
7/32 0.2188 5.558 O 0.3160 8.026 F 0.2570 6.528 T 0.3580 9.093
2 0.2210 5.613 P 0.3230 8.204 G 0.2610 6.629 23/64 0.3594 9.129
1 0.2280 5.791 21/64 0.3281 8.334 17/64 0.2656 6.746 U 0.3680 9.347
A 0.2340 5.944 Q 0.3320 8.433 H 0.2660 6.756 3/8 0.3750 9.525
15/64 0.2344 5.954 R 0.3390 8.611 I 0.2720 6.909 V 0.3770 9.576
B 0.2380 6.045 11/32 0.3438 8.733 J 0.2770 7.036 W 0.3860 9.804
C 0.2420 6.147 S 0.3480 8.839 K 0.2810 7.137 25/64 0.3906 9.921
D 0.2460 6.248 T 0.3580 9.093 9/32 0.2812 7.142 X 0.3970 10.084
E 0.2500 6.350 23/64 0.3594 9.129 L 0.2900 7.366 Y 0.4040 10.262
F 0.2570 6.528 U 0.3680 9.347 M 0.2950 7.493 13/32 0.4062 10.317
G 0.2610 6.629 3/8 0.3750 9.525 19/64 0.2969 7.541 Z 0.4130 10.490
17/64 0.2656 6.746 V 0.3770 9.576 N 0.3020 7.671 27/64 0.4219 10.716
H 0.2660 6.756 W 0.3860 9.804 5/16 0.3125 7.938 7/16 0.4375 11.113
I 0.2720 6.909 25/64 0.3906 9.921 O 0.3160 8.026 29/64 0.4531 11.509
J 0.2770 7.036 X 0.3970 10.084 P 0.3230 8.204 15/32 0.4688 11.908
K 0.2810 7.137 Y 0.4040 10.262 21/64 0.3281 8.334 31/64 0.4844 12.304
9/32 0.2812 7.142 13/32 0.4062 10.317 Q 0.3320 8.433 1/2 0.5000 12.700
L 0.2900 7.366 Z 0.4130 10.490 R 0.3390 8.611 33/64 0.5156 13.096
M 0.2950 7.493 27/64 0.4219 10.716
19/64 0.2969 7.541 7/16 0.4375 11.113
NOTE
S/N 30000034
2 inch 8-Port Styles F & G Nozzle

DRILL # DIA DIA DRILL # DIA DIA
inches mm inches mm
5/16 0.3125 7.938 Z 0.4130 10.490
O 0.3160 8.026 27/64 0.4219 10.716
P 0.3230 8.204 7/16 0.4375 11.113
21/64 0.3281 8.334 29/64 0.4531 11.509
Q 0.3320 8.433 15/32 0.4688 11.908
R 0.3390 8.611 31/64 0.4844 12.304
11/32 0.3438 8.733 1/2 0.5000 12.700
S 0.3480 8.839 33/64 0.5156 13.096
T 0.3580 9.093 17/32 0.5312 13.492
23/64 0.3594 9.129 35/64 0.5469 13.891
U 0.3680 9.347 9/16 0.5625 14.290
3/8 0.3750 9.525 37/64 0.5781 14.684
V 0.3770 9.576 19/32 0.5938 15.083
W 0.3860 9.804 39/64 0.6094 15.479
25/64 0.3906 9.921 5/8 0.6250 15.875
X 0.3970 10.084 41/64 0.6406 16.271
Y 0.4040 10.262 21/32 0.6562 16.667
13/32 0.4062 10.317 43/64 0.6719 17.066
NOTE
S/N 30000034
C. Hazard Concentration Results
1. Hazard: The designation for each area inputted.
2. Room Volume: The dimensional volume of a particular hazard.
3. Pounds (Kgs) Discharged: The quantity of FM-200 that was discharged into a particular hazard
area.
4. Concentration Requested: Based on the data input, the desired concentration.
5. Concentration Achieved: Based on the results of the calculation, the concentration that was
achieved.
Figure 2.4.1.4.C Flow Calc Program - Hazard Concentration Results
S/N 30000034
Figure 2.4.1.4.D Flow Calc Program - Error Messages
D. Error Messages
This screen will display various piping model input errors and/or system calculation errors. The
following is a list of system design errors that may appear.
1. ERROR--CYLINDER FILL DENSITY IS GREATER THAN 70 (1121.4 KG/M3).
2. ERROR--CYLINDER FILL DENSITY IS LESS THAN 35 (560.7 KG/M3).
3. ERROR--MORE THAN 299 PIPE SECTIONS.
4. ERROR--DATA INPUT FILE IS INCOMPLETE.
5. FIXED PIPE SIZE IN NOZZLE SECTION ## - ##. NOZZLE SECTION MAY NOT BE GREATER
THAN 2 INCH (50 MM) PIPE.
6. PIPE DATA SECTIONS ARE OUT OF ORDER -- CORRECT INPUT FILE.
S/N 30000034
7. ERROR--PIPE SCHEDULE CODE IN SEC ## - ## IS OUTSIDE ACCEPTABLE RANGE. PIPE

DATA CODE IS GIVEN AS ###. CHECK INPUT DATA FILE COLUMN 5(E).
8. ERROR--PIPE DIAMETER CODE MUST BE >0 AND <=15 IN SEC ## - ##. PIPE DIAMETER
CODE FOR THIS SECTION IS ###. DATA FILE IS CORRUPTED.
9. ERROR--IF NOZZLE CODE IS SPECIFIED ALL PIPE SIZES MUST BE SPECIFIED.
10. PIPE SECTION ## - ## HAS MORE THAN ONE TEE.
11. SECTION ## - ## HAS MORE THAN ONE SUPPLY CONNECTION.
12. SECTION ## - ## HAS NO SUPPLY CONNECTION.
13. SEC ## - ## SHOWS TEE WITH NO MATCHING BRANCH.
14. SEC ## - ## AND SEC ## - ## SHOW BRANCHING WITHOUT PROPER TEES.
15. SEC ## - ## AND SEC ## - ## DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH TEES SPECIFIED.
16. ERROR--SEC ## - ## HAS MORE THAN TWO OUTLETS.
17. ERROR--FILL DENSITY F = ###. F NOW AT 2410.
18. ERROR IN DENSITY FILE READ.
19. ERROR IN SPECIFIC FLOW RATE FILE READ.
20. ERROR--MANIFOLD SECTION MAY NOT FEED NOZZLE BRANCH DIRECTLY.
21. PRESSURE DROPS BELOW 59 PSI (4.1 BAR) IN SEC ## - ## (Fatal error during iterative
calculating process -- not a system limit. System limit is 125 PSIA minimum nozzle pressure.)
22. PERCENT IN PIPE CALCULATED AS ###. CHECK FOR FIXED PIPE SIZES, EXTREME
PIPE LENGTHS.
23. ####### ITERATIONS COMPLETED. NOZZLE PRESSURES AND FLOW RATES DO NOT
CONVERGE. ALL PIPE SIZES LEADING TO NOZZLE ### ARE MAXIMUM.
24. PRESSURE ENTERING TEE SEC ## TO ## EXCEEDS FM LIMIT OF 90% OF AVERAGE

CYLINDER PRESSURE. TEE BRANCH IS TOO CLOSE TO CYLINDER MANIFOLD OR PIPE
LEADING TO TEE IS TOO LARGE (for systems using Style G nozzles or a combination of Style
F & G nozzles).
25. PRESSURE ENTERING TEE SEC ## TO ## EXCEEDS UL LIMIT OF 91% AND FM LIMIT
OF 90% OF AVERAGE CYLINDER PRESSURE. TEE BRANCH IS TOO CLOSE TO CYLINDER
MANIFOLD OR PIPE LEADING TO TEE IS TOO LARGE (for systems using only Style F nozzles;
no Style G nozzles).
S/N 30000034
26. PRESSURE ENTERING TEE SEC ## TO ## IS LESS THAN FM LIMIT OF 67.5% OF AVERAGE
CYLINDER PRESSURE. TEE BRANCH IS TOO FAR FROM CYLINDER MANIFOLD.
REDESIGN TO REDUCE PRESSURE DROP FROM MANIFOLD TO TEE INLET (for systems
using Style G nozzles or a combination of Style F & Style G nozzles).
27. PRESSURE ENTERING TEE SEC ## TO ## IS LESS THAN UL LIMIT OF 63% AND FM LIMIT
OF 67.5% OF AVERAGE CYLINDER PRESSURE. TEE BRANCH IS TOO FAR FROM
CYLINDER MANIFOLD. REDESIGN TO REDUCE PRESSURE DROP FROM MANIFOLD
TO TEE INLET (for systems using only Style F nozzles; no Style G nozzles).
28. SEC ## TO ## BULLHEAD TEE MINOR FLOW BRANCH CARRIES ## PERCENT OF FLOW.
MINIMUM BRANCH FLOW FROM BULLHEAD TEE IS 30 PERCENT.
29. SIDE OUTLET TEE BRANCH CARRIES ## PERCENT FLOW. MAXIMUM SIDE OUTLET
BRANCH FLOW IS 35 PERCENT.
30. SEC ## TO ## SIDE OUTLET TEE BRANCH CARRIES ## PERCENT OF FLOW. MAXIMUM
SIDE OUTLET BRANCH FLOW IS 10 PERCENT.
31. NOZZLE ## AREA EQUALS ## % FEED PIPE AREA (LIMIT 1/4 NPT=75%).
32. NOZZLE ## AREA EQUALS ## % FEED PIPE AREA (LIMIT 85%).
33. NOZZLE ## DISCHARGES ## % OF MAXIMUM FEED PIPE FLOW WHICH IS ABOVE

MAXIMUM OF 65%.
34. NOZZLE PRESSURE FOR ### IS BELOW 125 PSIA (7.60 BAR).
35. MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN LIQUID ARRIVAL TIME IS ## (LIMIT IS 1 SECOND.)
36. MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN LIQUID RUN-OUT TIME IS ## (LIMIT IS 2 SECONDS.)
37. DISCHARGE TIME IS OUTSIDE LISTED AND APPROVED RANGE OF 5 TO 10 SECONDS.
38. PERCENT AGENT IN PIPE IS ###. THIS IS OVER MAXIMUM OF 75 PERCENT PERMITTED.
39. PERCENT AGENT IN PIPE IS ##.##%. THIS MEETS UL & ULC LISTING CRITERIA OF 75%
OR LESS BUT EXCEEDS FM APPROVAL LIMIT OF 70%.
40. FLOW RATE IN SEC ## - ## IS LESS THAN ##.# MINIMUM REQUIRED FOR PIPE SIZE.
41. LARGEST PERMITTED NOZZLE SECTION IS 2 INCH (50 MM). SECTION ## - ## IS

LARGER THAN 2 INCH (50 MM).
42. FIXED ORIFICE SYSTEM FAILS TO CONVERGE WITHIN ±3.5%. CONVERGENCE WAS
WITHIN ± ### PERCENT. SYSTEM MUST BE REDESIGNED OR INSTALLATION MUST BE
SUBJECT TO A FULL DISCHARGE TEST TO PROVE PROPER AGENT CONCENTRATION
AND DISTRIBUTION.
S/N 30000034
2.4.1.5 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results

This screen will allow the user to send both the results of the calculation and/or the input data used for
the calculation to either a selected printer or to an ASCII file on a disk drive.
Figure 2.4.1.5 Flow Calc Program - Print Data and Results or Print Output Results
A. Items to Print
1. Input Data Listing: When this option is selected, clicking on the adjacent option box will output
the data file.
2. Calculation Results: The selection of this option will output the results of the calculation.
3. BOM: The mechanical FM-200 system Bill of Material, including pipe and pipe fittings. Once
the BOM has been printed, the system must be recalculated before printing the BOM again.
B. Output Units
1. U.S. Standard: This option will output the required information with standard English units.
2. Metric: This selection will produce a metric unit output.
NOTE
THE INPUT DATA FILE WILL BE OUTPUT IN THE SAME UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AS THAT SELECTED FOR THE DATA
INPUT. THE UNITS USED TO CREATE THE INPUT DATA FILE WILL BE DESIGNATED AS "(CURRENT)" AFTER THE
APPROPRIATE UNITS. IF METRIC OUTPUT UNITS ARE DESIRED, CHECK THE METRIC CHECKBOX, RECALCULATE
AND THEN PRINT - OR VICE VERSA.
S/N 30000034
Figure 2.4.1.5.C Flow Calc Program - Configure Printer
C. Configure Printer
There are numerous types of printers on the market and the program is designed to incorporate a
wide range of printers. It is advisable to click on Configure Printer to verify the current WindowsTM
selected printer.
D. Printer Font
There are virtually hundreds of fonts available in the industry today. Even though the program will
accept and use a number of them, the suggested font is ARIAL. This font is commonly found within
the WindowsTM list of available fonts. However, there are a number of acceptable fonts and by
selecting and trying these fonts, based on the numerous styles and types of printers, Chemetron
cannot assure you of satisfactory results. The printout uses various configurations and sizes to
produce its hard copy printout.
E. Print To File
Should this option be selected, the data requested will be sent to a file on the selected disk drive.
The user will be asked to verify the drive, path, and filename prior to the data being written to the
file. The outputted data will be in Standard ASCII format and may be imported into various programs
for incorporation into drawings, manuals, etc.
S/N 30000034
F. Print
Clicking on this command will start the printing or writing of the selected data.
Figure 2.4.1.5.D Flow Calc Program - Printer Font Selection
2.4.1.6 Clear All Current Data

When this command is executed the current data file will be cleared from all fields to allow for entry of
new data. If the current data file has modifications that have not been saved, the program will prompt
for verification prior to executing the command.
2.4.2 Output
This area will allow the user to export either the data file or calculation results.
2.4.2.1 Print Data and Results

Refer to Section 2.4.1.5.
2.4.3 File Utilities

This is the data file maintenance section of the program.
S/N 30000034
2.4.3.1 Load
An existing data file, stored on a disk drive, may be loaded into the program for modifications or recal-
culation.
Figure 2.4.3.1 Flow Calc Program - Load an existing data file
2.4.3.2 Save
The current data file may be saved to a disk drive for historical information.
2.4.3.3 Delete
A data file may be erased from a disk drive. However, please note that once the data file has been
deleted, it cannot be retrieved.
2.4.4 Exit
The exit button will unload the program and return you to the previous WindowsTM system screen.
2.4.5 Vol/Lbs/% Calc (Vol/Kgs/% Calc)

This calculator may be used anywhere within the data input or calculation results screens, wherever
the command button is visible. The required input is:
A. Temperature: [Defaults at 70°F (21.1°C)]
B. Altitude: (Defaults at 0 feet, sea level)
In addition, two of the remaining three fields must be inputted and the third will be solved. The remaining
three fields are:
S/N 30000034
C. Volume
D. Weight
E. Concentration
For example, if the quantity of agent and the volume are

known, the concentration may be computed. If the volume
and the concentration are known, the amount of FM-200
can be computed. Should the concentration and the
amount of FM-200 be known, the calculator will determine
the volume in which these parameters will fit.
2.4.6 Check Points Figure 2.4.5 Flow Calc Program -

Volume/Weight/Concentration Calculator
Although the computer can provide complete flow
calculations, it cannot exercise the human judgement required to decide if the results are satisfactory.
Obviously, items such as actual pipe length, equivalent lengths, elevation changes, and the types of
tee junctions must be checked against the piping layout drawing and the actual installation.
2.5 Two-Phase Hydraulics

The two-phase flow equation, which is used for calculating pressure drop in FM-200 and Carbon Dioxide
fire extinguishing systems, is a statement of the basic laws of energy conservation. The equation is in
a form particularly suited to calculating flow in systems where the density of the flowing media is constantly
changing. Dr. James Hesson is credited with developing the two-phase flow equation.
2.5.1 Two-Phase Flow Equation

The two-phase flow equation can be derived from the fundamental equation of hydrodynamics known
as Bernoulli’s equation. The following is a qualitative statement of the flow equation:
(1)
Normally, the change in elevation head is zero, so it can be dropped from the above equation. When
a change in elevation is present in a system, the resultant loss or gain in pressure can be calculated
separately from the basic two-phase flow equation. The basic flow equation is as follows:
(2)
S/N 30000034
2.5.1.1 Pressure - Density

It should be apparent that a proper relationship between the pipeline pressure and density needs to be
established in order to use the two-phase flow equation. If one can assume that the heat pick-up from
the pipeline is negligible during the agent discharge, a pressure-density relationship can be established
rather easily fromt he basic thermodynamic properties of the agent. In the case of carbon dioxide, the
calculation is very straight forward. The calculation of the pipeline pressure-density relationship for nitrogen
superpressurized FM-200 is a bit more complicated due to the fact that the nitrogen does dissolve in
the FM-200.
2.5.1.2 Velocity Head

Although the flow equation contains a term that accounts for changes in velocity head due to changing
density, it will not compensate for velocity head changes that are encountered when the flow density
(lbs./sec./sq.in. of pipe area) changes. Such velocity head changes are encountered when there is a
change in pipe size or a change in flow rate due to a junction in the pipeline. The following expression
gives the velocity head energy in PSI:
(3)
2.5.1.3 Maximum Flow Rates

In paragraph 2.5.1 we saw that the flow equation is a statement of balance between pressure, velocity
and friction head. At the end of a pipeline, no more equivalent length need be overcome, and ideally,
the friction head term in equations (1) and (2) should become equal to zero. Therefore, the condition
at the end of the pipeline is one in that any change in pressure head is converted to velocity head. The
maximum flow rate at the end of a pipeline under a given set of pressure-density conditions can be
calculated by setting the velocity head term equal to the pressure head term in equation (1) or (2) and
solving for the flow rate. The calculated maximum pipeline specific flow rates plotted in Figure 1.4.1 of
this manual are based on such consideration. The densities used for this calculation correspond to the
average pipeline densities with a factor added to compensate for velocity effects.
2.5.1.4 Orifice Flow Rate

The subject of orifice flow has been the topic of many books, papers, and dissertations. Although the
orifice is an extremely important part of many systems, it is one of the least understood system com-
ponents. Until recently, orifices used in two-phase systems were rated by means of testing with water
for equivalent area. As the science of predicting the flow of two-phase media in pipelines became more
advanced, the rating of orifices with water for FM-200 systems was found to have major shortcomings.
The method of rating orifices of FM-200 systems described in Section 1.4.2 is intended to replace the
traditional water rating of nozzles. Simply stated, the basis for this method is the postulate that any orifice
or nozzle that is placed at the end of a pipe will necessarily restrict the flow rate less than that which
would issue from the pipe if the orifice or nozzle were not present. Nozzles are rated in terms of the
fraction, in percent, of the theoretical maximum open-end pipeline flow rate that they permit. The flow
rate from a nozzle can be predicted from the following equation:
(4)
S/N 30000034
Where: QNozzle = flow rate with the nozzle in place in lbs./sec.

Code = nozzle rated in percent of maximum feed pipe flow
APipe = the inside cross sectional area of the feed pipe in square inches
RPSI = the theoretical maximum pipeline specific flow rate in lbs./sec./sq.in. for the cal-
culated pressure-density condition at the total terminal pressure (PSI). The total
terminal pressure (PSI) is the sum of the static pressure form equation (2) and
the velocity head pressure calculated from equation (3).
The total terminal pressure must be used since it is the measure of energy available to drive the flowing
media from the orifice(s). (See Sections 1.4.1 and 1.4.2).
S/N 30000034
APPENDIX
This appendix documents six calculation examples. Examples 1 & 6 utilize a Beta cylinder and
Examples 2, 3, 4, & 5 utilize Gamma cylinders. Example 6 was calculated using Metric units
of measure. Preceding each program example are the initial data acquisition worksheets.
S/N 30000034
APPENDIX - EXAMPLE #1
Concentration Required: 6.25 % PAGE 1
FM-200 Surface Fire Requirements
PROJECT: Manual Example #1 DATE: 1/1/04
HAZARD: Room ENGR. MR
VOLUME
13.5' Lx 13.5' W = 182.25 Sq Ft x 10' H= 1822.5 Cu Ft
Lx W = Sq Ft x H= Cu Ft
Total = 182.25 Sq Ft 1822.5 Cu Ft
FM-200 REQUIRED (REFER TO TABLES BELOW AND/OR THE EQUATION AS NOTED ON PAGE 2)
1822.5 Cu Ft x .0302 (concentration factor) = 55.04 Lbs
55.04 Lbs x 1 (altitude correction factor) = 55.04 Lbs
Total Pounds Required = 56
STORAGE REQUIRED
56 Lbs Req’d / 1 # of Cylinders = 56 Lbs/Cylinder
1 Cylinders Main & 0 Cylinders Reserve
Qty Cylinder Minimum Fill Maximum Fill Qty Cylinder Minimum Fill Maximum Fill
Used Size Lbs (Kgs) Lbs (Kgs) Used Type Lbs (Kgs) Lbs (Kgs)
ALPHA BETA
10 Lb 6 (2.7) 12 (5.4) 40 Lb 21 (9.5) 41 (18.6)
20 Lb 12 (5.4) 23 (10.4) 55 Lb 28 (12.7) 55 (24.9)
GAMMA 95 Lb 48 (21.8) 96 (43.5)
150 Lb 82 (37.2) 163 (73.9) SIGMA
250 Lb 138 (62.6) 274 (124.3) 600 Lb 304 (137.9) 607 (275.3)
400 Lb 211 (95.7) 421 (191.0) 750 Lb 455 (206.4) 910 (412.8)
500 Lb 282 (127.9) 500 (226.8) 1000 Lb 620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
S/N 30000034
FM-200 (HFC-227ea) Total Flooding Quantity Elevation Correction Factors

US Standard (Metric) Enclosure
Altitude Correction
FM-200 Weight Requirements of Hazard Pressure
Factor
Volume
Temperature
Ft Km PSIA cm Hg
FM-200
Specific -3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11
(t)
Vapor -2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

Volumes FM-200 Concentration (C) [% by volume]
-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04
6.25% 7.00% 8% 0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00
°F °C ft3/lb m3/kg lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 lb/ft3 kg/m3 1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96
10 -10.0 1.9264 0.1215 0.0346 0.5487 0.0391 0.6196 0.0451 0.7158 2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93
3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89
20 -5.0 1.9736 0.1241 0.0338 0.5372 0.0381 0.6064 0.0441 0.7005
4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86
30 0 2.0210 0.1268 0.0330 0.5258 0.0372 0.5936 0.0430 0.6858
5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82
40 5.0 2.0678 0.1294 0.0322 0.5152 0.0364 0.5816 0.0421 0.6719 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78
50 10.0 2.1146 0.1320 0.0315 0.5051 0.0356 0.5700 0.0411 0.6585 7,000 2.13 11.03 59.6 0.75
60 15.0 2.1612 0.1347 0.0308 0.4949 0.0348 0.5589 0.0402 0.6457 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72
9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69
70 20.0 2.2075 0.1373 0.0302 0.4856 0.0341 0.5483 0.0394 0.6335
10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66
80 25.0 2.2538 0.1399 0.0296 0.4765 0.0334 0.5382 0.0386 0.6217
NOTE: Multiply the correction factor by the
90 30.0 2.2994 0.1425 0.0290 0.4678 0.0327 0.5284 0.0378 0.6104
sea level design quantity of FM-200 to
100 35.0 2.3452 0.1450 0.0284 0.4598 0.0321 0.5190 0.0371 0.5996 obtain the correct quantity for a given alti-
tude.
110 40.0 2.3912 0.1476 0.0279 0.4517 0.0315 0.5099 0.0364 0.5891
120 45.0 2.4366 0.1502 0.0274 0.4439 0.0309 0.5012 0.0357 0.5790
130 50.0 2.4820 0.1527 0.0269 0.4367 0.0303 0.4929 0.0350 0.5694
140 55.0 2.5272 0.1553 0.0264 0.4293 0.0298 0.4847 0.0344 0.5600
150 60.0 2.5727 0.1578 0.0259 0.4225 0.0293 0.4770 0.0338 0.5510
160 65.0 2.6171 0.1604 0.0255 0.4156 0.0288 0.4694 0.0332 0.5423
170 70.0 2.6624 0.1629 0.0250 0.4092 0.0283 0.4261 0.0327 0.5338
180 75.0 2.7071 0.1654 0.0246 0.4031 0.0278 0.4550 0.0321 0.5257
190 80.0 2.7518 0.1679 0.0242 0.3971 0.0274 0.4482 0.0316 0.5178
200 85.0 2.7954 0.1704 0.0238 0.3912 0.0269 0.4416 0.0311 0.5102
S/N 30000034
Isometric Drawing for the system flow calculation detailed in Example 1.
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 1 Refer to Section 2.4.1.1 - System Information.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 2 Refer to Section 2.4.1.2 - Hazard Data.
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 3 Refer to Section 2.4.1.3 - Piping Information. At the completion and verification of
the inputted data, the current data should be saved (refer to Section 2.4.3.2 - Save). The data is then ready to
Calculate and Display (refer to Section 2.4.1.4 - Calculate and Display Results). The next 5 screens illustrate
the results of the calculation.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 4 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.A - Calculation Results.
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 5 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.B - Nozzle Performance.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 6 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.C - Hazard Concentration Results.
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 7 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.D - Error Messages.
EXAMPLE #1 - Figure 8 Refer to Section 2.4.1.5 - Print Data and Results or Print Output Results.
S/N 30000034
VOLUME
25.0' Lx 23.1' W = 577.5 Sq Ft x 10' H= 5775 Cu Ft
Total = 577.5 Sq Ft 5775 Cu Ft
5775 Cu Ft x .0302 (concentration factor) = 174.41 Lbs
STORAGE REQUIRED
ALPHA BETA
10 Lb 6 (2.7) 12 (5.4) 40 Lb 21 (9.5) 41 (18.6)
20 Lb 12 (5.4) 23 (10.4) 55 Lb 28 (12.7) 55 (24.9)
GAMMA 95 Lb 48 (21.8) 96 (43.5)
150 Lb 82 (37.2) 163 (73.9) SIGMA
250 Lb 138 (62.6) 274 (124.3) 600 Lb 304 (137.9) 607 (275.3)
400 Lb 211 (95.7) 421 (191.0) 750 Lb 455 (206.4) 910 (412.8)
500 Lb 282 (127.9) 500 (226.8) 1000 Lb 620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
S/N 30000034

Altitude Correction
Factor
Volume
Temperature
Ft Km PSIA cm Hg
FM-200
Specific -3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11
(t)
Vapor -2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04
6.25% 7.00% 8% 0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00
°F °C 3
ft /lb 3
m /kg lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m 3 1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96
10 -10.0 1.9264 0.1215 0.0346 0.5487 0.0391 0.6196 0.0451 0.7158 2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93
3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89
20 -5.0 1.9736 0.1241 0.0338 0.5372 0.0381 0.6064 0.0441 0.7005
4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86
30 0 2.0210 0.1268 0.0330 0.5258 0.0372 0.5936 0.0430 0.6858
5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82
40 5.0 2.0678 0.1294 0.0322 0.5152 0.0364 0.5816 0.0421 0.6719 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78
50 10.0 2.1146 0.1320 0.0315 0.5051 0.0356 0.5700 0.0411 0.6585 7,000 2.13 11.03 59.6 0.75
60 15.0 2.1612 0.1347 0.0308 0.4949 0.0348 0.5589 0.0402 0.6457 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72
9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69
70 20.0 2.2075 0.1373 0.0302 0.4856 0.0341 0.5483 0.0394 0.6335
10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66
80 25.0 2.2538 0.1399 0.0296 0.4765 0.0334 0.5382 0.0386 0.6217
90 30.0 2.2994 0.1425 0.0290 0.4678 0.0327 0.5284 0.0378 0.6104
tude.
110 40.0 2.3912 0.1476 0.0279 0.4517 0.0315 0.5099 0.0364 0.5891
120 45.0 2.4366 0.1502 0.0274 0.4439 0.0309 0.5012 0.0357 0.5790
130 50.0 2.4820 0.1527 0.0269 0.4367 0.0303 0.4929 0.0350 0.5694
140 55.0 2.5272 0.1553 0.0264 0.4293 0.0298 0.4847 0.0344 0.5600
150 60.0 2.5727 0.1578 0.0259 0.4225 0.0293 0.4770 0.0338 0.5510
160 65.0 2.6171 0.1604 0.0255 0.4156 0.0288 0.4694 0.0332 0.5423
170 70.0 2.6624 0.1629 0.0250 0.4092 0.0283 0.4261 0.0327 0.5338
180 75.0 2.7071 0.1654 0.0246 0.4031 0.0278 0.4550 0.0321 0.5257
190 80.0 2.7518 0.1679 0.0242 0.3971 0.0274 0.4482 0.0316 0.5178
200 85.0 2.7954 0.1704 0.0238 0.3912 0.0269 0.4416 0.0311 0.5102
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
VOLUME
Lx W = Sq Ft x H= 20590 Cu Ft
Total = Sq Ft 20590 Cu Ft
STORAGE REQUIRED
ALPHA BETA
10 Lb 6 (2.7) 12 (5.4) 40 Lb 21 (9.5) 41 (18.6)
20 Lb 12 (5.4) 23 (10.4) 55 Lb 28 (12.7) 55 (24.9)
GAMMA 95 Lb 48 (21.8) 96 (43.5)
150 Lb 82 (37.2) 163 (73.9) SIGMA
250 Lb 138 (62.6) 274 (124.3) 600 Lb 304 (137.9) 607 (275.3)
400 Lb 211 (95.7) 421 (191.0) 750 Lb 455 (206.4) 910 (412.8)
500 Lb 282 (127.9) 500 (226.8) 1000 Lb 620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
S/N 30000034

Altitude Correction
Factor
Volume
Temperature
Ft Km PSIA cm Hg
FM-200
Specific -3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11
(t)
Vapor -2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04
6.25% 7.00% 8% 0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00
°F °C 3
ft /lb 3
m /kg lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m 3 1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96
10 -10.0 1.9264 0.1215 0.0346 0.5487 0.0391 0.6196 0.0451 0.7158 2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93
3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89
20 -5.0 1.9736 0.1241 0.0338 0.5372 0.0381 0.6064 0.0441 0.7005
4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86
30 0 2.0210 0.1268 0.0330 0.5258 0.0372 0.5936 0.0430 0.6858
5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82
40 5.0 2.0678 0.1294 0.0322 0.5152 0.0364 0.5816 0.0421 0.6719 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78
50 10.0 2.1146 0.1320 0.0315 0.5051 0.0356 0.5700 0.0411 0.6585 7,000 2.13 11.03 59.6 0.75
60 15.0 2.1612 0.1347 0.0308 0.4949 0.0348 0.5589 0.0402 0.6457 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72
9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69
70 20.0 2.2075 0.1373 0.0302 0.4856 0.0341 0.5483 0.0394 0.6335
10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66
80 25.0 2.2538 0.1399 0.0296 0.4765 0.0334 0.5382 0.0386 0.6217
90 30.0 2.2994 0.1425 0.0290 0.4678 0.0327 0.5284 0.0378 0.6104
tude.
110 40.0 2.3912 0.1476 0.0279 0.4517 0.0315 0.5099 0.0364 0.5891
120 45.0 2.4366 0.1502 0.0274 0.4439 0.0309 0.5012 0.0357 0.5790
130 50.0 2.4820 0.1527 0.0269 0.4367 0.0303 0.4929 0.0350 0.5694
140 55.0 2.5272 0.1553 0.0264 0.4293 0.0298 0.4847 0.0344 0.5600
150 60.0 2.5727 0.1578 0.0259 0.4225 0.0293 0.4770 0.0338 0.5510
160 65.0 2.6171 0.1604 0.0255 0.4156 0.0288 0.4694 0.0332 0.5423
170 70.0 2.6624 0.1629 0.0250 0.4092 0.0283 0.4261 0.0327 0.5338
180 75.0 2.7071 0.1654 0.0246 0.4031 0.0278 0.4550 0.0321 0.5257
190 80.0 2.7518 0.1679 0.0242 0.3971 0.0274 0.4482 0.0316 0.5178
200 85.0 2.7954 0.1704 0.0238 0.3912 0.0269 0.4416 0.0311 0.5102
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
VOLUME
24' Lx 24' W = 576 Sq Ft x 10' H= 5760 Cu Ft
24' Lx 24' W = 576 Sq Ft x 1' H= 576 Cu Ft
Total = 1152 Sq Ft 6336 Cu Ft
STORAGE REQUIRED
ALPHA BETA
10 Lb 6 (2.7) 12 (5.4) 40 Lb 21 (9.5) 41 (18.6)
20 Lb 12 (5.4) 23 (10.4) 55 Lb 28 (12.7) 55 (24.9)
GAMMA 95 Lb 48 (21.8) 96 (43.5)
150 Lb 82 (37.2) 163 (73.9) SIGMA
250 Lb 138 (62.6) 274 (124.3) 600 Lb 304 (137.9) 607 (275.3)
400 Lb 211 (95.7) 421 (191.0) 750 Lb 455 (206.4) 910 (412.8)
500 Lb 282 (127.9) 500 (226.8) 1000 Lb 620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
S/N 30000034

Altitude Correction
Factor
Volume
Temperature
Ft Km PSIA cm Hg
FM-200
Specific -3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11
(t)
Vapor -2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04
6.25% 7.00% 8% 0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00
°F °C 3
ft /lb 3
m /kg lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m 3 1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96
10 -10.0 1.9264 0.1215 0.0346 0.5487 0.0391 0.6196 0.0451 0.7158 2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93
3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89
20 -5.0 1.9736 0.1241 0.0338 0.5372 0.0381 0.6064 0.0441 0.7005
4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86
30 0 2.0210 0.1268 0.0330 0.5258 0.0372 0.5936 0.0430 0.6858
5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82
40 5.0 2.0678 0.1294 0.0322 0.5152 0.0364 0.5816 0.0421 0.6719 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78
50 10.0 2.1146 0.1320 0.0315 0.5051 0.0356 0.5700 0.0411 0.6585 7,000 2.13 11.03 59.6 0.75
60 15.0 2.1612 0.1347 0.0308 0.4949 0.0348 0.5589 0.0402 0.6457 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72
9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69
70 20.0 2.2075 0.1373 0.0302 0.4856 0.0341 0.5483 0.0394 0.6335
10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66
80 25.0 2.2538 0.1399 0.0296 0.4765 0.0334 0.5382 0.0386 0.6217
90 30.0 2.2994 0.1425 0.0290 0.4678 0.0327 0.5284 0.0378 0.6104
tude.
110 40.0 2.3912 0.1476 0.0279 0.4517 0.0315 0.5099 0.0364 0.5891
120 45.0 2.4366 0.1502 0.0274 0.4439 0.0309 0.5012 0.0357 0.5790
130 50.0 2.4820 0.1527 0.0269 0.4367 0.0303 0.4929 0.0350 0.5694
140 55.0 2.5272 0.1553 0.0264 0.4293 0.0298 0.4847 0.0344 0.5600
150 60.0 2.5727 0.1578 0.0259 0.4225 0.0293 0.4770 0.0338 0.5510
160 65.0 2.6171 0.1604 0.0255 0.4156 0.0288 0.4694 0.0332 0.5423
170 70.0 2.6624 0.1629 0.0250 0.4092 0.0283 0.4261 0.0327 0.5338
180 75.0 2.7071 0.1654 0.0246 0.4031 0.0278 0.4550 0.0321 0.5257
190 80.0 2.7518 0.1679 0.0242 0.3971 0.0274 0.4482 0.0316 0.5178
200 85.0 2.7954 0.1704 0.0238 0.3912 0.0269 0.4416 0.0311 0.5102
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
HAZARD: Rooms ENGR. RM
VOLUME
9' Lx 16' W = 144 Sq Ft x 10' H= 1440 Cu Ft
16' Lx 20' W = 320 Sq Ft x 10' H= 3200 Cu Ft
18' Lx 20' W = 360 Sq Ft x 10' H= 3600 Cu Ft
9' Lx 20' W = 180 Sq Ft x 10' H= 1800 Cu Ft
Total = 980 Sq Ft 10040 Cu Ft
STORAGE REQUIRED
ALPHA BETA
10 Lb 6 (2.7) 12 (5.4) 40 Lb 21 (9.5) 41 (18.6)
20 Lb 12 (5.4) 23 (10.4) 55 Lb 28 (12.7) 55 (24.9)
GAMMA 95 Lb 48 (21.8) 96 (43.5)
150 Lb 82 (37.2) 163 (73.9) SIGMA
250 Lb 138 (62.6) 274 (124.3) 600 Lb 304 (137.9) 607 (275.3)
400 Lb 211 (95.7) 421 (191.0) 750 Lb 455 (206.4) 910 (412.8)
500 Lb 282 (127.9) 500 (226.8) 1000 Lb 620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
S/N 30000034

Altitude Correction
Factor
Volume
Temperature
Ft Km PSIA cm Hg
FM-200
Specific -3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11
(t)
Vapor -2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04
6.25% 7.00% 8% 0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00
°F °C 3
ft /lb 3
m /kg lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m 3 1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96
10 -10.0 1.9264 0.1215 0.0346 0.5487 0.0391 0.6196 0.0451 0.7158 2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93
3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89
20 -5.0 1.9736 0.1241 0.0338 0.5372 0.0381 0.6064 0.0441 0.7005
4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86
30 0 2.0210 0.1268 0.0330 0.5258 0.0372 0.5936 0.0430 0.6858
5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82
40 5.0 2.0678 0.1294 0.0322 0.5152 0.0364 0.5816 0.0421 0.6719 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78
50 10.0 2.1146 0.1320 0.0315 0.5051 0.0356 0.5700 0.0411 0.6585 7,000 2.13 11.03 59.6 0.75
60 15.0 2.1612 0.1347 0.0308 0.4949 0.0348 0.5589 0.0402 0.6457 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72
9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69
70 20.0 2.2075 0.1373 0.0302 0.4856 0.0341 0.5483 0.0394 0.6335
10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66
80 25.0 2.2538 0.1399 0.0296 0.4765 0.0334 0.5382 0.0386 0.6217
90 30.0 2.2994 0.1425 0.0290 0.4678 0.0327 0.5284 0.0378 0.6104
tude.
110 40.0 2.3912 0.1476 0.0279 0.4517 0.0315 0.5099 0.0364 0.5891
120 45.0 2.4366 0.1502 0.0274 0.4439 0.0309 0.5012 0.0357 0.5790
130 50.0 2.4820 0.1527 0.0269 0.4367 0.0303 0.4929 0.0350 0.5694
140 55.0 2.5272 0.1553 0.0264 0.4293 0.0298 0.4847 0.0344 0.5600
150 60.0 2.5727 0.1578 0.0259 0.4225 0.0293 0.4770 0.0338 0.5510
160 65.0 2.6171 0.1604 0.0255 0.4156 0.0288 0.4694 0.0332 0.5423
170 70.0 2.6624 0.1629 0.0250 0.4092 0.0283 0.4261 0.0327 0.5338
180 75.0 2.7071 0.1654 0.0246 0.4031 0.0278 0.4550 0.0321 0.5257
190 80.0 2.7518 0.1679 0.0242 0.3971 0.0274 0.4482 0.0316 0.5178
200 85.0 2.7954 0.1704 0.0238 0.3912 0.0269 0.4416 0.0311 0.5102
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
VOLUME
4.1 M Lx 4.1 M W = 16.81 Sq M x 3.1 M H= 52.11 Cu M
Lx W = Sq M x H= Cu M
Lx W = Sq M x H= Cu M
Total = 16.81 Sq M 52.11 Cu M
52.11 Cu M x .4856 (concentration factor) = 25.30 Kgs
25.30 Kgs x 1 (altitude correction factor) = 25.30 Kgs
Total Kilograms Required = 26
STORAGE REQUIRED
26 Kgs Req’d / 1 # of Cylinders = 26 Kgs/Cylinder
ALPHA BETA
10 Lb 6 (2.7) 12 (5.4) 40 Lb 21 (9.5) 41 (18.6)
20 Lb 12 (5.4) 23 (10.4) 55 Lb 28 (12.7) 55 (24.9)
GAMMA 95 Lb 48 (21.8) 96 (43.5)
150 Lb 82 (37.2) 163 (73.9) SIGMA
250 Lb 138 (62.6) 274 (124.3) 600 Lb 304 (137.9) 607 (275.3)
400 Lb 211 (95.7) 421 (191.0) 750 Lb 455 (206.4) 910 (412.8)
500 Lb 282 (127.9) 500 (226.8) 1000 Lb 620 (281.2) 1,000 (562.0)
S/N 30000034

Altitude Correction
Factor
Volume
Temperature
Ft Km PSIA cm Hg
FM-200
Specific -3,000 -0.92 16.25 84.0 1.11
(t)
Vapor -2,000 -0.61 15.71 81.2 1.07

-1,000 -0.30 15.23 78.7 1.04
6.25% 7.00% 8% 0 0 14.71 76.0 1.00
°F °C 3
ft /lb 3
m /kg lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m3
lb/ft 3
kg/m 3 1,000 0.30 14.18 73.3 0.96
10 -10.0 1.9264 0.1215 0.0346 0.5487 0.0391 0.6196 0.0451 0.7158 2,000 0.61 13.64 70.5 0.93
3,000 0.92 13.12 67.8 0.89
20 -5.0 1.9736 0.1241 0.0338 0.5372 0.0381 0.6064 0.0441 0.7005
4,000 1.22 12.58 65.0 0.86
30 0 2.0210 0.1268 0.0330 0.5258 0.0372 0.5936 0.0430 0.6858
5,000 1.52 12.04 62.2 0.82
40 5.0 2.0678 0.1294 0.0322 0.5152 0.0364 0.5816 0.0421 0.6719 6,000 1.83 11.53 59.6 0.78
50 10.0 2.1146 0.1320 0.0315 0.5051 0.0356 0.5700 0.0411 0.6585 7,000 2.13 11.03 59.6 0.75
60 15.0 2.1612 0.1347 0.0308 0.4949 0.0348 0.5589 0.0402 0.6457 8,000 2.44 10.64 55.0 0.72
9,000 2.74 10.22 52.8 0.69
70 20.0 2.2075 0.1373 0.0302 0.4856 0.0341 0.5483 0.0394 0.6335
10,000 3.05 9.77 50.5 0.66
80 25.0 2.2538 0.1399 0.0296 0.4765 0.0334 0.5382 0.0386 0.6217
90 30.0 2.2994 0.1425 0.0290 0.4678 0.0327 0.5284 0.0378 0.6104
tude.
110 40.0 2.3912 0.1476 0.0279 0.4517 0.0315 0.5099 0.0364 0.5891
120 45.0 2.4366 0.1502 0.0274 0.4439 0.0309 0.5012 0.0357 0.5790
130 50.0 2.4820 0.1527 0.0269 0.4367 0.0303 0.4929 0.0350 0.5694
140 55.0 2.5272 0.1553 0.0264 0.4293 0.0298 0.4847 0.0344 0.5600
150 60.0 2.5727 0.1578 0.0259 0.4225 0.0293 0.4770 0.0338 0.5510
160 65.0 2.6171 0.1604 0.0255 0.4156 0.0288 0.4694 0.0332 0.5423
170 70.0 2.6624 0.1629 0.0250 0.4092 0.0283 0.4261 0.0327 0.5338
180 75.0 2.7071 0.1654 0.0246 0.4031 0.0278 0.4550 0.0321 0.5257
190 80.0 2.7518 0.1679 0.0242 0.3971 0.0274 0.4482 0.0316 0.5178
200 85.0 2.7954 0.1704 0.0238 0.3912 0.0269 0.4416 0.0311 0.5102
S/N 30000034
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 1 Refer to Section 2.4.1.1 - System Information. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS.
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 2 Refer to Section 2.4.1.2 - Hazard Data. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC DESIGNATIONS.
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 3 Refer to Section 2.4.1.3 - Piping Information. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS. At the completion and verification of the inputted data, the current data should be saved
(refer to Section 2.4.3.2 - Save). The data is then ready to Calculate and Display (refer to Section 2.4.1.4 -
Calculate and Display Results). The next 5 screens illustrate the results of the calculation.
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 4 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.A - Calculation Results. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS.
S/N 30000034
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 5 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.B - Nozzle Performance. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN ARE METRIC
DESIGNATIONS.
EXAMPLE #6 - Figure 6 Refer to Section 2.4.1.4.C - Hazard Concentration Results. UNITS OF MEASURE SHOWN
ARE METRIC DESIGNATIONS.
S/N 30000034
Chemetron Fire Systems and Cardox are registered trademarks of Chemetron Fire Systems.
FM-200 is a registered trademark of Chemtura, Inc.
These instructions do not purport to cover all the details or variations in the
equipment described, nor do they provide for every possible contingency to be
met in connection with design, installation, operation and maintenance. All
specifications subject to change without notice. Should further information be
desired or should particular problems arise that are not covered sufficiently for
the purchaser’s purposes, the matter should be referred to CHEMETRON FIRE
SYSTEMS, Matteson, IL.
S/N 30000034 5/26/2006 Rev. K ©2006 Chemetron Fire Systems

Printed in USA

Chemetron Manual FM 200 Flow Calc

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Chemetron Manual FM 200 Flow Calc

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FM-200™

Issued November 15, 1995

1 FM-200 SYSTEM DESIGN 1

2.1 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Original . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 15, 1995

Section Number Page Numbers Revision Date

Copyright © 2006 Chemetron Fire Systems. All Rights Reserved.

4801 Southwick Drive, 3rd Floor

1 FM-200 SYSTEM DESIGN

1.1.2 Design Difficulties

1.1.3 Flow Calculation

1.1.4 System Check

1.2 Agent Characteristics

1.2.2 Nitrogen Superpressure

1.2.3 System Discharge

1.2.4 The Storage Cylinder

1.2.4.1 Pressure Recession

FM200 CYLINDER PRESSURE RECESSION

70 LB./CU.FT. 60 LB./CU. FT. 50 LB./CU. FT. 40 LB./CU. FT. 30 LB./CU.FT.

1.3 The Piping System

1.3.2 Pipeline Density

1.3.4 Initial Vapor Time

1.3.5 Liquid Flow

1.3.6 Phase Separation

1.3.7 “Mechanical” Separation at Tees

1.4 The Discharge Nozzle

1.4.1 Maximum Pipeline Flow

FM200 70 LB/CU FT FILL DENSITY SPECIFIC NOZZLE FLOW RATES

97% 50% LEAVING CYLINDER

1.4.2 Nozzle Rating

CHEMETRON FM200 8 PORT NOZZLE

1.4.3 Nozzle Characteristic Curve

1.4.4 Average Pressure Conditions

1.4.5 Average Nozzle Pressure

FM200 CYLINDER PRESSURE RECESSION 70 LB/CU FT FILL DENSITY

50% AGENT 20% AGENT

1.4.7 Liquid Arrival Time

1.4.8 Liquid Runout Time

2.1 Design Criteria

2.1.1.1 Splits at Bullhead Tees

2.1.1.2 Splits at Side-Thru Tees

2.1.1.3 Restriction on Pressure at Tee Inlets

2.1.1.4 Discharge Time

2.1.1.5 Minimum Flow Rates

FM200 Minimum Flow Rate versus Pipe ID

Labels indicate nominal 6" 140

Flow Rate (kg/sec)

2.1.1.6 Tee Installation

2.1.1.7 Percent in Pipeline Limit

2.1.1.8 Minimum Nozzle Pressures

2.1.1.9 Maximum Orifice Size

2.1.1.10 Minimum Orifice Area

2.1.1.11 Transient Effect Limits

2.2 Design Philosophy

2.2.1 Average Cylinder Pressure During Discharge

2.2.2 Velocity Head

2.2.3 Elevation Changes

2.3 Nozzle and Piping Layout

2.3.1 Nozzle Location

2.3.2 Underfloor Nozzles

2.3.3 Cylinder Storage Location

2.3.4 Pipe Routing

2.3.5 Pipe Sections