SUBJECT CODE: AR 8202 YEAR/SEM: I / 02

SUBJECT NAME: MECHANICS

S OF STRUCTURES - I STAFF: Er. M. SRI GANESH KUMAR,
KUMAR B.E, M.E, (Ph.D)

2 MARKS – QUESTION & ANSWERS

1. State Lami’s theorem.

Lami's theorem states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then each
force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.

= =

2. How do you determine the resultant of several concurrent forces?

1. Parallelogram law of forces
2. Triangle law of forces
3. Trigonometric method
4. Analytical method
3. How do you determine the resultant of non
non-concurrent forces?
The resultant of non concurrent force system is defined according to magnitude,
non-concurrent
inclination, and position. The magnitude of the resultant can be found as follows:
follows
𝑅= ∑𝐻 + ∑𝑉
quilibrium?
4. What are the conditions of equilibrium (Or) Static conditions of equilibrium?
∑H=0;
∑V=0;
∑M=0;
5. Define a force with its type.
Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a particular
body. It has a magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is
known as the direction of the force, and the application of force is the point where force is
applied.
1. Collinear forces
2. Coplanar forces
3. Concurrent forces

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6. Distinguish between concurrent and collinear forces.
S. No Concurrent Forces Collinear Forces
The forces whose lines of action of a The forces whose lines of action lie in the
1. system intersect at a common point in the same line and in the same plane are
same plane are called concurrent forces. known as collinear forces.

7. State Varignon’s theorem.

The moment of the resultant of a number of concurrent forces about any point is equal to
the algebraic sum of the moments of all the concurrent forces about the same point.
M = ∑Mo
8. State Principle of Moments.
Principle of Moments as extension of Varignon’s theorem, “The moment of the resultant
of a system of non-concurrent coplanar forces acting on a body about any point is equal to the
sum of the moments of all the forces forming the system about the same point.”
9. State Triangle law of forces.
If three forces acting on a particle can be represented in magnitude and direction by the
two sides of a triangle taken in order, then, the closing side represents the resultant taken in the
opposite order.
10. State Polygon law of forces.
If a number of forces are represented in magnitude and direction by the different sides of
an open polygon taken in order, then, the resultant of all these forces are represented in
magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in the opposite order.
11. Define a couple.
Two parallel forces of equal magnitude having opposite senses are said to form a couple.
Couple has a tendency to rotate the body on which it acts.
12. What is the principle of equilibrium?
A body is in equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces acting on the body is zero. In
other words a body is in equilibrium when all the forces and moments applied to the body are in
balance.
13. Define the principle of statics.
Statics deals with the determination of the magnitude and direction of a force or a system
of forces that acts on a particle or a rigid body which is at rest. In other words, statics deals with
the study of equilibrium of particles and bodies at rest.
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14. What are the different types
type of supports? List the same.
1. Simple Support
2. Hinged Support
3. Roller Support
4. Fixed Support
15. What are the different types of loads
loads?

16. What are the types of beams?

beams
1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam
3. Overhanging beam
4. Continuous beam
5. Fixed beam

17. Define a support reaction.

A body that supports another body acted upon by a system of forces is called a support.
And the force exerted by the support on the supported body is called support reaction.

18. Distinguish between statically determinate and inde rminate beams

indeterminate beams.
S. No Statically determinate Statically Indeterminate
If the equilibrium conditions are If the equilibrium conditions are not
1. sufficient to analyze a beam then it is said sufficient to analyze a beam then it is said
to be statically determinate. to be statically determinate.

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19. Define a free body diagram.
Free body diagram is the one in which the rigid body is drawn showing all the external
forces and support reactions. It is so called because, the diagram shows the rigid body free of its
supports which is replaced by the support reactions.
20. Define a truss.
A truss is a structure that takes advantage of the inherent geometric stability of the
triangle to evenly distribute weight and to handle changing tension and compression. The truss
uses a web of triangles that are joined so that pressure and tension are applied to the points of the
corners of each triangle to take advantage of their stability to support a structure.
21. What are the classifications of trusses?
1. Simple Truss
2. Compound Truss
3. Complex Truss
Further it can be classified into two types.
4. Perfect Truss
5. Imperfect Truss
22. Define a perfect truss.
A frame or truss which has sufficient number of members to keep the truss in equilibrium
without undergoing any change in its shape under the action of external loads is called a perfect
frame or a perfect truss.
Where, n = 2j-3; n – Number of Members; j – Number of Joints;
22. Define an imperfect truss.
A frame or truss which doesn’t have sufficient number of members to keep the truss in
equilibrium without undergoing any change in its shape under the action of external loads is
called a perfect frame or a perfect truss.
Where, n ≠ 2j-3
If, n < 2j-3 – It is said to be deficient frame/truss
If, n > 2j-3 – It is said to be redundant frame/truss
23. List the methods of analysis of plane trusses.
1. Analytical Method
a. Method of Joint
b. Method of Section
2. Graphical Method

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22. List the assumptions made in the analysis of a perfect truss.
1. All members are pin-jointed.
2. Loads are given only at the joints.
3. A truss is a perfect one.
4. The Self-weight of the truss is negligible.
23. Define a null member or Zero force member.
If the force of the member in a frame is zero, that is, the member is in neither tension nor
compression is called a zero-force member or null member.
24. What are the advantages of method of sections over method of joints?
It is easier using the method of sections. The method of joints isolates a joint to find
unknown forces. The method of sections is the same except an entire section is isolated. When
the forces in a few members of a truss are to be determined, then the method of sections is
mostly used. This method is very quick.
25. What is the limitation in method of Joints?
While determining forces in a member by method of joints, the joint should be selected in
such a way that at any time there are only two members, in which the forces are unknown.
25. Define Centroid and centroidal axis.
The Centroid is the point at which the whole area of the plane figure is assumed to be
concentrated. An axis passing through the Centroid and lying in the plane of Centroid is called
centroidal axis.
26. Define centre of gravity.
The centre of gravity is the point in the body at which the whole weight of the body is
assumed to be acting. The centre of gravity of a body is that point through which the resultant of
the distributed gravity force passes regardless of the orientation of the body in space. It is
denoted by CG.
27. Define moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia of a body about any axis is the property by which the body resists
rotation about that axis. It is denoted by MI and it is also called as rotational inertia.
28. Define Radius of Gyration.
Radius of gyration of a body is defined as the distance from the reference axis at which
the whole mass is assumed to be concentrated.
𝒌= 𝑰/𝑨

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29. Define parallel axis theorem.
It states that the moment of inertia of a plane area about any axis parallel to centroidal
axis is the sum of the moment of inertia of the area about the centroidal axis and the product of
the area and the square of the distance between the two parallel axis.
IAB = IXX + Ah2
30. Define perpendicular axis theorem.
It states that the moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to the
lamina and passing through its Centroid is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the
lamina about two mutually perpendicular axis passing through the Centroid and in the plane of
the lamina.
IZZ = IXX + IYY
31. Define polar moment of inertia.
It is defined as the moment of inertia of the area about an axis perpendicular to the plane
of the figure and passing through the CG of the area. It is denoted by the symbol J.
32. Determine the radius of gyration of a rectangular section with cross section ‘b’ and ‘d’.
We know that,
𝑰
𝒌=
𝑨

Moment of Inertia for a rectangle, I = bd3/12

Area of a rectangle, A = bd
Substituting the above values, we get,
𝒅
𝒌=
𝟐√𝟑
33. Define section modulus.
It is the ratio between the moment of inertia of a section about the neutral axis to the
distance of the outermost layer from the neutral axis. It is denoted by Z.
𝑰
𝒁=
𝒀
34. Define elastic material and elasticity with example.
When a material is subjected to an external force, it undergoes deformation. If the
material regains its original position after the removal of external force then it is called Elastic
Material. The property is called Elasticity. Example: Mild steel, Brass, Silver, etc.

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35. Define plastic material with example.
If a material does not regain its original position even after the removal of external load
then that is said to be plastic material. This property is said to be plasticity. Example: Lead.
36. Define ductile material with example.
If a material undergoes inelastic deformation without rupture is called as ductile material.
This property of the material is called as ductile material. The material of this type notifies the
failure. Example: Steel, Silver and etc.
37. Define brittle material with example.
If a material cannot undergo any deformation when any external force acts on it is said to
be a brittle material. Example: Glass, Concrete and etc.
38. What are the properties of steel?
1. Hardness
2. Ductility
3. Creep
4. Durability
5. Tenacity
6. Strength
39. Define a load.
It is the overall force exerted on a structure. It is measured in Newton (N)
1N = 9.81 kg ~10kg
40. Define Stress.
The internal resistance offered by the body or material against the applied external force
is called as stress. It is denoted by σ or f. It is measured in N/mm2.
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 =
𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
41. Define Strain.
When a body is subjected to some external force, there is a change of dimension in the
body. The ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension of the body is said to be strain.
It is denoted by ε.
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝜹𝒍
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝛆) = =
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍

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42. List the types of stresses.
1. Tensile Stress
2. Compressive Stress
3. Shear Stress
43. Define Hooke’s law.
In elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain.
Stress (f) α Strain (ε)
44. Define Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus.
The ratio between the tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding strain is a
constant called as young’s modulus. It is denoted by E. It is measured in N/mm2.
𝒇
𝑬=
𝛆
45. Define Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus.
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain within the elastic limit is known
as shear modulus. It is denoted by C or G or N. It is measured in N/mm2.
𝝉
𝑪/𝑮/𝑵 =
∅
46. Define Bulk Modulus.
The ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is found to be a constant
within elastic limit called as bulk modulus. It is denoted by K. It is measured in N/mm2.
𝝈 𝒐𝒓 𝒇
𝑲= 𝐝𝐯
( )
𝐯
47. Define factor of safety.
It is defined as the ratio between the ultimate tensile stress to the working stress
(permissible stress). It is denoted by FOS.
𝑼𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑭𝑶𝑺 =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔

48. Which material has the highest value of Poisson’s ratio?

Rubber is the material which has the highest Poisson’s ratio of 0.5.

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49. Define Poisson’s ratio.
The ratio between the lateral strain and longitudinal strain is a constant for the given
material when the material is stressed within elastic limit and the constant is called as Poisson’s
ratio. It is denoted by µ or 1/m.
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
µ 𝐨𝐫 𝟏/𝐦 =
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
50. Define Volumetric Strain.
The ratio of change in volume to the original volume of the body is called as volumetric
strain. It is denoted by 𝛆v.
𝜹𝑽
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝜺𝒗 ) =
𝑽
51. Define Yield Strength.
The minimum load at which the material elongates with lesser load is called yield load
and the corresponding stress is called yield stress.
𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 (𝒇𝒚) =
𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
52. Define modular ratio.
It is defined as the ratio between the young’s modulus of two different materials. It is
denoted by m. For example, the ratio between young’s modulus of steel and concrete.
𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍
𝒎=
𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆
53. Define linear strain or longitudinal strain or primary strain.
The ratio between the change in length to the original length is called as longitudinal
strain.
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝜹𝒍
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝛆) = =
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒍
53. Define lateral strain or secondary strain.
The ratio between the change in depth/width/diameter to the original
depth/width/diameter is called as longitudinal strain.
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉/𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉/𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝜹𝒅 𝜹𝒃 𝜹𝑫
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝛆) = = 𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒓
𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉/𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉/𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒅 𝒃 𝑫

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54. What is the relationship between the three elastic constants?
E = 2G (1+µ)
E = 3K (1-2µ)
𝟗𝑲𝑮
E=
𝑮 𝟑𝑲

55. What is the formula for calculating volumetric strain of a rectangular bar subjected to
axial load along its length?
𝜹𝒍
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝜺𝒗 ) = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝝁)
𝒍

56. What is the formula for calculating volumetric strain of a rectangular bar subjected to
three forces which are mutually perpendicular?
𝟏
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝜺𝒗 ) = (𝝈 + 𝝈𝒚 + 𝝈𝒛 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝝁)
𝑬 𝒙

57. What is the formula for calculating volumetric strain of a cylindrical rod?
𝜹𝒍 𝟐𝜹𝒅
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝜺𝒗 ) = −
𝒍 𝒅

58. Define a composite section.

A composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material
with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain
separate and distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and
solid solutions.

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