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Nutrition in adolescents: physiology,

metabolism, and nutritional needs:
Adolescents: physiology,
metabolism, and nutrition
April 2017 · Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences 1393(1):21-33
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13330

Authors:

Jai K. Das

Rehana A Salam
38.2 · Aga Khan University, Pakistan

Kent L. Thornburg

Andrew Mulberg
50.82 · Amicus Therapeutics

Susan Campisi
20.52 · SickKids

Zohra S Lassi
40.4 · University of Adelaide

Berthold Koletzko

Zulmqar Bhutta
53.36 · SickKids

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Citations (108) References (91)

Abstract

Adolescence is the period of development that

begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most
commonly, adolescence is divided into three
developmental periods: early adolescence (10–14
years of age), late adolescence (15–19 years of
age), and young adulthood (20–24 years of age).
Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual
maturation, social and economic independence,
development of identity, acquisition of skills needed
to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the
capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is
characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is
second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the
adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since
eating patterns and behaviors are inVuenced by
many factors, including peer inVuences, parental
modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost,
convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass
media, and body image. Here, we describe the
physiology, metabolism, and nutritional
requirements for adolescents and pregnant
adolescents, as well as nutrition-related behavior
and current trends in adolescent nutrition. We
conclude with thoughts on the implications for
nutrition interventions and priority areas that would
require further investigation.

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Citations (108) References (91)

... Among young women, insurcient energy

intake and inadequate timing of dietary
intake have become common nutritional
issues in the world [1] . There are growing
concerns that poor dietary behaviors in youth
will increase the future risk of chronic
diseases in adulthood [2]. ...

... Currently, adolescence is demned as

between 10 and 19 years old, while youth is
between 15 and 24 years old [19].
Accordingly, these periods can be divided
into early adolescence (10-14 years), late
adolescence (15-19 years), and young
adulthood (20-24 years) [1] . Japanese
college students (19-22 years old) are in the
post-adolescent stage, which is between
adolescence and young adulthood. ...

... Therefore, if food intake at an unusual time

of day continues to desynchronize central
and peripheral clocks during these critical
periods, this functional disturbance in the
clock system can be memorized in the uterus
from the developing to mature stages, and
this will lead to the onset of obstetric and
gynecologic diseases in adulthood ( Figure
2). (1) . This functional disturbance in the
clock systems is memorized in the
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the
uterus from the developing to mature stages
(2). ...

Adolescent Dietary Habit-induced Obstetric

and Gynecologic Disease (ADHOGD) as aa……
New Hypothesis—Possible Involvement of
Article Full-text available
Clock System
May 2020
Tomoko Fujiwara · Masanori Ono · Michihiro
Mieda · Hiroshi Fujiwara

View Show abstract

... With slowing growth, young children have a

decreased appetite which stabilizes
throughout childhood. The growth spurt
during adolescence is more associated with
sexual maturity, compared to the growth
spurt during infancy which is more
associated with chronological age (Das et
al., 2017) . The adolescent growth spurt is
marked by increased bone and muscle mass,
blood volume, and organ size, and a
corresponding increase in appetite (Corkins
et al., 2016;WHO, 2018b). ...

... gain approximately 50% of their adult body

weight and achieve peak height velocity
during this period (Das et al., 2017) , with
estimates for energy needs equaling
approximately 47-65 kcal/kg/d from 10-14
years and 44-54 kcal/kg from 15-19 years,
depending on level of physical activity (FAO/
WHO/UNU Expert Consultation, 2004). ...

... Differences in context (e.g., rural and

urban, lowand middle-income vs. high-
income, etc.) also inVuence physical activity.
For instance, many children and adolescents
in rural settings have increased energy
expenditure (e.g., from chores, labor)
compared to their urban counterparts who
are more sedentary (Torun, 2005; Das et al.,
2017) . Increasing sedentary behavior,
including time in front of screens and sitting
with friends (Dumuid et al., 2017), and limited
access to safe spaces (Kohl et al., 2012) also
inVuence children's and adolescents' patterns
of physical activity. ...

Children's and adolescents' characteristics

and interactions with the food system
Article
Dec 2020
Elizabeth L Fox · Arnold Timmer

View Show abstract

... Optimal growth and development is reliant

on sound nutrition [1] [2] [3]. Yet, the diets of
many children and adolescents in the United
States (U.S.) do not meet nutrient
recommendations [4] and fall short of current
guidelines for a healthy eating pattern [5].
Behaviors that contribute to dietary shortfall
among children (e.g., consumption of sugar-
sweetened beverages, limited fruit and
vegetable intake) are associated with an
array of individual and environmental factors
including infant/child feeding practices [6][7]
[8][9], food neophobia [6,8], parental eating
patterns [6,9,10], food insecurity [11],
television watching [9,12], the food
environment [9,10], and public policies [13]. ...

... Aside from the group of students who only

ate breakfast, the number of food items tried
increased with grade level for those in
elementary through middle school. This
mnding is similar to that obtained by Cooke
and Wardle [31], who found that the number
of foods tried increased with Response scale
for each item is 1-7, 1 ( ), 2 ( ), 3 ( ), 4 ( ), 5 ( ),
6 ( ), 7 ( ). 2 . Mean values within a row with
unlike letters were signimcantly different (p <
0.05). ...

... Aside from the group of students who only

ate breakfast, the number of food items tried
creased with grade level for those in
elementary through middle school. This
mnding is similar to at obtained by Cooke and
Wardle [31], who found that the number of
foods tried increased with Response scale
for each item is 1-7, 1 ( ), 2 ( ), 3 ( ), 4 ( ), 5 ( ),
6 ( ), 7 ( ). 2 . Mean values within a row with
unlike letters were signimcantly different (p <
0.05). ...

Food Trying and Liking Related to Grade

Level and Meal Participation
Article Full-text available
Aug 2020 · Int J Environ Res Publ Health
Jennifer A Hanson · Janelle Elmore · Marianne
Swaney-Stueve

View Show abstract

... Adolescence is an especially important

time in the life cycle as dramatic physical
growth and development occurs during this
period including biological, psychosocial and
cognitive changes (Brown et al., 2011).
Adequate energy, protein, vitamins and
minerals intakes are critical to support rapid
growth and development (Das et al.,
2017; Christian and Smith, 2018). Inadequate
macro and micronutrient during adolescence
can delay growth and create high risk of
chronic diseases in adulthood (Lassi et al.,
2017). ...

... Adolescents often enter pregnancy

unplanned, and thereby having inadequate
nutritional reserves and the pregnancy makes
the competition for energy and nutrient
requirements between the fetus and the
mother (Christian and Smith, 2018). Thus, the
nutritional requirements of pregnant
adolescents are higher than non-pregnant
adolescents (Das et al., 2017) . The research
results of Marvin-Dowle et al. (2016) and Lee
et al. (2014) showed that diets from food
could not meet the recommended nutritional
adequacy, either macronutrients or
micronutrients (Lee et al., 2014;Marvin-
Dowle, Burley and Soltani, 2016). ...

Nutrition intervention of pregnant

adolescents: a systematic review
Article
Jun 2020 · Nutr Food Sci
Rian Diana · Qonita Rachmah

View Show abstract

... Adolescence is a period of physiological

and psychosocial change during which
nutritional needs are changing and new roles
and responsibilities are established (1, 2) .
Puberty increases nutritional requirements
due to accelerated growth and sexual
maturation (3) . ...

... Puberty increases nutritional requirements

due to accelerated growth and sexual
maturation (3) . This period of increasing
independence and maturity presents an
excellent opportunity for intervention
Abbreviations: 95 % CIs: 95 % conmdence
intervals; aPR: adjusted prevalence ratios;
GIFTS: Girls' Iron-Folic acid Tablet
Supplementation; Hb: haemoglobin
concentration; IFA: iron and folic acid; JHS:
junior high schools; SHS: senior high schools
to improve nutritional status and establish
lasting, positive dietary and health practices
(2, 4,5) . ...

Predictors of anaemia among adolescent

schoolchildren of Ghana
Article
Sep 2020
Lucas Gosdin · Katie Tripp · Abraham B
Mahama · O Yaw Addo

View Show abstract

... In a sensitivity analysis excluding

households with > 4 adolescents 15-19 years,
our mndings were similar, meaning that even
a narrow range of the number of adolescents
in the household can contribute to female
caregivers' mental health. Growing
adolescents have greater nutritional needs
than younger children or adults [16] . For
instance, boys have peak energy and protein
requirements at ages 15-18 years and, thus,
having to provide adequate nutrition for even
one additional older adolescent may translate
to a signimcant burden for a household [16].
...

... Growing adolescents have greater

nutritional needs than younger children or
adults [16]. For instance, boys have peak
energy and protein requirements at ages 15-
18 years and, thus, having to provide
adequate nutrition for even one additional
older adolescent may translate to a
signimcant burden for a household [16] . One
qualitative study found that if crop yields
were low and the family did not have enough
food, rather than stealing food, the family
would sleep hungry [5]. ...

Presence of Older Adolescents in the

Household is Associated with Depressive
Depressive……
Symptoms Among Women Living with HIV in
Article Full-text available
Kenya
Dec 2020 · Aids Behav
Jason M Nagata · Lynhea M. Anicete · Craig
Cohen · Elizabeth A Bukusi

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... 34 No comparable global data exist on age

at menarche and timing of pubertal growth,
but national data indicate substantial
changes in some countries. Finally, all of
these pathways are inVuenced by food and
nutrition, 28,35, 36 including energy balance,
and adequacy and quality of nutrients,
especially proteins, fats, and micronutrients.
18,21,37 There is also an important effect
from the occurrence and treatment of
infections, which itself is inVuenced by water
and sanitation, and whether episodes of
infections are effectively treated in a timely
manner. ...

Height and body-mass index trajectories of

school-aged children and adolescents from
from…
…
1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and
Article
territories: a pooled analysis of 2181
Nov 2020 · LANCET studies with 65 million
population-based
participants
Hazzaa Al-Hazzaa

View Show abstract

... Poor dietary behaviors in youth were

reported to increase the risk of onset of
lifestyle diseases in adulthood. [1] .
Consequently, both insurcient energy intake
and inadequate timing of food intake are
considered to be current nutritional issues
during young adulthood [2,3]. ...

Breakfast Skipping in Female College

Students Is a Potential and Preventable
Preventable…
…
Predictor of Gynecologic Disorders at Health
Article Full-text available
Service Centers
Jul 2020
Takashi Iizuka · Hiroaki Yoshikawa · Tomoko
Fujiwara · Masanori Ono

View Show abstract

... As children grow and develop, changes in

metabolism are directly related to total
energy requirements (e.g., basal metabolism,
physical activity, and growth) (26) . Growth
and development are associated with
complex endocrine changes. ...

Contributions of Fat and Carbohydrate

Metabolism to Glucose Homeostasis inin…
…
Childhood Change With Age and Puberty: A
Article Full-text available
12-Years Cohort Study (EARLYBIRD 77)
Aug 2020
Ornella Cominetti · Joanne Hosking · Alison
Jeffery · François-Pierre J. Martin

View Show abstract

... Body size during adolescence can be used

as a proxy indicator for nutritional status,
with overnutrition manifesting as overweight
and obesity, while undernutrition can
manifest as stunting and/or wasting.
Adolescence is a period of rapid
physiological, sexual, neurological, and
behavioral changes which lays a foundation
to adult role and responsibility [3] . Twenty
per-cent of mnal adult height and 50% of adult
weight are attained during the period of
adolescence since it is the 2 nd period of
rapid growth next to the mrst one year
following birth [4,5]. ...

Double Burden of Malnutrition among Female

Adolescent Students in Bahir Dar City,
City,……
Amhara, Ethiopia
Article Full-text available
Aug 2020 · BMRI
Wubet Taklual · Sewunet Baye · Maru Mekie ·
Tesfaye Andualem

View Show abstract

... The commonly found psychiatric disorders

found in adolescents are anxiety and
depressive disorders and behavioural issues
7, 8 . However, reporting systems for
adolescent psychiatric disorders are mostly
inadequate 9 . ...

Psychosocial Health Status of Adolescent

Girls in a Rural Area of Guntur District
Article Full-text available
Jul 2020
Geethika Koneru · Samson Nallapu · Swapna
Budimelli · T.S.R. Sai

View Show abstract

... As is well known, fast-food consumption is

linked to poor dietary habits (e.g. a higher
intake of carbonated soft-drinks and sweets
and a lower intake of fruits and vegetables)
and unmet nutrient requirements [5]. Failure
to meet nutrient requirements during
adolescence can result in growth retardation,
impaired organ remodeling, and
micronutrient demciencies [6] . Such
unhealthy dietary habits in youth are thus
associated with an increased risk of obesity
[7], cardiovascular disease [8], type 2
diabetes [9], and cancer [10] in later
adulthood. ...

Fast food consumption among young

adolescents aged 12–15 years in 54 low- aa…
…
middle-income countries
Article Full-text available
Dec 2020
Lian Li · Ning Sun · Lina Zhang · Liyuan Han

View Show abstract

... Perubahan kebutuhan zat gizi pada remaja

dipengaruhi oleh perilaku konsumsi remaja
yang banyak bergantung pada pengaruh
teman sebaya, perilaku makan orang tua,
ketersediaan makanan, pilihan makanan,
biaya, kenyamanan, kepercayaan secara
probadi ataupun pengaruh budaya, media
massa dan citra tubuh (Das et al., 2017) . ...

Komposisi Menu Sarapan dan Status Gizi

Pelajar Boarding School SMP
SMP……
Muhammadiyah 5 Samarinda
Article
Jul 2020
Reny Noviasty · Nurul Amah · Rahmi Susanti ·
Ninik Wirasti

View Show abstract

... At that age are obtained skills substantial

for adult relationships and roles and social
and economic independence. During this
stage of physical and psychological
development and sexual maturation, the
capacity for abstract reasoning is developed,
as well as, pursuit of identity (Das et al.,
2017) . At adolescence rapid body changes,
physical and psychological, affect the body
image and self esteem. ...

Could an interdisciplinary educational

intervention improve adolescents' self-
self-…
…
perception of body image?
Article Full-text available
May 2020
Haristoula Hatzinikola · Emmanouela
Diakosavva

View Show abstract

... Some authors delimit adolescence as the

period between 10 and 20 years of age [1],
but The Lancet commission about health and
well-being divides adolescence into three
categories: early adolescence (10-14 years),
late adolescence (15-19 years), and young
adulthood (20-24 years). Physiologically,
early adolescence is dominated by puberty
and sexual development; late adolescence is
characterized by pubertal maturation,
although to a lesser extent than early
adolescence; and young adulthood
corresponds to the adoption of the roles and
responsibilities of adults [2] . Adolescence is,
in general, a period of physical development
characterized by signimcant changes in the
cognitive, psychological, and emotional
dimensions, which affect the quality of life
(QoL), well-being, and state of health of
teenagers [3,4]. ...

Mediterranean Diet and the Emotional Well-

Being of Students of the Campus of Melilla
Melilla……
(University of Granada)
Article Full-text available
Jun 2020
Maria Lopez · Miriam Mohatar-Barba ·
Elisabet Fernández Gómez · Carmen Enrique-Mirón

View Show abstract

... At that age are obtained skills substantial

for adult relationships and roles and social
and economic independence. During this
stage of physical and psychological
development and sexual maturation, the
capacity for abstract reasoning is developed,
as well as, pursuit of identity (Das et al.,
2017) . At adolescence rapid body changes,
physical and psychological, affect the body
image and self esteem. ...

Could an interdisciplinary educational

intervention improve adolescents' self-
self-…
…
perception of body image?
Preprint Full-text available
May 2020
Haristoula Hatzinikola · Emmanouela
Diakosavva

View Show abstract

... habits onto this cohort as it moves into

adulthood (6, 7) . However, as with many
other adolescent health interventions,
implementing nutrition programmes can be
expected to be more complex than similar
interventions for younger children (8) . ...

School readiness to adopt a school-based

adolescent nutrition intervention in urban
urban……
Indonesia
Article Full-text available
May 2020 · PUBLIC HEALTH NUTR
Yessi Octaria · Apriningsih Apriningsih ·
Cesilia Meti Dwiriani · Judhiastuty
Februhartanty

View Show abstract

... It is critical to differentiate carbohydrate

and oils or fat since carbohydrate is less
calorimc. Das et al. (2017) stated that
adolescent is where the period of rapid
growth occurs. Thus, to accomplish full
growth potential among adolescent,
surcient energy and nutrition intake is vital.
...

Carbohydrates intake preference among

university students towards balanced intak
intak……
practice
Article
May 2020
H.A. Mohd Abd Majid · S.K. Ahmad Sharoni · J.
Annuar · R. Raju

View Show abstract

... While adolescents nutrition is given less

priority, 1/3 of the adolescents in the world
are obese and more than 10% in low and
middle income countries are underweight
[10] . There is a dearth of information on the
burden of nutrient adequacy among
adolescents in Uganda. ...

Dietary diversity and associated factors

among adolescents in eastern Uganda: aa… …
cross-sectional study
Article Full-text available
Apr 2020 · BMC PUBLIC HEALTH
Nathan Isabirye · Justine Nnakate Bukenya ·
Mary Nakafeero · Wafaie Fawzi

View Show abstract

... Adolescents are age groups that are

vulnerable to nutritional problems, so
balanced nutrition is needed to accelerate
growth and development of physical,
psychological, neurological, and intellectual
(1,2). Nutrition problems that are often found
in adolescents are unwanted changes in body
weight, one of which is obesity due to
increased muscle mass, body fat tissue, and
hormonal changes (3, 4). The waist to height
ratio (WHtR) is an anthropometric index that
is more sensitive than BMI to illustrate the
distribution of excess fat in the upper body
and reVect the presence of harmful fat in the
abdomen (abdominal obesity) (5). ...

Physical Activity, Sensory Threshold of

Sweetness, and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHt
(WHt…
…
in Adolescents
Article Full-text available
Apr 2020
Evitha Latifah · Kusnandar Kusnandar · Yulia
Lanti Retno dewi

View

... 3 Background Adolescence, which refers to

age of 10 to 19 years, is the period of
tremendous growth and development that
begins at puberty and ends in early
adulthood. About 20% of mnal adult height,
45% of increments in bone mass and 50% of
the adult weight are attained in this period [1],
which requires rapid tissue expansion with
special nutrient requirements, including
amino acids for growth of striated muscle, as
well as calcium and vitamin D to
accommodate bone growth [2, 3]. Today, 1.2
billion individuals are in adolescent age group
whilst nine out of the ten live in the
developing world with higher likelihood to
face profound nutritional challenges in their
process of growth and development [4]. ...

Exploration of barriers to the uptake of

nutritional services among adolescent girls
girls…
…
from the rural communities of Tigrai Region,
Preprint Full-text available
Northern Ethiopia: A qualitative study
Feb 2020
Amaha Kahsay · Hadush Gebregziabher ·
Znabu Hadush Kahsay · Afework Mulugeta

View Show abstract

... 34 No comparable global data exist on age

at menarche and timing of pubertal growth,
but national data indicate substantial
changes in some countries. Finally, all of
these pathways areAdvertisement
inVuenced by food and
nutrition, 28,35, 36 including energy balance,
and adequacy and quality of nutrients,
especially proteins, fats, and micronutrients.