bqw exzi rnyie gi zeny 163

b"qx xiqtz
exzi rnyie &
m`n© `¦ Fxzi¦ .rn¦ q§ m'zª (` gi
o³¥dŸk Fx̧z§ i¦ rnº© W¦ § I © ` gi `n© rin¦ B§ .'iqEn © Eng§ o©icn¦
li`¦ xq © `¦ lE
§ .'iqEn © l§ dNl© `© r©pv§
ÎlM̈ Áz ¥̀ dW ¤½ Ÿn o´¥zŸg Æoïc§ n¦ ip¦ A§ dNl © `© Bx'k © `© 'c`¦ .dŸnew©

dW ¤½ Ÿnl§ Æmid¦ Ÿl¡` d³Ür̈ xW£̀ ¤̧ 'c'k© `§ t© (a :xvn¦ on¦ li`¦ xq

.dŸYBe©§ f dxtv¦ .'iqEn ©
© `¦
Eng§ Fxzi¦
`i¯¦vFdÎiM¦ FO® r© l†¥̀ x¨U¦ § ilE§ :dŸl `dl © qx© `© Cw© o`M© `n© CrA©
mq`¦ i'c¦ N§ `© .`di©
© pA`¦ e§ (b
:m¦ix«¨v§ O¦ n¦ l†¥̀ x¨U¦§ iÎz ¤̀ d²ëŸdi§
.dWŸ
¤ nl§ ï§i ca© r£ C© lM̈ zï .dWŸ
¤ nC§ idEn£
¦ g oïcn¦ C§ `Äx© Fxz¦i .rnWE
©
ÆFxz§ i¦ gT¦
©À I © a :m¦ixv¨ O¦ n¦ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i zï ®.ï§i wiR¥ `© ix¥ £̀ .DiO¥ r© l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ ilE

¤ W¦ x†©g`© d®¤WŸn zW´¥̀

:d̈i«gEN ¤ d†¨ xŸRv¦ Îz ¤̀ dW ¤½ Ÿn o´¥zŸg
:Dg© N§ W
© C§ xz© Ä ®.dWŸ
¤ n zY© `¦ dxŸ¨Rv¦ zï .dWŸ
¤ nC§ idEn£
¦ g Fxz¦i .xacE
©
i´¦M mŸW½ x«§ B¥ Æcg̈ ¤̀ d̈
« m³¥W xW£̀
¤̧ d̈i®p¤ ä í¥pW§ z†¥̀ § b
.`d̈©pA§ oix¥Y§ zïe§ :d«Ïx¦ kp̈
§ ux†¤̀
¤ A§ izi½
¦ i¦ d̈ x´¥B xn©½ `¨
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
:Fp§zFg xz¤ ¤i l¤̀ aẄÏ©e (gi c zeny) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,`äE r©nẄ dr̈En§W d©n .Fxz§ i¦ rn© W¦ § Ie© ` gi
lM̈ c¤b¤pM§ d ¤ n lEwẄ .l ¥̀ x¨U¦ § ilE
§ dWŸ ¤ nl§ r©aW ¤ .Fxz§ i¦ :w¥ln̈£r z¤ng¤ §ln¦ E sEq m©i z©rix§ ¦w
zci© xi¦¦ A m¤dl̈ .dÜr̈ xW£̀ ¤ lM̈ z ¥̀ :l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i ,aäFg ,Fxz§ ¦i ,xz¤ ¤i ,l¥̀ Erx§ Fl E`x§ §w¦p zFnW ¥
Ff .'ebe 'd `ivFd ¦ iM¦ :w¥ln̈£ra© E x¥̀ A§ a© E oÖ©d dẄxR̈ ¨ xY¤ ¦IW
¤ m¥W l©r ,xz¤ ¤i .l¥̀ i¦hER ,i¦pw¥ ,x¤ag¤
x©n`¨ W ¤ M§ .d̈igEN
¤ W¦ xg© `© a :mN̈ª M l©r dl̈Fc§B .d¤fg¡z¤ dŸ©`§e (`k weqt oldl) dxFY© ¨ A z©g`©
K¥l (hi c zeny) oïc¦ §nA§ `Ed KExÄ WFcT̈©d Fl zF` Fl Eti¦qFd zF§vO¦ d© m©Iw¦ §e x©i©Bz§ ¦PW ¤ k§ l¦ Fxz§ ¦i
FYW § `¦ z¤̀ d ¤ n g©T¦ie© (k my) ,m¦ix§ ¨vn¦ aEW .dxFY©
¨ d z¤̀ a©Ag¦ W ¤ aäFg .FnW § l©r z©g`©
(fk my) ,Fz`x§ ¨wl¦ ox£d`© `v̈ï§e 'eb eip̈Ä z¤̀§e i¥pA§ n¦ (`i c mihtey) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,Fx§z¦i `Ed aäFg§e
m¥d i¦n Fl x©n`¨ .mi¦ l¡`d̈ x©dA§ EdW ¥ §Bt§ ¦Ie© ei¦a`¨ l¥̀ Erx§ mix§ ¦nF` W¥i§e .d ¤ n oz¥ Fg aäFg
oïc¦
§na§ i¦z`ÜP̈¤W i¦YW § `¦ `i¦d Ff Fl x©n`¨ .EN©Nd© (gi a zeny) x¥ nF` `Ed d©nE ,dïd̈ Fxz§ ¦iΧNW ¤
x©n`¨ .ok̈i¦lFn dŸ©` ok̈i¥d§e Fl x©n`¨ .i©pÄ EN¥̀ §e oixFw
¦ zFwFpi¦Yd© W ¤ ,o¤di¦a£̀ l¥̀ Erx§ l¤̀ dp̈`aŸ©e
Ep¨` mi¦pFW`xd̈ ¦ l©r Fl x©n`¨ .m¦ix§ ©vn¦ §l Fl o`M̈ .dWŸ ¤ n ozŸ ¥ g :ix§¥tq¦ A§ .`Ä©` o¤di¦a£̀ i¦a£̀©l
x©n`¨ .m¤di¥l£r si¦qFd§l `Ä dŸ©`e§ mix£ ¦rh© v§ n¦ K¤lO¤ d© oz¥ Fg i¦p£̀ ,d ¤ n§A c¥AM© z§ n¦ Fxz§ ¦i dïd̈
d̈i¤pÄ i¥pW§ dl̈§hp̈ ,Ki¦a`¨ zi¥A l¤̀ i¦kl§ Dl̈ ,ei¦ng̈§A dN̈c§ªBd© d¤lFY d ¤ n dïd̈ x©ar̈¤W§lE
164 exzi rnyie gi zeny cqw

b"qx xiqtz ®.izi¥

¦ ed£ xiÏC© .xn© £̀ ix¥ £̀ .mFWx¥§B cg© mFWC§
.l`w© dŸP`© l§ .mFWxB¥ `n© dC ª g© `§
:dAx'
© bª Cl© A§ it¦ `Ai © x'¦ b§ Yxv¦ c†g̈ ¤̀ d̈
« m¬¥W § c :d`¨ xkEp¨ rx© £̀ A©
.xfril¦ `© x'k¦ `Ë © l`© mq`¦ e§ (c
o`M© iA¦ `§ d`l© `¦ o`© .l`w© dŸP`© l§
Æia¦ `¨ i³¥dŸl¡`ÎiM¦ x¤fri ®¤ l¡¦`
:oerx
© t¦ siq© on¦ ipv ¦ N' © k© e§ .ipe
¦ r© it¦ ax¬¤ ¤ gn¥ ip†¥
¦ lS©
¦ Ie© ix§
½¦ fr¤ A§
dip¦ AE§ .'iqEn
© Eng§ Fxzi¦ `©Bt§ (d
.‹“AË
© l` 'il© `¦ .dil© `¦ dŸYBe© § fe§ ix¥ £̀ .x¤fri ¡ cg© mFWe§ :dŸr« x§ R
¤ l¦ ` ©
lA© B§ 'il© `¦ m'z© lf`©
¦ p EŸd i'c¦ N§ `©
ip¦ a§
© fiW
¥ e§ ®.ic¦ r£ q© A§ dë£d `Ä`© C§ Did¥ l̈ ¤̀
l`w© on© A§ 'zr© AE § (e :dNl © `©
Fxzi¦ JEng§ `©p`§ .dPr© 'iqEn Fx̧z§ i¦ `ŸaÏ©
© l§ º d :dŸrxt© C§ `Äxg© n¥
`di©
© pA`¦ e§ JY© Be©
§ fe§ .Jil© `¦ i`© ¦B
`‹T© lY©
© i 'iqEn © Bx'© k§ t§ (f :`dr FY† W§ `¦ e§ ei¬p̈äE d²¤WŸn o¬¥zŸg
© n©

xĽ c§ O¦ dÎl
©¸ ¤̀ d®¤WŸnÎl ¤̀
Fxz¦i .`z̈ £̀ e© :mid«¦ Ÿl¡`d̈
« x¬©d m†Ẅ d¬¤pŸg `EdÎx ² W£̀
¤
oÖz© ix¥Ẅ ®.`EdC§ .`x¨Ac
§ n© l§ .dWŸ
¤ n zël§ Diz¥ Y§ `¦ e§ idFpaE
¦ .dWŸ
¤ nC§ idEn£
¦ g
¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ Æxn`
i²¦p£̀ dW ¤ ŸI̧© e :ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i idFl
¦ r£ il¦ Bz
§ `¦ C§ `xEh
¨ l§

§ L½ Y§ W§ `¸¦ e§ Li®¤l ¥̀ `´Ä Fx†z§ i¦ L¬ p§ z¤ Ÿg«

:D«Ör¦ d̈i†p¤ ä i¬p¥ WE
:DO© r¦ `d̈©pA§ oixzE
¥ ®.jz̈Y§ `¦ e§ .jz̈ël§ iz¥ `¨ Fxz¦i jEn£g .`p̈ £̀ .dWŸ
¤ nl§ xn© £̀ e©
FlÎw
½ X« § Ie© FpÀ z§ Ÿg« z`x´©w§ l¦ dW
© I¦ e© ÆEgY©¸ W¦ ¤¹ Ÿn `v¥¸ I¥ © f
:dl̈¡dŸ`« d̈ E`ŸaÏ©† e mFl® Ẅl§ Edr†¥ x¥lÎWi § `¦ El¬ £̀ W¦§ Ie©
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
i¦pi¦bA§ `¥vFi dŸ©` oi¥̀ m¦` .'ebe Fxz§ i¦ Lp§ zŸ ¤ g EN¦BW ¤ M§ .dŸrx§R© ax¤g¤ n¥ i¦pl¥ v©
¦ Ie© c :Dl̈ dk̈§ld̈§e
oi¦bA§ `¥vFi dŸ©` oi¥̀ m¦`§e ,L§YW § `¦ oi¦bA§ `¥v x§d©l W¤Ta¦ E ix§ ¦vO¦ d© x©aC§ l©r mxi¦ ¨ a£̀©e oz̈C̈
.dWŸ ¤ n `¥v¥Ie© f :d̈i¤pÄ i¥pW
§ oi¦bA§ `¥v L§YW § `¦ :W¦iW© ΧNW¤ cEO©r M
§ Fx`Ë©
v d Ü£r ©
p ,d ¤ n z¤̀
oëi¥M ,dr̈Ẅ Dz̈F`§A Fxz§ ¦i c©AM© z§ ¦p lFcB̈ cFaM̈ ,Eid̈ xÄc¦ §OA© W § Ep¨` s©` .xÄc§ O¦ d© l ¤̀ d
¤ oi¦rcFi
i¦nE ,`Edi¦a£̀©e ac̈p̈ ox£d`© `v̈ï d ¤ n `v̈ϤW dïd̈W ¤ ,aEzM̈©d x¤AC¦ Fxz§ ¦i l¤W FgäW § A¦ `l̈¥̀
:`v̈ï `l§e oi¦`v§ Fi EN¥̀ z¤̀ d¨`x¨W ¤ `Ed l¤̀ z`¥vl̈ FA¦l Fac̈§pE ml̈FrN̈¤W FcFa§kA¦ aW ¥ Fi
dë£gY© W ¥ i¦pi¥̀ .Fl wX¦
§ d¦ i¦n ©rcFi © Ie© EgY© W¦§ Ie© :d xFY
¨ ix§
¥a C
¦ ©
r Fn W§ ¦
l ,EdY mFw§ n ,xÄ c¦
§ O d©
iExT̈©d i¦n ,Ed¥rx§ ¥l Wi¦` x¥nF` `EdW § M¦ ,i¦n§l i¦p£̀ :©gi¦lẄ ic§ ¥i l©r .dWŸ ¤ n l ¤̀ xn`Ÿ ¤ Ie© e
dqw exzi rnyie gi zeny 165

wiX©
¥ pe§ ci¥bqE .idEn£
¦ g zEnC̈w© l§ dWŸ ¤ n wtpE
© b"qx xiqtz
Elr̈e§ ®.ml̈Wl¦ Dixa¥ g© l§ xa© B§ Eli`WE
¦ .Dil¥ l`¦ q¦ e§ .dŸlA‹© w© m'zª CB© q§ t§ .dEng§
.dŸAg` § v© 'dn` © l© q§ or© xn`¦ lMª
ÆdW ¤ Ÿn x³¥Rq§ © i © g :`p̈MW § n© l§ u‹ w© t§ (g :`a' © kl § `© 'il© `¦ `l' © k© C§ e§

d³Ür̈ xW£̀ ¤̧ ÎlM̈ Áz ¥̀ Fp½ z§ Ÿǵl§ `n© rin¦ B§ .dEng§ 'il© r§ 'iqEn
oEixv § nË ¦ l`e© oerx © t¦ A§ dNl © `© r©pv§
©

lr†© m¦ix½©v§ n¦ lE§ dŸŕx§ t© l§ ÆdëŸdi§ rin¦ B§ e§ .li`¦ xq

it¦ mdY ª l`©
© `¦ ip¦ A§ AA© q§ A§
© p iY¦ N§ `© dAi © v¦ n˧ l`©
ÎlM̈ z³¥̀ l®¥̀ x¨U¦ § i zŸćF` :dNl © `© mdvª N' © k© e§ .wix¦ Hl`
§
.xi'kË © l`© rin¦ B§ A§ .Fxzi¦ “‹ q© t§ (h
mz´¨ © `v̈n§ x´¤W£̀ Æd`¨ l̈Y§ d© ip¦ A§ l§ dNl © `© dŸrp§ v§ i'c¦ N§ `©
C©i on¦ mdv ª N' © k© e§ .li`¦ xq © `¦
© `¦ e§ :d«ëŸdi§ m†¥
ir¦ YW lS©
¦ Ie© Kx¤C½¤A© .Fxzi¦ l`w© e§ (i :oEixv § nË ¦ l`©
dŸrxt© l§ ï§i ca© r£ C© lM̈ zï .idEn£
¦ gl© dWŸ ¤n .mMv ª l' »© k© i'c¦ N§ `© .dNl © `© Jx` © A© Y§
lM̈ zï .l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ i wqi © r¥ lr© .i ¥̀ xv
¨ nlE
¦
lr©µ Fx½ z§ i¦ C§ g´¦ © I © h :ï§i oEPai¥
¦ fiW¥ e§ ®.`g̈xF`A§ oEpzg© MW
© `© C§ `z̈w§ r̈
x¬¤W£̀ l®¥̀ x¨U¦ § il§ d†ëŸdi§ d¬Ür̈ÎxW£̀ ¤ dä½ FHdÎl © M̈
ï§i ca© r£ C© .`z̈a§ ḧ lM̈ lr© .Fxz¦i iCg© ¦ e :m¦ix«¨v § n¦ c¬©In¦ Fli † S¦ d¦
KEx́Ä ¼Fxz§ i¦ x» n` ¤ ŸI © i :i ¥̀ xv¨ n¦ C§ `c̈§In¦ oEPai¥
¦ fiW¥ C§ ®.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ il§
c´©InE¦ m¦ix†©v§ n¦ c¬©In¦ m²¤kz§ ¤̀ li¬¦Sd¦ xW£̀ ¤̧ d½ëŸdi§
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
ix§¥n`¨ C§ Ep§id© ,m¦ix§ ¦ g Wi¦`d̈§e (b ai xacna) xn̈¡`¤PW
©vn¦ cEA¦` l©r x©vn¥ ,oicEC¦ ¤ ,d ¤ n d¤f ,Wi¦`
i¥fa§ z¦ `l̈ ix¥C̈ dx¨Ü£r c©r `xFI¦ ¨ B i¥y§Pi¦` z¤̀ KFW§nl¦ .FpzŸ§ gl§ dWŸ ¤ n xR¥ q§ © ie© g :d ¤ n
oÖ©d z©aFh .däFHd© lM̈ lr© :Di¥R`© A§ d¨`Öx£̀ © l©rW¤ .d`¨ l̈Y§ d© lM̈ z ¥̀ :dxFY© ¨ l Faxẅ§ § l FA¦l
c©In¦ Fli¦Sd¦ xW ¤ £̀ oN̈ª
M l©r§e .dxFY©
¨ d§e x¥̀ A§ d© §e o¦n s"l` c"nl .d`¨ l̈Y§ d© :w¥ln̈£rΩNW ¤ §e mÏ©d
g© Fx§a¦l lFkï c¤ar¤ dïd̈ `l eiẄ§k©r c©r ,m¦ix§ ¨vn¦ cFqi¦e oET¦Y `Ed e"iŸ©de§ däY¥ d© l¤W cFq§Id©
E`§vï EN¥̀ §e ,zx¤¤Bqªn§ ux¨
¤`d̈ dz̈§id̈W
¤ ,m¦ix§©vO¦ n¦ ,dẗEp§Y ,dn̈ExY§ o¥k§e ,mi¦wx§ ¨t¦l EP¤On¦ l¥tFP©d
c©In¦ mk¤ z§ ¤̀ liS¦ d¦ xW£̀ ¤ i :`FAx¦ mi¦XW ¦ ,Fxz§ ¦i g©nU
§ ¦Ie© .Fxz§ i¦ cg¦
© Ie© h :d¨`Ep§Y ,dn̈Ew§Y
:dW ¤ ẅ K¤ln¤ .dŸrx§R© c©InE
¦ :dẄẅ dÖ ª̀ .m¦ix©v§ n¦ oicEC¦
¦ g FxܧA dÜ£r©p FWx¨c¦ §nE FhEX¦R Ed¤f
zipexb z"igdy iptne l`rnyi ayie lwynn `ed ik i"x azk .exzi C§ g´¦ © Ie© h :wecwcd wlg
:(a"ixdn) wecwcd wlga oiir .zi`eye dyebc z"lcd ik di`xde .dgztp
166 exzi rnyie gi zeny eqw

b"qx xiqtz
.oerx© t¦ C©i onE¦ oEixv § n˦ l`© C©i on¦
Îz ¤̀ ÆliS¦ d¦ x³¤W£̀ dŸr® x§ R©
YgY¦ on¦ .mewË © l`© uN' »© k© i'c¦ N§ `© :m¦ix«¨v§ nÎc©
¦ i zg†©
© Yn¦ mr̈½ d̈
o`Ë
© l`© (`i :oEixv § n˦ l`© lw©p
.oFkzï§ ai¥fiW ¥ C§ .ï§i jix¦A§ .Fxz¦i xn© £̀ e©
on¦ xAM © `© dNl © `© o‹`© .Yn § l¦ r§
'c`¦ .Y`CEAr
© nË © l`© rin¦ B§ ai¥fiW ¥ C§ .dŸrxt© C§ `c̈§InE
¦ i ¥̀ xv
¨ n¦ C§ `c̈§In¦
i'c¦ N§ `© xn`Ë© l`A¦ mdA
ª w` © r© :i ¥̀ xv
¨ n¦ z©exn© zFgY§ n¦ ®.`Ör© zï
mC‹©w© e§ (ai :mdi
`C©r` § e©v§ .'iqEn
ª l© r§ dŸA Egw§ Y‹§ `©
© Eng§ Fxzi¦
lFcb̈Îi
¬ M¦ iY¦ r§ cï ½© d´Ÿ © `i
.oExd© `©Bt§ .dN© l¦ `g© i` ¦ A'© c§ e§ i´¦M mi®¦dŸl¡`d̈ « ÎlM̈n¦ d†ëŸdi§
.li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ 'jEiW§ rin¦ B§ e§
iC©i§ oiA© `n` © r© h§ dŸrn§ ElM`© ª il§ :m«di
¤ l¥ r£ Ecf̈† x¬¤W£̀ xä½ C̈a©
.C'©b on¦ o`M© `O© l© t§ (bi :dNl © `© xÄ Dl̈` ¡ zil¥ e§ ï§i ax¨ ix¥ £̀ .`p̈rcï
© or© M§
i ¥̀ xv
¨ n¦ EaiX¦ g© C§ ®.`n̈b̈zt¦ A§ ix¥ £̀ .Di¥Pn¦
d²¤WŸn o¬¥zŸg Fx̧z§ i¦ gT¦ º© I © ai :oEPp¦ C̈ DiA¥ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i zï oC̈nl¦
í¥pw¦§f |lŸḱe§ oŸx£ ¹ d` «© `Ÿa̧Ï©e mi®¦dŸl`«l¥ mi†¦gä§fE d¬l̈Ÿr
i¬p¥ t§ l¦ d†¤WŸn o¬¥zŸgÎmr¦ mg²¤ ¤ lÎlk̈¡`l«¤ l ¥̀À x¨U¦ §i
mc̈w¢ oiWcEw
¦ zqk
© p¦ e§ oël̈r£ .dWŸ ¦ g Fxz¦i .aix¥ ẅe§ :mid
¤ nC§ idEn£ «¦ Ÿl¡`d̈
«
dWŸ
¤ nC§ idEn£
¦ g mr¦ ®.`n̈gl© lki
© n¥ l§ .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i ia¥ q̈ lŸke§ .oŸxd£ `© `z̈ £̀ e© .ï§i
d†¤WŸn aW
¤ ¬¥Ie© zx¢
½¨gÖ
« n«¦ Æid§
¦ i«© bi (ipy) % ipy :ï§i mc̈w¢
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
xW ¤ £̀ dx¨c§ ¥wA¦ ,ci¦fp̈ aw£r©i c¤fÏ©e (hk dk ziy`xa) iECx¦ oFW§l FnEBx© §zM§ .m¦ix©v§ n¦ c©i zg© Y© n¦
Dr̈n̈W § n© M§ .dl̈Ÿr ai :El§XA© z§ ¦p ,DÄ El§XA¦ `i¦d ,m¤d i¥
l £
r mi ci¦
¦ Ak§ n© Eid̈W ¤ cÏ©d zExn̈E
:mi¦nl̈§W .mig¦ ä§fE :li¦lM̈ dl̈Fr `i¦dW § i¦zi¦id̈ Fxi¦Mn© .iY¦ r§ cï © dŸr© `i :dc̈Fa£rd̈
l£de© ,K©ld̈ ok̈i¥d d ¤ nE .'ebe oŸxd£ `© `ŸaÏ©e .midŸ¦ l`¡ d̈ lM̈n¦ :xz¥ FI©A eiẄ§k©re§ x©ar̈¤W§l
,cFaM̈©d lM̈ z¤̀ Fl mxB̈§ © e Fz`x§ ¨w¦l `v̈ϤW `Ed dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r lk̈§A xi¦Mn© dïd̈W ¤ c¥O©ln§
:m¤di¥pt§ ¦l W¥OW © n§ E c¥nFr dïd̈W ¤ `l̈¥̀ :D c̈ä£
r `N¤ W d ẍf̈ d c̈Fa£r g© i¦
P d
¦ `N¤
W ml̈FrÄW¤
dc̈Fr§Qn¦ dp̈§d¦Pd© W ¤ o`M̈¦n .midŸ¦ l`¡ d̈ i¥pt§ l¦ FnEBx© §zM§ .mdi ¤ l¥ r£ Ecf̈ xW£̀ ¤ xäC̈a© iM¦
ei¦Gn¦ dp̈§d¦p EN¦`M§ DÄ oi¦Aqªn§ mi¦nk̈£g ici¦ ¤ xW£̀
¥ n§lY© W ¤ :m¦iO© A© Ec§a`§ ¤p m¥de§ mc̈§A`© l§ EOC¦ m¦iO© A©
mFi i¥̀ v̈Fn .zx¢ ¨gÖn¦ id§ ¦ ie© bi :dp̈i¦kX
§ d© oFW§l EdEWx¨C§ Epi¥zFAx§ ¦e .Eri¦Wx¦§d xW ¤ £̀ .Ecf̈
:(my) zekinqa `ly e"izae unwa `a .zx¢ « n«¦ idie bi :wecwcd wlg
½¨gÖ
fqw exzi rnyie gi zeny 167

b"qx xiqtz
cŸn£
³ r«I©e© mr®¨d̈Îz ¤̀ hŸŔW§ l¦ sw¦ e§t§ .mewË © ll¦ mMg©
ª il§ 'iqEn© sw¦ e§
xw¤ ŸA† dÎo
© n¦ dW ¤½ ŸnÎlr© Æmr̈d̈ d`C'© bË § l`© on¦ .dŸn`n© `§ mewË © l`©
.dEng§ 'i`© x§t§ (ci :iW¦ rË § l`© 'il© `¦
¦ z§ äC§ `n̈FiA§ dë£de© :ax¤r̈
.idFx « d̈Îcr© .mewË © l`A¦ dŸrp` § v© Ed `n© rin¦ B§
xn`Ë © l`© `'c©d© `n© .l`w© t§
`Ör© mẅe§ .`Ör© zï oC̈nl¦ dWŸ¤ n aizi¥ e¦
.mewË © l`A¦ dŸrp` § v© Yp`© i'c¦ N§ `©
:`Ẅnx© cr© `xt© ¨ v on¦ ®.dWŸ
¤ nC§ idFe
¦ N̈r¦ .JCg © e© ql`© ¦ B Yp`© Jl` © A© `n©
z²¥̀ dW ¤½ Ÿn o´¥zŸg Æ`x©§ I © ci Jn`© n© `§ oit¦ w` § e© .mewË© l`© rin¦ B§ e§
:iW¦ r˧ l`© 'il© `¦ d`C'© bË § l`© on¦
mr®¨l̈ d†¤UŸr `EdÎx ¬ W£̀¤ ÎlM̈
¤ Ÿr d³Ÿ`© xW£̀
mr̈½ l̈ ÆdU ¤̧ ÆdG¤d© x³äC̈dÎd
© n̈ xn` ¤ ŸIÀ e©
Li†¤lr̈ a¬S̈p¦ mr²¨d̈Îlk̈e§ LC½¤a© l§ ÆaWFi
¥ d³Ÿ`© rE © CÀ n©
`EdC§ lM̈ zï .dWŸ
¤ nC§ idEn£ « Îcr© xw¤ ŸA¬ Îon¦
¦ g `f̈£ge© :ax¤r̈
Y`© .oic¥n̈ .`Ör© l§ cia¥ r̈ Y`© C§ oic¥d̈ `n̈b̈zt¦ `n̈ .xn© £̀ e© .`Ör© l§ cia¥ r̈
:`Ẅnx© cr© `xt© ¨ v on¦ jëN̈r¦ oin§ ¦ iẅ ®.`Ör© lk̈e§ .jc̈FglA¦ aizï ¥
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
m¦`§e ,Epz̈F` aFf£rY© `p̈ l©` (`l my) ,'ebe mFwÖ©d Ed©nE ,ix§ ¥tq¦ A§ Epi¦pẄ KM̈ ,dïd̈ mixER¦ ¦ Md©
ok̈i¥d K©ld̈§e Fg§NW ¦X¤ n¦ ,dxFY¨ o©Yn© m ¥w Ff Kg̈xM̈ § l©r§e .xd̈d̈ o¦n FYc§x¦ zx¢ ¨gn̈§l ,zx¢ ¨gÖ¦n
Fxz§ ¦i xn̈¡`¤p `l mẄ x©n`Y m¦`e§ x©fg̈¤W Epi¦vn̈ ,mixER¦ ¦ Md© mFi zx¢ ¨gÖ¦n `l̈¥̀ x©nFl xẄ§t`¦ i¥̀
aäFg `Ed ,dïd̈ Fxz§ ¦iΧNW ¤ Fp§aE ,aäFg `l̈¥̀ x©nFl xẄ§t`¦ i¥̀ dxFY ¨ o©Yn© mcFw ¥ ix£ ¥dW ¤
i¥pA§ n¦ (`i c mihtey) ai¦zM© ix£ ¥dW ¤ ,Fx§z¦i `Ed dp̈§Y¦PX ¤ n¦ E ,'ebe i¥Tgª z¤̀ i¦Yr§ cFd§© e (fh weqt)
cŸnr© £ Ie© 'ebe dWŸ¤ n aW¥ ¤ Ie© :d ¤ n oz¥ Fg aäFg d ¤ n a©Wï `l mixER¦ ¦ Md© mFi c©r dxFY ¨
dẄ§wd§ ªe ,mic§ ¦nFr oN̈ª k§e K¤ln¤ M§ aW ¥ Fi .mr̈d̈ fEO©zA§ xÜr̈ dr̈§aW ¦ A§ ix£
¥dW ¤ ,mr̈d̈ z¤̀ hFR§Wl¦
oc̈Fa§kA¦ l¥fl§ ©fn§ dïd̈W ¤ Fxz§ ¦il§ xäC̈©d dl̈r̈ xg̈n̈§lE ,zFgEN©d z¤̀ x¤AW ¦ e§ cxï ©
(ci weqt) xn̈¡ `¤PW
¤ ,KM̈ l©r Fgi¦kFd§e l¥̀ x¨U § ¦iΧNW
¤ mFi§A cxï§ © e mFi mi¦pFn§W dd̈Ẅ§e dÖM̈W § d© A§
:mi¦aS̈¦p mN̈ª k§e LC©¤al§ aW ¥ Fi dŸ©` ©rEC©n l¤W ,xc¥ ¤QM© däEz§M Ff dẄxR̈ ¨ oi¥̀ e§ .mixER¦
¦ Md©
`l̈¥̀ ,o¥M x©nFl xẄ§t`¦ .ax¤r̈d̈ cr© xwŸ¤ Ad© on¦ s©` ,dϦpW § dp̈Ẅ c©r zx¢ ¨gÖ¦n i¦d§i©e xn̈¡`¤p
dr̈Ẅ EN¦t£̀ FY¦n£̀©l z¤n¡` oiC¦ oC̈¤W oÏC© lM̈ ,`Ä dxFY ¨ o©Yn© m ¥w Fxz§ ¦i x¥nF`d̈ ix§ ¥ac§¦l
dxFY©¨ A w¥qFr EN¦`M§ aEzM̈©d eil̈r̈ d¤l£rn© ,z©g`© dp̈Ẅ c©r `l̈¥̀ dïd̈ `l Fvx© §` l¤̀ FgEN¦W
WFcT̈©d§l sŸEW dÜ£r©p EN¦`k§ E ,mFI©d lM̈ g©NW © §ie© (fk weqt) o`M̈ xn̈¡`¤p ix£ ¥dW ¤ ,dϦpW §
FA xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,zi¦W`x§ ¥A dU ¥ £rn© A§ `Ed KExÄ x©n`¨ W ¤ mi¦lb̈C© §d r©Qn© A§ Epi¦vn̈E Fp§ g z¤̀ d ¤ n
:cg̈¤̀ mFi x¤a i¦d§i©e ax¤ ¤r i¦d§ie© (d ` ziy`xa) l¤̀ Ep§g©p£̀ mi¦rq§ Fp (hk i xacna) d ¤ n Fl
168 exzi rnyie gi zeny gqw

b"qx xiqtz
.ii© l© `¦ eB© i§ 'c`¦ .dŸl l`w© (eh
F®pz§ Ÿg« l§ d†¤WŸn xn` ¤ Ÿ¬Ie© eh
:dNl © `© xn`© oEAlh© © i mewË © l`© WŸx¬ c§ l¦ mr†¨d̈ i²©l ¥̀ `Ÿa¬ ïÎiM¦
E`©B dnEv' © k§ mdª l§ Yp`© M© o`¦ (fh
lBª“l § `© oiA© YnM© g§ .ii© l© `¦ ix¥ £̀ .idEn£
¦ gl© dWŸ «¦ Ÿl¡`
¤ n xn© £̀ e© :mid
dNl © `© mEqx© mdª Yt § “©r© e§ dŸAg`§ v© e§ mc̈w¢ on¦ oẗlE` rAz
© n¦ l§ `Ör© ®.izë
¦ l§ oz© `¨
.dEng§ dŸl l`w© (fi :dŸri` ¦ x©W§ e§
.xn`Ë © l`© `'c©d© glv © `Ë © l`© qil© ÆxäC̈ m³¤dl̈ d¤̧id«§ i¦ Îi ¦ fh :ï§i
`l© M§ (gi :dŸrp` § v© Yp`© i'c¦ N§ `©
.Jr© n§ oi'c¦ N§ `© mewË © l`e© Yp`© .lM¦ Y§ Wi†¦` oi¬¥A iY¦½ h§ t´Ẅ© e§ il©½ ¥̀ `´Ä
`l© e§ .Jil© r§ liw'
:JCg © e© dŸrpv
¦ z§ xn`Ë
§ Y© o`©
© l`© o`© l§
wih¦ Y©
i²¦Yr§ cF© d« e§ Edr®¥x¥ oi´¥aE
xiW¦ `§ `n© i‹P¦ n¦ lAw © `¦ .o`Ë © l`© (hi mi†¦dŸl¡`d̈ « iT¬¥gÎz
ª ¤̀
« ŸxFYÎz
`p̈iC¦ oFdl§ i¥ed̈ cM© :eiz̈ « ¤̀ e§
zï ®.oFdl§ `p̈rcFdnE
© .Dixa
¥ g© oiaE
¥ `xaEB
¨ oiA¥ .`p̈pi ¥̀ c̈e§ .izë
¦ l§ oz© `¨
ei®l̈ ¥̀ d†¤WŸn o¬¥zŸg xn` ¤ ŸI² © fi :Dizï¥ xF`
¨ zïe§ ïiC© `Ïnï
© w§
¦ g .xn© £̀ e© :d«U
idEn£ ¤ Ÿr d†Ÿ`© x¬¤W£̀ xä½ C̈d© ÆaFhÎ`Ÿl
lŸA½ Y¦ lŸá¨ gi :cia¥ r̈ Y`© C§ ®.`n̈b̈zR¦ oiw¥ z̈ `l̈ .Dil¥ dWŸ¤ nC§
c³¥ak̈ÎiM¦ K®Ör¦ x´¤W£̀ d†¤Gd© mr¬¨d̈Îm©B dŸ¾ `Îm© © B
¨ n¦ :LC
.i ¥̀ lz¦ d`l «¤a© l§ EdŸU† r£ l¬©kEzÎ`Ÿl xä½ C̈d© ÆLO§ n¦
lFMz¦ `l̈ ®.`n̈b̈zR¦ jP̈n¦ xiT©
¦ i ix¥ £̀ .jÖr¦ C§ oic¥d̈ `Ör© s`© .Y`© s`©
´¨ `¦ Æil¦ ŸwA§ r³©nW§ dYº̈ ©
L½ v§ ri hi :jc̈FglA¦ Dic¥Ar
§ n¦ l§
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
(bi g dinxi) Fn§M .frla x"ixhyiilt dẄi¦nM § oFW§l WŸxc§ l¦ :d¤ed oFW§l ,`Ä i¦M Fn§M .`Ÿaï iM¦ eh
o¤t¤Bn¦ d¤lr̈ lFa§pM¦ (c cl diryi) ,l¥ap̈ d¤lr̈¤d§e lF`§W¦l ,o©R§l ª̀ r©Az§ n¦ §l FnEBx© §zM§ .midŸ¦ l`¡
,gx¤©w ic§ ¥i l©r WEnM̈ `Ed§W ,'ebe xäC̈ md¤ l̈ d¤id¦
¥i l©re§ dÖ©g ic§ § i iM¦ fh :dxEa§
¨ Bd© i¦Rn¦ cEn§lY©
x£d`© zFAx§ ©l .dŸ`© m©B :d¨`l§ ¦pe§ WŸ Fgk§e xn`Ÿ ¤ Ie© fi :i©l ¥̀ `Ä xäC̈ Fl d¤id§ ¦IW¤ i¦n .`Ä
Fc§aM̈ .LO§ n¦ ca¥ k̈ iM¦ :mi¦pw¥§f mi¦ra§ W
¦ §e xEg§e Fp§zFg aEzM̈©d F`xFw § cFaM̈ Kx¤C¤ .dWŸ ¤ n ozŸ¥g
midŸ¦ l`¡ idi ¦ e¦ Lv§ r̈i`¦ hi :L£ M¦n xz¥ Fi ax¨ FpFW§lE .FnEBx© §zM§ .lŸAY¦ lŸap̈ gi :K¤lO¤ ©NW ¤
hqw exzi rnyie gi zeny 169

b"qx xiqtz
d´Ÿ`© d¯¥id ¡ K®Ör¦ mi†¦dŸl¡` i¬¦die¦ oMª .Jr© n§ dNl © `© oEMi§e¦ .Jil© r§ dŸA
¬z̈`a« ¥ d¥ e§ mid¦½ Ÿl¡`d̈ « lEnµ mrÀ̈ l̈ .dNl
© `© 'dd© B¦ on¦ mewË © l`l¦ Yp`©
:dil© `¦ mdxEn
ª `¦ rtx© Y©
Îl ¤̀ mix†¦ äC§ dÎz © ¤̀ d²Ÿ`© mEq“l ‹© `© 'il© r§ mdx' ª cp ¦ Y© e§ (k
wix¦ Hl§ `© mdt ª “‹¦ r© Y§ e§ .ri` ¦ x©Xl`§ e©
.jP̈k¦ ln «¦ Ÿl¡`d̈
§ `© iP¦ n¦ liA¥ w© .or© M§ :mid « ln© rË
§ l`e© .dit¦ oMª lq© © i i'c¦ N§ `©
.`Ör© l§ Y`© ie¡
¦ d .jc̈r£ q© A§ ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ idi
¥ e¦ Yp`e© (`k :dŸpElnr© § i i'c¦ N§ `©
.mewË© l`© rin¦ B§ on¦ x'vp ª `¦ t§
®.Y`© izi ¥ n¥ idzE
¥ .ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ oẗlE` ra© Ÿ
`©iw¦ Y‹§ `© lig© ie'© cª q`©p`¦
d´Ÿx§ d§
© fd¦ § k :ï§i mc̈wl¦ `Ïnb̈z
© R¦ zï .rn© Hl© `© i©ip`
¦ W© wg© ie'© cª .dNl © `©
sEl`§ `q© iEx
ª mdi ª l© r§ iN‹¦ eE©
Îz ¤̀ e§ miT†¦ g« ª dÎz
© ¤̀ md¤½ z§ ¤̀
Dä½ Ekl´¥ § i ÆKx¤C¸¤dÎz © ¤̀ md¤À l̈ ´Ÿr§ cF © d« e§ zŸxFY® d©
`Ïnï
© w§ zï .oFdzï
§ xdf © z© e§ :oEU
« r«£ i© x¬¤W£̀ d†¤Ur«£ O«© d© Îz ¤̀ e§
`c̈äEr zïe§ ®.DA© oEkd̈iC¦ `g̈xF` zï .oFdl§ rcFdzE
© .`z̈ïxF`
¨ zïe§
li¦ gÎi©¹ W ¥ p«§ `© mr̈dÎl ¨Â M̈n¦ d´¤fg ¡z «¤ d´Ÿ`© § `k :oEcAr©§ iC§

´Ÿn§ U © e§ r©v®ä i ¥̀ p§ ŸÚ z†¤n¡` i¬¥Wp§ `© mi²¦dŸl¡` i¯¥̀ x¦§ i

mi†¦Xn£ ¦ g i¬¥ xÜ zF`½ n¥ ix´¥Ü Æmit¦ l̈£̀ i³¥ xÜ md¤À l¥ r£
.ïiC© `Ïl£
© gC̈ `l̈ig¥ C§ oixaEB
¦ .`Ör© lM̈n¦ i¥fgY¦ Y`© e§ :zŸx« Ür
£ i¬¥
xÜe§
itl
¥ `© i¥pÄx© .oFdil¥ r£ i¥PnzE
© .oFnn̈ `l̈Äw© l§ o©pq̈C§ hFWwC¦ oixaEB
¦
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
:oi¦rn̈W
§ ¦p m¤dix§ ¥aC¦ Ei§d¦i o¥k ic§ ¥i l©rW § ¨ BA© K¥lÖ¦d `¥v Fl x©n`¨ ,dv̈¥rÄ .KÖr¦
:dxEa§
¦A mp̈Fnn̈ z¤̀ oi¦`§pFV¤W .r©vä i ¥̀ p§ U
oiC© g© i¦lẄ .midŸ¦ l`¡ d̈ lEn mr̈l̈ dŸ`© d¥id¡
`p̈Fnn̈ oi¦wR§ n© C§ `p̈ÏC© lM̈ o©Pix§
¦n`© C§ `i¦dd© M§ mi¦hR̈§Wn¦ l¥̀ FW§e ,mFwÖ©l mz̈Fpi¥A ui¦ln¥ E
.mit¦ l̈£̀ ix¥Ü :`Ed `p̈ÏC© e`l̈ `p̈ic§ ¦A Di¥pn¦ :mz̈Faix¦ ix§ ¥aC¦ .mix¦äC§ d© z ¤̀ :FY¦`n¥
zF`¥n WW ¥ §l mix¦Ü zF`¥n WW ¥ Eid̈ m¥d :Li¤lr̈¤W W ¤T©d g© Ex§A .d¤fg¡ z¤ dŸ`© e§ `k
:Eid̈ mi¦tl̈£̀ zW ¥ .zF`n¥ ix¥Ü :s¤l ¤̀
¤W si¦pg§ d© §l oi¦kix§
¦v oi¥̀ W ¦ W£r .li¦ g© iW§
§ ,mixi¦ ¥ p`©
ix¥Üe§ :s¤l ¤̀ xÜr̈ mi¥pW § .miX¦ n£ ¦ g ix¥Ü i¥l£rA© EN¥̀ .zn¡ ¤ ` iW§ ¥ p`© :mi¦pR̈ xi¦Md© §lE
:s¤l ¤̀ mi¦XW¦ .zŸxÜr£ ,m¤dix§ ¥aC¦ l©r KFn§ql¦ i`c§ ©M m¤dW § ,dg̈ḧ§ad©
170 exzi rnyie gi zeny rw

b"qx xiqtz i¥pÄx©e§ oiWn

¦ g© i¥pÄx© ®.`z̈ë`n̈ i¥pÄx©
:Y`x`
mewË
© W© r© e§ oiqn'
© l`© oiA© `n© it¦ oEnMg©
¦ k© e§ .oi©i`nE
ª it§ (ak
©
m» r̈d̈Îz ¤̀ Eh́t« § Ẅ § ak :`z̈ïxFUr£
xn`© lMª oEMie¦ .Ywe© lMª it¦
xn`© lMª e§ .Jil© `¦ dŸpErtx© § i mi'v¦ r§
x³äC̈dÎl
© M̈ dº̈id̈e§ z¼ rÎl ¥ k̈A§
or© s‹t' ¦ k© e§ .mdª dit¦ oEnMg© ª i xi'b¦ v§ Îlk̈e§ Lil¤½ ¥̀ E`i´¦aï ÆlŸcB̈d©
o`¦ (bk :Jr© n§ oEln§ Yg© § ie§ .Jqt©© p
.xn`Ë © l`© `'c©d© Yr©pv§ Yp`© m®¥dÎEhR§ W¦§ i oŸh† T̈d© x¬äC̈d©
Ywh¦ `§ .dŸA dNl © `© Jx©n§ `© e©
`'c©d© rin¦ B§ `'vi © `© e§ .m`©iwË § l`© :KŸ« `¦ E`† U«
§ p̈e§ Lil¤½ r̈«n¥ Ælw¥ d̈e§
xiv©¦ i dŸr've § n© 'il© `¦ .mewË © l`© mb̈zR¦ lM̈ .idi ¥ e¦ .oC̈r¦ lk̈A§ `Ör© zï oEpici¦ e¦
on¦ 'iqEn © lA¦ w§ t§ (ck :m`l© q§ A§ oEpic§¦ i xir§
¥ f mB̈zR¦ lk̈e§ .jz̈ël§ oFzi©i ax©
:dŸxn§ `§ `n© rin¦ B§ r©pv§ e§ .dEng§ :jÖr¦ oExaFqi § e¦ ®.jP̈n¦ oElwi¥ § ie§ .oEP`¦
q`©p`¦ 'iqEn © x`Y'k © `© t§ (dk
.li`¦ xq ÆdG¤d© x³äC̈dÎz
© `¦ l`© rin¦ B§ on¦ lig© ie'© cª © ¤̀ m´¦ bk
`q© iEx
§ .mdiª l© r§ `q© iEx §
†Ÿl§ k̈«ïe§ mid¦½ Ÿl¡` ĹE§v¦ e§ dU
md`‹
ª N© eE©
¤½ r£ Y
«©
`Ÿa¬ ï Fn† ŸwnÎl § r© d½G¤d© mr´¨d̈ÎlM̈ Æmb© e§ cŸn® r£
© e¦ .cia¥ r£ Y© oic¥d̈ `n̈b̈zR¦ zï m`¦ :mFl« Ẅa
.mẅnl¦ lFMz¦ e§ .ï§i jP̈c¦ T§ ti §
r¬©nW¦ § I © ck (iyily) :ml̈WA¦ jd̈§i Dixz ¥ `© lr© ®.oic¥d̈ `Ör© lM̈ s`© e§
:x«n̈`¨ x¬¤W£̀ lŸM† Ur¾ © I© e© F®pz§ Ÿg« lFẃl§ d†¤WŸn
xg©¸ a¦
§ I © dk :xn© £̀ C© lŸM ®.ca© r©£ e .idEn£ ¦ g xni © n¥ l§ dWŸ ¤ n liA¥ w© e§
m²z̈Ÿ` o¬¥Y¦Ie© l ¥̀½ x¨U¦ § iÎlM̈n¦ Æli¦ gÎi ©¸ W ¥ p«§ `© d³¤WŸn
zF`½ n¥ ix´¥Ü Æmit¦ l̈£̀ i³¥ xÜ mr®¨d̈Îlr© mi†¦W`x¨
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
¨ BA© K¥lÖ¦d .cŸnr£ Ÿl§ k̈ïe§ lw¥ d̈e§ :iEE¦v oFW§l ,oEpEci¦e .Eht§ Ẅe§ ak
Kz̈F` d¤Ev© §i m¦` dxEa§
Kc̈ï l©r a¥M©r§i m¦`e§ ,cFn£r l©kEY KM̈ zFy£rl© Fn§M ,l¥wd̈§e .Li¤lr̈¥n l¥wd̈§l d¤f xäC̈ .Lil¤ r̈n¥
x£d`© .d¤Gd© mr̈d̈ lM̈ m©be§ :cFn£rl© l©kEz `l (ck b a mikln) ,FA¦l z¤̀ c¥Ak§ d© §e (`i g zeny)
¦ §e `Edi¦a£̀©e ac̈p̈ midŸ¦ l`¡ LE§v¦ e§ bk :d¤ed oFW§l ,a¨`Fn z¤̀ zFM©d§e
dŸ©r mi¦e§l¦Pd© mi¦pw¥§f mi¦ra§ W
`rw exzi rnyie hi zeny 171

b"qx xiqtz
:zŸx« Ür£ i¬¥
xÜe§ mi†¦Xn£
¦ g i¬¥
xÜ oiqn'
¦ k© e§ .oi©i`n© e© sEl`©
.l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i lM̈n¦ `l̈ig¥ C§ oixaEB
¦ dWŸ¤ n xgaE
© oEnMg© ª i Ex`v© t§ (ek :z`x` © W© r© e§
itl
¥ `© i¥pÄx© .`Ör© lr© oiWi ¦ x¥ .oFdzï
§ iP¦ nE
© .Ywe© lMª it¦ mewË © l`© oiA© `n© it¦
i¥pÄx©e§ oiWn
¦ g© i¥pÄx© ®.`z̈ë`n̈ i¥pÄx© 'il© `¦ dŸpErtx©
§ i Ar¦ v§ xn`© lMª
oEnMg© ª i xi'b¦ v§ xn`© lMª e§ .'iqEn
©
mr†¨d̈Îz ¤̀ Eh¬ t«§ Ẅ § ek :`z̈ïxFUr£ 'iqEn
© wlh
© `© t§ (fk :mdª dit¦

ÆdW¤ T̈d© x³äC̈dÎz

© ¤̀ zrÎl ®¥ k̈A§ :dŸCl© A§ 'il© `¦ `'v© nE
.'zl`'
¦ zl ‹© `© xdXl`©
§ .dEng§
it¦ (` hi
Îlk̈e§ dW ¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ oE`i ´ a¦ i§ Cl© A§ on¦ li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ BExk§ l§
E`©B .me©ilË`© Jl`' ¦ c© it¦ .xvn¦
:m«d¥ EhER
¬ W¦ § i oŸh† T̈d© x¬äC̈d© Elg§ x§ 'c`¦ (a :i©piq¦ 'di©i“‹¦ A© 'il© `¦
iW
¥ w§ mb̈zR¦ zï .oC̈r¦ lk̈A§ `Ör© zï oip§¦ ic̈e§ 'di©i“‹¦ A© 'il© `¦ E`©Be§ .mici¦ t¦ x§ on¦

d†¤WŸn g¬©NW§ © ie© fk :oEP`¦ oip§¦ iC̈ xir§¥ f mb̈zR¦ lk̈e§ ®.dWŸ¤ n zël§ ozi© n¥
®.idEn£
¦ g zï dWŸ ¤ n gN© W © e§ :Fv © ¤̀ Fl† K¤l¬¥Ie© F®pz§ ŸgÎz
« x§ `Îl « ¤̀
ÆWc¤Ÿģ © ` hi (iriax) % iyily t :Dirx ¥ `© l§ Dil¥ l©f £̀ e©

m¦ix®¨v§ n¦ ux´¤̀ ¤ n¥ l†¥̀ x¨U¦ § iÎi¥pA§ z`¬¥vl§ iWi ¦½ l¦ X§ d©

i¥pA§ wR© n¦ l§ .d`¨ z̈il¦ Y§ `g̈x©iA§ :i«p̈iq ¦ x¬©Ac§ n¦ E`†Ä d½G¤d© mFÍA©
:ip̈iq¦ C§ `x¨Ac
§ n© l§ Fz £̀ ®.oic¥d̈ `n̈FiA§ .m¦ixv
¨ n¦ C§ `r̈x`© n¥ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i
£ «I©e© ip©½ iq¦ x´©Ac§ n¦ ÆE`Ÿa̧Ï©e mici
E†pg À¦ t¦ x«§ n¥ Eŕq¦
§ I© a
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
l .W ¤g W`x§A .d¤Gd© mFIA© ` hi :FY§gR© W § n¦ .oE`ia¦ i§ :`Ö©r zï oi¦p§ic̈§e .Eht§ Ẅe§ ek :KÖ¦r
mFI©A Ed©n ,`Ed©d mFI©A `l̈¥̀ aFY§kl¦ Kixv̈ ¦ dïd̈ (g a zex) o¥ke§ EhFR§W¦i Fn§M .md¥ EhERW¦ § i :o©zi¥n
EN¦`M§ Li¤lr̈ mi¦Wc̈£g dxFY¨ ix§ ¥aC¦ Ei§d¦IW¤ ,d¤Gd© oi¦p§iC̈ FnEBx©
§z§e i ¦a£rz© `l Fn§M ,ixEa£ ¦ rz© `l
¨vdª dn̈§l .mici¦ t¦ x§n¥ Erq¦
Kx§ § Ie© a :Ep§Y¦p mFI©d KM̈§l ,iEE¦v oFW§l m¥d mi¦pFi§lr¤ d̈ zF`x§ ¨wn¦ .oEP¦`
a©zM̈ xä§M `l£d©e ,Er§qp̈ ok̈i¥dn¥ Wxẗ§¥ lE xFf§gl© EN©Nd© zF`x§ ¨wn¦ E ,oEpEc§i ,oEz§i©i oEpEci¦e oi¦nB§ x©
§Yn¦
,Er§qp̈ mẌ¦OW¤ ©rEcÏ©A ,mi¦pFg Eid̈ mici¦ ¦ tx¦
§AW¤ i¥pA§ x¤I©B§l .Fvx§`© l ¤̀ Fl Kl¥ ¤ Ie© fk :dϦU£r oFW§l
o`bizd lka `ed oke .rxln ehetyi zaiz .md EhER¬ W§ i¦ ohwd xacd lke ek :wecwcd wlg
,xteze dvr ever oke .dfn ixearz `l denke .z"iha `gthdy a"ixdn k"ke .l"f l"nx k"ke
:l"kr wecwcd wlga oiir .exace ever
172 exzi rnyie hi zeny arw

b"qx xiqtz
m'z© l©fp§ e§ .“AË © l` it¦ Elf© § pe§ .i©piq¦
l†¥̀ x¨U¦ § i m¬ẄÎog«© I¦ e© x®Äc§ O¦ A©
:lA© B˧ l`© `'c©g§ li`¦ xq © `¦ Fz £̀ e© .mici¦ t¦ x§n¥ ElhpE
© :x«d̈d̈ c¤b¬¤p
.dNl
© `© 'il© `¦ Cr© v§ 'iqEnE © (b
lA© BË
§ l`© on¦ dNl © `© d`C`© © pt§
`xWE
¨ ®.`x¨Ac
§ n© A§ FxWE .i©piq¦ C§ `x¨Ac
§ n© l§
.AEwr©i l`© l§ lwª `'c©M§ .`l© i` d¬¤WŸnE b :`xEh
¦ w© ¨ lia¥ w¢ l̈ l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i oÖz©
mYpª `© (c :li`¦ xq © `¦ ip¦ A§ xA'k ¦ `¦ e§
Yr©pv§ `n© `x¸¨w¦
.mYC § Ie© mi®¦dŸl¡`d̈
ª d`© W© « Îl ¤̀ d†l̈r̈
diA¦ W§ mMª Yl § n© g§ e© oEixv § n˦ l`A¦
YiY© `§ e§ .xEqPl § `© 'dg© pB xŸn`½ l¥ x´d̈d̈Îon¦ ÆdëŸdi§ ei³l̈ ¥̀
§ `© 'il© r§
:`'c©d© il¦ A© B§ 'il© `¦
aŸw½ r«£ i© zi´¥al§ Æxn`
mMª A§
© Ÿz dŸM³
on¦ ï§i Dil¥ `xwE ¤ nE :l«¥̀ x¨U¦
¨ .ï§i mc̈wl¦ wil¥ q§ dWŸ § i i¬p¥ a§ l¦ ci†B¥ z© e§
:l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pal¦ i¥EgzE
© ®.aŸwr©
£ i zia¥ l§ xni
© Y¥ op̈cM¦ .xni
© n¥ l§ `xEh
¨
`³V̈ ¤̀ «ë m¦ix®¨v§ n¦ l§ izi†¦
¦ Ur̈ x¬¤W£̀ mzi ¤½ `¦ x§ m´¤Y © c
:i«l̈ ¥̀ m†¤kz§ ¤̀ `¬¦a`« ¨ ë mix½¦ Ẅp§ i´¥tp§ MÎl
© r© Æmk¤ z§ ¤̀
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
m¤Y`© `l̈¥̀ ,m¤ki¥l£r ci¦rn¥ i¦p£̀ mic¥ ¦ra§ `l ,m¤kl̈ oz̈¨`i¦al§ mici¦ ¦ tx¥
§n oz̈r̈i¦q§p Wi¦Td© l§ `l̈¥̀
dÖ©M l©r ,m¦ix§ ©vn¦ l§ i¦zi¦Ur̈ xW ¤ £̀ m¤zi¦`x§ i©pi¦q x©Ac¦ §n§l oz̈¨`i¦A d©n ,i©pi¦q x©Ac¦ §n§l
l§e ,m¤kl̈ Eb§EC§©f¦PW¤ m ¥w i¦l oi¦aÏ©g Eid̈ zFx¥a£r :däEWz§ A¦ mici¦ ¦ tx¥§n oz̈r̈i¦q§p s©` ,däEWz§ A¦
.mk¤ z§ ¤̀ `V̈ ¤̀ ë :m¤kc¤ §i l©r `l̈¥̀ m¤dn¥ i¦Y§rx§ ©t¦p ,cg̈¤̀ a¥lA§ cg̈¤̀ Wi¦`M§ .l ¥̀ x¨U¦ § i mẄ og¦ © Ie©
l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i Eid̈W
¤ ,q¥qn§ §rx§ ©l l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i E`ÄW¤ mFi d¤f :z¤wFl£gn© a§ E z¤nFrx© §zA§ zFip̈£gd© lM̈ x¨`W § lä£̀
E`ÄW ¤ M§ dN̈©w dr̈Ẅ§lE ,oW ¤ FB ux¤̀
¤ lk̈§A oixG̈¦ tªn§ `¤vFn dŸ©`W ¤ mFwn̈ lk̈§e ,Fgx§¨fn¦ §l .xd̈d̈ c¤bp¤
qFl§w§pE`§e .q¥qn§ §rx§ ©l mN̈ª M Ev§Aw§ ¦p z`¥vl̈§e r©Ql¦ .i¦pX
¥ d© mFI©A .dl̈r̈ dWŸ ¤ nE b :gx§¨fO¦ l© mi¦pR̈ ,c¤b¤p
©ri¦Q`© ë Fn§M ,oFkz§ ï zi¦lH¥©p§e ,`V̈¤̀ë m¤Bx§Y¦ (c cl zeny) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,Eid̈ dn̈M̈W§ d© A§ eiz̈FI¦l£r lk̈§e
:dl̈§rn© §l cFaM̈ Kx¤C¤ xäC̈©d z¤̀ o¤TY¦ ,m¤kz§ ¤̀
d¤Gd© oFWN̈©A .xn`Ÿ © z dŸM :x¤A©a d ¤ n m¥MW § ©Ie©
l©r eil̈f̈FB `¥UFP©d xW ¤ ¤PM© .mix¦Ẅ§p it§ ¥ pM© lr©
,mi¦WP̈©d EN¥̀ .aŸwr© £ i zia¥ l§ :d¤Gd© xc¥ ¤Qk© §e
m¤di¥pA§ z¤̀ mi¦pz§ Fp zFtFrd̈ x¨`W § lM̈W¤ ,eiẗp̈§M
x¥g`© sFr¥n oi¦`xï§ § zO¦ W¤ i¦tl§ ,m¤di¥l§bx© oi¥A i¥pa§ l¦ ci¥Bz© e§ :dM̈x© oFWl̈§A o¤dl̈ x©n`Y
Epi¥̀ d¤Gd© xW ¤ ¤Pd© lä£̀ ,m¤di¥A©B l©r gxFR¤ ¥ W .mixk̈§ ¦ Gl© WxR̈ ¥ oi¦wEC§wc§ ¦e oi¦W§prª .l ¥̀ x¨U¦ §i
,u¥g FA wFx§f¦i `¤OW ¤ ,mc̈¨`d̈ o¦n `l̈¥̀ `xï§ ¥ zn¦ l .mzi ¤ `¦ x§ mY¤ `© c :oiCi¦
¦ bM§ oi¦WT̈©d mixä ¦ C§
op̈§zFp KM̈§l ,eiÄ©B l©r gxFR ¥ x¥g`© sFr oi¥̀ W § i¦t§l x¥BW© n§ i¦p£̀ mixä
¦ c¦
§A `l§e ,m¤kc¤ §iA§ `i¦d z ¤qn̈

:(a"ixdn) c"eiae ixiva .l`xyi ipal ci†B¥ z© e§ b :wecwcd wlg

brw exzi rnyie hi zeny 173

zili
¦ H©
¥ pe§ .i ¥̀ xv
¨ n¦ l§ zic¦ a© r£ C© .oFzi¥fg£ oEY`© b"qx xiqtz
oFkzï
§ ziai ¦ x¥ẅe§ ®.oixW
¦ p¦ iRc©
¥ B lr© cM¦ oFkzï § .ixn ¦ `© mYl ª A¦ w§ o`¦ o`Ë © l`e© (d
dS`'
‹© k© il¦ mYp ª Mª .iCd ¦ r© mY'vª t© g§ e©
rF
© n³ ẄÎm`¦ dYÀ̈ r© § d :ip¦ g̈lEtl§ il¦ o`© 'il© r§ .AErXl § `© rin¦ B§ on¦

m†¤Yx§ n© WE
§ il¦½ ŸwA§ ÆErn§ W§ Y¦ EpEMY§ mYp
`Ar
ª `© e§ (e :ml`
© W© e§ dOi
© rË
© l`© rin¦ B§
© i¦ `© e© JEln§ .il¦

i³¦l mzi¸ ¤ i¦ d§ e¦ i®¦zix¦ AÎz § ¤̀ i'c¦ N§ `© .m`l© MË

`©Bt§ (f :li`¦ xq
§ l`© `'c©d© .`q© C‹§ w© nª
© `¦ ip¦ A§ l§ dŸlEwY§
i†¦lÎiM¦ miO¦½ r´d̈Îl
© M̈n¦ ÆdN̈bªq§ `l© Y§ e§ .mewË © l`© 'jEiW© `r© c§ e§ .'iqEn©
.m`l© MË § l`© `'c©d© rin¦ B§ mdi ª l© r§
`l̈Äw© m`¦ .orkE © :ux«¤`¨ d̈ÎlM̈ :dŸA dNl © `© dŸxn§ `§ i'c¦ N§ `©
.inï
¦ w§ zï oExH§ z¦ e§ .ix¦ni
§ n¥ l§ oElA§ w© z§
m¯¤Y`© § e :`r̈x`© lk̈ ili¦ C¦ ix¥ £̀ ®.`Ïn© n§ r© lM̈n¦ oiai¦ A¦ g© in© c̈w¢ oFdzE
dN¤ `¥µ WFc®ẅ iFb́e§ mi†¦p£dŸM« zk¬¤ ¤ ln§ n© i²¦lÎEid§ Y«¦
oEY`© e§ :l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i i¬p¥ AÎl
§ ¤̀ x†¥Ac©Y§ x¬¤W£̀ mix½¦ äC§ d©
i¥pA§ mr¦ liN¥ nz
© C¦ ®.`Ïnb̈z
© R¦ oiN¥ `¦ .WiC¦ w© mr© e§ oip£
¦ dM̈ oikl
¦ n© .in© c̈w¢ oFdY§
`x†¨w¦§ Ie© dW ¤½ Ÿn `ŸáÏ© f (iying) % iriax :l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ i

mix´¦ äC§ dÎl© M̈ z`¥µ mdi¥ ¤À pt§ l¦ mU´Ï©

¤ e mr®¨d̈ í¥pw¦
§ fl§
.`Ör© ia¥ q̈l§ `xwE ¤ n `z̈ £̀ e© :d«ëŸdi§ Ed†Ëv
¨ .dWŸ ¦ x¬¤W£̀ dN¤ ¥̀½ d̈
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
zFaFh mi¦pä£̀©e xẅ§i i¥lM§ ,mi¦kl̈§n z©Nbªq§ E l§e ,i¦A u¥gd© q¥pM̈¦i aḧEn x¥nF` ,eiẗp̈§M l©r
Ei§dY¦ m¤Y`© KM̈ .mz̈F` mi¦f§pFB mi¦kl̈§Od© W ¤ r©Q¦Ie© (hi ci zeny) ,o¥M i¦zi¦Ur̈ i¦p£̀ s©` .i©pä§A
Ex§n`Y `l§e ,zFOª̀ x¨`X § n¦ dN̈ªbq§ i¦l d¥pg£ n© oi¥A `aÏ©e (k my) 'ebe mi¦ l¡`d̈ K©`l§ n©
,m¤kÖ¦r mix¥ ¦g£̀ i¦l oi¥̀ §e i¦NW ¤ m¤kC© §a§l m¤Y`© i¥pa§ `© e§ mi¦Sg¦ mi¦wxFf
§ mix§ ¦vn¦ Eid̈§e ,'ebe m¦ix§
©vn¦
:zx¤ ¤M¦p m¤kz§ A© g¦ `¤dY§ W ¤ cFr i¦l W¥i d©nE mk¤ z§ ¤̀ `a¦ `ë ¨ :ml̈§Aw© n§ op̈r̈¤d§e zF`x§ ¨hq§ i¦lA§
i©pẗ§lE i©pi¥rA§ m¤d§e .ux¤`¨ d̈ lM̈ il¦ iM¦ El§Aw© Y§ dŸ©r m¦` .dŸr© e§ d :FnEBx© §zM§ .il̈ ¥̀
.mi¦pd £ ŸM zk¤ l¤ n§ n© il¦ Eid§ Y¦ mY¤ `© e§ e :mEl§kl¦ lM̈W¤ ,K©N`¦ e§ o`M̈¦n m¤kl̈ ax¡ ©r¤i m¤ki¥l£r
(gi g 'a l`eny) x©n £̀ Y § `© C§ d©nM§ mix¦Ü .izi ¦ x¦A§ z ¤̀ mY¤ x§n© WE § :zFWẅ zFlg̈§zd©
l .mix¦äC§ d© dN¤ ¥̀ :Eid̈ mi¦p£ M c¦ec̈ i¥pa§ E :dxFY© ¨ d zxi¦ © nW
§ l©r m¤kÖ¦r zFx§k ¤̀ W ¤
:xz¥ Fi `l§e zEgR̈ (g a z¤l¤ w) Fn§M ,ai¦Ag © xv̈F` .dN̈bªq§
174 exzi rnyie hi zeny crw

b"qx xiqtz ®.oiN¥ `¦ d̈ `Ïnb̈z

© R¦ lM̈ zï .oFdin¥ c̈w¢ xC©q© e§
.El`w© e§ oir¦ nB
.dŸrpv©§ p dNl
§ `© dEA`©B`§ t© (g
© `© l`w© `n© rin¦ B§
m³r̈d̈Îlk̈ Ep̧r£«I© © g :ï§i Dic¥T§ t© C§
'il© `¦ mdª n`
.dŸl dNl
§ l© M§ 'iqEn©
© `© l`w© oig¦ (h :dNl
C‹ x©t§
© `©
x¬¤ACÎx
¦ W£̀¤ lŸM² Ex½ n`
§ ŸÍe© ÆeC̈g©§i
on¦ m`n' © b§ A§ Jl© iN¦ BY
© nª `©p`§ d© d²¤WŸn aW¯Ï© ¤ e d®¤Ur«£ p© d†ëŸdi§
mewË © l`© rnq © i¦ iM© l¦ .iA` ¦ g© q§
JA© EpnEil § e© .Jl© iY¦ A§ h`' § k© n§ :d«ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ mr†¨d̈ i¬¥
xa§ CÎz
¦ ¤̀
xa'k
© `© t§ .xdCl © `© 'il© `¦ o`C©A© `© .lŸM .Exn© £̀ e© `C̈gM© `Ör© lk̈ Eaiz¦ £̀ e©
:dNl© `© mewË © l`© m`l© M§ A§ 'iqEn©
zï ®.dWŸ
¤ n aiz¥ £̀ e© .cia¥ r©
£ p ï§i liN¥ n© C§
'il© `¦ 'un`¦ dŸl dNl © `© l`w© t§ (i
xn`¤ ŸI̧© h :ï§i mc̈wl¦ `Ör© inb̈z ¥ R¦
o¼p̈r̈«d¤ ar´©A§ L» il¤ ¥̀ `´Ä ik¹¦ Ÿp` «¨ dP¥̧ d¦ dW ¤À ŸnÎl ¤̀ d¹ëŸdi§
L† AÎm©
§ be§ KÖ½ r¦ ix´¦ A§ c©A§ Æmr̈d̈ r³©nW¦ § i xEaº r« £ A©
Îl ¤̀ mr†¨d̈ i¬¥ xa§ CÎz ¦ ¤̀ d²¤WŸn c¬¥BI©e© m®l̈Frl§ Epi´¦n£̀ «i©
.lic¦ A§ .`p̈p̈r£ C© `äir¥ A§ jl̈ il¥ Bz ¤ nl§ ï§i xn© £̀ e© :d«ëŸdi§
§ n¦ .`p̈ £̀ d̈ .dWŸ
zï ®.dWŸ
¤ n iE¦g© e§ .ml© r̈l§ oEpni
§ d§
¥ i jÄ s`© e§ .jÖr¦ izEl
¦ N̈n© A§ `Ör© rnW¦
© iC§
Îl ¤̀ d³ëŸdi§ xn`
¤ ŸI̧© i % iying :ï§i mc̈wl¦ `Ör© inb̈z
¥ R¦
x®g̈n̈E mFÍd© m†ŸW§ C©w¦ e§ mr̈½ d̈Îl ¤̀ K´¥l ÆdW ¤ Ÿn
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
z ¤̀ :W ¤g©l i¦ri¦ax§ `EdW § zx¢ ¨gÖ©d mFi§A mFi§A .'ebe mr̈d̈ ix¥a§ C¦ z ¤̀ dWŸ ¤ n aWÏ© ¤ eg
i¦Y§rn© Ẅ d¤f xäC̈ l©r däEWY§ .'ebe mr̈d̈ ix¥a§ C¦ dn̈M̈W § d© A© ix£
¥dW¤ ,i¦Wi¦lW § mFi `Ed§W ,zx¢ ¨gÖ©d
d¤nFc Epi¥̀ KÖ¦n ©rFnW § ¦l mp̈Fvx§W ¤ m¤dn¥ `Ä `l̈¥̀ ,ai¦W d̈§
l d ¤ n dïd̈ Kixv̈
¦ i¦
k e
§ .dl̈r̈
,K¤lO¤ d© i¦Rn¦ ©rn¥ FX©l g© i¦lẌ©d i¦Rn¦ ©rn¥ FX©d ,x©n`¨ `N¤W d ¤ O¦n ux¤̀ ¤ Kx¤C¤ Kc̈§O©l§l aEzM̈©d
l ¤̀ 'd xn`Ÿ ¤ Ie© i :Ep¥Ml§ n© z¤̀ zF`x¦ §l Ep¥pFvx§ :ai¦Wd̈§l Kixv̈¦ i¦pi¥̀ ,i¦pg© l̈§XW
¤ i¦n ©rcFi§
¥ e li¦`Fd
l¤̀ K¥l ,mÖ¦r x¤Ac§ ¤ ,o¥M m¦` .dWŸ
©l oi¦wi¦w§fO© W ¤ n m©be§ :l¤tx£ ¨r Ed¤f§e op̈r̈¤d d¥a£rn© A§ .op̈r̈d¤ ar© A§ h
mn̈§v©r Epi¦kϤW ,mŸ§pO© ¦f§e .mŸW§ C©w¦ e§ :mr̈d̈ .dWŸ ¤ n c¥BI© e© :Lix£
¤g`© mi¦`Ä©d mi¦`i¦a§PA© m©B .LA§
,'l sc w"t oiyecwa .oprd ara jil` `a ikp` dpd dyn l` i"i xn`ie h :wecwcd wlg
:(a"ixdn) iweqt `zlzl `xw ii`dl dil iwqt `axrna xn` `c` xa `g` ax `z` ik
`gthd miwcwecn o`biz zvwae ,meid zaiza `gthd o`biz zvwa .xgne mFÍd© m†ŸW§ C©w¦ e§ i
:xtey meid zaize mzycwe zaiza
drw exzi rnyie hi zeny 175

b"qx xiqtz
« Ÿln§ U¦ Eq† A§ k¦ e§
¤ nl§ ï§i xn© £̀ e© :mz̈
dWŸ
.`C'© b§ e§ me©ilË`© mdx ª D‹¦ h© e§ .mewË© l`©
oic¥ `n̈Fi oEP¦pinf̈zE ¥ .`Ör© zël§ li¥fi`¦ EpEMi§e¦ (`i :mdª A`© § i'z¦ oElQ'b© § ie§

E¬id̈ § `i :oFdiWEa ¥ l§ oExE§gi © e¦ ®.xgnE

©
o`© t§ 'zl`'
mdYª x'v
¦ zl ‹© `© me©ilËl¦ oiC‹¦ r¦ Yq
© g© A§ .dNl© `© `N© BY©
§ nª
© i Dit¦
i´¦M i®¦Wil¦ X§ d© mFÍl© mi†¦pŸkp§ m'‹k¦ Y© e§ (ai :i©piq¦ lA© B§ 'il© r§
.mdª l§ lwªe§ dil` © e©g§ mewË © l`©
d²ëŸdi§ c¯¥ x¥i iW¦À l¦ X§ d© mFÍA© 'il© `¦ CErSl § `© on¦ Ex'cg § `¦
lMª e§ .dŸtx©h© on¦ EpCl` ¦ e© lA© BË § l`©
x¬©dÎlr© mr†¨d̈Îlk̈ i¬p¥ ir¥ l§ :`lY © w© lYwª © ilt© dŸA `©pC§ on©

¦ f oFdie¦ :i«p̈iq¦ `N© `© .C©i dŸQ» n¦ Y§ `l© 'zig© on¦ (bi

.d`¨ z̈il¦ Y§ `n̈Fil§ oipi
¦ n§
:ip̈iq¦ C§ `xEh
¨ lr© `Ör© lk̈ i¥pir¥ l§ ®.ï§i il¥ Bz
§ n¦ .d`¨ z̈il¦ Y§ `n̈FiA§ ix¥ £̀
§ Ẍd¦ xŸn`
Ex¬ n« ½ l¥ ai´¦aq̈ Æmr̈d̈Îz ¤̀ ³Ÿl§ A© b§ d¦ § ai
x†d̈Ä r¬¥ © bŸPdÎl
© M̈ Ed®¥vẅA§ r© Ÿb́pE § x†d̈Ä zF¬lr£ m²¤kl̈
.oFkl§ Exn© Yq
§ `¦ .xni
© n¥ l§ xFgq§ xFgq§ `Ör© zï mig¥ YzE
© :z«n̈Ei zFn¬
`l̈ḧwz
§ `¦ `xEh
¨ A§ axw¦
© iC§ lM̈ ®.DitFq
¥ A§ axw
© nlE
¦ `xEh
¨ A§ wQ© n¦ N§ n¦
Ælw¥ Q̈¦i lFw³ q̈ÎiM¦ cÀ̈i FA¹ r¸B© zÎ` ¦ Ÿ bi :lih¦ wz¦ § i

d®¤ig«§ i¦ `Ÿl´ Wi†¦`Îm`¦ d¬n̈d¥ AÎm § `¦ dxÏ ½¤ i¦ dŸx́ïÎF`«

¬ r«£ i© dÖ†¥d la¥½ ŸId© ÆKŸWn§ A¦
© z¦ `l̈ :x«d̈ä El
ix¥ £̀ .c©i DiA¥ axw
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
,d¨`§ld̈ë o`M̈¦n zFl£rn¥ Ex§nẌ¦d ,m¤dl̈ x¥nF` :dẌ¦`n¥ mi¦lC̈§anª .mi¦pŸkp§ Eid̈e§ `i :xg̈n̈E mFI©d
EN¦t£̀ .Ed¥vẅA§ rŸ© bpE § :KM̈ l©r mxi¦ ¥ d§fz© dŸ©`§e .W ¤g©A dẌ¦W `EdW § .iWi¦ l¦ X§ d© mFIl©
m¤dW § oi¦lẅ§q¦P©l o`M̈¦n .dxϦ
¤ i dŸxï bi :Ed¥vẅ§A xd̈d̈ z©gY© g© A¥§fO¦ d© z¤̀ d ¤ n dp̈Ä i¦Wi¦ng£ a© E
D© FaB̈ dïd̈W ¤ ,dl̈i¥wQ§ d© zi¥An¦ dḦ©n§l oi¦gc¦ §p xEn¨`d̈ oï§pr¦ d̈ lM̈ ,dä¥Sn© dx¥U § r¤ mi¥YW §E
Fn§M ,ux¨ ¤`l̈ dḦ©n§l Kl̈§Wªi .dxϦ¤ i :zFnFw i¥YW § oi¥̀ §e (c ck zeny) ,mi¦hẗ§WO©d d¤N ¥̀ e§ z©Wxẗ§ ¨A
.laŸ¥ Id© KUn§ A¦ :mÏ©a dxï ¨ (c eh zeny) .mr̈d̈ lk̈ i¥pir¥ l§ :dxFY© ¨ A x¨ `§nE mC̈§wnª
wEN¦q on̈i¦q `Ed KFx¨` lFw l¥aFI©d KFW§n¦IW ¤ M§ :mN̈ª M E`§
R x
© z
§ ¦
P W
¤ ,`¤n Fq m¤
dÄ dïd̈ `N¤W c¥O©ln§
m¥d w©NY© q§ ¦Py¤ oëi¥ke§ ,lFT©d z©wq̈§td© §e dp̈i¦kW§ N¤W ,on̈i¦ql§ oi¦nEg§Y m¤dl̈ r©aẅ .Ÿl§ A© b§ d¦ e§ ai
¤ xẗFW `Ed .laŸ¥ Id© :zFl£rl© oi¦`Ẍx© lEa§Bd© .xŸn`l¥ :d¨`§ld̈ë lEa§Bd© o¦n Eax§
,l¦i`© ΧNW §w¦i
176 exzi rnyie hi zeny erw

b"qx xiqtz .ic¥YW¦

§ i d`¨ c̈YW
§ `¦ F` mi¥bxz¦§ i `n̈b̈xz § `¦
dit¦ AWp © iª e`© `nB © x© m©Bxiª c©bin¥ A§ .m©Iwz¦
© i `l̈ `Ẅp̈¡` m`¦ `xi¨ r¦ A§ m`¦
m`¦ o`M© dni © d¦ A§ .`A` © W© »© p :`xEh
¨ A§ wQ© n¦ l§ oWxEn
© oEP`¦ ®.`x¨ẗFW
Axªvª `'c©`¦ e§ .`©igi¦ `l© `©p`qp © `¦
ECrv©
§ i o`© mdª l§ fi`© ¦ B .wEAËl`A¦ d²¤WŸn c¤x¯¥I © ci % iyy
on¦ .'iqEn
© l©fp§ t§ (ci :lA© BË § l`© 'il© `¦
.mdx
ª D‹© h© t§ .mewË © l`© 'il© `¦ lA© BË § l`© ÆWC¥w© i§ e© mr®¨d̈Îl ¤̀ x†d̈d̈Îon¦
l`w© e§ (eh :mdª A`©
'd'z`© l'© z§ l¦ oiC‹¦ r¦ Yq
§ i'z¦ ElQ'©
§ nª EpEM .mdª l§
§ be§
:mz̈« Ÿln§ U¦ Eq† A§ k§
© ie© mr̈½ d̈Îz ¤̀
:d`xn
© `¦ EAxw § Y¦ `l© .m`‹©i`© zï oinf̈
¥ e§ .`Ör© zël§ `xEh
¨ on¦ .dWŸ
¤ n zgpE
©

Y©p`M© .d`C'© bË
Æxn`
me©ilË`§ it¦ o`M© `O© l© e§ (fh
¤ ŸI̧© eh :oFdiWEa
§ l`A¦ 'zl` ¦ Yl
‹© `©
¥ l§ Ex©Eg© e§ ®.`Ör©
mi'v¦ r§ m`n' mi†¦pŸkp§
© b§ e§ .wExAª e§ Y`ev © `© E¬id¡ mr̈½ d̈Îl ¤̀
CiC¦ W§ wEA Yev© e§ .lA© BË § l`© 'il© r§
EW† B§ YÎl
¦ `© mi®¦nï zW ¤ ŸĺW§ l¦
oEaxw
§ z¦ `l̈ ®.oinFi
¦ `z̈l̈zl¦ oipi ¦ f Fe£d .`Ör© l§ xn© £̀ e© :d«Ẍ`Îl
¦ n§ ¦ ¤̀
xw¤ ŸAÀ d© zŸíd§ A«¦ iWi
¦¹ l¦ X§ d© mFI̧a© Áid§ ¦ i © fh :`z̈Y§ `¦ c©vl§
lŸw¬ e§ xd̈½ d̈Îlr© Æca¥ M̈ o³p̈r̈e§ miw¹¦ x¨aE § zŸl¸ Ÿw Áid§ ¦ ie©
:d«p¤ g
£ O«
«© A© x¬¤W£̀ mr†¨d̈ÎlM̈ c¬© x¡g«I¤e© cŸ`® n§ w´f̈g̈ x†ẗŸW
siT¦ Y© `p̈p̈r©
£ e .oiwx
¦ aE
© oil¦ ẅ Fe£de© .`xt©
¨ v i¥edn¦ A§ d`¨ z̈il¦ Y§ `n̈FiA§ dë£de©

Û-------- i"yx --------Û

mFI©l zFl§aFh mi¦WP̈©d Ed§IW ¤ ic§¥M EN©Nd© mi¦nï xẗFW§e ,`l̈¥aFi `x§ ¨kc§¦l oixFw
¦ `ï§ax© §rA§ o¥MW¤
m¦`W§ dxFY ¨ l¥Aw© §l zFxFd§h dp̈i¤id§ z¦ e§ i¦Wi¦lX
§ d© l ¤̀ xd̈d̈ on¦ ci :dïd̈ wg̈§v¦iΧNW ¤ Fli¥̀ ΧNW¤
hFl§tY¦ `¤OW ¤ ,mi¦nï z ¤ l§W KFY EW§OW © §i eiẅq̈£r©l d¤pFR d ¤ n dïd̈ `N¤W c¥O©ln§ .mr̈d̈
xFf§gz© §e Dz̈l̈i¦ah§ x©g`© l§ rx¤ ©f z©ak§ W¦ dẌ¦`d̈
mi¦pŸkp§ Ei¡d eh :mr̈d̈ l¤̀ xd̈d̈ o¦n `l̈¥̀
xä§M mi¦nï dẄFl§W dz̈£dẄX ¤ n¦ lä£̀ ,`n̈§hz¦ §e
xFdḧ§e ©rix§¦fd© l§ iE`x¨ Epi¥̀ e§ g© ix§ ¦qn© rx¤ ©Gd© mFi `Ed ,mi¦nï d ¨ l§W sFq§l .minï ¦ zWŸ ¤ lW§ l¦
.xwŸ¤ Ad© zŸid§ A¦ fh :z¤h¤lFR©d z¤̀ `¥Oh© §Nn¦ ,FY§rC¦ ©n cg̈¤̀ mFi d ¤ n si¦qFdW ¤ i¦ri¦ax§
xÜÄ Kx¤C¤ oi¥̀ W § d©n mc̈ï l©r miC§ ¦wd¦ W
¤ c¥O©ln§ d Ẍ¦W a
§ x¥n F`d̈ ix§
¥a c§
¦l E ,i¥
q Fi i¦
A x
¦ ix§¥ac§
¦M
,ci¦n§lY© l© oi¦Yn§ n© axd̈
¨ `¤d§IW ¤ ,o¥M zFy£rl© mc̈ë d ¤ n si¦qFd `l zFx§AC© ¦d zx¤U ¤ £r Ep§Y¦p W ¤g©A
l¤̀ `¥v mEw (ak b l`wfgi) l`¥w§fg¤ i¦A Epi¦vn̈ o¥k§e mFI©l (`i weqt) Fn§M ,mi¦nï z ¤ l§Wl¦ .mEl§M
dr̈§wA¦ d© l¤̀ `¥v ¥̀ ë mEw¨`ë (bk my) ,'ebe dr̈§wA¦ d© z ¤ l§W lM̈ .dẌ`¦ l ¤̀ EW§BY¦ l`© :i¦Wi¦lX § d©
frw exzi rnyie hi zeny 177

b"qx xiqtz
rf̈e§ ®.`C̈gl© siT¦ Y© `x¨ẗFW lẅe§ .`xEh
¨ lr©
i'c¦ N§ `© mewË© l`© rin¦ B§ Br© f§ t§ .`‹© CB¦
`v¥¸ FI© fi :`z̈ixW
¦ na
© C¦ `Ör© lM̈ 'iqEn
© bx'k
© `© t§ (fi :xMq © rË© l`© it¦

z`x¬©w§ l¦ mr²¨d̈Îz ¤̀ d¯¤WŸn on¦ dNl

:lA© BË
© `© xn`© oETlY©
§ l`© ltq
© il§ .mewË
© `© Etw§ e©t§ .xMq © rË
© l`©
© l`©
d®¤pg
£ O«
«© dÎo
© n¦ mi†¦dŸl¡`d̈
« on¦ .d»
dNl
ŸlMª o'‹k¦ CY
© nª i©piq¦ lA© B§ e§ (gi
© `© dil© r§ `‹N© B© Y§ `n© lA© w¦
:x«d̈d̈ zi¬¦Yg§ z© A§ Ea† S© § iz¦
§ Ie© dŸp`'‹k© Cª Cr© v§ e§ .x`©Pl`A¦
r©fr©fYE .oEY`Ë © l`© o`'‹k© CªM§
`x¨ni
§ n¥ zEnC̈w© l§ .`Ör© zï dWŸ¤ n wiR¥ `© e§
Yev© o`M© e§ (hi :`‹© CB¦ lA© BË § l`©
ilFR
¥ W¦ A§ EcY© rz
© `¦ e§ ®.`z̈ixW
¦ n© on¦ ïiC©
C‹ YW
© `© “n© `n© lMª .wEAËl`©
FN½ Mª o´©Wr̈ Æip© iq¦ x³©d § gi :`xEh ¨
ÆFpẄr£ lr³© © Ie© W®¥̀ Ä d†ëŸdi§ ei²l̈r̈ c¬© xï xW£̀ ¤̧ i¥pR§ n¦Â
¨ e§ :cŸ`
i©piq¦ C§ `xEh « n§ x†d̈d̈ÎlM̈ c¬© x¡g«I¤e© oẄ½ a§ M¦ d© oW
¤ r´¤M§
`p̈§pz© M§ Di¥pp§ Y© wilqE
¥ .`z̈Ẅi`¦ A§ ï§i .idFl
¦ r£ il¦ Bz
§ `¦ C§ .mc̈w¢ on¦ .DiNEM
¥ o©pŸ
K†¥lFd xẗ½ ŸXd© lFẃ Æid§ ¦ i«© hi :`C̈gl© `xEh
¨ lM̈ rf̈e§ ®.`p̈EY`© C§
:lFw« a§ EP¬¤pr«£ i© mi†¦dŸl¡`d̈
« e§ xA¥½ c§©i d´¤WŸn cŸ`® n§ w´¥fg̈e§
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
z¤̀ x¤AU © §l ,oẄ§aM¦ x©nFl cFn§lY¦ d©nE .m¦in© Ẍ©d z`x©w§ l¦ fi :c¥nFr 'd cFa§M mẄ d¥Pd¦ §e
zFIx§ ¦A©l oz¥ Fp ,©rFnW § ¦l dl̈Ek§i `i¦dW § d©n ,o¤f`d̈ ,mz̈`x§ ¨wl¦ d¨`v§ ï dp̈i¦kX ¤ ci¦Bn© .midŸ¦ l`¡ d̈
§ d© W
d¥ix© §`M§ (i `i ryed) Fa `¤vFi©M .m¤dl̈ xM̈¦Pd© on̈i¦q xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ Ed¤f§e ,dN̈©M z`x§ ©w¦l `¥vFI©d oz̈g̈§M
,`Ed `l̈¥̀ ,ix£̀ ¦ Ä © M o©zp̈ i¦n i¦k§e ,b¨`W § ¦i i©
p i¦
q §
l xn̈¡
`¤p `l§ e ,`Ä i©
p i¦
Q n¦ 'd (a bl mixac)
oi¦Pk© n§ Ep¨` `l̈¥̀ ,d¥ix© §`M§ Fl§WFn aEzM̈©d§e i¥l§bx§ ©A FhEX¦R i¦t§l .xd̈d̈ ziY¦ g§ z© A§ :`Ä
o¤f`d̈ z¤̀ x¤AU © l§ ic§
¥M ,eiz̈Fix¦ §a§l FzF` oi¦Oc§ ©nE dR̈§k¦pe§ FnFw§On¦ xd̈d̈ Wl̈§z¦PW ¤ FWx¨c¦
§nE .xd̈d̈
(a bn l`wfgi) FA `¤vFI©k§e .©rFnW ¤ d©n m¥W d¤f o©Wr̈ oi¥̀ .FNMª oW© r̈ gi :zi¦Bi¦BM© m¤di¥l£r
§ ¦l dl̈Ek§IW
,m¦iO© ©l lFw o©zp̈ i¦n i¦k§e ,mi¦Ax© m¦in© lFw§M FlFw§e oFW§l `l̈¥̀ ,g"©Yt© o"i¦Xd© cEwp̈ ix£ ¥dW¤ ,xäC̈
FzFOc§ ©l FzF` d¤Pk© n§ dŸ©`e§ ,`Ed `l̈¥̀ EnEBx© §Y KM̈§l ,r©nẄ ,x©nẄ ,x©n`¨ Fn§M ,l©rR̈
KlFd¥ hi :o¤f`d̈ z¤̀ x¤AU © l§ ic§ ¥M ,eiz̈Fix¦§a§l oẄr̈ lk̈§e ,`p̈©pY§ m¤Bx§Y¦ `l̈§e ,Di¥lMª o©pŸ
`EdW § on̈§f lM̈ ,hFic¦ §d bd̈§pn¦ .cŸ`n§ w¥fg̈e§ :xäC̈ m¥W m¤dW § i¥pR§ n¦ u"¥nẅ micEw§
¦ p `x§ ¨wO¦ A© W
¤
o`M̈ lä£̀ ,d¤dFk§e Wi¦lg§ n© FlFw ©rw§z¦l Kix£̀ ¦ n© ,xz¥ Fi `l§e d¤f oẄ§ak¦ M§ lFkï ,ci¦qΧNW ¤ .oẄa§ M¦ d©
x¤AU © l§ dN̈¦gY§ n¦ ,KM̈ dÖl̈§e .c`§n w¥fg̈§e K¥lFd a¥l c©r W¥̀ Ä x¥rA (`i c mixac) x©nFl cFn§lY¦
:(a"ixdn) gzt eivge unw eivg ik xar lret ,elek .elk o´©Wr̈ gi :wecwcd wlg
178 exzi rnyie hi zeny grw

b"qx xiqtz .`C̈gl© siw¥ z̈e§ li¥f`¨ .`x¨ẗFW lẅ dë£de©

dNl`
© e© .ml»© MY©
© i 'iqEn
© o`M© e§ .`‹© CB¦ Dil¥ i¥prz
£ n¦ ï§i mc̈w¢ onE
¦ ®.liN¥ n© n§ dWŸ
¤n
`N© B© Y§ 'c`¦ (k :Yev© A§ dŸAiB¦ i§
'il© `¦ i©piq¦ lA© B§ 'il© r§ .dNl © `© c¤x¯¥Ie© k (iyy) % iriay :lẅA§
on¦ 'iqEn
dNl
© A§ `C`© © pt§ .dŸq`x©
© `© l`w© e§ (`k :Cr© v§ t§ dŸq`x© Îl ¤̀ i†©piq¦ x¬©dÎlr© d²ëŸdi§
.mewË
dNl
© l`© CW`©
¦ p lfp
© `© xEp 'il© `¦ EnBd©
¦ `¦ .dŸl
© i `l© M§
d¯ëŸdi§ `x¸¨w¦ § Ie© x®d̈d̈ W`Ÿx́
:oixi'¦ z¦ M§ mdpª n¦ rw© © ie§ dEx'vp©
§ it§ x†d̈d̈ W`ŸxÎl ¬ ¤̀ d²¤WŸnl§
.dn»¦© i`Ë
© l`© `'vi`
© e© (ak
.oEqC§ wY©© i dNl© `© 'il© `¦ oEA“‹§w© nË
ª l`© `xEh
¨ lr© .ï§i il¦ Bz ¤ Ÿn lr¬©
§ `¦ e§ :d«W © Ie©
:mdp ª n¦ dNl
© `© ml'z©
¦ i `l© l§
®.dWŸ
¤ nl§ ï§i `xwE
¨ .`xEh
¨ Wix¥l§ i©piq¦ C§
¤ ŸI³ © `k :dWŸ¤ n wilqE
xn` ¥ `xEh¨ Wix¥l§
Eq³ x§ d«¤ i¤ÎoR¤ mr®¨Ä cr´¥d̈ c†¥ x dW ¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ ÆdëŸdi§
On¦ l¬©tp̈e§ zF`½ x§ l¦ ÆdëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀
¤ nl§ ï§i xn© £̀ e© :ax«¨ EP†¤
.dWŸ
:iB¦ q© oFdP§ n¦ lFR¦ie§ ®.i¥fgn¦ l§ ï§i mc̈w¢ oExB§ t§
© i `n̈lC¦ .`Ör© A§ cidq
¥ `© zFg
EW®C̈w© z§ i¦ d†ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ mi¬¦WB̈P¦ d© mi²¦p£dŸM« d© m¯©b § ak
ï§i mc̈w¢ `ẄÖW ¦ x¦ẅC§ .`Ï©pd£ M̈ s`© e§ :d«ëŸdi§ m†¤
© l§ oiai dÄ uŸx¬ t¦
§ iÎoR¤
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
© e ,dḦ¦Od© l©r rS̈©nM§ ,xd̈d̈ i¥A©B l©r or̈i¦Sd¦ §e .xA¥ c§©i dWŸ
cxï§ ¤ n :©rFnW § ¦l oi¦lEk§IW
¤ d©n m¤di¥p§f`¨
dx¥z§ d© .mr̈Ä cr¥ d̈ `k :m¤di¥l£r cFaM̈©d `¥QM¦ zFx§AC© ¦d ©ri¦nW § n© E x¥Ac§ ©n d ¤ n dïd̈W ¤ M§
.'ebe Eqx§d¤ ¤ i oR¤ :xd̈Ä zFl£rl© `N¤W m¤dÄ `l̈¥̀ dxEa§ ¨ Bd© i¦Rn¦ Er§nẄ l ix£ ¥dW
¤ l¥̀ x¨U§ ¦i§l
mz̈ë£̀ Y© W
¤ ic§¥i l©r mäS̈©n z¤̀ Eqx¤ §d¤i `N¤W KExÄ WFcT̈©d§e L§l d¤id§ ¦i `l§e i¦ p¨` (a k zeny)
ltp̈
© e§ :xd̈d̈ c©vl§ Eax§ §w¦ie§ zF`x¦ §l 'd l¤̀ xi¦Ab§ n© FlFw zFi§d¦l © M FA zz¥ l̈ Fr§iq© n§ `Ed
EN¦t£̀©e m¤dn¥ lFR¦IW ¤ d©n lM̈ .ax¨ EPO¤ n¦ ,lFT©d x©aC§ l©r EP¤p£r©i .lFwa§ EP¤pr© £ i :rn̈W§ ¦p§e
lM̈ .Eqx§d¤ ¤ i :ax¨ i©pẗ§l aEWg̈ ici¦ ¦ g§i `Ed l©r ,W¥̀ ä d¤p£r©i xW ¤ £̀ (ck gi '` mikln) Fn§M
oic¦x§
¨t¦Pd© s©` ,oï§pA¦ d© z©ti¦q£̀ zc¤x§ ¤tn© dq̈ix£ ¦d .i©piq¦ xd© lr© 'd cx¥¤Ie© k :FcixFd§¦ l W¥̀ d̈ x©aC§
:aS̈©Od© z¤̀ mi¦qxFd § mi¦Wp̈£̀ a©SO© n¦ k zeny) x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,WÖ©n eil̈r̈ cxï © lFkï
dc̈Fa£rd̈W ¤ zFxFk§Ad© s©` .mi¦pd£ ŸMd© m©be§ ak c¥O©ln§ .m¤kÖ¦r i¦Yx© §AC¦ m¦in© Ẍ©d o¦n i¦M (hi
s©` ,zFpÄxẅ§ aix§ ¦wd© §l .'d l ¤̀ miWB̈ ¦ P¦ d© :m¤dÄ mi¦pFY§gY© d© §e mi¦pFi§l¤rd̈ m¦in© Ẅ oi¦Mx¦ §dW ¤
hrw exzi rnyie k zeny 179

:ï§i oFdA§ lFhw¦i `n̈lC¦ ®.oEWC§ wz¦

© i b"qx xiqtz

d½ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ ÆdW ¤ Ÿn xn` ¤ ŸI³ © bk wih© ¦ i `l© .Dl© l¦ 'iqEn

.i©piq¦ lA© B§ 'il© `¦ CErSl
© l`w© t§ (bk
© `© .mewË © l`©

Îl ¤̀ zŸl† r« £ l© mr̈½ d̈ l´©kEiÎ`Ÿl m'‹k¦ Y© .Ylwªe§ `©pYC § W`©

dŸl l`w© (ck :dŸqC‹§ w© e§ lA© BË
© p J©P`© l§
§ l`©
dz̈Ÿc³ r« ¥ d© dYº̈ `Îi© M¦ i®p̈iq¦ x´©d Yp`© Crv © `¦ m'zª .lfp ¦ `¦ 'un`¦
xi` ¦ q© e§ dn‹¦
© I`Ë© l`e© .Jr© n§ oExd© e§
x†d̈d̈Îz ¤̀ l¬¥Ab§ d© xŸn` ½ l¥ ÆEpĸ CErSl` © l¦ .EnBd© § i `l© .mewË © l`©
ml'z©
¦ i `l© l§ dNl © `© xEp 'il© `¦
`l̈ .ï§i mc̈w¢ dWŸ¤ n xn© £̀ e© :FY« W§ C©w¦ e§ 'il© `¦ 'iqEn© l©fp§ t§ (dk :mdp ª n¦
ix¥ £̀ .ip̈iq¦ C§ `xEh
¨ l§ wQ© n¦ l§ .`Ör© lFM¦i :Jl`'¦ c© mdª l§ l`w© e§ .mewË © l`©
zï mig¥ Y© ®.xni © n¥ l§ `p̈A© Ycidq
¥ `© .Y`© .dNl
© `© mdn
ª N© M© m'zª (` k

ei³l̈ ¥̀ xn` ¤ ŸI̧© ck :idWi ¦ C¥w© e§ `xEh ¨

K®Ör¦ oŸx́£d` «© e§ d†Ÿ`© z̈i¬¦lr̈e§ cxÎK ½¥ l¤ ÆdëŸdi§
d†ëŸdi§ Îl ¤̀ zŸl¬ r« £ l© Eq² x§ d«¤ i¤Îl`© mrÀ̈ d̈e§ mi´¦p£dŸM« d© e§
.jÖr¦ oŸxd£ `© e§ Y`© wQ© z¦ e§ .zFg li¥fi`¦ ï§i Dil¥ xn© £̀ e© :m«ÄÎux¨t¦
§ i ÎoR¤
:oFdA§ lFhw¦i `n̈lC¦ ï§i mc̈wl¦ wQ© n¦ l§ ®.oExB§ t§
© i `l̈ .`Ör© e§ `Ï©pd£ k̈e§
dWŸ
¤ n zgpE
© :m«d¤ l£̀
¥ xn` ¤ ŸI†e© mr®¨d̈Îl ¤̀ d†¤WŸn c¤x¬¥I © dk
ÎlM̈ z²¥̀ mid¦½ Ÿl¡` x´¥Ac§©i © ` k q :oFdl§ xn© £̀ e© ®.`Ör© zël§
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,KÖ¦r m¥d s©` lFkï .mi¦pd£ ŸMd© e§ :zFl£r©l mz̈Eai¦Wg£ l©r Ek§nq§ ¦i l©` m¥d
dS̈¦gn§ dŸ©` ,dŸ©rn¥ xFn¡` .dŸ©` z̈i¦lr̈§e :mc̈§nr̈ l©r a¥S©iz§ d¦ §l mi¦pÖªfn§ Ei§d¦i .EWC̈w© z§ i¦
dS̈¦gn§ m¥d§e Fn§v©r§l dS̈¦gn§ ox£d`© e§ Kn̈§v©r§l dU ¤ £r©ie§ m¤dÄ bFx§d©i ,dv̈x¦ §R oFW§l .uŸxt¦ § i oR¤
xz¥ FI ox£d`© e§ ,ox£d`© n¥ xz¥ Fi W©B¦p d¤ n .mn̈§v©r§l Kixv̈
¦ i¦pi¥̀ .mr̈d̈ lkEi © `Ÿl bk :dv̈x¦ §R m¤dÄ
z¤̀ Eqx¤ §d¤i l©` xẅi¦r lM̈ mr̈d̈§e ,mi¦p£ M©d o¦n
mFI©d m¥d oic§ ¦nFr§e oix¦z§ nª ix£¥dW
¤ m¤dÄ ci¦rd̈§l
l©r s©` .mÄ ux¨t¦ § i oR¤ :'d l¤̀ zFl£rl© mäS̈©n
KM̈ ,Fzx§¨f¦Bn¦ ff̈ Epi¥̀ u"¥nẅ s©hg£ cEwp̈ `Ed§W i¦R m¤dl̈ oi¥̀ W § zFl£rl© El§kEi l§e ,mi¦nï z ¤ l§W
`i¦dW§ M¦ m"Ft`l̈§n Dz̈C̈ª w§PW¤ däY¥ lM̈ Kx¤C¤ oi¦fxf̈§
§ OW ¤ ,zi¦pW ¥ m¤dÄ c¥rd̈§e .cx¥ Kl¤ ck :zEWx§
:u"¥nẅ s©hg£ l© cET¦pd© d¤PY© W § n¦ s©Tn© A§ dk̈En§q FzF` oi¦fxf̈§
§ nE oix§¦fFg§e ,dU ¤ £rn© m ¥w mc̈¨`d̈ z¤̀
:Ff d¨`x¨z§ d© .mdi ¤ l£̀
¥ xn`Ÿ ¤ Ie© dk KÖr¦ oŸxd £ `© e§ dŸ`© z̈il¦ r̈e§ :dU ¤ £rn© z©rẄ§A
180 exzi rnyie k zeny tw

b"qx xiqtz
:xŸn`
« l¥ dN†¥̀
¤ d̈ mix¬¦ äC§ d©
:`l© i`
¦ w© m`l© MË
§ l`© `'c©d© rin¦ B§ A§
oiN¥ `¦ d̈ `Ïnb̈z
© R¦ lM̈ ®.zï .ï§i liN¥ nE
©
i'c¦ N§ `© .JA© x© dNl
© `© `©p`§ (a
ziA© on¦ xvn¦ Cl© A§ on¦ .JYB
© x'k
© `© d´ëŸdi§ i†¦kŸp «¨ a q :xni© n¥ l§
Jl© oEMi§ `l© (b :di©iCEA
¦ rË
§ l`© Li²¦z`¥vFd« x¯¤W£̀ Li®¤dŸl¡`
r©pvY `l© .ipEC
¦ on¦ x'k© ª̀ CEArn©
it¦ `O© n¦ .`dA
© W© `l© e§ `lq
© t© Jl© zi¬¥An¦ m¦ix†©v§ n¦ ux¬¤̀
¤ n¥
it¦ `O© nE
¦ .el
§ rË
¦ l` it¦ `n© Ql
§ `© ¡ ï§i ,`p̈ £̀ :mic«¦ är
®.jŸwiR¥ `© C§ .jd̈l̈` £
:`z̈ECar© ziA¥ n¦ ,m¦ixv
© n¦ C§ `r̈x`© n¥
ip©À R̈Îlr© mix¹¦ g£̀
¥ mid¸¦ Ÿl¡` ÁLl§ d´¤id«§ i¦ `Ÿ ´ e-b
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
d¥Ax© §d zFiEWx§ Ex§n`Y l©`,ux¨ ¤`d̈ o¦nE m¦in© Ẍ©d .oÏC© `l̈¥̀ mi¦ l¡` oi¥̀ .midŸ¦ l`¡ xA¥ c§©ie© ` k
oY¤ ¦l ,Li¤ l¡` ,ci¦gï oFW§l x©n`¨ dÖl̈§e .o¤d mc̈¨` o¨`Ü£r m¦`W § dxFY©
¨ A zFI¦WxR̈ ¨ W¥IW ¤ i¦t§l
dU § pq§ c¤O©l§l d¤ n§l d¤R oFg§zR¦ m¤di¥l£r l¥Aw© n§ Epi¥̀ e`l̈ m¦`e§ ,xk̈Ü l¥Aw© n§
¥ £rn© A§ `ïxFb¥
dx¡ ¤g¤i 'd dn̈l̈ (`i al zeny) x©n`¨ W ¤ Ed¤f§e ,l¤br¥ d̈ cFn§lY¦ ,o¥M zFx§AC© ¦d zx¤U ¤ £r s©` lFkï ,zEpr̈x§Rª
m¤kl̈ d¤id§ ¦i `l ,z̈i¦Ev¦ m¤dl̈ `l ,L¤O©rA§ L§R`© lM̈ z ¥̀ :rxR̈¦ © l oiÏC© ,mi¦ l¡` x¥Ac§ ©i©e x©nFl
ziA¥ n¦ :iC© ¦al§ i¦l `l̈¥̀ ,mix¥ ¦g£̀ mi¦ l¡` WFcT̈©d x©n`¨ W ¤ c¥O©ln§ .dN¤ ¥̀ d̈ mix¦äC§ d©
F` .Fl mic䣦 r m¤zi¦id¡ W¤ drx© §R zi¥An¦ .mic¦ är£ d©n ,cg̈¤̀ xEAc§ ¦A zFx§AC© ¦d zx¤U ¤ £r `Ed KExÄ
micä£
¦ r Eid̈W ¦ r zi¥An¦ `l̈¥̀ x¥nF` Epi¥̀ d©n o¥M m¦` .o¥M x©nFl mc̈¨`l§ xẄ§t`¦ i¥̀ W
¤ ,micä£ §
LC§§t¦Ie© (g f mixac) x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,micä£ ¦ rl© x©f g̈¤
W ,L§l d¤ id§ ¦i `l§e i¦ p¨
` cFr x© n Fl cFn§ l Y
¦
xFn¡` ,m¦ix§ ¨vn¦ K¤ln¤ drx© §R c©In¦ mic䣦 r zi¥An¦ :Fn§v©r i¥pt§ A¦ xEAc§ ¦e xEAC¦ lM̈ l©r Wx¥ ¤tE
micä£
¦ r `l§e ,Eid̈ K¤ln¤ l§ micä£ ¦ r dŸ©rn¥ e`l̈ l©re§ o¥d o¥d l©r oi¦pFr Eid̈W ¤ c¥O©ln§ .xŸn`l¥
i¦t§l ,xn̈¡`¤p dÖl̈ .Ll§ d¤id¦ § i `Ÿl b :mic䣦 rl© .m¦ix©v§ n¦ ux¤ ¤̀ n¥ Jiz`¥ ¦ vFd xW£̀ ¤ a :e`l̈
`l̈¥̀ i¦l oi¥̀ ,L§l d¤U£rz© `l (c weqt) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ .i¦l micħ
¦ rW§
ª n Ei§dY¦ W ¤ d¨`v̈Fd©d `i¦d i`c§ ©M
,m¥Iw© §i `N¤W o¦i©pn§ xä§M iEUr̈¤d ,dU ¤ £r©i `N¤W ,dn̈g̈§ln¦ xFA¦bM§ mÏ©A dl̈§b¦PW ¤ i¦t§l x¥g`© xäC̈
.mix¦g£̀ ¥ midŸ¦ l` ¡ :L§l d¤id§ ¦i `l x©nFl cFn§lY¦ zeny) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,mi¦ng£ x© `¥ln̈ o¥wf̈§M o`M̈ dl̈§b¦p§e
mi¦ l¡` mE`Ü£r mix¥ ¦g£̀ `l̈¥̀ zEdl̈¡` op̈i¥̀ W ¤ eil̈§bx© z©gz© e§ l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i i¥ l¡` z¥̀ E`x¦ §Ie© (i ck
mix¥ ¦g£̀ mi¦ l¡` Wxẗ§ ¥ l o¥kŸ¦i `l§e ,m¤di¥l£r z©rẄ§A eip̈ẗ§l dz̈§id̈ Ff ,xi¦RQ© d© z©pa§ ¦l dU ¥ £rn© M§
mz̈Fx§w¦l dl̈§rn© i¥Rl© M§ `Ed i`p̈§BW ¤ ,i¦zl̈Ef ,El£̀§b¦PX ¤ n¦ ,m¦in© Ẍ©d m¤v¤rk§ E (my) ,cEA§rX ¦ d©
,mix¥ ¦g£̀ mi¦ l¡` x¥g`© xäC̈ .Fl§v ¤̀ zEdl̈¡` Ex§n`Y l©` zF`x© §nA§ d¤PY© W § n¦ i¦p£̀©e li¦`Fd
m¤di¥l£̀ mi¦w£rFv ,m¤dic§ ¥aFr§l mix¥ ¦g£̀ m¤dW § Ji¦z`¥vFd x¤W£̀ `Ed i¦ p¨` ,o¤d zFiEWx§ i¥YW §
x¥g`© `Ed EN¦`M§ d¤nFc§e ,m¨ e` oi¦pFr op̈i¥̀ §e Eid̈W ¤ i¦t§l x¥g`© xäC̈ .mÏ©d l©r§e m¦ix§ ©vO¦ n¦
¤ on̈§f lM̈ .i©pR̈ lr© :ml̈Fr¥n Fxi¦Mn© Epi¥̀ W
i¦p£̀ W § (eh weqt oldl) ,xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,d¥Ax© §d zFlFw oi¦rn§ FW
dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r l©r EE©hv§ ¦p `l x©n`Y `N¤W ,mÏ©w o¦nE zFgEx r©Ax© §`n¥ oi¦`Ä zFlFw ,zFlFT©d z¤̀
`tw exzi rnyie k zeny 181

b"qx xiqtz
| lq´¤
¤ t ĹlÎd § U ¤̧ r£ z
«© `Ÿl´ it¦ `O© nE¦ ltQl¦ `© it¦ 'ux`Ë© l`©
m¦i´©nẌA© x´¤W£̀ dp̈¿ EnYÎl § k̈«e§ CBq¦ Y© `l© 'ux`Ë© l`© YgY¦ `nË© l`
dNl© `© iP¦ `© l§ .`dC © Ar ¦ Y© `l© e§ `d© l§
ux¤`¨¸ Ä ÁxW£̀
¤ «e© lr© O©¿ n¦ .Aw` ¦ r© nË § l`© wi`
¦ Hl© `© JA© x©
rn© `A© `Ë § l`© AEpc¦ A§ Al` ¦ h© n§
m¦i´©OA© x¬¤W£̀ «e© zg© Y©¹ n¦ 'zl`¦ e'© zl` ‹§ e© .oip¦ AË
§ l`©

Î`Ÿl ux¤`À̈ l̈ zg´©© Yn¦ r©iiAp©`g¦ vn©§ e§ on¦ .i.sEl

i¦ p`
¦ W© l§ rA`
`˧ l`l¦ o`qg
¦ e‹§©“l`e©
© `Ë ¦ l`©

`Ÿl´ e§ m» d¤ l̈ d´¤eg
£Y«© W§ z¦ .`slg¦ l© h`
Y¦ `l© (f :i`¦ i`
¦ A© JA© x© dNl
§ v© e§ i'v© t`
© `© mq`A¦
§ g© e§

d³ëŸdi§ ikº¦ Ÿp` «¨ i´¦M m¼ c¥a§ r̈z̈ «

mi²¦pÄÎlr© zŸā`¨ oŸȩr£ cw¥ ŸR `P̈½ w© l´¥̀ ÆLid¤̧ Ÿl¡`
Æcq¤ g¤̧ dU ¤ Ÿr³ e§ i®¨`p§ ŸU« l§ mir†¦ A¥ xÎl¦ r© e§ mi¬¦WN¥ WÎl ¦ r©
Dl̈`¡ jl̈ i¥ed¦i `l̈ :iz̈ « Ÿev§ n¦ i¬¥xn§ ŸW« lE
§ i†©a£dŸ`« l§ mit¦½ l̈£̀ l«©
,`l̈ir¥ N§ n¦ `ÏnW© a¦ C§ .EnC§ lk̈e§ ,mli¥ © v jl̈ cia¥ r£ z© `l̈ .iP¦ n¦ xÄ ,ox¢ ¨g`¨
`l̈e§ ,oFdl§ cFBqz¦ `l̈ .`r̈x`© l§ rx©N§ n¦ ,`Ïna © c¦ e§ .rx©N§ n¦ `r̈x`a © c¦ e§
oip¦ A§ lr© od̈ä £̀ iaFg
¥ .xrq © n© .`P̈w© l ¥̀ ,jd̈l̈` ¡ ï§i .`p̈ £̀ ix¥ £̀ .oiP¦ g¦ lt
§ z¦
`Ï©pA§ oin¦ lW
§ n© cM© .i`§ ¨ pq̈l§ ,iri
© a¦ x§ xC̈ lr© e§ izi
© l¦ Y§ xC̈ lr© .oic¦ x¨n̈
ix¥hp̈lE
§ ,in£
© gx¨l§ ®.oix¦c̈ itl
¥ `© l§ ,Eaih¥ cia¥ r̈e§ .oFdz§ d̈ä £̀ xz© Ä ,ihg ¥ n¦ l§
`§e®Ẍl© Li†¤dŸl¡` d¬ëŸdi§ ÎmWÎz
¥ ¤̀ `²V̈z¦ `Ÿ ¬ f q :ic̈FTt¦
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
c¤qg¤ x¥vFp .cq¤ g¤ dUŸ ¤ re§ e :m¤dici¦
¥ A m¤di¥zFa£̀ :lq̈§t¦PW ¤ m¥W l©r .lq¤ R¤ c :xFC©d FzF` `l̈¥̀
,xFC m¦iR© l§ `© §l c©r xk̈Ü m¥NW © §l ,dU¤ Fr mc̈¨`W ¤ £̀ xäC̈ lM̈ z©pEnY§ .dp̈EnY§ lk̈e§
¤ :m¦in© Ẍ©A xW
zEpr̈x§Rª zC¦ ©n l©r dx¨z¥ §i däFh dC̈¦n z`¥vn§ ¦p l©r x¥aFr Epi¥̀ §e rxR̈¦ © l `¥Pw© n§ .`P̈w© l ¥̀ d
zFxFC dr̈Äx© §`§l FGW ¤ ,zF`¥n W¥ng£ l©r z©g`© oFW§l lM̈ ,dẍf̈ dc̈Fa£r oFe£r l©r lFg§nl¦ FzC̈¦n
x¤wW¤ oFW§l i¦pX ¥ d© ) .`e§Ẍl© f :m¦iR© l§ `© §l Ff§e :rxR̈¦
© l a¥l oz¥ Fp ,frla h"pinpixtpi` `P̈©w
Ed¤f i¥̀ (` hk zereay) x©ni¥zC§ `©nM§ (FnEBx© §zM§ dU ¥ £rn© oi¦fg£ F`¤WM§ ,FnEBx© §zM§ .i`§ ¨ pUl§

§ l© f :wecwcd wlg
:(a"ixdn) `hg s"l`k dgpede ,lretd c"nl `"d zxenz s"l`d .`e®Ẍ
.mdipia cixtdl bdpnd .`P̈½ w© l´¥̀ (e-b) xend ony
182 exzi rnyie k zeny atw

b"qx xiqtz
slg¦ i¦ on© .ixA© ¦ i `l© dNl © `© o`© l§
z²¥̀ d½ëŸdi§ ÆdT©¤ pi§ `Ÿl³ i´¦M
me©i xM'cª `¦ (g :`l© h` § A© dŸnq`A§
m`©I`© 'dY© q¦ .dŸqC‹§ w© e§ zAQl © `©
:`e«§Ẍl© Fn† WÎz
§ ¤̀ `¬V̈¦iÎxW£̀
¤
.Jr© i`©
¦ pv§ rin¦ B§ r©pvY© e§ lnr © Y© .`p̈B̈n© l§ ,jd̈l̈`
¡ ïiC© `n̈WA¦ .ini ¥ z¥ `l̈
dN© l¦ YAq© .rA` ¦ Ql© `© me©ilË`e© ,DinW
¥ a¦ ini¥ ¥ iC§ ®.zï .ï§i ,iM©
¥ fi§ `l̈ ix¥ £̀

Yp`©
mFi̧Îz ¤̀ ÁxFk¨ `i - g t :`xw¨ W¦ l§
on¦ `i©iW© r©pvY© `l© .JA© x©
J©pA`¦ e§ .ri`©
¦ pSl§ `©
JY© n§ `© e§ JCA
© r© zW´¥¤ W FWÀ C§ w© l§
.jY© pA
§ `¦ e§ zA¹̈ X
© d©
it¦ i'c¦ N§ `© Jti' © v© e§ .Jn© i`§ d© AE§
Yq¦ it¦ wl' © k§ dNl Îlk̈ z̈i´¦Ur̈e§ c» Ÿar£ Y
© `© o‹`© l§ .JN‹©g© n§ «© mi´¦nï
.'ux`Ë © l`e© `n© Ql
§ `© m`‹I©`©
.dit¦ `n© iri
¹¦ a¦ X§ d© mFi̧e§ L¼ Y¤ k`
rin¦ B§ e§ xgAË © l`e© § l© n§
`Ÿl´ Lid¤À Ÿl¡` d´ëŸdi«l© | z´ÄW ©
ĻC§ a§ r© LY¤ aÂ
¦ EÎĹp§ aE
¦ d´Ÿ`© dk̈¿ `l̈nÎl§ k̈ d´¤Ur£ z «©
i´¦M Lix½¤r̈W§ A¦ x´¤W£̀ ÆLx«§ b¥ e§ LY¤À n§ d¤ aE
§ L¹ z« § n̈ £̀ «e©
Îz ¤̀ e§ m¦i´©nẌdÎz© ¤̀ d¹ëŸdi§ dܸ r̈ ÁminïÎz ¦ W«
¤W ¥
mFÍA© g©p†Ï©e mĽ ÎxW£̀
¤ ÎlM̈Îz ¤̀ e§ ÆmÏdÎz
© ¤̀ ux¤`À̈ d̈
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
m¦`W § ,zÄ©Xd© mFi z¤̀ ci¦nŸ xFM§f¦l a¥l Ep§Y l©r ,©rEcÏ©d z¤̀ zFP©W§l rÄW § ¦p ,`§eẄ z©rEaW §
:zÄ©Xl© Fpi¦n§fn© `¤dY§ d¤tï u¤tg¥ L§l o©OC§©f¦p oFW§l oFW`xd̈) ¦ .ad̈f̈ΧNW¤ `EdW § o¤a ¤̀ΧNW
¤ cEO©r
,zÄ©W `aŸW ¤ M§ .LY¤ k`§ l© n§ lk̈ z̈iU¦ r̈e§ h l©r ,l¤ad¤ ©l§e mP̈¦g§l rÄW § ¦Pd© d¤f (FnEBx© §zM§ ,oB̈©n
N¤W ,dïEy£r L§Yk§ `©ln§ EN¦`M§ Li¤pi¥ra§ `¤d§i xFkf̈ .xFkf̈ g :o¤a ¤̀ o¤a ¤̀ l©r§e u¥r u¥rΧNW ¤
.LY¤ aE¦ Lp§ aE ¦ dŸ`© i :dk̈`l̈§n x©g`© x¥dx© §dY§ (ci `l zeny) o¥k§e .Ex§n`§ ¤p cg̈¤̀ xEAc§ ¦A xFnẄ§e
ix£
¥d Ÿx© §n`¨ ,mi¦lFc§B `l̈¥̀ Epi¥̀ F` .mi¦Ph© w§ EN¥̀ mFi§aE (h gk xacna) ,zn̈Ei zFn d̈i¤ll§ g© n§
xi¦d§fd© l§ `l̈¥̀ `Ä `l `l̈¥̀ ,m¥d mixd̈§ ¦ fnª xä§M l (`i ak mixac) o¥k§e ,mi¦Uä§k i¥pW § zÄ©Xd©
Epi¦pẌ¤W Ff§e ,mi¦Ph© T§ d© z©zi¦aW § l©r mi¦lFc§B o¥ke§ ,KN̈ d¤U£rY© mi¦lic§ ¦B (ai my) ,f¥ph§ ©rW© W©A§lz¦
,Fl oi¦rn§ FW oi¥̀ zFA©k§l `ÄW ¤ oḧẅ (` `kw zay) (d dk mixac) ,Li¦g`¨ zW ¤ ¥̀ z©ex¤§r (fh gi `xwie)
mFIA© g©pÏ©e `i :Li¤lr̈ Fzz̈i¦aX §W¤ i¥pR§ n¦ (ai aq mildz) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ `Ed ,d̈i¤lr̈ `aï Dn̈ä§i
dg̈Ep§n Fn§v©rA§ ai¦Yk§ d¦ lFkï§aM© .iri ¦ a¦ X§ d© xFkf̈ .i¦Y§rn© Ẅ Ef m¦iY© W
§ mi¦ l¡` x¤AC¦ z©g`©
FY§k`©lO§ W ¤ ,mc̈¨`l̈ x¤ g§e l©w EP¤Od¦ c¤O©l§l lFk¨` (bi ak diryi) Fn§M ,`Ed lFrR̈ oFW§l
:zÄ©WA§ gp̈ `¤d§IW ¤ ,dr̈i¦bi¦aE ln̈r̈§A FpFx§zR¦ o¥ke§ ,dkäE KFld̈ (fh b a l`eny) ,FzẄ§e
btw exzi rnyie k zeny 183

d²ëŸdi§ Kx¯©A¥ oMÎl ¥À r© iri®¦ a¦ X§ d© b"qx xiqtz

.rA`¦ Ql
© `© me©ilË` it¦ `d© g` § x©`§ e©
:Ed«W ¥ C§ w© i§ e«© z†ÄX
© d© mF¬iÎz ¤̀ me©i it¦ .dNl© `© Jx` © A© Jl`' ¦ c©l§
mxM¦ `¦ (ai : dŸqC§ w© e§ zAQl © `©
.DizEW
¥ C̈w© l§ ,`z̈A§ W © C§ `n̈Fi zï xik¦ C§ ie¡¦d
.JYܤ
© Cn¦ lEhY§ iM© l§ .JO© ª̀ e§ J`A© `§
.jz̈ci§ a¦ r£ lM̈ cia¥ r£ z© e§ ,glt
© Y¦ oinFi ¦ `ŸW¦ JA© x© dNl
© `© i'c¦ N§ `© .Cl© A˧ l` it¦
.jd̈l̈`¡ ï§i mc̈w¢ ,`z̈A§ W © .d`¨ r̈ia¦ W§ `n̈Fie§ .qt©Pl`© lYwª Y© `l© (bi :Jihr ¦ nª
jxaE
¨ Y`© .`c̈ia¦ r£ lM̈ cia¥ r£ z© `l̈ CdW
© Y© `l© .wxq ª Y© `l© .of¦ Y§ `l©
,jxFI¦
¨ be§ .jxi¨ raE
¦ ,jŸn`© e§ jC̈ar© .jŸxaE © :dl© h`
§ A© dC` © d© W§ JA© g`§ v© 'il© r§
zï ,ï§i ca© r£ oinFi
¦ `ŸW¦ ix¥ £̀ .jëxwa ¦ C¦
lr© .d`¨ r̈ia¦ W§ `n̈FiA§ ,gp̈e§ .oFdaC¦ lM̈ zïe§ ,`Ö©i zï .`r̈x`© zïe§ `Ïn© W§
c¬¥A © ai q :DiW¥ C§ w© e§ ,`z̈A§ W© C§ `n̈Fi zï ®.ï§i jix¥Ä .oM¥
lr©µ Linï ¤½ oEḱx£̀ ¦ «i© Æor© n©¸ l§ L®¤O`Îz
¦ ¤̀ e§ Li†¦a`Îz
¨ ¤̀
,jEa £̀ zï xT© zŸp Li†¤dŸl¡` d¬ëŸdi§ ÎxW£̀
© i :K«l̈ o¬¥ ¤ dn̈½ c̈£̀ d̈
«
:jl̈ aidï
¥ ,jd̈l̈`
¡ ïiC© ®.`r̈x`© lr© .jn̈Fi oEkxi¥
§ iC§ ,lic¦ A§ .jÖ`¦ zïe§
,`l̈ :s«`¨ p§ Y¦ `Ÿl† q :Wt© p§ lEhwY¦ ,`l̈ :g«v̈x§ Y¦ `Ÿ † bi q
«© Ÿl« q :aEpbY¦ ,`l̈ :aŸp« b§ Y¦ `Ÿl† q :sEbY§
L† r£ x«¥a§ d¬¤pr£ zÎ`
`Ÿ ¬ ci q :`xw¨ W¦ C§ `z̈Ec£dq̈ ,jxa¨ g© A§ cidq
¥ z© `l̈ :xw«
¤ Ẅ cr¬¥
LrÀ¤ x¥ zW´¥̀ ¤ cŸnº g§ zÎ`
© Ÿl q Lr®¤x¥ zi´¥A cŸn† g§ z©
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
`Ÿl :mixf̈ ¦ z¤̀ g©TY¦ DẄi¦` z©gY© z¤t ¤̀p̈§Od© i¦XX ¦ a© Fl§tk̈§l oÖ©A Fkx¥ §A .EdW ¥ C§ w© i©§ e ,Kx©A¥
l .x¥Ac§ ©n aEzM̈©d zFWẗ§p a¥pFb§A .aŸpb§ Y¦ :FA c xFi
¥ dïd̈ `N¤ W oÖ©
A FW C¦
§ w e
§ ,d¤pW§ n¦ m¤g¤l
Epi¥̀ F` .oFnn̈ a¥pFb§A (`i hi `xwie) Eap§bY¦ ,oEkix£̀© ¦ i c¥Ak© Y§ m¦` .Linï¤ oEkix£̀ ¦ i© or© n© l§ ai
,zFWẗ§p a¥pFb§A o©ld§ ©le§ ,oFnn̈ a¥pFb§A d¤f `l̈¥̀ m¥d oEwix§ ¦hEp dxFY
¨ ix§ ¥aC¤¦W ,oEx§vw§ ¦i e`l̈ m¦`§e
§n`¨ :o¥d e`l̈ l©lM§ n¦ E e`l̈ o¥d l©lM§ n¦ oi¦Wx¨c¦
l ,gv̈x§Y¦ `l d©n ,Fpï§pr¦ n¥ c¥nN̈©d xäC̈ Ÿx© §p
z©zi¦n m¤di¥l£r oi¦aiÏ©gW ¤ xäc̈§A x¥Ac§ ©n ,s¨`§pY¦ ,Wi¦` zW ¤ ¥̀ A§ `l̈¥̀ sE`i¦p oi¥̀ .s`§ ¨ pY¦ `Ÿl bi
eil̈r̈ aÏ©gW
¤ xäC̈ aFp§bY¦ `l s©` ,oiC¦ zi¥A s¥̀ FP©d z©nEi zFn (i k `xwie) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤
:oiC¦ zi¥A z©zi¦n dẌ¦`d̈ (al fh l`wfgi) x¥nF`§e ,z¤t`¨ FP©d§e
.irb `la e"`ed .L®¤O`Îz
¦ ¤̀ e§ (ai) xend ony
184 exzi rnyie k zeny ctw

b"qx xiqtz
`l© .JA© g`§ v© lfp ¦ n© onY © Y© `l© (ci
Fx́FWe§ ÆFzn̈£̀ e«© FC³ a§ r© e§
dŸYn§ `© e§ dŸCAr© e§ .dŸYBe© § f onY© Y© :Lr«¤ x¥l§ x¬¤W£̀ lŸk† e§ Fx½ Ÿng£ «e©
:dŸl`n© rin¦ B§ e§ .dŸx`n© g¦ e§ dŸxe'z© e§
oEx'vp©
§ i mewË © l`© rin¦ B§ e§ (eh
,cing
¥ z© `l̈ .jxa ¨ g© ziA¥ ,cing ¥ z© `l̈
Yev© e§ .li` ¦ l© tl`
§ e© Y`ev © `Ë
© l`© DixFz
¥ e§ ,DiYn
¥ `© e§ DiCa¥ r© e§ .jxa
¨ g© zY© `¦
`O© l© t§ .o'‹k¦ CY
© n¦ lA© BË
on¦ EtweE¦ .EBr¦ f§ Jl`'
§ l`e© .wEAl`©
¦ c© e`© x§
t :jxa¨ gl
(iriay) © C¦ ,lŸke§ ®.Dix¥n̈gE
.'iqEn
© l§ El`w© e§ (fh :Cir¦ A§ Îz ¤̀ mi`¸¦ Ÿx Ámr̈d̈Îlk̈ § eh
`l© e§ .j©Pn¦ rnq © p¦ Yp`© `©pnN»¦M©
:Jld
© p¦ `l© M§ dNl © `© `©pnN»¦M© i§ Æz ¥̀ e§ mci © ¤̀ e§ zŸlFT
À¦ R¦ N© dÎz ¹ d©
`l© mewË © l`l¦ 'iqEn © l`w© t§ (fi
o®¥Wr̈ x†d̈d̈Îz ¤̀ e§ xẗ½ ŸXd© lFẃ
zï o©fg̈ `Ör© lk̈e§ :wŸg« x«¨n¥ Ec†n§ r«© I©e© Erpª½ Ï©e Æmr̈d̈ `x³© § Ie©
®.Erf̈e§ `Ör© `f̈£ge© .o©pz̈C§ `xEh
¨ zïe§ .`x¨ẗFW lẅ zïe§ .`ÏxFr
© Ä zïe§ `Ïl© ẅ
Ep†Ör¦ d¬Ÿ`Îx
© A¥ C© dW¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ ÆExn`
§ ŸI« © fh :wig¦ x©n¥ Enẅe§
« R¤ mi†¦dŸl¡` Ep²Ör¦ x¬¥Ac§©iÎl`© e§ dr̈®n̈W§ p¦ e§
:zEnp̈Îo
ï§i mc̈w¢ on¦ ®.`p̈O© r¦ lN© nz¦
© i `l̈e§ .liA¥ wpE
© `p̈O© r¦ Y`© liN¥ n© .dWŸ
¤ nl§ Exn© £̀ e©
¦ `© m» r̈d̈Îl ¤̀ d´¤WŸn xn`
E¼`xi¨ YÎl ¤ ŸI̧© fi :zEn§p `n̈lC¦
xEaÀ r« © mi®¦dŸl¡`d̈
£ aE « `†Ä mk¤½ z§ ¤̀ zFQ́©p ÆxEar«£ a© l§ iMÀ¦
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
©rEp oi¥̀ (my) .ErªpÏ©e :dxEa§ ¨ Bd© i¦Rn¦ oi¦`v§ FI©d m¤dä dïd̈ `N¤W c¥O©ln§ .mi`Ÿ¦ x mr̈d̈ lk̈e§ eh
oi¦rŸx¦§p Eid̈ .wŸgx¨n¥ Ecn§ r© © Ie© :rï§f `l̈¥̀ ,m¥N`¦ m¤dä dïd̈ `N¤W o¦i©pn§ E .`¤nFq cg̈¤̀
m¤di¥pg£ n© KxF`§¤ M li¦n xÜr̈ mi¥pW ¥ l o¦i©pn§ E .mr̈d̈ lk̈ Ep£r©Ie© (g hi zeny) x©nFl cFn§lY¦
§ m¤dixFg£̀©
¨ fg§ d© §l oz̈F` oi¦r§Iq© n§ E oi¦`Ä zx¥Ẍ©d i¥k£̀§ln© E zeny) x©nFl cFn§lY¦ ,Wx¥
,mxi¦ ¥g m¤dä dïd̈ `N¤W
oEcC¦i zF`ä§v i¥kl§ n© (bi gq mildz) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ .zFlFTd© z ¤̀ mi`Ÿ¦ x :rn̈W § ¦p§e dU
¤ £r©p (f ck
lC©¥b§l .mk¤ z§ ¤̀ zFQ©p xEar£ a© l§ fi :oEcC¦i zF` x¦
§l x Ẅ§
t `
¦ i¥̀ W
§ ,rn̈ W
§ ¦
P d
© z¤̀ oi¦`Fx
`EdW § zFO ª̀Ä m¥W m¤kl̈ `¥v¥IW ¤ ml̈FrÄ m¤kz§ ¤̀ (h"t ycga `zlikn) .zŸlFTd© z ¤̀ :x¥g`© mFwn̈§A

:(a"ixdn) dqp eyxye yebcd lrt oipan xewn .mkz` zFQ́©p fi :wecwcd wlg
.irb `la e"`ed .mci
À¦ R¦ N© dÎz
© ¤̀ e§ (eh) xend ony
dtw exzi rnyie k zeny 185

b"qx xiqtz
m†¤ki¥pR§ Îlr© Fz² `¨ x¦§ i d¯¤id§ Y«¦ .mMp ª g¦ Yn©
§ i iM© l¦ o`© t§ .Et`'k© Y§
¤ n xn© £̀ e© :E`«ḧg
dWŸ ¡z«¤ i¬¦Yl§ a¦ l§ iM© lE
§ .dNl © `© xEp mMª l§ `N© B© Y§
`l© l§ mMª AEl § w§ it¦ .dŸYew § Y© oEMY§
d`¨ Q̈©pl§ lic¦ A§ .ix¥ £̀ .oEl£gcz¦ `l̈ `Ör© l§ on¦ mewË © l`© sw¦ e§t¦ (gi :oEh'kY©
.licaE
¦ .ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i oFkl§ il¦ Bz § `¦ .oFkzï
§ 'il© `¦ mC©w© Y§ 'iqEnE © .Cir¦ A§
`l̈C§ lic¦ A§ oFkiR¥ `© lr© ®.Diz¥ lg§ C© idz
¥ C¦ xEp m'z© i'c¦ N§ `© .A`A' © Sl
§ `©

wŸg® x«¨n¥ mr†¨d̈ cŸn£ ¬ r«I© © gi :oEaEgz§ .'iqEn

mYp
© l§ dNl © `© l`w© t§ (hi :dNl
ª `© .li`¦ xq
© `©
© `¦ ip¦ A§ l¦ lwª `'c©M§
lt¤½ x¨r«£ d̈Îl ¤̀ W´©Bp¦ ÆdW ¤ ŸnE `n© Ql § `© on¦ iP¦ `© .mYC
.ir¦ n§ Erpv § Y© `l© (k :mMª YA
ª d`© W©
§ h`'
© k©
`Ör© mẅe§ :mid «¦ Ÿl¡`d̈« m†ẄÎxW£̀ ¤
xihtn q :ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i oÖz© C§ ®.`z̈H§ n¦ £̀ c©vl§ aix¥w§ dWŸ ¤ nE .wig¦ x©n¥
§ ¤̀ x†©n`Ÿz dŸM¬ dW
í¥pAÎl ¤½ ŸnÎl ¤̀ ÆdëŸdi§ xn` ¤ ŸI³ © hi
iY¦ x†©§ AC¦ m¦in©½ ẌdÎo © n¦ iM¦µ mzi ¤½ `¦ x§ m´¤Y`© l®¥̀ x¨U¦ §i
.oFzi¥fg£ oEY`© .l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ i i¥pal¦ xni
© Y¥ op̈cM¦ .dWŸ¤ nl§ ï§i xn© £̀ e© :m«k
¤ Ör¦
id¥ Ÿl¡
³ ` i®¦Y`¦ oEU† r£ z «© `Ÿ ¬ k :oFkO§ r¦ zili¦ N¥ n© ®.`Ïn© W§ on¦ ix¥ £̀
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
d©OW ¤ ,Fl oi¦gi¦Un§ mix¥ ¦g£̀ W
¤ d©n§l d¤̀Fx dn̈x£ ¨d oFW§l .zFQ©p :m¤ki¥l£r dl̈§b¦p FcFa§kA¦
wElg̈ FA¦NW ¤ mi¦nr̈§R Fl oi¦gi¦Un§ mix¥ ¦g£̀ W ¤ i¦
Q ¦
p mix¨
¦` ,q¥p Enixd̈
¦ (i aq diryi) Fn§M ,dN̈c§ªbE
aEzk̈§e .iY¦ x§A© C¦ m¦in© Ẍd© on¦ iM¦ :oi¦n£̀ d© §ln¦ ,(fi ,l diryi) dr̈§a¦Bd© l©r q¥Pk© e§ ,(ak hn diryi)
aEzM̈©d `Ä ,i©pi¦q x©d l©r 'd cx¥ ¤Ie© x¥nF` cg̈¤̀ ic§ ¥i l©r .Fz`¨ x¦§i d¤id§ Y¦ xEar£ aE © :sEwf̈ `EdW §
o¦n (el c mixac) m¤di¥pi¥A ©rix§ ¦kd¦ e§ i¦Wi¦lX § d© oi¥̀ i¦M Erc¥ §Y ,mϪ̀§nE iE`xï FzF` m¤zi¦`x§W ¤
ux¨¤`d̈ l©re§ Lx§ ¤Q©i§l FlFw z¤̀ L£ri¦nW § d¦ m¦in© Ẍ©d .lt¤ x¨r£ d̈ l ¤̀ W©Bp¦ gi :eip̈R̈¦n E`xi¦§ z§e Fzl̈Ef
FX¦`§e m¦in© Ẍ©A FcFa§M ,dl̈Fc§Bd© FX¦` z¤̀ L£̀ x¤ §d l¤tx£ ¨r©e op̈r̈ K¤ g ,zFSi¦gn§ WlẌ¦n mi¦pt§ l¦
m¦in© Ẅ oi¦Mx¦
§d x¥g`© xäC̈ .ux¨ ¤`d̈ l©r ezxEa§ ¨ bE a¥l c©r W¥̀ Ä x¥rFA xd̈d̈§e (`i c mixac) xn̈¡`¤PW ¤
`Ed o¥k§e ,xd̈d̈ l©r or̈i¦Sd¦ §e m¦in© Ẍ©d i¥nW § E a©r `Ed l¤tx£ ¨r ,l¤tx£ ¨r©e op̈r̈ K¤ g m¦in© Ẍ©d
`Ÿl k :cx¥ ©I©e m¦in© Ẅ h¥Ie© (i gi mildz) x¥nF` `Ä i¦ p¨` d¥Pd¦ (h hi zeny) Fl xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,op̈r̈¤d
i©yÖ©W zEnC§ oEU£rz© `l .iY¦ `¦ oEUr£ z© :d¤Gd© oFWl̈§A .xn`Ÿ © z dŸM hi :op̈r̈¤d a©rA§ Li¤l ¥̀
`Ä .sq¤ k¤ idŸ¥ l`¡ :mFxÖ©A i©pẗ§l mi¦WO§ W © O§ d© mc̈¨`W ¤ d©n oi¥A Wx§ ¥td¤ W¥i .mzi ¤ `¦ x§ mY¤ `©
:(my) £ d̈ l` gi :wecwcd wlg
c"nld ybcz iepikae ueawae .dard jygd `ede ,lebqa .lt¤½ x¨r«
186 exzi rnyie k zeny etw

b"qx xiqtz
Y`CEAr © nE © d'S‹© tª on¦ Y`CEAr © n©
`Ÿl¬ ad̈½ f̈ i´¥dŸl`«e¥ Æsq¤ k¤̧
:mMª l§ `dEr© pv § Y© `l© .Ad' © c§ on¦ .in© c̈w¢ oEcAr
§ z© `l̈ :m«k ¤ l̈ EU† r£ z
«©
'ux`Ë © l`© 'il© r§ gA'c © n© (`k
oEcAr § z© `l̈ ®.adc
© C¦ ol̈gc©e§ sqk
© C¦ ol̈gC©
.dil© r§ gA'c © `¦ e§ .il¦ dŸrpv § Y©
on¦ .JYn` © l© q§ gi` d» n̈c̈£̀
¦ A© c§ e§ JC©r`
§ e©v§ g´©A§f ¦ `k :oFkl§
r've© n© lMª it¦ Jx©w§ AE § Jn© p' § b§
Jl© `N© BY © `© .inq ¦ `¦ xM'c eilÀ̈ r̈ ´Ÿg§ a«© f̈e§ i¼NÎd
ª `© ¦ U ¤ r£ Y
«©
il¦ Yr©pv§ o`¦ e§ (ak :Jit¦ Jx`
`l© t§ .dx`© © Bg¦ on¦ `g© A'c Lin¤½ l̈WÎz
§
¦ A© `§ e©
§ n© ¤̀ e§ ÆLiz¤̧ ŸlŸrÎz « ¤̀
L®¤xẅAÎz
§ ¤̀ e§ § ŸvÎz
L† p` « ¤̀
`Fa¬ `¨ in¦½ WÎz § ¤̀ xi´¦M§f`© x´¤W£̀ ÆmFwÖdÎl © k̈A§
ga© C̈ idzE
¥ © n© :LiY
.in© c̈w¢ cia¥ r£ Y© `Ÿnc© £̀ gAc «¦ k§ x«©aE
¥ Li†¤l ¥̀
xz© £̀ lk̈A§ .jxFY ¨ onE
¦ jp̈r̈ on¦ .jẄcEw zqk
© p¦ zïe§ jz̈ël̈r£ zï .idFl
¦ r£
:jP̈k¦ x§ä £̀ e© jl̈ iz¦ kx
§ A¦ glW
© ¤̀ oÖz© l§ ®.iz¦ p§ ik¦ W§ ixW
¥ `© C§
¦ Ÿl iNÎd
d¬¤pa§ zÎ` ¦½ U¤ r£ Y
«© Æmip¦ ä£̀ g³©A§fnÎm
¦ `¦ § ak
Û-------- i"yx --------Û
z ¤̀ :©gA¥§fO¦ d© W`x§A dḧi¦gW § oi¥̀ e§ ,Li¤ l¡` cFn£rl© d¤UFr dŸ©`W ¤ ,mi¦aEx§Md© l©r xi¦d§fd© §l
L§p`S¦n xW ¤ £̀ .Lin¤ l̈W§ z ¤̀ e§ LizŸ¤ lŸr mz̈i¦PW ¦ m¦`W § ,s¤qk¤ ΧNW¤ Ei§d¦i `N¤W ,i¦Y`¦
z¤̀§l WEx¥R ,Lxẅ§ ¤ A z¤̀§e L§p`v z¤̀ .Lxẅ§ § An¦ E :zEdl̈¡`M¤ i©pẗ§l o¤d ix£ ¥d s¤qk¤ ΧNW¤ mz̈FU£rl©
¤ mFwÖd© lk̈A§ :Li¤nl̈§W z¤̀§e Li¤ lFr l©r si¦qFi `N¤W xi¦d§fd© §l `Ä .ad̈f̈ idŸ¥ l`¥e
xW£̀
zEWx§ L§l oY¥ ¤̀ xW ¤ £̀ .in¦ W§ z ¤̀ xiM§ ¦ f`© i©pẗ§l o¤d ix£ ¥d ,dr̈Äx©§` z̈i¦Ur̈ m¦`W § ,m¦i©pW §
Li¤l ¥̀ `a¨` mẄ ,i¦NW ¤ W ¨t§nd© m¥W xi¦M§fd© §l x©n`z `l .mk¤ l̈ EUr£ z© `Ÿl :ad̈f̈ i¥ l`¥M
dŸ©` o`M̈¦n Li¤lr̈ i¦zp̈i¦kW § dx¤W ©aE i¥Yä§aE zFI¦qp̈§M i¥Yä§A mi¦aEx§M dU
§ `© Li¦Yk§ x¥ ¤ Fr i¦pix£ ¥d
W ¨t§nd© m¥W xi¦M§fd© §l zEWx§ oŸ¦p N¤W c¥nl̈ ,mi¦nl̈Fr zi¥aA§ dU ¤ Fr i¦p£̀ W
¤ Kx¤c§
¤M zFWx¨c¦ §n
zi¥a Ed¤fe§ ,mẄ d¨`Ä dp̈i¦kX ¤ mFwn̈§A `l̈¥̀ .dn̈c̈£̀ gA§
§ d© W © fn¦ `k :m¤kl̈ EU£rz© `l xn̈¡`¤p KM̈§l
m¥W xi¦M§fd© l§ mi¦p£ M©l zEWx§ oŸ¦p mẄ .dxi¦ ¨ gA§ d© micEO©¦ r i¥A©B l©r EP¤pa§ ¦i `N¤X ,dn̈c̈£̀ Ä xÄgªn§
:mr̈d̈ z¤̀ Kxä§ ¥ l m¦iR© M© z©`i¦U§pA¦ W ¨t§nd© z¤̀ `¥Nn© n§ dïd̈W¤ x¥g`© xäC̈ .mi¦tM¥ i¥A©B l©r F`
x¥nF` l`¥rn̈W § ¦i i¦Ax¦ .mi¦pä£̀ gA§ © fn¦ m`¦ e§ ak :oz̈Ϧpg£ z©rẄ§A dn̈c̈£̀ z ¤ g§Pd© g©A§fn¦ l©lg£
d ¨ l§Xn¦ uEg ,zEWx§ dxFY© ¨ AW ¤ m¦`§e m¦` lM̈ :i¦nW § ¦l FziϦU£r z©Ng¦ Y§ `¤dY§ W ¤ .iN¦ dU ¤ r£ Y©
d¤f m¦` ix£ ¥d ,i¦N dU ¤ £rY© mi¦pä£̀ g©A§fn¦ m¦`§e eil̈r̈§e (k a xacna) Fn§M ,Fl§v ¤̀ .eil̈r̈ Ÿg§ af̈ © e§
i¦l dU ¤ £rY© xW ¤ £̀ M© ,xW ¤ £̀ M© oFW§lA¦ W¥OW © n§ cFn§lY¦ ,XÖ©n eil̈r̈ `l̈¥̀ Epi¥̀ F` .d¤X©pn§ d¥Hn©
ix£
¥dW¤ zi¦fB̈ o¤dz§ ¤̀ d¤pa§ z¦ `l mi¦pä£̀ g©A§fn¦ 'd g©A§fn¦ l©r mC̈©de§ xÜÄ©d (fk ai mixac) x©nFl
ftw exzi rnyie k zeny 187

b"qx xiqtz
L² A§ x§ g© i¯¦M zi®¦fB̈ o†¤dz§ ¤̀ .(dn© Cp© d© nª :b"i) `n© C¦ dp§ n© `d© pA
¦ Y©
:d̈«l¤ l«§ g© Y©
§ e d̈i†¤lr̈ Ÿt¬©
§ pd¥ `di© l© r§ JCi© C¦ g§ YM“‹©g© o`¦ J©P`© l§
crv
© Y© `l© e§ (bk :`d© Yl' § c©A§
`l̈ .in© c̈w¢ cia¥ r£ Y© oipa
¦ `© gAc© n© m`¦ e§ `l© l§ .ig¦ A'c§ n© 'il© r§ iw` ¦ x©n§ A§
®.jÄxg© mix¦z§ `n̈lC¦ .ol̈iq¦ R§ oFdzï
§ i¥paz¦ :`di© l© r§ JY© ee§ q© syM
¦ Y©

d¬¤lr£ zÎ`«© Ÿl § bk :D©Pl£ ¦ gz© e§ Dl© r£

¦ Ÿl x²¤W£̀ i®¦gA§
L† z«§ ëx§ r¤ d¬¤lB̈zÎ` ¦ r© zŸl† r«
§ fnÎl £ n© a§
jz̈§ixr© iN© ¥ Bzz¦ `l̈C§ ®.ig¦ Ac
§ n© lr© oiBx ¦ c©A§ wQ© z¦ `l̈e§ :ei«l̈r̈
t t t :idFl ¦ r£

@ l`il` oniq mi¦wEQi¦t aÀ rÀ

Û-------- i"yx --------Û

dx§ ¨n`¨ mFlẄ zFli¦hO§ W ¤ ic§ ¥i l©r zFx§Ac§ ©n xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,mi¦pä£̀ g©A§fn¦ zFp§a¦l Li¤lr̈ däFg
mFlẄ li¦HO© d© ,l¤fx© §A m¤di¥l£r si¦pz̈ `l dxFz ¨ zeny) o¥k§e ,d¤pa§ Y ¦ zFn¥lW § mi¦pä£̀ (e fk mixac)
oi¥A ,dg̈R̈§Wn¦ l§ dg̈R̈§Wn¦ oi¥A ,FYW § `¦ §l Wi¦` oi¥A xn̈¡`¤PW ¤ ,`Ed däFg ,d¤el§ Y© s¤qM¤ m¦` (ck ak
N¤W dÖ©k§e dÖ©M z©g`© l©r ,Fx¥ag£ l© mc̈¨` W¥OW © n§ d¤f s©`§e .Ep¤hi¦a©rY© h¥a£rd© e© (g eh mixac)
.zFlr£ n© a§ dl¤ r£ z© `Ÿle§ bk :zEpr̈x§Rª Ed¥̀ FaY§ aix§ ¦wY© m¦`§e (ci a `xwie) o¥ke§ xW ¤ £̀ M© oFW§lA¦
EdU ¥ £rz© `l ,©gA¥§fO¦ l© W¤aM¤ d¤pFA dŸ©`W ¤ M§ ,däFg `i¦dW § ,x¤ rd̈ z©g§pn¦ Ff mixEM¦ ¦ A z©g§pn¦
`l̈¥̀ [zFbx¥c© §n] frla y"pelwiyi` zFl£rn© zFl£rn© ,oi¦`C̈©e `l̈¥̀ ,o¦iEl§Y EN©Nd© m¦` oi¥̀ Kg̈xM̈ § l©r§e
dlB̈
¤ z¦ `Ÿl xW£̀ ¤ :rR̈EW§nE `¤d§i wl̈g̈ oFW§l .zi¦fB̈ :mi¦WO§ W © n§ m¥d xW ¤ £̀ M© oFW§la¦ E
Kixv̈¦ dŸ©` zFl£rO© d© ic§ ¥i l©rW ¤ .Lzë § x§r¤ LA§ x§g© iM¦ :l¤fx© §aA§ oz̈Y§ q© n§ E ol̈§qFR¤W df̈i¦f§B
iEN¦B Epi¥̀ W§ i¦R l©r s©`e§ ,Li¤zFri¦qR§ ai¦gx© §d§l ,o¤R oFW§lA¦ W¥OW © n§ d¤f i¦M ix£ ¥d .d̈il¤ r̈ Ÿt© § pd¥
dU ¥ £re© (an gk zeny) ai¦zM© ix£ ¥dW ¤ ,WÖ©n dëx¤ §r :d̈i¤lr̈ L§Ax© §g si¦pŸ o¤R ,`©nl§ iC¦ `EdW §
z©ag̈x© §d mFwn̈ lM̈¦n ,cä i¥q§pk§ n¦ m¤dl̈ d̈i¤lr̈ Ÿ§t©pd¥ m¦`W § ,Ÿc© §nl̈ `©d .d̈l¤ l§ g© Y© §e
b¥dFp dŸ©`e§ ,`Ed dëx¤ §r iEN¦bl§ aFxẅ zFri¦qR§ d© ein̈ï Kix£̀
¦ d© §l `x§ ¨a¦p g© A¥§fO¦ d© W
¤ ,Ÿ§lN© g¦ l¤fx© §A
d©nE x¤nFg§e l©w mixä ¦ c§ ix£
¥de© .oFiG̈¦A b©d§pn¦ m¤dä ein̈ï x¤Sw© l§ `x§ ¨a¦p l¤fx© §Ad© e§ ,mc̈¨`ÎN̈¤W
l©r ci¦Rw§ d© l§ z©rC© m¤dÄ oi¥̀ W § EN©Nd© mi¦pä£̀ l©r x¥Sw© n§ d© s©pEI¤W ,oiC© ¦A d¤f oi¥̀ ,mc̈¨`ÎN̈¤W
,KxFv
¤ m¤dÄ W¥i§e li¦`Fd dxFz ¨ dx§ ¨n`¨ op̈Fi§fA¦ oi¥A mFlẄ li¦Hn© g© A¥§fO¦ d© W ¤ ,cFr§e .Kix£̀ ¦ O© d©
`EdW § Kx¥¨ag£ ,oFiG̈¦A b©d§pn¦ m¤dÄ b©d§pz¦ `l aï `l KM̈i¦t§l ,m¦in© Ẅ©AW ¤ m¤di¦a£̀©l l¥̀ x¨U § ¦i
z©g`© l©r ,FpFi§fA¦ l©r ci¦Rw§ n© E ,Kx§ ¨vFi zEnc¦ §A x¤ g§e l©w mixä ¦ C§ ix£¥de© .l¥Ag© n§ E zxFM ¥ eil̈r̈
exzi zyxt zlqg :dÖ©k§e dÖ©M l§e zFr§nFW `l§e zF`Fx mp̈i¥̀ W ¤ mi¦pä£̀ d©nE
188 exzi rnyiec dxhtd gtw

dxhtdd mcewy dpey`x dkxa

dv̈x¨e§ .miaFh
¦ mi`i ¦ a¦ p§ A¦ ,xg© Ä xW£̀
¤ .ml̈Frd̈ Kl¤ n¤ EpidŸl¡ ¥ ` æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ
,dxFY
¨ A© xgFA ¥ d© .æëŸdi§ dŸ`© KExÄ .zn¡ ¤ `A¤ mix¦ n̈¡`P¤ d© ,mdi
¤ x¥a§ c¦ a§
¨ :wc¤
(on¥ `) ¤Sd© e§ zn¡ ¤ `d̈ ,i ¥̀ ia¦ p§ aE
¦ .FOr© l ¥̀ x¨U¦
§ iaE
§ ,FCa§ r© dWŸ
¤ nA§

exzi rnyiec dxhtd

'e oniq diryia

¤ Od© ÆzFnÎz©pW
a¬¥WŸi i²p̈Ÿc £̀ Îz ¤̀ d¯¤̀ x§ ¤̀ ë« Ed½ÏG¦ rª Kl´¤ § A¦ `
Îz ¤̀ mi¬¦`l¥ n§ ei†l̈EWe§ `®V̈¦pe§ mx´¨ `†¥QMÎl ¦ r©
zï ,izi¥ © A§ :l«k̈id«
¦ fg£ .`Ïa¦ p§ xn© £̀ .dÏG¦ rª `M̈ln© ,DA© r©Bp© z`¦ C§ `ŸW ¥ d©
il¦ nz
§ `¦ ,Dix¥ẅ§i FiG¦ nE
¦ ®.`n̈Fxn§ inW
¥ A¦ ,lHª
© pnE mx¨ iqx
¥ Mª lr© ix¥Ẅ .ïiC© `x¨ẅ§i
W¬¥W m¦i²©tp̈M§ W¯¥W Fl½ Ælr© O©¸ n¦ mic³¦ n§ Ÿr« mit¸¦ x¨ § a :`l̈ki§ d¥
ei†l̈b§ x© d¬¤Qk§
© i m¦i²©YW§ aE
¦ eipÀ̈ ẗ d´¤Qk§© i | m¦iY ´© W§ A¦ c®g̈ ¤̀ l§ m¦i†©tp̈M§
`ŸW¦ .oiR©¦ b `ŸW¦ .idFn
¦ c̈w¢ ,`n̈ExA§ oiWi
¦ C¦ w© oiW¦ ÖW© :s«tFr§
¥ i m¦i¬©YW§ aE ¦
`l̈iC¦ ®.Dizïe
¥ B¦ iQ¥ k© n§ ,oixz
¥ aE
¦ .i¥fg̈ `l̈iC¦ ,idFR
¦ `© iQ¥ k© n§ oixz
¥ A¦ .cg© l§ ,oiR©
¦b
WFc̄ẅ xn©½ `¨ e§ Ædf¤ Îl ¤̀ d³¤f `x¸¨ẅ § b :WiO¥ W© n§ oixz
¥ aE
¦ ,i¥fgY© n¦
:FcFa
« M§ ux†¨¤ `d̈Îlk̈ `¬Ÿln§ zF`® äv§ d´ëŸdi§ WFc†ẅ WFc²ẅ
WiC¦ w© .Diz¥ pi
§ k¦ W§ ziA¥ ,`n̈Fxn§ inW ¥ A¦ WiC¦ w© .oix¦n§ `¨ e§ ,oiC¥ n¦ oiC¥ oil¦ A§ wnE
©
lk̈ `ïln© ®.zF`äv§ ï§i ,`Ïn© l§ r̈ ml© r̈A§ WiC¦ w© .Diz¥ xEa
§ B§ cäFr ,`r̈x`© lr©
`®¥xFTd© lFT† n¦ miR½¦ Q¦ d© zFÓ`© ÆErpÏ© ª̧ c :Dix¥ẅ§i ei¦f ,`r̈x`©
ziaE ¥ ®.`l̈ENn¦ ,lT̈n¦ .`l̈ki § d¥ iR¥ q¦ zëN§ `¦ ,Erf̈e§ :o«Ẅr̈ `¬¥lÖ¦i z¦i†©Ad © e§
Wi³¦` i´¦M izi ¦ n¥À c§ pÎi
¦ k¦ i´¦lÎiF` xnŸ º© `«¨ d :`z̈H§ n¦ £̀ il¦ nz
§ `¦ ,`ẄCw§ n©
a®¥WŸi i†¦kŸp` «¨ m¦iz©½ ẗU§ `´¥nhÎm § r© ÆKFzaE § ik¦ Ÿp½ `¨ Æmi¦ z©¸ ẗUÎ`
§ n¥ h§
ix¥ £̀ il¦ ië ,zix¦n© £̀ e© :i«p̈ir¥ E` ¬ x¨ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Kl²¤ ¤ OdÎz © ¤̀ iMÀ¦
À¦ zaiz .jlnd z` iMÀ¦ d :wecwcd wlg
:miinlyexia mb riaxa 'iM'
htw exzi rnyiec dxhtd 189

`p̈£̀ ,oiaFg
¦ A§ lrb̈n
© C¦ `Ör© FbaE .`p̈£̀ ,`g̈k̈F`l§ aÏg© xa© B§ ix¥ £̀ .zia¦ g©
sr̈´Ï© e :ip̈ir¥ d`©
¨ fg£ ,zF`äv§ ï§i ®.`Ïn© l§ r̈ jl«¤
¤ n z©pik¦ W§ ,xẅ§i zï .ix¥ £̀ .aizï
¥
gw†©l̈ m¦ig©½ w© l§ n¤̧ A§ d®R̈v§ x¦ Fcï† aE § mit½¦ x¨V§ dÎo © n¦ Æcg̈ ¤̀ il©À ¥̀
.lln
© n© ,DiO¥ taE ª .`ÏW © ÖW
© on¦ ,cg© .izë § `¦ e§ :g«
¦ l§ i¥eYW © A§¥ fO¦ d© lr¬©n¥
on¦ ,lir¥ ®.`n̈Fxn§ inW
¥ A¦ ,`x¨ẅ§i iqx
¥ Mª lr© Diz¥ pi
§ kW
¦ C¦ mc̈w¢ on¦ li
‹ A¥ w© C§
x´q̈e§ Li®¤zẗUÎl § r© d†¤f r¬©bp̈ d²¥Pd¦ xn`¾ ¤ ŸI©e iRÎl
½¦ r© r´©BI© © f :`g̈Ac § n©
inb̈z
¥ t¦ izi © `d̈ .xn© £̀ e© .iO¦ tª A§ xC©q© e§ :x«R̈kª Y
¦ E¦W § L† z`«§ Ḧg© e§ Lp¤½ Ÿer£
lFwÎz ³ ¤̀ rnº© W§ ¤̀ «¨ g :oExR§ kz¦ © i ,j`¨ ḧgE ®.jäFg oFCr¦ie§ .jÖtª A§ ,iz¦ £̀ Eap§
i¬¦pp§ d¦ x†©nŸ`ë« Ep®l̈ÎKl«¤ i¥ i´¦nE g†©lW§ ¤̀ i¬¦nÎz ¤̀ xnŸ ¥½ ` Æip̈Ÿc £̀
,d`¨ Ä©pz`¦ l§ glW © ¤̀ on© zï .xn© `¨ C§ ,ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ lẅ zï .zir¦ nWE
© :ip«¦ g¥ l̈W§
†Ÿx§n« ¤ ŸI© h :izï
© `¨ e§ K¬¥l xn`¾ ¦ gl© W§ `p̈£̀ d̈ ,zix¦n© £̀ e© ®.`ẗN̈`© l§ li¥fi¥i onE©
:Erc̈« YÎl ¥ `© e§ F`† x¨ E`¬ xE§ Epia¦½ ŸÎl`© e§ Æ©rFnẄ Er³ n§ W¦ d®¤Gd© mr´¨l̈
o©fg̈e§ ®.oil¦ M§ Yq
© n¦ `l̈e§ ,rn̈Wn¦ oir¦ n§ ẄC§ .oic¥ d̈ `Ör© l§ ,xni
© z¥ e§ li¥fi`¦ .xn© £̀ e©
ei´p̈ir¥ e§ c†¥Ak§ d© ei¬p̈§f`¨ e§ d½G¤d© mr´¨d̈Îal¥ Æon¥ W§ © i :oir¦ cï§ `l̈e§ ,`f̈gn¦
a†Ẅë oi²¦aï F¬aälE § rnÀ̈ W¦ § i ei´p̈§f`¨ aE § eipi ¹̈ r¥ a§ d`¤̧ x¦§iÎoR¤ r®©Wd̈
.mihn¥ h© idFpi
¦ r¥ e§ ,xT© © i idFpc
¦ ª̀ e§ .oic¥ d̈ `Ör© C§ DiA¥ l¦ ,WiR¥ h© :Fl« `ẗ¬¨xe§
,oEaEzie¦ ®.oElM§ Yq¦
© i oFdA§ laE
¦ .oErnW¦
§ i oFdi¥pc ª̀ aE ,oFdi¥pir¥ A§ oFfg¦i `n̈lC¦
ÁxW£̀
¤ cr´© xn`¿ ¤ ŸI©e i®p̈Ÿc £̀ i†©zn̈Îcr© xnŸ©¾ `«¨ `i :oFdl§ wia¥ YW¦ § ie§
d†n̈c̈£̀ d̈ « e§ mc̈½ `¨ oi´¥̀ n¥ ÆmiY¦ äE aWFi ¥À oi´¥̀ n¥ mix¹¦ r̈ E`¸ ẄÎm`¦
,`Ï©exw¦ oïC©§ viC¦ cr© .xn© £̀ e© .ï§i ,iY¦ O© `¦ cr© .zix¦n© £̀ e© :d«n̈n̈W§ d¬¤̀ ẌY¦
w¬©gx¦ § ai :iCv ¥ z¦ e§ aExgY¦ ,`r̈x`© e§ ®.`Ẅp̈£̀ il¦ A§ n¦ ,`ÏY© äE .aizï
¦ il¦ A§ n¦
zï ,ï§i wig¥ xi© e¦ :ux«¤` ¨ d̈ ax¤w¬¤A§ d†äEfr« £ d̈ d¬Äx©e§ m®c̈`«¨ d̈Îz ¤̀ d†ëŸdi§
`ide zg` `hyta .Æ©rFnẄ erny h :oniz ixtq lka gzt s"ewd .mi¦ g©½ w© l§ n¤̧ A§ e :wecwcd wlg
:rxln
190 exzi rnyiec dxhtd vw

d½Ïxi´¦
¦ Ur£ ÆDÄ cFr¬ § bi :`r̈x`© C§ D©Eb© A§ ,`z̈Eic©v i¥Bqz¦ e§ ®.`Ẅp̈£̀ i¥pA§
za´¤¤ Sn© Æzk¤ N¤̧ W
© A§ x³¤W£̀ oFNÀ `«© k̈e§ d´l̈ ¥̀ M̈« xr®¥äl§ d´z̈§id̈
« e§ dä†Ẅe§
oFdie¦ ,oEaEzie¦ .`xq § ie§ :DŸ
¨ r© on¦ cg© ,DA© oEx`© YW¦ § Sn© Wc¤Ÿw† r©x¬¤f mĽ
« a©
oEP`¦ or© M§ cr© e§ ‹oiWi
¦ A©
¦ il§ on© C̈ oFditx
¥ h© xY© na
¦ C¦ .`ḧENakE
© ,`n̈haª M§ .`äxv̈ ¨ l§
oEaEzie¦ oEWpMz¦ © i ,l ¥̀ xU¦ ¨ iC§ `z̈ëlB̈
§ oM¥ .`r̈x©f oFdP§ n¦ `n̈Ïw© l§ ,oiai
¦ H¦ x©
oA¥µ EplÎc À̈ N«© iª cl´¤ ¤ iÎi ¦ ci :oFdz§ ävp¦ ,`Ẅcwª C§ `r̈x©f ix¥ £̀ ®.oFdrx© £̀ l©
ÆurFi¥ `l¤ R¤Â Fn¹ W§ `x¸¨w¦ § Ie© Fn® k§ WÎl
¦ r© d†¨xU§ O¦ d© i¬¦dY©
§ e Epl̈½ ÎoY«© p¦
,ia¥ x¨ ix¥ £̀ .ce¦C̈ zia¥ l§ ,`Ïa¦ p§ xn© £̀ :mFl« ẄÎxU
© crÎi †© a£̀
¦ xFA½ B¦ l´¥̀
.Dx©H§ n¦ l§ ,idFl¦ r£ `z̈ixF` ¨ liA¥ w© e§ .`p̈«©l aid§
¦ iz`¦ ,xA© .`p̈«©l cil§ ¦ iz`¦
`‹ g̈iW¦ n§ ®.`Ïn© l§ r̈ mÏw© ,`x¨ÄB¦ `d̈l̈`
¡ dv̈ir¥ `ilt
¦ n© mc̈w¢ on¦ .Din¥ W§ ix¦wz
§ `¦ e§
dx¹¨U§ O¦ d© dA¥̧ x§n© l§ (daxml 'k) eh :idFnFi ¦ A§ ,`p̈«©lr£ i¥Bq¦i `n̈l̈WC¦
oi³¦kd̈l§ FY½ k§ l© n§ nÎl
© r© e§ Æce¦ c̈ `³¥QMÎl¦ r© uwÎoi ¥À ¥̀ mFĺẄlE §
ml̈½ FrÎcr© e§ ÆdŸr« © n¥ dw®¨c̈v§ aE¦ h†R̈W§ n¦ A§ Dc̈½ r« £ q© l§ E« ÆDz̈Ÿ`
¨ ic¥ a§ r̈l§ Eax§ iB¦ q© :z`ŸG« ÎdU
`‹ z̈ixF` ¤ r£ Y
«© zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ z²©`p§ w¦
,Dzï
© `p̈ẅz`© l§ .DizEkl
¥ n© lr© e§ ,ce¦c̈ iqx
¥ Mª lr© .sFq zil¥ ,`n̈l̈W§ ix¥hp̈lE§
,zF`äv§ ïiC© `x¨ni
§ n¥ A§ ®.`n̈l§ r̈ cr© e§ ,or© M§ n¦ .`z̈Ekf̈aE ,`p̈ic¦ A§ .D©panlE
¦
:`C̈ cia¥ rz
£ Y¦

(:l«¥̀ x¨U¦
§ i WFc†w§ Fn® W§ zF`† äv§ d¬ëŸdi§ Epl¥¾ £̀ ŸB« )
(:l ¥̀ xU¦
¨ iC§ ,`ẄiC¦ w© .® Din¥ W§ ,zF`äv§ ï§i .`p̈w«© x§R̈)

,ml© r̈l§ `Ed jx©än§ .® `n̈Ïw© e§ `Ïg© ,`l̈ir¥ l§ iC¦ .`ẄiC¦ w© `Äx© `n̈W§ ,gA© Y© W§ i¦ e§ jx©Äz¦i `C̈ lr©
:`Ïn© l§ r̈ in¥ l§ r̈lE

£ q© l§ E« eh :wecwcd wlg
:irb e"ied .Dc̈½ r«