Cardiovascular system

‫هاجر حمدي توفيق عبد هللا حماده‬

Ragaee saeed Mahmoud

 Definition;

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary
function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry
deoxygenated blood back to the lungs. Abnormalities or injuries to any or all parts of the
cardiovascular system can result in serious health complications. Common conditions that
can affect the cardiovascular system include coronary artery disease, heart attack, high blood
pressure, and stroke. This article explores the cardiovascular system, including its
components and their functions. We also outline some common cardiovascular system
diseases and their associated treatments The circulatory system of the blood has two
components, a systemic circulation and a pulmonary circulation.[4] While humans and
other vertebrates have a closed cardiovascular system (which means that the blood never
leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open
cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, in contrast, is an open system providing an
accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood. [5] The blood vascular
system first appeared probably in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago,
overcoming the time-distance constraints of diffusion, while endothelium evolved in an
ancestral vertebrate some 540–510 million years ago.[3]At last ;human cardiovascular
system, organ system that conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of the body,
carrying nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. It is
a closed tubular system in which the blood is propelled by a muscular heart. Two circuits,
the pulmonary and the systemic, consist of arterial, capillary, and venous components

Components of the cardiovascular system

The is the system responsible for delivering blood to different parts of the body. It consists of th
 deliver blood to .There are two blood circulatory systems in the body. The first is the systemic

Structure of the heart

The heart consists of four distinct chambers: two upper chambers called “atria” and two
lower chambers called “ventricles.” A wall or “septum” separates the atria and ventricles.
Valves control the flow of blood within the different chambers. Blood lacking oxygen
returns from the body and enters the right atrium (upper right chamber) via the inferior vena
cava and superior vena cava veins.Blood flows through the tricuspid valve and enters the
right ventricle (lower right chamber)The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary
.valve and out of the heart via the main pulmonary artery

The blood then flows through the left and right pulmonary arteries into the lungs. Here, the
process of breathing draws oxygen into the blood and removes carbon dioxide. As a result,
the blood is now rich in oxygen.The blood returns to the heart and flows into the left atrium
(upper left chamber) via four pulmonary veins.Blood flows through the mitral valve and
enters the left ventricle (lower left chamber)The left ventricle pumps the blood through the
aortic valve into a large artery called the “aorta.” This artery delivers blood to the rest of the
.body

The importance of the heart

1- The heart pumps blood Trusted Source through closed vessels to every tissue within the
body. The blood itself then delivers Trusted Source nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the
body. Without blood, the cells and tissues would not function at their total capacity and
.would begin to malfunction and diet
2- Managing blood supply. Variations in the rate and force of heart contraction match blood
flow to the changing metabolic needs of the tissues during rest, exercise, and changes in
body position.3-Producing blood pressure. Contractions of the heart produce blood
pressure, which is needed for blood flow through the blood vessels.4-Securing one-way
blood flow. The valves of the heart secure a one-way blood flow through the heart and blood
vessels.5-Transmitting blood. The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations,
.which ensures the flow of oxygenated blood to tissues

What is the cardiac cycle?

The cardiac cycle consists of two phases.The first phase is diastole, in which the ventricles
fill with blood. It begins when the aortic or pulmonary valve closes and ends when the
mitral or tricuspid valve closes. During diastole, blood vessels return blood to the heart in
preparation for the next contraction of the ventricles.The second phase is systole, in which
.the ventricles contract and eject blood

It begins when the mitral or tricuspid valve closes and ends when the aortic or pulmonary
valve closes. The pressure inside the ventricles becomes greater than the pressure inside
adjacent blood vessels, thereby forcing the blood from the ventricles to the vessels.Aortic
pressure is measured by inserting a pressure-measuring catheter into the aorta from a
peripheral artery, and the left ventricular pressure is obtained by placing a catheter inside the
left ventricle and measuring changes in intra ventricular pressure as the heart beats. Left
atrial pressure is not usually measured directly, except in investigational procedures;
however, left atrial pressure can be estimated by recording the pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure. Ventricular volume changes can be assessed in real time using echocardiography
or radionuclide imaging, or by using a special volume conductance catheter placed within
.the ventricle

To analyze systole and diastole in more detail, the cardiac cycle is usually divided into
seven phases. The first phase begins with the P wave of the electrocardiogram, which
represents atrial depolarization, and is the last phase of diastole. Phases 2-4 represent
systole, and phases 5-7 represent early and mid-diastole. The last phase of the cardiac cycle
ends with the appearance of the next P wave, which begins a new cycle. Diseases affecting
the cardiovascular system are called cardiovascular disease. Many of these diseases are
called "lifestyle diseases" because they develop over time and are related to a person's
.exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke, and other lifestyle choices a person makes

Atherosclerosis is the precursor to many of these diseases. It is where small atheromatous

plaques build up in the walls of medium and large arteries. This may eventually grow or
rupture to occlude the arteries. It is also a risk factor for acute coronary syndromes, which
are diseases that are characterised by a sudden deficit of oxygenated blood to the heart
tissue. Atherosclerosis is also associated with problems such as aneurysm formation or
splitting ("dissection") of arteries. Another major cardiovascular disease involves the
creation of a clot, called a "thrombus". These can originate in veins or arteries. Deep venous
thrombosis, which mostly occurs in the legs, is one cause of clots in the veins of the legs,
particularly when a person has been stationary for a long time. These clots may embolise,
meaning travel to another location in the body. The results of this may include pulmonary
embolus, transient ischaemic attacks, or stroke. Cardiovascular diseases may also be
congenital in nature, such as heart defects or persistent fetal circulation, where the
circulatory changes that are supposed to happen after birth do not. Not all congenital
changes to the circulatory system are associated with diseases, a large number
are anatomical variations .

The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety
of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of
the cardiovascular examination, including the taking of a person's pulse as an indicator of a
person's heart rate, the taking of blood pressure through a sphygmomanometer or the use of
a stethoscope to listen to the heart for murmurs which may indicate problems with the heart's
valves. An electrocardiogram can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is
conducted through the heart. Other more invasive means can also be used.
A cannula or catheter inserted into an artery may be used to measure pulse
pressure or pulmonary wedge pressures. Angiography, which involves injecting a dye into
an artery to visualise an arterial tree, can be used in the heart (coronary
angiography).

At the same time as the arteries are visualised, blockages or narrowings may be fixed
through the insertion of stents, and active bleeds may be managed by the insertion of coils.
An MRI may be used to image arteries, called an MRI angiogram. For evaluation of the
blood supply to the lungs a CT
pulmonary angiogram may be used. There are many risk
factors for heart diseases: age, sex, tobacco use, physical inactivity,
excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, obesity, genetic predisposition and family
history of cardiovascular disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), raised blood sugar
(diabetes mellitus), raised blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), undiagnosed celiac disease,
psychosocial factors, poverty and low educational status, air pollution and poor sleep. While
the individual contribution of each risk factor varies between different communities or
ethnic groups the overall contribution of these risk factors is very consistent.

Some of these risk factors, such as age, sex or family history/genetic predisposition, are
immutable; however, many important cardiovascular risk factors are modifiable by lifestyle
change, social change, drug treatment (for example prevention of hypertension,
hyperlipidemia, and diabetes).] People with obesity are at increased risk of atherosclerosis of
the coronary arteries.]Age is the most important risk factor in developing cardiovascular or
heart diseases, with approximately a tripling of risk with each decade of life.
References

1-Medically reviewed by Dr. Payal Kohli, M.D., FACC — Written by Zia Sherrell, MPH on
July 29, 2021

2-"How does the blood circulatory system work?". PubMed Health. 1 August 2016.

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Cengage Learning. pp. 401–.

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Elsevier ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3[page needed]8-1-133-10893-1

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Retrieved 11 August 2014.

6- Bellenir, Karen (2000). Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook, 2nd ed. Detroit:
Frederick G. Ruffner, Jr./Omnigraphics. pp. 65–67. ISBN 0-7808-0238-1.

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