UNINVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

ENGLISH SECTION

TH.S NGUYỄN THỊ QUYÊN

TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH CƠ KHÍ

ENGLISH FOR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Hà nội, 2021
1
 Table of Contents

Unit 1 Engineering- What’s it all about? Page 1

Unit 2 Forces in Engineering 9

Unit 3 Engineering Materials 19

Unit 4 Metals 28

Sample Test 01 37

Unit 5 Mechanisms 41

Unit 6 The Electric motor 50

Unit 7 Lasers 60

Unit 8 Washing machine 69

Sample Test 02 79

Practice 83

Glossary 102

References 113

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 Unit 1
ENGINEERING - WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT?
A. READING

This passage will give you some information about different branches of engineering. Work in pair.

Before reading, answer these questions:

1. List the main branches of engineering

2. Read this text to find out how many of the branches listed are mentioned

Branches of Engineering
Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action. Civil engineering

is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the

design and manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical engineering is about the generation and

distribution of electricity and its many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with

developing components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on.

Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and

others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc.

Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.

Transport: Cars, trains, ships, and planes are all products of mechanical engineering. Mechanical

engineers are also involved in support services such as roads, rail track, harbours, and bridges.

Food processing: Mechanical engineers design, develop, and make the machine and the

processing equipment for harvesting, preparing and preserving the foods and drinks that fill the

supermarkets.

1
Medical engineering: Body scanners, X-ray machines, life-support systems, and other high tech

equipment result from mechanical and electrical engineers combining with medical experts to

convert ideas into life-saving and life-preserving products.

Building services: Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and places

of work, including lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and lifts.

Energy and power: Electrical engineers are concerned with the production and distribution of

electricity to homes, offices, industry, hospitals, colleges and schools, and the installation and

maintenance of the equipment involved in these processes.

Task 1. Complete the blanks in this diagram using information from the text.

Engineering

Civil 1 Electrical 2

3--------- Automobile Aeronautical 4 Electrici Electrical 6

ty 5 --------- installation

7
Medical

Task 2. Put T or F to indicate if the statements below are true or false.

1. Engineering is about putting ideas into action.

2. Mechanical engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc.

3. Electrical engineering is about developing components and equipment for

communications, computing and so on.

4. Cars, trains, ships and planes are all products of civil engineering.

2
 - al -ion - ation

noun adjective verb noun verb Noun

electricity distribute install

mechanics refrigerate combine

practice generate transport

industry ventilate form

Task 4. Fill the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets

a) When developing a new engine, scientists want to______________________high power

output and low fuel__________________(COMBINE/CONSUME)

b) Body scanners can give doctors far more_____________________than X-rays and

there’s no risk to the patient. (INFORM)

c) Do you know what branch of engineering electrical________________________belongs

to? (INSTALL)

d) preserves foods and drinks by lowering their temperature.

(REFRIGERATE)

3
 e) engineering appeared as a ííeld during the________________________________
revolution in Europe in the 18 century. (MECHANICS/INDUSTRY)

2. Deal/ be concerned with

What is the link between column A and column B?

A B

mechanical machines

electrical electricity

Column A lists a branch of engineering or a type of engineer. Column B lists things they are

concerned with. We can show the link between them in a number of ways:

1. Mechanical engineering deals with machines.

2. Mechanical engineering is concerned with machines.

3. Machines are the concern of mechanical engineers.

Task 5. Match each item in column A with an appropriate item from column B and link the two
in a sentence

A B
1. transport 11. tools and machines

2. aeronautics 12. roads and bridges

3. heating and ventilating 13. body scanners

4. electricity generating 14. cables and switchgear

5. automobiles 15. communications and

6. civil engineering computings

7. electronic engineering 16. roads, rail track and harbours

8. electrical installation 17. planes

9. medical engineering 18. cars and trucks

10. mechanical 19. power

engineering stations j. air-

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Eg.: Transport is concerned with roads, rail track and harbours.

1..........................................................................................................................

2..........................................................................................................................

3.....................................................................................................................

4.....................................................................................................................

5.....................................................................................................................

6.....................................................................................................................

7.....................................................................................................................

8.....................................................................................................................

9.....................................................................................................................

1 0.....................................................................................................................

3. Tense Revision

1. Present simple S + V (-s; -es)

2. Present continuous S + is/am/ are + V-ing

3. Simple past S + V-ed

4. Present perfect S + have/has + past participle

5. Future S +will + V(infinitive) or S + be going to + V(inf.)

Task 6. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form

1. Engineering (be)...................................... an aspect of life since the beginning of human
existence.
2. A long time ago, before the development of nuclear power plants, people (have) the sun as

their source for mechanical energy.

3. A combustion engine (can/ convert)...........................................heat into mechanical

energy?

4. You (know).......................................who (invent).......................................the steam engine?

5. Nowadays, scientists (do) .......................................... different research to find out better

materials to produce cars, ships and planes.

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 Enginee ing

6. People hope that the Government (spend) ............................................ more money building

hospitals with modern medical equipment in the coming years.

7. A German scientist, Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, (discover)...............................................X-

rays by accident when he was doing an experiment with electricity.

8. Scientists and engineers (apply)........................................a lot of modern equipment and

technology in food processing recently?

9. Internal combustion engines so far (appear)..........................................in almost all

vehicles such as automobiles, trucks, motorcycles and boats.

10. Many people (think) ............................................... that the earliest practice of civil

engineering (start)......................................between 4000 and 2000 BC.

B. WRITING Summarizinga text from a diagram

Task 7. Fill in the gaps in the following description of the different branches of engineering using

information from this diagram and language you have learnt in this unit.

Civil Mechanical Electrical Electronic

Electrical
Marine Automobile Aeronautical Heating and Electricity installation
ventilating generating Lighting

Mining Medical

The main branches of engineering are civil, (1)......................................., (2) ..........................., and

electronic. Mechanical engineering is(3)...................................(4)............................machinery of

all kinds. This branch of engineering includes (5) ...................................................., automobile,

(6)......................... and heating and ventilating. The first three are concerned with

transport: (7) ................................., cars and planes. The last (8) ..................................... with air-

conditioning, refrigeration, etc. Electrical engineering deals with (9) ................................................

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from generation to use. Electricity generating is concerned with (10) ...............................................

stations. Electrical installation deals (11) ........................................... cables, switchgear, and

connecting up electrical equipment. Two branches of engineering include both (12)

........................ and (13) .................................... engineers.These are mining and (14)

........................ engineering. The former deals with mines and mining equipment, the

latter with hospital (15)...............................of all kinds.

C. LISTENING: Giving Instructions

4 01 You are a trainee mechanic. A trainer is giving you instructions. Listen and write numbers 1-10

to show the correct order of instructions.

□ Tighten the wheel nuts.

□ Raise the car with the jack.

□ Loosen the wheel nuts.

□ Take the old wheel off.

□ Take the old wheel away.

□ Adjust the air pressure in the tyre.

□ Bring the new wheel out.

□ Put the new wheel on.

□ Put the jack under the car.

□ Lower the car and take the jack away.

4 02 Listen and respond to these instructions quickly. Confirm (a) what you are doing and then (b)

what you have done.

Coníírm what you are doing: S + am/is/are + V-ing

Coníírm what you have done: S + have/has + PII

Example: 1 (You hear) Bring out the new types.

(You say) Right. I’m bringing them out now. OK, I’ve brought them out.

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1
- T: put new tyres on done

- T: tighten wheel nuts in progress not yet done

- S: adjust air pressure

2
- T: take cover off done

- T: repair computer in progress not yet done

- S: take out damaged chip

3
- T: replace burnt wire done

- T: switch on power in progress not yet done

- S: check other wires

4
- T: switch off electricity done

- T: test all circuits in progress not yet done

- S: find any faults

5
- T: strip off old paint done

- T: plaster holes in wall in progress not yet done

- S: buy new paint

6
- T: take apart telephone done

- T: put it together again in progress not yet done

- S: test it

S: How are you getting on?

T: I’ve put the new tyres on. I’m still tightening the wheel nuts. It’s almost done. S: OK, good. Have

you adjusted the air pressure yet?

T: No, I haven’t done that yet. I’ll do it next.

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 Unit 2
FORCES IN ENGINEERING

A. READING

Task 1. Working in your group, try to explain these problems

1. Why doesn’t the ship sink?

2. What makes the spring stretch and what keeps the weight up?

3. Why doesn’t the box slide down the slope?

Predicting

As you know, it is important to think about what you are going to read before you read. Do not

start to read a text immediately. One way to help your reading is to think about the words, which

might appear in the text. The title might help to focus your thoughts. Which words might appear

in a text with the title Forces in engineering?

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The text you are going to read is called Forces in engineering. Here are some of the

words it contains. Can you explain the link between each word and the title of the

text?

weight buoyancy equilibrium

elasticity magnitude resultant

newton gravity

Forces in Engineering

To answer the question why the ship doesn’t sink, we must look at the forces on the ship (Fig.1).

The weight, W, acts downwards. That is the gravity force. The buoyancy force, B acts upwards.

Since the ship is in equilibrium, the resultant force is zero, so the magnitudes of B and W must be

the same.

Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by elasticity. A good example of

this is a spring. Springs exert more force the more they are stretched. This property provides a

way of measuring force. A spring balance can be calibrated in newtons, the unit of force. The

block in Fig. 2 has a weight of 10 newtons. The weight on the balance pulls the spring down. To

give equilibrium, the spring pulls up to oppose that weight. This upward force, F1, equals the

weight of the block, W.

10
 ▼w

It is important to get the distinction between mass and weight absolutely clear. Mass is the

quantity of matter in an object. Weight is the force on that object due to gravity. Mass is

measured in kilograms, whereas weight, being a force, is measured in newtons

We have looked at buoyancy, elasticity, and gravity. There is a fourth force important in

engineering, and that is friction. Friction is a help in some circumstances but a hindrance in

others. Let us examine the forces on the box (Fig.3). Firstly, there is its weight, W, the gravity

force, and then there is the reaction, R, normal to the plane. R and W have a resultant force trying

to pull the box down the slope. It is the friction force, F, acting up the slope that stops it sliding

down.

Fig■ 3

11
Task 2. Put T or F to indicate if the statements are true or false

1. As the ship is in equilibrium, the resultant force is zero.

2. Spring is another important force in engineering which is caused by elasticity.

3. A spring balance can’t be calibrated in newtons.

4. It is not very important to get the distinction between mass and weight.

5. Mass is measured in kilograms.

6. Weight, being a force, is measured in newtons.

B. LANGUAGE STUDY

1. Links in texts

One of the ways in which sentences in a text are held together is by grammar links. In this

extract, note how each expression in Italics links with an earlier expression. For example:

Another very important force in engineering is the one caused by elasticity. A good

example of this is a spring. Springs exert more force the more they are stretched.

Thisproperty provides a way of measuring force.

Sometimes these links cause problems for readers because they cannot make the right connection

between words in different parts of a text. Study these common grammar links:

1. A repeated noun becomes a pronoun: Springs becomes they.

2. A word replaces an earlier expression: Force in engineering becomes one.

3. A word replaces a whole sentence or clause: Springs exert more force the more they are stretched

becomes this property.

Task 3. With which earlier expressions do the words in italics link? Join them as in the example
above
Friction in machines is destructive and wasteful. It causes the moving parts to wear and it

produces heat where it is not wanted. Engineers reduce friction by using very highly polished

materials and by lubricating their surfaces with oil and grease. They

12
also use ball bearings and roller bearings because rolling objects cause less friction than sliding

ones.

2. Word formation
Some more common noun endings: -t, -ment, -ance E.g. fly-

flight

employ- employment

assist- assistance

Task 4. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the given word

Verb Noun

1. weigh

2. measure

3. maintain

4. produce

5. al

low

ó.arrange

7. hinder

8.lubricat

3. Active and passive

Study the following sentences:

The machine hasn’t been put into use yet.

I think the project will be finished till the end of this year.

Is water circulated through a heat exchanger above the burner?

13
The passive is used when it is not necessary to mention who does the action, or when it is

impossible to know who does the action. The passive is frequently used in scientific writing

because the form is impersonal and objective.

• Form: Be + past participle (P 2) Be + P 2

• Tenses:

1. Simple present: is/are+ P 2

E.g. The tools are cleaned after the work.

2. Present continuous: is/are/+being P 2

E.g. The new material is being developed at the moment.

3. Present perfect: has/have + been P2

E.g. Many materials have been used to build ships, cars and planes so far.

4. Simple past: was/were + P 2

E.g. The house was repainted by my uncle last week.

5. Past perfect: had +been P 2

E.g. These boxes had been delivered before we left.

6. Simple Future: will +be P2

E.g. The findings will not be announced until next week.

7. Passive Voice with Modal verbs:

can / could / may / might / should / must....+ be + P 2 E.g. All diesel engines

can be classified based on their main features.

Task 5. Underline all the passive verb forms in the text

4. Giving instructions
Study these instructions for a simple experiment on friction

14
a. Place a block of wood on a flat surface.

b. Attach a spring balance to one end of the block.

c. Apply a gradually increasing force to the balance

d. Note the force at which the block just begins to move

e. Pull the block along so that it moves at a steady speed.

f. Note the force required to maintain movement.

g. Compare the two forces.

When we describe this experiment, we use the present passive:

A block of wood is placed on a flat surface. A spring balance is attached to one end of the

block.

Task 6. Complete this description of the experiment using the present passive

A block of wood (1).................................................on a flat surface. A spring balance

(2....................................... ) to one end of the block. A gradually increasing force.

(3......................................................................................................................................................... )

..............................................................to the balance. The force at which the block just begins to

move (4)......................................The block (5)........................................along at a steady speed.

The force required to maintain movement (6).......................................................The two forces

(7) It is found that the first force is greater than the second.

Task 7. Rewrite these sentences using the passive form instead of active ones
1. We rarely find pure metals in nature.

15
 2. Do they recover metallic ores from the earth in many ways?

3. Joseph Thomson discovered the electron.

4. Scientists have proved the existence of several subatomic particles.

5. People must dispose of nuclear waste very carefully.

6. They can store it as a liquid in stainless-steel containers.

7. They might turn the most dangerous nuclear waste into glass.

8. They plan to store this substance in deep underground mines.

C. WRITING

Task 8. Make sentences from the given words

a. First cars/ be made/ 100 year ago/. They/ be/ slow and unreliable/ begin with. People soon/

learn/ how /make/ they/ faster and better.

b. Mechanical engineering/ be/ very large field/ that involve/ application of physical principles/

analysis, design, manufacturing and maintenance/ mechanical systems.

c. As applied to motorcycles/, two stroke engine/ have some advantage/ over equivalent four

stroke.

16
 BILL TORE
SUB-SEA CREW DECK CREW

Sub-sea Engineer Crane Operator

ị
Assistant Sub-Sea Engineer Assistant Crane Roustabout

Operator

KEN ADEL
DRILL CREW ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

Driller
Maintenance Supervisor 1
1
ị ị
Assistant Driller Chief Electrician
ị
Derrick Man Pump Man Electrician

17
Changes to Monday morning for today only (because of staff illness)

6.00-7.45 8.00-9.45 10.00-10.45

BILL
inspeci under vvaier supervãse drivers inspect conduct safeiy drill

blowout preventer attend safety meeting

pipes

check diving equipment

TORE
supervise deck crew
ADEL operate main crane
repair power line
work in control room
operate main crane train new
work on deck
deck crew
do Iiiaintenance work switches
supervise electricians write safety report

A: What does Tore usually do from six to seven forty-five?

B: He usually supervises the deck crew. But not today.

A: What’s he doing today?

B: He ’s opening the main crane.

1. Work in pairs. Act the parts of two of the oil rig workers. Ask each other about your jobs.

What’syour job? What do you do?

I’m an Assistant Driller. I operate the drilling equipment.

Do you supervise anyone? Who do you supervise? Who reports toyou?

Who do you report to? Who supervise you?

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Materials Properties Uses

Metals

Aluminium
Light, soft, ductile, highly conductive, Aircraft, engine components, foil,

corrosion-resistant cooking utensils

19
 Copper
Very malleable, tough and ductile, highly Electric wiring, PCBs, tubing

conductive, corrosion- resistant.

Brass(65% copper, 35% Very corrosion-resistant. Casts well, easily Valves, taps castings, ship fittings,

zinc) machined. Can be work hardened. Good electrical contacts

conductor.
General purpose
Mild steel (iron with 0.15 High strength, ductile, tough, fairly

% to 0.3 % carbon) malleable. Cannot be hardened and

tempered. Low cost. Poor corrosion -

resistance

High carbon steel (iron Hardest of the carbon steels but less ductile Cutting tools such as drills, files,

with 0.7 % to 1.4 % and malleable . Can be hardened and saws

carbon) tempered.
Thermoplastics

ABS
High impact strength and Safety helmets, car components,

toughness,scratch-resistant, light and telephones, kitchenware

durable
Acrylic
Stiff, hard, very durable, clear, can be Aircraft canopies, baths, double

polished easily. Can be formed easily. glazing

Nylon
Hard, tough, wear-resistant, self-lubricating Bearings, gears, casings for power

tools
Thermosetting
plastics
Epoxy resin
High strength when reinforced, good Adhesives, encapsulation of

chemical and wear- resistance electronic components

Polyester resin
Stiff, hard, brittle. Good chemical and Moulding, boat and car bodies

heat resistance
Urea formaldehyde Stiff, hard, strong, brittle, heat- Electrical fittings,

20
 resistant, and good electrical adhesives
insulator

b. conductive........................ ................. g. tough

c. strong................................ .................. h. hard

d. brittle................................
Task 2. Scan ..................
the table i.tostiff
find

1. A metal used to make aircraft

2. Plastics used for adhesives

3. Steel which can be hardened

4. An alloy suitable for castings

5. A plastic with very low friction

6. A material suitable for safety helmets

7. A metal suitable for a salt-water environment

8. A metal for general construction use but which should be protected from corrosion

9. A plastic for car bodies

10. A metal used for the conductors in printed circuit boards

A. LANGUAGE STUDY

1. Word formation

Some other common noun endings are: -ness, -ity, -th.

Task 3. Give the NOUN forms of the following words.

a. soft....................................................... f. ductile

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 e. elastic j. wide

Task 4. Use your dictionary to find the meanings of the following words.
a. corrosion- resistant

b. easily machined

c. highly conductive

d. good conductor

e. self-lubricating

f. wear-resistant

2. Relative Clauses

A relative clause gives more information about a noun in a sentence. Study these facts from

the table about aluminium:

1. Aluminium is a light metal.

2. Aluminium is used to make aircraft.

We can link these facts to make a definition of aluminium using a relative clause: 1+2:

Aluminium is a light metalwhich isused to make

aircraft.

relative clause

A relative clause starts with a relative pronoun. We use

• who or whom with people

Eg. He’s the engineer who has designed a lot of machines.

He’s the engineer who(m) I told you about last week.

22
• which with things

Eg. In a gas central heating, the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve which can be

operated by a time switch.

• that with people and things

Eg. He’s the engineer that has designed a lot of machines.

In a gas central heating, the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve that can be

operated by a time switch.

• where with places

Eg. In jet engines, fuel and air flow steadily into the engine where a stable flame is maintained for

continuous combustion.

• whose with possession

Eg. The woman whose bicycle was stolen yesterday is my sister.

• Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already. They do not

therefore define the noun, but only add something to it by giving some more information about it.

Unlike defining relative clauses, they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without

causing confusion. Also unlike defining relatives, they are separated from their noun by commas.

The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining relative clause. For example:

- Alluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile. is used to make engine components.
non-defmmg relative clause
- I have invited Ann, who lives in the next flat.
- Mrs Jane, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
Notes:

In a relative clause we can sometimes omit the relative pronoun who, which, where or

that. We can do this if the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.

Look at these sentences:

This is the book. I bought it yesterday.

23
 = This is the book (that/which) I bought yesterday.

In this sentence the book is the object of the relative clause, so we can omit the relative

pronoun.

He’s the engineer. He has designed a lot of machines.

= He’s the engineer who/that has designed a lot of machines.

In this sentence the engineer is the subject of the relative clause, so we can’t omit the relative

pronoun. But “whose” and the relative pronoun in a non-defining relative clause can never be

omitted.

Task 5. Complete the sentences with that, who, which, where or whose. In which sentences can

we omit the relative pronouns?

1. The mechanical engineer...................................you met yesterday is my former

student.
2. The washing machine I bought last week is not very expensive.

3. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines use a new combustion control

method injects gasoline directly into the cylinders.

4. In general, a piston is a sliding plug of a fits closely inside the bore

cylinder.
5. An engineer. is employed to keep a system in good working

order

6. specializes in maintenance.

7. Was iron the first material . .....................was used by humans to build cars?

8. The mechanic............................ son is working for me is one of my old friends. . . my

9. This is the factory..................... grandfather worked when he was alive. ... had

10. George Brayton,........................ developed a two-stroke kerosene engine

in 1873, was an American engineer.

11. This engineer, is going to talk about modern techniques in

machine designing, used to be my student.

24
A B C

1. An alloy a. allows heat or current to flow easily

2. A thermoplastic b. remains rigid at high temperatures

3. Mild steel c. does not allow heat or current to flow easily

4. Conductor a metal d. contains iron and o.7% to 1.4 % carbon

5. An insulator a material e. becomes plastic when heated

6. High carbon steel an alloy f. contains iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon

7. Brass g. formed by mixing other metals or elements

8. A thermosetting h. consists of copper and zinc

1. An alloy is a metal which is formed by mixing different metals or elements.

2...................................................................................................................................................

3................................................................................................................................................

4................................................................................................................................................

5................................................................................................................................................

6................................................................................................................................................

7................................................................................................................................................

8................................................................................................................................................

B. WRITING Adding information to a text

Study this text about aluminium.

Aluminium is used to make aircraft, engine components, and many items for the kitchen.

We can add extra information to the text like this:

Alluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is used to make aircraft,

25
 engine components - for example, cylinder heads- and many items for the kitchen,such

as pots.

Note that the extra information is marked with commas or dashes:

, which; -for example,.. ,such as..

Task 7. Add extra information (1-10) to the following text about plastics.

1. Plastics can be moulded into plates, car components, and medical aids.

2. Thermoplastics soften when heated again and again.

3. Thermosetting plastics set hard and do not alter if heated again.

4. ABS is used for safety helmets.

5. Nylon is self-lubricating.

6. Nylon is used for motorized drives in cameras.

7. Acrylic is a clear thermoplastic.

8. Acrylic is used for aircraft canopies and double-glazing.

9. Polyester resin is used for boat and car bodies.

10. Polyester resin is hard and has good chemical and heat resistance.

Plastics are synthetic materials. They can be softened and moulded into useful articles. They

have many applications in engineering. There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and

thermosetting plastics.

ABS is a thermoplastic which is tough and durable. Because it has high impact strength, it has

application where sudden loads may occur.

Nylon is a hard, tough thermoplastic. It is used where silent, low friction operation is required.

Acrylic can be formed in several ways. It is hard, durable, and has many uses. Polyester resin is a

thermosetting plastic used for castings. It has a number of useful properties.

26
C. LISTENING: Giving a Definition

i 04 The four inventors are making their opening statements. Listen and complete the sentences with

which, who or that.

1. My invention is an electronic device (1)________________________can boil eggs

without using water.

2. Lifeguard is an alarm system (2)________________________can find someone

(3)____________________has fallen off a boat.

3.______________________________________________________ This is a music website (4)

_______________________________________________________allows you to download and

mix dance music.

4._______________________________________________________ It’s a seat belt adjuster (5)

_____________________________________________________protects children in car booster

seats.

D. SPEAKING: Making a Deíĩnition

Use a relative clause to make a definition for the following items, using who, which, or that.

1) A solar panel is a device. It converts sunlight into electricity.

A solar panel is a device which converts sunlight into electricity.

2) The hovercraft is a vehicle. It carries people over land and sea.

3) A lab assistant is a technician. He or she maintains the equipment in a

laboratory.

4) A torque wrench is a tool. It tightens nuts and bolts.

5) GPS is a satellite system. It gives the location of objects on the ground.

6) An ammeter is an instrument. It measures electric current.

7) An MP3 player is a device. It downloads and plays music from a computer.

8) A solar-powered car is a vehicle. It is powered by electricity from a solar panel.

27
 Unit 4 METALS
A. READING

This passage will give you some information about metals, alloys and their uses.

Now look at the following questions and read the text to find the answers:

1. What is the main advantage of metals?

2. Can plastics be recycled?

3. Which type of heat treatment makes metal softer and less brittle?

4. Why are Concorde’s engine surrounds made of titanium alloys?

Why does man use metals still so much today when there are other materials, especially plastics,

which are available? A material is generally used because it offers the required strength. and

other properties, at minimum cost. Appearance is also an important factor. The main advantage

of metals is their strength and toughness. Concrete may be cheaper and is often used in building.

but even concrete depends on its core of steel for strength.

Plastics are lighter and more corrosion-resistant, but they are not usually as strong. Another

problem with plastics is what to do with them after use. Metal objects can often be broken down

and the metals recycled; plastics can only be dumped or burned.

Not all metals are strong. however. Copper and aluminium. for example, are both fairly weak-

but if they are mixed together. the result is an alloy called aluminium bronze, which is much

stronger than either pure copper or pure aluminium. Alloying is an important method of

obtaining whatever special properties are required: strength. toughness, resistance to wear,

magnetic properties, high electrical resistance or corrosion resistance.

28
The properties of a metal can be further improved by use of heat treatment. Heat treatment is the

term given to a number of different procedures in which the properties of metals and alloys are

changed. It usually consists of heating the metal or alloy to a selected temperature below its

melting point and then cooling it at a certain rate to obtain those properties, which are required.

For example, hardening is used to make metals harder. Tempering makes them softer and less

brittle. Annealing is carried out to make a metal soft so that it can be machined more easily. In

this way, metallic materials can be produced to meet every kind of engineering specification and

requirement.

When Concorde was built, a material was needed which could withstand extreme aerodynamic

conditions and would have a life of at least 45,000 flying hours. To achieve this, a special

aluminium alloy was developed which is tough and lightweight and is used in over 70% of

Concorde’s structure. Another 16% is made of high-strength steel, and titanium alloys are used

in the engine surrounds to withstand temperatures of 4000 degrees centigrade.

Methods of extracting, producing and treating metals are being developed all the time to meet

engineering requirements. This means that there is an enormous variety of metals and metallic

materials available from which to choose.

Task 1. Put T (true) or F (false) to indicate if the statements below are true or

false according to the facts in the passage

a. Concrete is a cheap building material.

b. Plastics are more easily recycled than metals.

c. Aluminium bronze is an example of an alloy.

d. Pure cooper is stronger than the alloys that are made by mixing copper with

aluminium.

e. Tempering is a kind of heat treatment.

f. It is sometimes an advantage for a metal to be soft.

29
 g. Concorde is built mainly of Steel.

Task 2. Answer the following questions

a. In paragraph 1, which noun does the underlined pronoun “it” refer to?

b. In paragraph 2, which noun does the pronoun “them” refer to?

c. In paragraph 3, what does the word “which” refers to?

d. In paragraph 4, what does the pronoun “it” refer to?

e. In paragraph 4, which noun or nouns does the word “its” refer to?

Task 3. Properties of materials

(a) These words and phrases refer to properties of materials:

strength toughness corrosion resistant

Task 4. In the passage, there are 9 more words which refer to properties of materials. List them

below:

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

5. 8. 9.

(b) Now write the meanings of these words.

loosen_______________________ brighten ______________________________

tighten_______________________ stiffen _______________________________

cool harden

Task 5. Nouns and adjectives

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the wordgiven:

Noun Adjective

1. importance

2. wind resistance

30
 Adjective Adverb

A mechanical enginer works carefully

A weak metal breaks easily

A good student studies hard

Many adverbs end in -ly but there are exceptions, such as:

often sometimes always never well hard fast Some adverbs go with

adjectives to modify them, for example:

Aluminium is extremely light.

Many alloys have been specially developed.

Task 6. Choose either the adjectives or the adverbs to complete each of the sentences below

a. Alloys are (general/ generally) prepared by mixing molten metals.

b. Pure iron is a (softly/ soft) metal.

c. Platinum has (exceptional/ exceptionally) resistance to corrosion.

31
 d. Iron is (easy/ easily) to extract from iron ores.

e. Rolled gold consists of a (thin/ thinly) layer of gold alloy.

f. It is also (highly/high) radioactive.

g. Magnesium is known as a metal, which burns (bright/ brightly).

1. Comparatives and superlatives

• Equal comparison

as + adj/ adv +as

• Comparative

- Short adjectives/ adverbs: adj/adv-er +than

- Long adjectives/ adverbs: more/less + adj/adv +than

• Superlative

- Short adjectives/ adverbs: the + adj/adv-est

- Long adjectives/ adverbs: the + most/ least + adj/adv

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

far - farther -farthest

- further

-furthest good/ well - better -best

bad/ badly - worse-worst

Notes

• Spelling: big - bigger - the biggest

noisy - noisier - the noisiest

large - larger - the largest

• Comparative comparisons can be further intensified or modified by adding much, far, a

bit, ... before the comparative form.

Eg. - Ben’s watch is far more expensive than mine.

Task 7. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the words in brackets. Add any other

words that may be necessary.

32
 1. One of the____________ internal combustion engines in the world, the Wortsilo-

Sulzer RTA96-C is a two-stroke , it is___________________ _______________most two

storey houses. (big)

2. A new house is much__________________________________________an older one

3. (expensive)

4. Body scanners can give doctors far_________________information than X-rays and

there’s no risk to the patient. (much)

5. Traditionally, two stroke engine needed_________________maintenance and tended

to wear out_____________________________four stroke engines. (much/ fast)

6. They have used ___________________ construction machines in building that

skyscraper. (modern and reliable)

7. The roads in Hanoi were not as ____________________ ______________they are now.

(beautiful)

8. A full cantilever bridge would require considerably ______________________ material

and be much____________________________a cable stayed. (much, heavy)

9. Is Thang Long bridge as______________________________Bai Chay bridge? (long)

10. Mount Kinabalu is____________________________in South East Asia (high)

B. WRITING Describing the chart using comparatives and superlative

Production of iron in millions of tones

20 40 60 80 100

Australia
USA
Canada
Chile

Using the information in the following chart we can say:

• Australia produces the most iron.

• Canada produces a little more iron than Chile.

• Chile produces a lot less iron than Australia.

33
 Task 8. Now write five sentences about tin production using the chart below:
Production of tin in thousands of tones

40

0
2
0
3
0

5
0
6
0
Malaysia
Bolivia
Indonesia
Thailand
China

1...................................................................................

2....................................................................................

3...................................................................................

4....................................................................................

5....................................................................................

C. LISTENING: Making Comparisons

405 A customer (C) wants to drive her car onto a car ferry. Listen and complete the phone

conversation between the customer and the sales staff (S) of the ferry company.

S: How (1)_____________________is your van?

C: It’s just under (2)______________________metres wide.

S: OK, that’s fine. The vehicle must not be (3)_________________________than 2 metres.

C: Great.

S: How (4)_____________________is it?

C: It’s exactly (5)______________________metres long.

S: Please measure it again carefully. It must not be (6)__________________________than 7

metres.

C: OK, I’ll do that and get back to you.

S: How (7)_____________________is it?

C: It’s just over (8)_____________________metres high, including the bicycles.

34
 Comparison between two ePhones

Classic Fonarama

Dimensions 115 x 61 x 11.6mm 96 x 52 x 9.7mm

Weight 135g 94g

Screen size 88.9 mm (diagonal) 72 mm (diagonal)

Capacity 8GB. 12 GB 8Gb, 12GB. 16 GB

Battery 16 hours 24 hours

Charging time 3.5 hours 3 hours

A: What’s the difference between the Classic and the Fonarama ePhones?

B: Well, the Fonarama is much (1)_______________________than the Classic. It’s only 9.7

mm thick.

A: I see. And what about the weight?

B: The Fonarama is much (2)______________________than the Classic. It weighs only

94g.

A: OK. and what about the screen size?

B: The screen of the Fonarama is much (3)________________________. It’s only 72 mm

across.

A: I prefer a (4)____________________screen size. I want to watch movies on it. I’ll

order the Classic.

B: Certainly. Which one would you like? The 8GB one or the 12 GB one?

A: The 12 GB one, please.

^ Practice the conversation. Add more information from the chart.

35
1. Making comparisons. Think of as many differences as possible. Think of some more groups and

make comparisons.

a. Zinedine Zidance / Wayne Rooney / Cristiano Ronaldo

b. Mount Everest (8,848m) / North Face of the Eiger (3,970m) / Aconcagua (6,961m)

c. Coal-fired power / nuclear power / wind power

d. Toyota / Huyndai / BMW

36
 SAMPLE TEST 01
(Time allowed: 60 minutes)

I. Read the passage and answer the questions.

Nobody can imagine what our life would be like without metals. Until he discovered

how to make things with metals, man had only stones and wood as raw materials. The first metal

that primitive man used was copper - a pure or base metal. This was around 5000 B.C in the

Middle East. Copper has the advantages of being very easy to extract from rock, but its use is

limited because it is fairly soft.

Around 1500 B.C it was discovered that if copper was mixed with tin - another soft

metal- the resulting alloy was bronze, which was very much harder than either of them.

The softer metals- copper, tin, lead, gold- were the first metals to be used because they

needed less heat to smelt them. It was not until 600 B.C that the Greeks learnt how to extract the

hard metal, iron from its ore. Even then, only small amounts could be produced, because there

was not enough charcoal available. It was not until the 18 th century that an English man,

Abraham Darby, discovered that coke could be used instead of charcoal. This made it possible to

produce the vast amounts of iron and steel that we use today.

New words: - stone: đá - raw: thô - primitive: nguyên thuỷ

- smelt: luyện, nung chảy - charcoal: than đá - coke: than cốc Questions:

1. What raw materials did people use before they discovered metals?

2. Why were copper, tin, lead, gold the first metals to be used?

3. Did the Greeks learn how to extract iron from its ore before 600 B.C?

4. What did Abraham Darby find out in the 18 th century? And what could this help?

II. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D.

6. is concerned with developing components and equipment for

communications, computing, and so on.

37
 A. Civil engineering B. Electrical engineering

C. Mechanical engineering D. Electronic engineering

7. Electrical engineers are concerned with the______________and________of electricity.

A. produce/distribute B. productive/distributive

C. production/distribution D. productively/distributively

8. The first internal combustion engine was built______________1859__________Etienne

Lenoir.

A. at/with B. in/by C. on/with D. from/to

9. Alluminium, which is light, soft, and ductile, is used_________________aircraft and engine

components.

A. make B. making C. to make D. made

10. The first person ____________did experiment with an internal-combustion engine

was the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens.

A. where B. who C. which D.whose

11.______________________________ Diesel engines are______________heavier, noisier, and at

lower speed than

gasoline engines.

A. general/ powerful much B. generally/ powerful more much

C. general/ more powerful much D. generally/ much more powerful

12. George Brayton,____________had developed a two-stroke kerosene engine in 1873,

but it was too large and too slow to be commercially successful, was an American engineer.

A. that B. who C. whom D.X

13. When developing a new engine, scientists want to_________________high power output

and low fuel_________.

A. combine/ consumption B. combination/ consume

C. combine/ consume D. combination/ consumption

14. People hope that a lot of new kinds of materials________________to make better engines

in the future.

A. will develop B. are going to be developed

C. are developing D. will be developed

38
15. Friction is sometimes a help_____________it is often a hindrance.
A. because B. since C. but D. so

III. Match a phrase in column A with another in column B

A B

16. Mechanical engineers 20. is the term given

to a number of different procedures in
which the properties of metals and alloys are
17. High carbon steel changed
21. to get the distinction between mass and
18. Spring is another important weight absolutely clear.
force in engineering 22. are involved in support services such as
19. It is important roads, rail track, harbours, and bridges.
23. to use escalators and lifts, switch on lights
turn taps and open doors.
24. Heat treatment E. which is caused by elasticity

25. a rapid rise in cylinder pressure which

is converted to useful mechanical energy by the
piston and crankshaft.
26. includes electricity generating, electrical
installation, lighting, etc.
27. contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4 %
carbon.

28. Make sentences from the given words

29. ABS/ have/ high impact strength,/ so/ it/ often/ use/ make/ safety helmet,/ car

components,/ etc.

30. You/ know/ when/ the first internal combustion engines/ make?

23 It/ be/ likely/ that/ future intelligent machines/ such as robots/ use/ much more/ they/ at

present.

39
24. Civil engineering/ not deal/ generating and distributing/ electricity,/ but/ it/ concerned/

making/ bridges,/ roads,/ airports,/etc.

25. The Boeing/ a little/ shorter/ the Airbus.

26. Translate into Vietnamese

27. Mechanical engineers design and make machines and processing equipment for

harvesting, preparing and preserving foods and drinks.

28. Copper and aluminium, are both fairly weak- but if they are mixed together, the result is

an alloy called aluminium bronze, which is much stronger than either pure copper or

pure aluminium.

29. China produces a little less tin than Indonesia.

30. Can heat treatment change properties of metals?

31. Mass is measured in kilograms but weight is measured in newtons.

40
 Unit 5 MECHANISMS

A. READING

Identify these simple mechanisms. Try to explain the principles on which they operate.

Scanning is the best strategy for searching for specific information in a text. Move your eyes up

and down the text until you find the word or words you want. Again, try

to ignore any information which will not help you with your task.

Task 1. Scan the text below quickly to find out which of these mechanisms are mentioned
1. cam 3. pendulum
2. tap 4. escalator

41
 Mechanisms
Mechanisms are an important part of everyday life. They allow us to do simple things like switch

on lights, turn taps, and open doors. They also make it possible to use escalators and lifts, travel

in cars, and fly from continent to continent.

Mechanisms play a vital role in industry. While many industrial processes have electronic

control systems, it is still mechanisms that deliver the power to do the work. They provide the

forces to press steel sheets into car body panels, to lift large components from place to place, to

force plastic through dies to make pipes.

All mechanisms involve some kind of motion. The four basic kinds of motion are: Rotary:

Wheels, gears, and rollers involve rotary movement.

Oscillating: The pendulum of a clock oscillates -it swings backwards and forwards. Linear: The

linear movement of a paper trimmer is used to cut the edge of the paper. Reciprocating: The

piston in a combustion engine reciprocates.

Many mechanisms involve changing one kind of motion into another type. For example, the

reciprocating motion of a piston is changed into a rotary motion by the crankshaft, while a cam

converts the rotary motion of the engine into the reciprocating motion required to operate the

valves.

Task 2. Read the text to find the answers to these questions.

a. What does a cam do?

b. What does oscillating mean?

c. How are plastic pipes formed?

d. What simple mechanisms in the home are mentioned directly or indirectly?

e. What is the function of a crankshaft?

f. Give an example of a device which can produce a linear movement

g. How are car body panels formed?

h. What do mechanisms provide in industry?

Task 3. Now say what the words or phrases below refer to

42
 A B
1 oscillates a changes

2 rotates b large, thin , flat pieces

3 reciprocates c moving stairs

4 has a linear motion d goes round and round

5 converts e movement

6 motion f goes in a line

g
7 escalator swings backwards and forwards

8 sheets h goes up and down

43
Task 6. Can you find any other words or phrases which also express:

play a vital role in:................................................................................................

make it possible to:...............................................................................................

1.-ing form and infinitives

Study sentences taken from the text:

Many mechanisms involve changing one kind of motion into another type.

Mechanisms allow us to do simple things like switch on lights, turn taps, and open

doors.

2.Common uses of the -ing form.

The -ing form is used

• in continuous tenses

D. g. They are inspecting the combustion chamber at the moment.

• as an adjective

They are trying their best to reduce the running cost of the system.

• as a subịect of a sentence

E. g. Building a hospital, a block of flats, or other civil engineering projects requires

special equipment and machinery.

- In civil engineering, designing a foundation is really necessary.

• after some verbs

E. g. He stopped working for that automobile company last year.

• as a complement of sentence

Eg. One of the responsibilities of a mechanical engineer is designing tools and

machines.

• after prepositions

Eg. Mechanical engineering deals with designing and manufacturing tools and

machines.

44
3.Common uses of the infinitive

The to- infinitive is used

• as a subịect of a sentence

Eg. To obey the traffic rules is everyone’s duty. (= It is everyone’s duty is to obey the

traffic rules)

• as a complement

Eg. One of the responsibilities of a mechanical engineer is to design tools and

machines.

• to express a purpose

Eg. To be successful, mechanical engineers need to catch up with modern technology.

• after some verbs and in some structures

Eg. - They want to build a new car factory in this area.

- It is not as expensive to build a local road as a superhighway.

The bare-infinitive is used

• after modals

Eg. All people must obey the traffic rules.

• after some verbs

Eg. They never let me use their car

Notes

Some verbs and structures can take an -ing form or an infinitive and the meaning is more or

less the same.

Eg. - It’s just started raining or It’s just started to rain

- My hobby is to collect stamps or My hobby is collecting stamps.

Task 7. Underline all the -ing forms and infinitives in the text Mechanisms. Task 8. Put the

correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

a. (Burn) fuel inside the engine cylinders produces heat.

45
b. The lubricating system allows the parts (move) freely with little power lost in (make)

them (move).

c. In an automotive engine, power is produced by (burn) a mixture of air and fuel inside

cylinders in the engine.

d. Workers (should / clean) the tools after (use) them.

e. (Continue) running, an engine (must / have) 4 support systems: fuel, ignition,

lubricating and cooling systems.

f. We are looking forward to (see) more and more advancements (achieve) safer travelling.

g. Recently, people have tended (book) e-tickets through the Internet (avoid) (queue) for ages.

h. (Complete) a project today requires compliance with a broad range of rules, regulations,

laws, procedures, policies, guidelines, and specifications.

i. If your car (not start) in the morning, you (should check) three things first: the battery,

the fuel level and the spark plugs. It is easy (repair) these faults.

j. (Use) an excavator makes the task of (lift) and (carry) much easier and quicker.

B. WRITING Ways of linking ideas

When we write, we may have to describe, explain, argue, persuade, complain, etc. In all these

forms of writing, we use ideas. To make our writing effective, we have to

46
make sure our readers can follow our ideas. One way of helping our readers is to make the links

between the ideas in our writing.

What are the links between these pairs of ideas? What words can we use to mark the links?

1. Mechanisms are important to us.

2. They allow us to travel.

3. Mechanisms deliver the power to do work.

4. They play a vital role in industry.

5. Friction is sometimes a help.

6. It is often a hindrance.

Sentence 2 is a reason for sentence 1. We can link 1 and 2 like this:

Mechanisms are important to us because/since/as they allow us to travel. Sentence 4 is the

result of sentence 3. We can link 3 and 4 like this:

Mechanisms deliver the power to do work so they play a vital role in industry. Mechanisms

deliver the power to do work; therefore they play a vital role in industry.

Sentence 6 contrasts with sentence 5. We can link 5 and 6 like this:

Friction is sometimes a help but it is often a hindrance.

Task 9. Use appropriate linking words to connect the sentences.

1. Copper is highly conductive It

is used for electric wiring

2. Weight is measured in newtons

Mass is measured in kilograms.

3. Nylon is used for bearings.

47
It is self -lubricating.

4. ABS has high impact strength. It

is used for safety helmets.

5. The foot pump is a class two lever.

The load is between the effort and the fulcrum.

6. Friction is essential in brakes Friction

is a nuisance in an engine.

7. The upper surface of a beam is in compression. The

lower surface is in tension.

8. Concrete beams have steel rods near the lower surface

Concrete is weak in tension

48
 bring to surface remove from water

give first aid make diver buoyant

provide extra oxygen do artificial respiration

free diver’s leg attract help at surface

take to hospital locate diver

tow diver to safety mark position

Device How to start/activate it

1. accelerator on motorbike a. rotate the handle

2. voice -operated computer b. speak to it

3. solar battery c. put it under an electric lamp

4. emergency stop in train d. pull the lever

5. shop door alarm e. step on a sensor in the door mat

6. car engine f. insert the key and turn it

C. SPEAKING: Describing Methods

Make questions and answers.

A: How does thepassenger activate the ticket machine?

B: He activates it / He does it by touching the screen.

49
a. What electric motors are used for paragraph
b. The commutator paragraph

c. Why the armature turns paragraph

d. Electromagnets paragraph

e. Effects of putting magnets together paragraph

f. The armature paragraph

In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning movement. This can

drive all sorts of machines, from wrist watches to trains. The motor shown in Fig. 1 is for a

washing machine. It is a universal motor, which can run on direct or alternating current.

An electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field around the wire. If an

electric current flows around a loop of wire with a bar of iron through it, the iron becomes

magnetized. It is called an electromagnet; one end becomes a north

50
pole and the other a south pole, depending on which way the current is flowing around the loop.

Bearingsl Brush ì dríving)

Fig.1

If you put two magnets close together, like poles - for example, two north poles-repel each other,

and unlike poles attract each other.

In a simple electric motor, like the one shown in Fig.2, a piece of iron loops of wire round it,

called an armature, is placed between the north and south poles of a stationary magnet, known as

the field magnet. When electricity flows around the armature wire, the iron becomes an

electromagnet.

51
 Field magnet

Loop of wire

Commutator

Brushes

Fig.2

The attraction and repulsion between the poles of this armature magnet and the poles of the field

magnet make the armature turn. As a result, its north pole is close to the south pole of the field

magnet. Then the current is reversed so the north pole of the armature magnet becomes the south

pole. Once again, the attraction and repulsion between it and the field magnet make it turn. The

armature continues turning as long as the direction of the current, and therefore its magnetic

poles, keeps being reversed

To reverse the direction of the current, the ends of the armature wire are connected to different

halves of a split ring called a commutator. Current flows to and from the commutator through

small carbon blocks called brushes. As the armature turns, first one half of the commutator

comes into contact with the brush delivering the current, and then the other, so the direction of

the current keeps being reversed.

Task 1. Answer the questions about the text

1. What do an electric current and magnetic field produce in an electric motor?

2. Can a universal motor run on direct and alternating current?

52
3. What happen if you put two magnets close together, like poles- for example, two north poles?

4. What make the armature turn?

5. What must be done to reverse the direction of the current?

Task 2. Match each of these diagrams with the correct description A, B, C or D. One of the

descriptions does not match any of the diagrams. (The diagrams are in the correct sequences, but

the descriptions are not.)

The armature turns a quarter of a turn. Then electric contact is broken because of the gap in the

commutator, but the armature keeps turning because there is nothing to stop it.

53
VERB NOUN
design design

cause cause
use use

Task 3. Look back at the reading text and find all the verbs and nouns which have the same

form.

NOUN VERB

1.............................................................................................................................................................

2.............................................................................................................................................................

3..........................................................................................................................................................

4..........................................................................................................................................................

5..........................................................................................................................................................

6..........................................................................................................................................................

7..........................................................................................................................................................

8..........................................................................................................................................................

9.......................................................................................................................................................

54
10
11..............................................................................................................................................................
12..............................................................................................................................................................

Task 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1. In a simple experiment on friction, a block of wood________________________on a flat

surface. (PLACE)

2. After work, tools should be kept in dry and clean___________________. (PLACE)

3.____________________________ Friction in is destructive and wasteful. (MACHINE)

4.___________________________ Brass is a metal which is a good conductor and can be easily

_______________________________________________________________________________

(MACHINE)

5. In order to avoid future accidents, equipment should not be operated by personnel.

(TRAIN)

6. It is important that all workers must be__________________in basic safety. (TRAIN)

7. In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning

movement which can drive all sorts of _______________________________,from wrist

_____________to______________. (MACHINE/ WATCH/ TRAIN)

8. “It’s my___________________to keep___________________”,said the soldier.

(TURN/WATCH)

9. When electricity_________________around the armature wire, the iron becomes

an electromagnet.(FLOW)

10. Over the past fifty years, most American and European cities______________________to

landfills, where waste_____________________ are regulated and controlled.

(TURN/FLOW)

11. The two substances are now in_____________________ and a chemical reaction is

occurring. (CONTACT)

12. Where can technicians__________________the manager tomorrow? (CONTACT)

13. While he was ___________________ a brass component on Tuesday, last week,

Kenneth Oliver, machinist, received an injury to his eye. (TURN)

55
 14. As the armature___________________, first one half of the commutator comes into
_______________with the brush delivering the current. (TURN/ CONTACT)

2. Describing function

Try to answer this question:

What does an electric motor do?

When we answer a question like this, we describe the function of something. We can describe the

function of an electric motor in this way:

An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

We can emphasize the function like this:

The function of an electric motor istoconvert electrical energy to mechanical

energy.

Task 5. Match each of these motor components to its function, and then describe

its function in a sentence.

Component Function

1 armature a transfers rotation from the motor

2 bearings b creates an electromagnetic field

3 brushes c converts electromagnetic energy to rotation

4 commutator edrs reverses the current to the armature

5 drive shaft e support the drive shaft

6 field windings f current to the armature

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

56
C. WRITING Describing components

Task 6. Dismantle this simple dc motor into its components by completing the labeling of the

chart below.

3______________ Loop of vvĩre

Now study this description of the motor.

A simple dc motor consists of a field magnet and an armature. The armature is placed between the

poles of the magnet. The armature is made up of a loop of wire and a split ring known as a

commutator. The loop is connected to the commutator. Current is supplied to the motor through

carbon blocks called brushes.

To write a description, you need to use language to:

1 dismantle a piece of equipment into its main parts. These expressions will help:

consists of

A is made up of X and Y

is composed of

2 name of components:

Carbon blocks known as brushes

called
3 locate components:
The armature is placed between the poles.

57
 4 connect components:
The loop is connected to the commutator.

Task 7. Complete the text with the help of the diagram. Use the following words:

are made up is composed

consists is placed

A transformer....................................of two coils, a primary and a secondary. The coils are

wound on a former which is mounted on a core. The coils .................................................................

................................ of a number of loops of wire. The core ................................................ of thin

pieces of soft iron. U- and T-shaped pieces are used. The former.................................................on

the leg of the T.

Task 8. Now label the diagram below using the completed text.

í_________ 5__________ 5__________ X

D. LISTENING: Describing Specifications i 07 Listen and

complete the specifications chart.

58
 MB471/316 Tunnel Drill Specifications

Cost

Length

Diameter

Weight

Speed

Manpower needed

Diver’s oxygen low? Give extra gas cylinder to diver.

Locate diver and mark their position.

Diver’s location under water unknown?

Diver’ s not buoyant at the surface? Inflate diver’s wet suit.

Not breathing? Give artificial respiration.

E. SPEAKING: Expressing Solutions
Other boats in area? Make full questions and answers
Send signal
based forfollowing
on the help. information.

Serious injury? A: What shouldwe do if theCall helicopter

diver’s locationtounder
take water
to hospital.
is unknown? B: You should

locate them and mark theirRemove

Diver close to boat or land? position.from water.

No help available at surface? Tow diver to boat or land.

Diver trapped underwater? Free diver with knife.

Diver submerged in water? Bring to surface carefully.

Diver needs immediate treatment? Give first aid.

59
 Unit 7 LASERS

A. READING
Task 1. In your groups, list any applications you know for lasers.
Task 2. Read this text to find out how many applications of lasers listed are mentioned.

Lasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) are devices which amplify

light and produce beams of light which are very intense, directional, and pure in colour. They can

be solid state, gas, semiconductor, or liquid.

When lasers were invented in 1960, some people thought they could be used as ‘death rays’. In

the 1980s, the United States experimented with lasers as a defence against nuclear missiles.

Nowadays, they are used to identify targets. But apart from military uses, they have many

applications in engineering, communications, medicine, and the arts.

In engineering, powerful laser beams can be focused on a small area. These beams can heat,

melt, or vaporize material in a very precise way. They can be used for drilling diamonds, cutting

complex shapes in materials from plastics to steel, for spot welding and for surfacing techniques,

such as hardening aircraft engine turbine blades. Laser beams can also be used to measure and

align structures.

Lasers are ideal for communications in space. Laser light can carry many more information

channels than microwaves because of its high frequency. In addition, it can travel long distance

without losing signal strength. Lasers can also be used for information recording and reading.

Compact discs are read by lasers.

60
Military Engineering Communications Medicine Arts

drilling treating damaged

diamonds tissue
cutting complex information recording and
shapes reading

B. LANGUAGE STUDY

1. Noun + noun compounds

We can use adjectives to describe an object in greater detail. For example:

light electrical light

a motor an electric motor

steel stainless steel

gears helical gears

We can also use nouns. For example:

61
 light a laser light an

motor air motor

steel carbon steel

gears titanium gears

Many relationships are possible in noun compounds. For example: an air

motor a motor which uses air

carbon steel steel which contains carbon

titanium gears gears made of titanium

Task 4. Put each of these examples in the correct column.

carbon blocks apower tool

aluminum alloy aball bearing

carbon fibre aconcrete beam

a gas burner adiesel boat

roller bearings aspring balance

a circuit board aplastic tube

magnesium alloy steel sheets

uses is made of contains

a gas burner carbon blocks carbon blocks

62
2. Time clauses

What is the relationship between these pairs of actions? How can we link eachpair to show this

relationship?

1. Cold water passes through a heat exchanger.

The water is heated.

2. The water is heated.

It reaches a pre-set temperature.

3. The water is heated.

It is pumped to a diverter valve.

4. The water temperature reaches the right level.

The gas control valve shuts off

We can show how actions are linked in time by using time clauses. We can use as to link two

connected actions happening at the same time. For example:

1 As cold water passes through a heat exchanger, the water is heated.

We can use until to link an action and the limit of that action. For example:

2 The water is heated until it reaches a pre-set temperature.

Note that until normally comes between the stages.

We can use after to show that one action is followed by another action. For example:

3. After the water is heated, it is pumped to a diverter valve.

We can use when to show that one action happens immediately after another. For example:

4. When the water temperature reaches the right level, the gas control valve shuts off.

Note that when the time word comes first in the sentence, a comma (,) is used after the time

clause.

Task 5. Link these sets of actions with appropriate time words:

1. The system is switched on.

Cold water passes through a heat exchanger in the boiler.

63
 2. The water passes through the heat exchanger.

The water becomes hotter and hotter.

The water reaches a pre-set level.

3. The water temperature reaches the pre-set level.

A thermostat causes the gas control valve to shut off.

4. The water is pumped to a diverter valve.

The water goes to the hot water cylinder or the radiators.

5. Hot water passes through the inside of the hot water storage cylinder in a coil

arrangement.

Heat is transferred to the surrounding water.

6. The hot water flows through the radiators.

The hot water loses heat.

7. The water passes through the radiators

The water returns to the boiler.

3. used to / for

Study these examples of laser applications:

1 Laser beams can be used to measure and align structures.

2 They can be used for drilling diamonds.

3 They can be used for light displays.

We can describe applications with used to + infinitive or used for + -ing or noun.

Task 6. Describe the applications of lasers using the information in your table and the structures

given above.

64
Task 7. What new relationship can you find in the examples below? Rewrite each compound to

show the relationship. For example:

a foot pump a a pump which is operated by foot a

ribbon cable cable which is like a ribbon a lever

a gear lever for operating gears

1 chain wheel.............................................................................

2 disc wheel............................................................................

3 foot brake............................................................................

4 a hand throttle.........................................................................

5 strain gauge.............................................................................

6 college lecturer.......................................................................

7 toe-clip....................................................................................

8 boiler thermostat.....................................................................

9 safety helmet...........................................................................

10 aircraft engineer......................................................................

C. WRITING Describing a process:

Sequence

When we write about a process, we have to:

1 Sequence the stages

2 Locate the stages

3 Describe what happens at each stage

4 Explain what happensat each stage

65
1 The drum is filled with water.
2 The water is heated to the right temperature.

3 Soap is added.

4 The drum is rotated slowly.

5 The dirty water is pumped out.

6 Clean water is added.

7 The drum is rotated much faster and the water pumped out

8 The clean clothes are removed.

Instead of numbers, we can show the correct order using sequence words.

1. First the drum is filled with water.

2. Then the water is heated to the right temperature.

3. Next soap is added.

4. After that, the drum is rotated slowly.

5. Next the dirty water is pumped out.

6. Then clean water is added.

7. After that, the drum is rotated much faster and the water pumped out.

8. Finally, the clean clothes are removed.

Task 8. Study this diagram. It shows an extruder for forming plastic pipes. Describe the extruder:

66
a)
A: So, tell me about your invention. What’s it for?
B: It’s for .

b) A: OK. And what about this device. What’s it used for?

B: It’s for a flat from inside the car.
c)
A: Tell me about this invention. What can it be used for?
B: You can use it to quickly over and under .

Present Simple What does the carburetor do? It mixes air and petrol.

for + V-ing What’s the carburetor used for? It’s for mixing air and petrol.

to + V You use the carburetor to mix air and petrol.

E. SPEAKING: Describing Use and Function

67
 Device Use and Function

1 This tool hammer in nails.

2 This machine produce drinking water

3 This machine change batteries

4 This machine find lost objects

5 This device turn nuts and bolts without hurting your hand

6 The X-beam wrench

loosen tight and rusty old bolts without hurting your hand

7 This device start your car without getting wet

8 This box store pencils

68
 Unit 8

WASHING MACHINE

A.READING

Many items found in the home contain control systems. The washing machine is one of the most

complex. List some of the factors the control system of a washing machine must handle. This diagram

may help you.

Fig.1 Cross section through a washing machine

69
1 Pump
2 Motor
3 Shock absorber

4 Solenoid valves

5 Heater

6 Pressure sensor

7 Door lock and sensor

8 Temperature sensor

9 Fan

Text 1
Door position
The machine will not start any program unless the door is fully closed and locked. When the door

is closed, it completes an electrical circuit which heats up a heat- sensitive pellet. This expands as

it gets hot, pushing a mechanical lock into place and closing a switch. The switch signals the

control unit that the door is closed and locked. Only when it has received this signal will the

control unit start the wash program.

Text 2 Water

level

When a wash program first starts it has to open the valves which allow the water in. There are

usually two of these valves, one for hot water and one for cold. Each must be controlled

separately depending on the water temperature needed for that

70
program. The valves are solenoid operated, i.e. they are opened and closed electrically.

The rising water level is checked by the water level sensor. This is a pressure sensor. The

pressure of the air in the plastic tube rises as it is compressed by the rising water. The pressure

sensor keeps the control unit informed as to the pressure reached and the control unit uses the

information to decide when to close the water inlet valves.

Text 3
Water temperature
The temperature sensor, a type of thermometer which fits inside the washer drum, measures the

water temperature and signals it to the control unit. The control unit compares it with the

temperature needed for the program being used. If the water temperature is too low, the control

unit will switch on the heater. The temperature sensor continues to check the temperature and

keep the control unit informed. Once the correct temperature is reached, the control unit switches

off the heater and moves on to the next stage of the program.

Text 4 Clock

The control unit includes a memory which tells it how long each stage of a program should last.

The times may be different for each program. The electronic clock built into the control unit

keeps the memory of the control unit informed so that each stage of each program is timed

correctly.

Text 5 Drum speed

During the wash and spinning cycles of the program, the drum has to spin at various speeds.

Most machines use three different speeds. The control unit signals the motor

71
to produce these speeds. The motor starts up slowly, and then gradually increases speed. The

speed sensor, a tachogenerator, keeps the control unit informed as to the speed that has been

reached. The control unit uses the information to control the power to the motor and so controls

the speed of the drum at all times.

Task 1. Read the text 1 to find the answers to these questions.

1 What device is used to lock the door?

2 What provides feedback to the control unit about the door position?

Task 2. Now work in pairs, A and B. Student A: Read Text 2 and 3. Student B: Read Text 4 and

5. Complete your section of the table. Then exchange information with your partner to complete

the whole table.

Control factor Operating device Feedback by

1 Door position heat-sensitive pellet switch

2 Water level ____________________ _______

3 Water temperature ____________________ _______

4 Wash and spin times ____________________________ _______

5 Drum speeds ____________________ _______

B. LANGUAGE STUDY Verbs and related nouns

Task 3. Each of the verbs in column A has a related noun endings in -er or -or in Column B.

Complete the blanks. Use a dictionary to check any spellings which you are not certain about.

Verbs Nouns

Eg.: control controller

1 divert ...........................................

2 ..................................... absorber

72
3 heat
4 ....... evaporator

5 compress

6 ................. resister

7 charge

8 ................. generator

9 conduct

10 ................ exchanger

11 radiate

12 ................ refrigerator

B. LANGUAGE STUDY If / Unless sentences

Task 4. Fill in the blanks in this table using the information in the texts.

Sensor Condition Control unit action

Water level low open inlet valves

1. level high enough

Water temperature 2 ._________________ switch on heater

3. high enough

Drum speed 4.

5.___________________ decrease motor speed

The conditions which the sensors report determine the action of the control unit. We can link

each condition and action like this:

If the water level is low, the inlet valves are opened.

73
Task 5. Write similar sentences for the other five conditions given.
1.....................................................................................................................................

Now study this example.

Sensor Door Condition Control unit action

Door open Machine cannot start

Door Machine can start

We can link these conditions and actions as follows:

1 If the door is open, the machine cannot start.

2 If the door is closed, the machine can start.

3 Unless the door is closed, the machine cannot start.

We use unless when an action cannot or will not happen if a condition is not true. In

example 3, Unless means If ... not. We can rewrite 3 as:

If the door is not closed, the machine cannot start.

Task 6. Complete these sentences using your knowledge of engineering.

1 Unless the ignition is switched on, a car cannot___________________________.

2 Unless the pilot light is on, gas central heating will not___________________.

3 Unless the diverter valve is switched to central heating, the radiators will not

4 Unless there is current flowing in the primary coil of a transformer there will

be no current in the________________coil.

5 Unless there is_______________in the cylinders, a petrol engine will not start.

6 Unless the doors are________________a lift will not operate.

74
 7 Unless mild steel is painted, it will__________________.
8 Unless electrical equipment is earthed, it may be

C. WRITING Explaining a diagram

Task 7. Study this diagram of a pressure sensor. Explain how it works by linking each pair of

actions with appropriate time words.

1 A wash programme first starts.

It opens the valves to allow the water in.

2 The water level in the drum rises.

The air in the plastic tube is compressed.

3 The pressure rises.

The diaphragm moves upwards.

4 This continues.

The switch contacts are separated.

5 This happens.

The fill valves are closed.

Task 8. Join the following groups of statements to make longer sentences. Use the words in

Italics above each group. You may omit words and make whatever

75
changes you think are necessary in the word order and punctuation of the sentences. Join the

sentences to make a paragraph.

1 which

The temperature sensor measures the water temperature.

The temperature sensor is a type of the thermometer.

2 and

The temperature sensor fits inside the washer drum.

The temperature sensor signals the water temperature to the control unit.

3 which

The control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature.

The temperature is needed for the programme being used.

4 If

The water temperature is too low.

The control unit will switch on the heater.

5 and

The temperature sensor continues to check the temperature.

The temperature sensor keeps the control unit informed.

6 When ...and

The correct temperature is reached.

The control unit switches off the heater.

The control unit moves on to the next stage of the programme.

D. LISTENING: Describing a System

4 09 Listen to this presentation about the Wave Energy Converter, and complete the listener’s

notes.

WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER

DEFINITION: system for converting the (1)____________________________________from sea

waves into electrical power.

LOCATION: fixed to the (2)__________________________________

76
Murata Boy can do these things device location

(1) It can stay in a vertical position on the bike. sensor body

(2) It can receive instructions from an outside computer.

(3) It can detect changes in the surface of the

77
road.

(4) It can look straight ahead and move straight forward.

(5) It can detect walls and move away from them.

Complete the questions for this interview with the inventor of the robot

1 A: What__________________________the_________________________do?

B: It can ride a bicycle.

2 A: How__________________________it___________________________?

B: It works by means of sensors and wireless technology.

3 A: How__________________________it detect___________________________in the

surface of the road?

B: By means of a sensor in the frame of the bike.

4 A: How can it detect walls and_____________________________

_________________________from them?

B: By a sensor in its chest.

5 A: How can it___________________________ahead and_________________________

straight forward?

B: By using a camera.

78
 SAMPLE TEST 2
(Time allowed: 60 minutes)

I. Read the following passage and answer the questions

Design is at the heart of technology. This is why most technology courses include design in

their program. Look at any manufactured product and you will see evidence of design. It may be

beautiful, but appearance is only one aspect of design. It must also function well. The design

process is a series of stages, or steps. It begins when someone notices that there is a need or

problem in society which must be solved. It ends when a product is manufactured and meets or

fulfils that need. These are the stages of the design process. First, identify the problem. For

example, when a certain cooking pot is heated, the handle becomes too hot to touch. Sometimes

the designer may have to invent a new product to solve the problem. Sometimes he or she may

modify or change an existing design to improve it. The design process involves a lot of steps like

write the design brief, do an investigation, develop alternative solutions, choose the best

solution, make a model or prototype, test and evaluate.

1. Why do most technology courses include design in their program?

2. What aspects must be considered in a product?

3. When does a design process begin?

4. Is inventing a new product the only way to solve the problem?

II. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D

6__________ . deals with the construction of bridges, roads, airports, etc as well as the

maintenance of them.

A. Electronic engineering B. Medical engineering

C. Civil engineering D. Mechanical engineering

3.__________ is concerned with mechanics, electronics, computing, control

engineering and molecular engineering.

79
A. Mechanics B. Electronics C. Electrical D. Mechatronics

4. Did some people think that lasers____________as “death rays” when they______________in

1960?

A. could be used/ were invented B. coulduse/ invent

C. can be used/ are invented D. can be used/were invented

5._____________________________________ If the water temperature_________too low , the control unit

__________________________________________________the heater.

A. was/ will switch on B. is/ switched on

C. is/ will be switched on D. is/ will switch on

6. A simple dcmotor consists _____________ a field magnet and an armature. The

armature is made up____________a loop of wire and a split ring known as a commutator.

A. at/ on B. of/of C. in/ at D. with/ by

7. When the door is closed, it completes an electrical circuit________________heats up a

heat-sensitive pellet.

A. which B. that C. A & B D. who

8. In severe cases of clogged radiators, it is necessary_____________________them and have

them cleaned by specialized equipment.

A. remove B. to remove C. removing D. to removing

9. Without adequate accident investigation data , the company may be subjected to

costs, claims and legal action for_____________it has no defence.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

10. In engineering,__________laser beams can be focused on a small area. These beams

can heat, melt, or vaporize materials in a very_______________way.

A. power/ precise B. powerful/ precisely

C. powerless/ precise D. powerful/ precise

11. Many accidents happen_____________workers’ carelessness

A. because B. since C. but D. because of

III. Match a phrase in column A with another in column B

A B

80
deals with...
movement.
17. In an electric motor, ...
B. carry many more information channels than microwaves

because of its high frequency.

18. The control unit of
a C. to use escalators and lifts, switch on lights turn taps and
washing machine...
open doors.
19. Laser light can...
D. it has to open the valves which allow the water in.
20. When a wash program
E. the design and manufacture of tools and machines.
first starts,...

F. converts the rotary motion of the engine into the reciprocating

motion required

G. includes a memory which tells it how long each stage of a

program should last.

H. belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.

IV. Make sentences from the given words

21. Washing machine/ not start/ unless/ door/ be fully/ close and lock.

22. Tools/ should put/ away/ when/ not/ in use/ and/ any breakages and looses/ must report.

23. Lasers/ use/ engineering/, communications/, medicine/, and arts/ since/ they/ first/ invent/ 1960.

24. It/ true/ that/ since/ first internal combustion engine/ build/ 1859/, its design/ not change/ much?

25. Copper/ highly conductive/ so/ it/ use/ make/ electric wiring.

V. Translate the sentences into Vietnamese

26. Electrical engineers provide all the services we need in our homes and places of work,

including lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and lifts.

81
27. If you put two magnets close together, like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract

each other.

28. The function of an electric motor is to convert electric energy into mechanical energy.

29. Mechanisms plays a vital role in our everyday life because they allow us to do simple

things like switching on lights, turning taps and opening doors.

30. ABS is light and has high impact strength so it is used to make safety helmets.

82
 PRACTICE
UNIT 1
Task 1. Translate the sentences into English

a. Tôi là sinh viên năm thứ hai khoa Cơ khí trường Đại học giao thông vận tải. Chúng tôi đang

học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Cơ khí.

b. Có bốn ngành kỹ thuật chính là kỹ thuật cơ khí, kỹ thuật công trình, kỹ thuật điện và kỹ thuật

điện tử.

c. Bạn có biết kỹ thuật cơ khí liên quan đến lĩnh vực nào không?

d. Việc sản xuất, phân phối và lắp đặt điện là lĩnh vực thuộc về kỹ thuật điện.

e. Có phải ô tô, tàu hỏa, tàu thủy và máy bay tất cả đều là sản phẩm của kỹ thuật cơ khí không?

Task 2. Translate the sentences into Vietnamese

1. Electrical engineering is about generating and supplying power.

2. Electronic engineering is about designing and making machines that use electric power.

3. Civil engineering is about designing, building, and looking after structures.

83
 Subjects People and jobs Things Adjectives

1. engineering engineer engine engineering

2.

3.

4.

5.

Task 4. Make sentences from the given words

1. When/ he/ start / work/ this/ factory? Since/ he/ move/ here/ 2000.

2. How much/ this model/ weigh? It/ weigh/ 120 grams.

3. How many/ function/ the/ new machine/ have? It/ have/ more than/ 20 function.

4. Civil engineering/ concerned/ make/ road/ bridge/ airport, etc.

5. Transport technology/ deal/ all type/ transport/ as well as/ road,/ railway,/ airport?

84
 UNIT 2
Task 1. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D

1. This book provides a _________introduction to the application of electronic control

systems in mechanical and electrical engineering.

A. clearly and comprehensively B. clearly and comprehensive

C. clear and comprehensively D. clear and comprehensive

2. Food must be refrigerated in order_________

A. keep fresh longer B. keeping fresh longer

C. to keep fresh longer D. to be kept fresh longer

3. New technology allows manufacturers_________production.

A. to increase B. increase C. increasing D. increased

4. Mechanisms play an______important role in industry.

A. very B. essential C. essentially D. so

5. A few days ago I spoke to the man_________is a specialist in plastic surgery.

A. which B. whose C. whom D. who

6. _____engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.

A. Mine and medical B. Mining and medicine

C. Mining and medical D. Mine and medicining

7. Any minor trouble, if left uncorrected, can bring__________a serious failure or accident.

A. to B. about C. with D. at

8. Heating and ventilating are the concern of_________engineers.

A. civil B. mechanical C. electrical D. electronic

9. Diesel engines are more economical than gasoline engine in____________

A. price B. fuel C. fuel price D. fuel cost

10.____________________________________________Friction is essential in brakes but it is a

in engine.

A. help B. nuisance C. motion D. tension

85
Task 2. Match a phrase in column A with another in column B

A B

1 Another very important force in A being a force, is measured in newtons.

engineering is B so the magnitudes of B and W must be the

2 Friction causes the moving parts to wear same.

and it produces C friction in machines is destructive

3 Pull the block along and wasteful.

D heat where it is not wanted.

4 Since the ship is in equilibrium, the

resultant force is zero, E and compare the two forces.

5 Mass is measured in kilograms, whereas

weight, F so that it moves at a steady speed.

G the one caused by elasticity.

H a way of measuring force.

86
 UNIT 3
Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tenses.

1. About 20 years after Otto first (run) his engine, Rudolf Diesel successfully

(demonstrate) an entirely different method of igniting fuel.

2. Engineered systems contain many components, and a suitable material (must select) for

each of them.

3. Why the first Concorde’s engine surrounds (make) of special alloy?

4. Since the 1950s, the size of computers (decrease) considerably.

5. Charles Babbage (produce) the first general purpose digital computer?

6. You (think) that a new power plant (build) near this area in the future?

Task 2. Make sentences from the given words

1. How/ alloy/ make? It/ make/ mix/ different/ metal/ together.

2. Aluminium/ soft/ highly conductive metal/ and/ often/ use/ make air craft/ as well as/ other/

kitchen/ equipment.

3. What material/ often/ use/ make/ safety helmet? It/ usually/ make of/ ABS/ because/

this kind/ plastic/ durable/ and/ have/ high impact strengh.

87
4. Brass/ alloy/ which/ consist of/ copper and zinc.

5. Mild steel/ metal/ which/ contain/ iron and 0.15% to 0.3% carbon?

6. Since/ introduction/ computer imaging/ the 1970s/, X-ray machines/ use/ many field.

88
 UNIT 4
Task 1. Read the passage and complete the sentences below, using the correct form of the word

in brackets

There are three main materials used in making pipes: metal, rubber and plastic. Metal

is stronger than rubber or plastic. It is also heavier and more rigid than rubber or plastic.

Rubber is the most flexible of the three materials, but it is more expensive than either steel or

plastic.

1. Rubber is_____________than metal or plastic. (strong/ weak)

2. Rubber is also______________than the other two materials. (flexible/ rigid)

3.__________________ The of the three materials is metal. (strong/ weak)

4. The ____________ _____________of the three materials is rubber. (expensive /

cheap)
5. Plastic is than metal. (heavy/ light)

6. Metal is the ___of the three materials. (heavy/ light)

Task 2. Fill the gaps to compare computers now and ten years ago. Use the adjectives in

brackets

Computers today are more powerful _______________________ 1 (powerful). They operate 3

______________2 (fast) and they have much__________________ (large) memories. Because

they contain more electronics, the cases have become _____________4 (big) but the

flat-screen monitors are 5 (heavy) and fit into a 6

(small) space on your desk. Computers are also 7 (cheap). The price

is 8 (low) now than in the past. The programs too are 9

(good). They are 10 (sophisticated) and you can work much

11 (efficiently).

Task 3. Make sentences from the given words

1 The Boeing/ a little/ shorter/ and/ can fly/ higher/ the Airbus.

89
2 The Airbus/ can carry/ heavier weight/ and fly/ farther/ the Boeing.

3 The Boeing/ faster/ the Airbus/ but/ the Airbus engines/ more powerful.

4 Metal/ much/ heavier/ plastic and rubber/ but/ it/ strongest/ three materials.

5 Friction/ sometimes/ help/ but/ it/ often/ hindrance.

Task 4. Most of the following sentences are incorrect. Find and correct them

1. Is the Wortsilo-Sulzer RTA96-C biggest internal combustion engine in the world?

2. Deep-type filters are more efficient and have a longer service life.

3. Iron is plentiful, cheap, much stronger than wood, and flexible than stone.

4. Which is the building highest in the world?

5. I think My Thuan bridge is not beautiful as Can Tho bridge.

6. Cable-stayed bridges have much greater stiffness than suspension bridges.

7. Now I earn fewer than before but spend more than so I am always in the lack of money.

8. I think this unit is difficult much more than the next one.

9. Life in the city is more noisy than life in the country.

10. The Airbus was introduced most recently than the Boeing.

90
 A B
1. Plastics are lighter and more A. by use of heat treatment.
corrosion-resistant, B. to make a metal soft so that it can be

2. Alloying is an important method machined more easily.

of obtaining C. what to do with them after use.

3. The properties of a metal can be D. which is much stronger than either pure

further improved copper or pure aluminum.

4. Tempering makes metals E. to separate aluminum from the oxygen in

5. You need a lot of electrical aluminum ore.

energy
F. but they are not usually as strong.

G. softer and less brittle.

H. whatever special properties are required.

91
Task 3. Fill in the missing prepositions

a. The linear movement......................paper trimmer is used to cut the edge..............................the

paper.

b......................................................................................................................................... Internal

combustion engines can be dassiííed according ........................................................... the cooling

system employed.

c....................................................... If the water temperature is too low, the control unit will switch

..................................................................................................................................................the heater.

d. Weight is measured ................................ newtons and mass is measured .....................................

kilograms.

e. Air pollution can lead ............................. some dangerous diseases like asthma, lung

cancer and even premature death.

Task 4. Translate the sentences into Vietnamese

a. Mechanical engineering is about designing and making all the parts of machines that move.

That could mean rocket science or bike design - and everything in between.

b. Chemical engineering is about using the processes which change materials in a chemical or

physical way. The science behind these processes helps to find out the best way to make the right

products.

c. Information technology is about using computers for collecting, storing, and sending

information.

d. Transport technology is concerned with all types of transport as well as roads, railways,

airports, and sea ports.

92
 UNIT 6
Task 1. Change these sentences like this

A robot never gets bored. ^ A robot does not get bored.

Robots never get bored. ^ Robots do not get bored.

A Robots never complain. ^..............................................................................................................

B A computer never makes mistakes. ^............................................................................................

C A robot never eats. ^......................................................................................................................

D Some satellites never return to Earth. ^............................................................................................

E Machines never demand higher wages. ^......................................................................................

F Some materials never decay. ^....................................................................................................

G A wet bird never flies at night. ^............................................................................................

Task 2. You are planning a factory operated totally on robots. Make a list of things you don’t

need and say why

D. g. a canteen

You don’t need a canteen to provide meals because robots don’t eat.

1 medical facilities

2 a clock

3 washing facilities

4 wages clerks

5 car park

6 heaters

Task 3. Make sentences from the given words

1. If/ robot/ programmed,/ it/ will do/ its job/ over and over again.

2. Robot/ can work/ 24 hour a day/ without breaks/ food, rest or sleep./ It/ not take/ holiday/ or

demand/ higher wages.

93
3. Robots/ can design/ do almost/ any job;/ they/ can also do/ very heavy work/

4. Robots/ can operate/ conditions/ that/ too dangerous,/ too hot/ or too cold/ people/ to work in.

5. Electric motor/ convert/ electrical energy/ mechanical energy.

6. They/ spend/ 5 year/ company/ which/ build/ ultrasonic measuring instrument/ so far.

7. That engineer/ work/ our factory/ 10 year/ before/ he/ move/ London.

8. What material/ often use/ make/ car body panel?

Task 4. Match each requirement to the correct reason

Product: Garden chair

Requirement Reason

1 lightweight a. stores easily in winter

2 strong b. spends most of the time outside

3 stackable c. supports heavy adults

4 available in a range of colours d. keeps manufacturing costs low

5 durable e. easy to lift

6 comfortable f. competes with rivals

94
7 easy to mass-produce 9 looks attractive
8 sell for less than €20 10 encourages people to use it

Task 5. Tick (V) the ones you agree with and cross (X) those you disagree with

1 Appropriate technology is only for poor countries.

2 Technology students should invent and make appropriate technology devices.

3 Studying appropriate technology is a waste of time.

4 Appropriate technology is out-of-date technology.

Task 6. Put the verbs into the correct tenses

I: Where you (1.work__________________) before present job?

A: I (2. spend_________________) three and a half years with a large defence company.

I: And what your job (3.be__________________) there?

A: I (4.be__________________) a test engineer.

I: You (5.find__________________) that experience useful when you

(6.move________________) over to your present job?

A: I (7.think ) it (8.be ).

I: You (9.go) there on leaving school or you (10.go ) to college first?

A: No, I (11. spend_______________ ) three years doing a course in Electrical and ) six

Electronic Engineering. I (12.do I: months doing work-related studies.

Where you (13. do________________ ) that?

A: I (14. spend) some time in a company which (15. build____________ ) ultrasonic

measuring instruments. Again I (16. be) lucky- it (17. be ___) a very

interesting job. I (18. do ) a lot of field service.

95
 UNIT 7
Task 1. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D

1. That construction Corporation.................... a lot of important construction items in this

city this year.

A. has made B. makes C. is making D. make

2. Friction...............the moving parts.....................

A. makes / to wear B. makes / wear

C. made / to wear D. made / wearing

3. Electronic Fuel Injection system........................into three basic sub-systems.

A. can be divide B. can divide C. can divided D. can be divided

4...................................................................................... Friction is sometimes a help, but it is a

hindrance.

A. always B. commonly C. never D. just

5. After the piston reaches the bottom of its first stroke, the cylinder is.............................full of

an air / fuel charge.

A. especially B. importantly C.practical D. practically

6................ electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field around

.............wire.

A. The / the B. An / a C. An / the D. The / a

7...................................................................................... In general, a piston is a sliding plug fits

closely inside the bore of a

cylinder.

A. who B. whose C. that D. what

8. Mechanisms provide the forces to force plastic........................dies to make pipes.

A. to B. into C. with D. through

9. Designing and manufacturing tools are the concern of........................engineers.

A. civil B. mechanical C. electrical D. electronic

10. Engineers use ball bearings and roller bearings because ................................. objects

cause less friction than sliding ones.

96
Task 2. Complete the paragraph with appropriate words

Robots are particular useful for (1) ................................................... in places where

humans would die. They don’t (2)..........................................air, so they can be used in space

or underwater. Special (3) ......................................... have also been designed for handling

radioactive materials. A number of industrial and military robots are also (4)

................................to operate (5)....................................... poisonous gases. So in many ways

robots mean that people do (6) .......................................................... have to work in (7)

................................ jobs. But of course, (8) ................................................ are still needed to

program and repair the robots.

Task 3. Make sentences from the given words

1. Robot/ can do/ heavy work/ and/ operate/ condition/ that/ too/ dangerous/ people.

2. When/ electric current/ run/ wire,/ it/ produce/ magnetic field/ the wire.

3. Laser/ use/ spot welding/ and/ treat/ damage/ tissue.

4. What/ happen/ if/ you/ put/ 2 unlike pole/ close/ together?

5. Property/ metal/ can further improve/ use/ heat treatment.

6. Traveling by train/ popular/ 50 year ago?

7. Since/ new road/ open/ more/ people/ travel/ here.

8. You/ should read/ instruction manual/ careful/ before/ operate/ machine.

97
Task 4. Match a phrase in column A with another in column B
A B

1. To give equilibrium, 6. produces a magnetic field around the

2. Spring is another important force in wire.

engineering 7. one for hot water and one for cold.

3. An electric current running through a wire 8. to decide when to close the water inlet

4. When electricity flows around the armature valves.

wire, 9. current flows through the armature in the

5. There are usually two of these valves, opposite direction.

10. which is caused by elasticity.

11. which can run on direct or alternating

current.

12. the iron becomes an electromagnet.

13. the spring pulls up to opposite that

weight.

98
 UNIT 8
Task 1. Put the verbs into the correct tense

The standard design of the bicycle (a. be)____________________________in existence for

about 100 years. But in the past 10 years there (b. be)_______________________more changes

than during any other decade. Bicycles (c. have)___________________________much in common

with aircraft: both (d. design)____________________ to minimize wind resistance.

The heart of the bicycle (e. be) ___________________________ its frame. It (f. must/be)

________________ strong, light, flexible. Many racing bicycle frames (g. make)

________________from aluminum alloys. In recent years, bicycle manufacturers (h.

experiment)__________________with composite materials.

Task 2. Show the links between these sets of ideas using appropriate linking words: in addition,

moreover, but, for example, because, therefore, so, since

1 Many accidents happen.

Workers’ carelessness.

2 Education can reduce accidents.

It is important that all workers receive training in basic safety.

3 Eye injuries can be serious.

Goggles must be worn for grinding and cutting.

4 Safety gloves provide protection for the hands.

They prevent burns.

They reduce the danger of cuts.

5 Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects.

They prevent the feet getting caught in machinery.

6 Respirators should be worn in dusty conditions.

Dust can damage the lungs.

7 Safety gear exists for every danger.

Each year people are injured.

They refuse or forget to wear the right gear.

99
Task 3. Translate the sentences into Vietnamese
1 Do not wear loose-fitting clothing when working with machines.

2 Protective clothing should be worn.

3 Lighting should be adequate.

4 Equipment should be used properly.

5 Equipment must not be operated by untrained personnel.

Task 4. Make sentences from the given words

1 Washing machine/ must maintain/ periodically.

2 If/ drum speed/ low,/ motor speed/ increase.

3 Work place/ should keep/ tidy and clean.

4 After/ water/ pump/ diverter valve,/ it/ go/ hot water cylinder/ or/ radiator.

5 Laser beam/ can use/ measure/ and/ align/ structure.

6 Water/ heat/ until/ it/ reach/ pre-set temperature.

7 Epoxy resin/ brittle and chemical resistant/ so/ it/ use/ boat and car body.

8 The last 20 year/ many high building/ construct/ this town.

100
Task 5. Match a phrase in column A with another in column B

A B

1. Mechanical engineering deals with A. which is formed by mixing other metals or

2. Electricity generating is concerned elements.

with B. aircraft canopies and double - glazing.

3. Conductor is a material C. which becomes plastic when heated.

4. An alloy is a metal D. motorized drives in cameras.

5. Acrylic is used for E. power stations .

F. cables, switchgear, and connecting up

electrical equipment.

G. which allows heat or current to flow easily.

H. machinery of all kinds.

101
aeronautical [e3r3'no:tikal] adj thuộc về hàng không
application [spli'keijn] n sự áp dụng, ứng dụng

automobile ['o:t3mabi:l] n xe ô tô
body scanner ['bodi 'sk^na] n máy chụp, chiếu toàn thân

branch [bra:ntj] n ngành

cable ['keibl] n dây điện, dây cáp

concern [kan'sa:n] n, v mối liên quan, có quan hệ

combine ['kombain] v kết hợp, hợp nhất

communication [k3,mju:ni'keijn] n viễn thông, sự trao đổi thông tin

component [kam'pounant] n cấu kiện, bộ phận, linh kiện

computing [k3m'pju:tin] n tin học

design [di'zain] n, v sự thiết kế, thiết kế

distribution [,distri'bju:Jn] n sự phân bố

electrical [Ĩ'lektrik3l] adj thuộc về/ liên quan đến điện

engineering [,end3Ĩ'nĨ3rin] n kỹ thuật

equipment [Ĩ'kwipm3nt] n đồ trang bị, đồ dùng, thiết bị

generation [,d3en3'reijn] v sự phát ra, tạo ra, sinh ra

harbour ['ha:ba] n cảng

harvest ['ha:vist] v gặt hái, thu hoạch

heating ['hi:tin] n nhiệt, sưởi ấm

include [in'klu:d] v bao gồm

industry ['indastri] n ngành công nghiệp

installation [,inst3'leijn] n sự lắp đặt

* electrical ~ n sự lắp đặt điện

involve [in'volv] v gồm có, liên quan tới

lighting ['laitin] n sự thắp sáng, chiếu sáng

lift [lift] n thang máy

102
machine [m3'JÌ:n] n máy móc
maintenance ['meintinans] n bảo quản, bảo dưỡng

manufacture [msnju'fektj3] n, v sản xuất

marine [ma'ri:n] adj thuộc về hàng hải, biển

mine [main] v,n đào, khai thác mỏ, hầm mỏ

partly ['pa:tli] adv một phần

prepare [pri'pea] v chuẩn bị

preserve [pri'za:v] v giữ gìn, bảo tồn, bảo quản

process ['prouses] n, v sự chế biến, xử lý, chế biến,

produce ['prodju:s] v sản xuất

rail track [reil] [trak] n đường sắt

result in [ri'zAlt] phr dẫn đến, kết quả là

support [sa'po:t] n, v sự hỗ trợ, ủng hộ, hỗ trợ,

switchgear [switJgĨ3] n công tắc, hộp số

tool [tu:l] n công cụ, dụng cụ

ventilation [,venti'leijn] n sự thông gió, thông hơi

absolutely ['^bs3lu:tli] adv tuyệt đối, hoàn toàn
bearing ['bearin] n (kỹ thuật) ổ; giá; trụ; đệm

buoyancy ['boiansi] n sự nổi; sức nổi

calibrate ['k^libreit] n đo, xác định đơn vị đo lường

circumstance ['sa:kamst3ns] n hoàn cảnh; trường hợp

UNIT 2
distinction [dis'tinkjn] n sự khác biệt

elasticity [,el^s'tisiti] n (vật lý) tính đàn hồi

equal ['i:kwal] v bằng; ngang

equilibrium [,i:kwi'librĨ3m] n (sự) cân bằng giữa các lực

exert [ig'za:t] v đưa , tác động

force [fõ:s] n sức; lực; sức mạnh

103
friction ['frikjn] n (sự) ma sát; mài xát
gravity ['gravati] n (sự) hút; (sự) hấp dẫn; trọng lực

grease [g ri:s] n dầu mỡ; dầu nhờn

hindrance ['hindrans] n sự cản trở

lubricate ['lu:brikeit] v tra dầu mỡ, bôi trơn (máy)

magnitude ['msgnitju:d] n tầm lớn, độ lớn, lượng

maintain [mein'tein] v giữ cho khỏi thay đổi; duy trì

mass [mss] n (vật lý) khối lượng

matter ['m^ta] n vật chất (nói chung)

measure ['me33] v đo, đo lường

normal ['no:mal] adj (toán học) trực giao, vuông góc

object ['ttbd3Ĩkt] n đồ vật, vật thể

oppose [a'pouz] v đối lập, đối chọi

plane [plein] n mặt, mặt bằng, mặt phẳng

polish ['pulil] v,n đánh bóng, làm cho láng (cái gì)

quantity ['kwont3ti] n lượng; khối lượng; số lượng

reaction n (vật lý); (hoá học) phản ứng

i
r

resultant [ri'zAltant] adj (vật lý) (toán học) tổng hợp, hợp

slide [slaid] n,v sự trượt, trượt

slope [sloup] n dốc, đường dốc

solve [solv] n giải quyết

[s
spring Prin] n lò xo

stretch [stretl] v kéo dài ra, căng ra, duỗi ra

weight ['weit] n trọng lượng

UNIT 3

acrylic [3'krilik] n nhựa acrylic

adhesive [3d'hi:siv] n keo dính

air-craft canopy [ea kra:ft 'k^napi] n vòm che buồng lái máy bay

104
alloy [’^bi] n
aluminium [,^lju'minj3m] n

bearing ['bearin] n

brass [bra:s] n
hợp kim nhôm
brittle ['britl] adj
cái đệm,thiết bị làm giảm ma sát
cast [ka:st] v
đồng thau
circuit ['s3:kit] n
giòn, dễ vỡ
chemical-resistant ['kemikl-ri'zist3nt] adj
đúc, đổ khuôn
conductive [kan'dAktiv] adj
mạch điện
contain [kan'tein] v
chịu hóa chất
copper ['kopa] n
có tính dẫn điện
corrosion-resistant [ka'rou 3n - adj
bao gồm, gồm có
ri'zist3nt]
đồng đỏ
current ['kArant] n
có tính chống ăn mòn
diagram ['daiagram] n

double-glazing [,dAbl - 'gleizin] n dòng điện

drill [dril] n, v biểu đồ
ductile ['dAktail] adj
kính hai
durable ['dju3rabl ] adj lớp máy
electric wiring [i'lektrik 'waĨ3rin] n khoan,
encapsulate [in'k^psjuleit] v khoan dễ
file [fail] n kéo sợi
fitting ['fitin] n bền, chắc
*electrical ~ n dây điện
form [fo:m] v
bọc, gói gọn, đóng chặt cái giũa
[ i ]
gear g^ n thành phần, bộ phận các bộ phận
graph [grafj n điện hình thành, tạo hình bánh răng,
hard [ha:d] adj bộ số đồ thị
heat-resistant ['hi:t - ri'zist3nt] adj cứng, chắc, rắn chịu nhiệt vật liệu
insulator ['Ĩnsjuleit3] n cách điện

105
kitchenware ['kitjìn,we3] n
machine [maji:n] v

malleable ['m^liabl] adj

material [m3'tĨ3rĨ3l] n đồ bếp núc

metal ['metl] n cắt, gò, đánh bóng (bằng máy)
mould [mould] v dễ dát mỏng
reinforce [,ri:in'fo:s] v vật liệu
safety ['seifti] n kim loại
* ~ helmet ['helmit] n đúc, tạo khuôn
scratch-resistant [skratl- ri'zist3nt] adj tăng cường, gia cố
self-lubricating ['self - lubri'keitin] adj sự an toàn
soft [soft] adj mũ bảo hiểm
steel [sti:l] n chống cào xước, sức bền bề mặt tốt tự
*high carbon ~ [hai 'ka:ban] n bôi trơn mềm thép
*mild ~ [maild] n thép có tỉ lệ cácbon cao thép mềm
stiff [stif] adj cứng (không biến dạng) sức bền, độ bền
strength ['stren0] n độ bền/ chịu va đập cao tôi (nung nóng
*high impact ~ [hai 'imp^kt] n kim loại rồi làm nguội để có độ cứng và
temper ['tempa] v đàn hồi cần thiết) nhiệt độ

nhựa dẻo, nhựa tổng hợp có thể gia

temperature ['temprat/a] n công, tái chế

dai
thermoplastics [,03:mou'pl^stik] n ống, hệ thống ống đồ
[t ]
tough Af adj
dùng, dụng cụ chịu
tubing ['tju:bin] n
được mài mòn kẽm
utensil [ju:'tensl] n

wear-resistant [wea - ri'zist3nt] adj

zinc [zink] n

106
achieve [3'tíi:v] v đạt được, giành được
advantage [3d'va:ntid3] n lợi thế, ưu điểm

aerodynamic [,e3roudai'n^mik] adj (thuộc) khí động lực học

anneal [3'ni:l] v (kỹ thuật) ủ, tôi, thấu

at least [3t li :st] it nhất, ít ra

burn [b3:n] v đốt, đốt cháy

at a certain rate [3t 3 sa:tn reit] nphr ở một tỷ lệ nhất định

cool [ku:l] v làm mát, làm nguội

concrete ['kưnkrLt] n bê-tông

core [ko:] n (kỹ thuật) nòng; lõi; ruột

dump ['dAmp] v đổ thành đống (rác)

extract [iks'trakt] v chiết, tách xuất

extreme [ik'stri:m] adj vô cùng; tột bực, rất

factor ['fekta] n nhân tố, yếu tố

flying hour ['flaiin'au3] nphr giờ bay

freezing point ['fri:zin point] nphr điểm đóng băng

further ['fa:đa] adj/adv thêm nữa; hơn nữa

improve [im'pru:v] v cải tiến, cải thiện

lead [led] n chì

lightweight ['laitweit] adj nhẹ

magnetic [m^g'netik] adj (thuộc) từ tính

molten ['moultan] adj nấu chảy (kim loại)

ore [o:(r>] n quặng

melting ['meltin ] n tan chảy

method ['me9ad] n phương pháp

mix [miks] v trộn, pha lẫn, hoà lẫn

mixture ['mikstía] n sự pha trộn, sự hỗn hợp

obtain [3b'tein] v đạt được, thu được

107
procedure [pra'si:d33] n thủ tục, quy trình
pure [pjua] adj nguyên chất, tinh khiết

recycle [ri:'saik3l] v tái chế

required strength [ri'kwaĨ3d'stren0] nphr

sức bền; độ bền cần có, theo

yêu cầu
resistance to wear [ri'zist3ns ta wea] nphr chống mài mòn

select [si'lekt] v lựa chọn, chọn lọc,

specification [,spesifi'keijn] n
đặc điểm, thông số kỹ thuật

structure ['strAkt/a] n kết cấu, cấu trúc

surround [sa'raund] n vỏ (động cơ)

temper ['tempa] v tôi (thép...)

term [ta:m] n từ, thuật ngữ

tin [tin] n thiếc

titanium [tai'teinĨ3m] n (hoá học) ti-tan

toughness ['tAfnis] n tính dai, tính bền

treat [tri:t] v (hoá học) xử lý

withstand [wiđ'stend] v chịu đựng; chống lại

beam /bi:m/ n dầm (băng gỗ, kim loại, bê tông)
brake /breik/ n phanh

cam /k^m/ n
cơ cấu trong kỹ thuật để tạo ra được các

chuyển động theo yêu cầu

car body panel /ka: 'bodi 'p^nl/ n tấm panel của thân ô tô
UNIT 5
combustion /kam'bAst|n / n sự cháy, sự đốt cháy

compression /kam'prejn / n sự nén, sự ép

concrete /'konkri:t/ n bê tông

crankshaft /'krankja:ft/ n trục khuỷu

108
escalator /'eskaleita/ n thang máy (cuốn)
essential /Ĩ'senj9l/ adj cần thiết, thiết yếu
foot pump /fut pAmp/ n bơm chân

friction /'frikjn/ n sự cọ xát

gear /gia/ n bánh răng, răng cưa

hinder /'hinda/ v cản trở

hindrance /'hindrans/ n sự cản trở

linear /'linia/ n chuyển động thẳng

load /loud/ n sự tải, tải trọng

mass /m$s/ n khối lượng

mechanism /'mekanizm/ n cơ cấu

motion /'mouln/ n sự chuyển động, di động

move /mu:v/ v chuyển động

nuisance /'nju:sns/ n điều bực bội, mối gây thiệt hại

oscillating /'osileitin/ n dao động

pendulum /'pendjulam/ n quả lắc

piston /'pistan/ n pitông

reciprocate /ri'sipr3keit/ v
chuyển động qua lại (theo đường thẳng)

roller /'roula/ n trục quay

rotary /'routari/ adj quay

steel rod /sti:l rod/ n thanh thép

surface /'s9:fis/ n bề mặt

tap /tep/ n vòi nước

trimmer /'trima/ n lưỡi cắt

valve /v^lv/ n van

weight /'weit/ n trọng lượng

wheel /wi:l/ n bánh xe

109
alternating current ['u:lt3rneiting 'kArant] phr
dòng điện xoay chiều (AC)

armature ['a:m3tja] n cuộn cảm ứng, lõi, cốt

attraction n sức hút, sự hút

§ Mt
carbon brush ['ka:ban brAj] phr chổi than

commutator ['komju:teita] n cái đảo mạch, cái cổ góp

field [fi:ld] n (điện) trường, lĩnh vực

gap [g^p] n khe hở, khoảng cách

loop [lu:p] n,v cuộn, mạch, móc lại

magnet ['m^gnit] n nam châm

opposite direction ['a:pazit di'rekjn] phr chiều ngược lại, đối diên
[ o l]
pole p^ n cực (nam châm, ắc qui)

quarter ['kwo:rtar] n một pnần tư, phía, nơi

repel [ri'pel] v đẩy đi xa, đẩy lùi, đẩy

repulsion ['ri'pAl|n] n lực đẩy

reverse [ri'v3:rs] adj, đảo,sự đổi chiều,

skimming [skiming ] n lướt qua, (đọc) qua loa

split [split] adj chia ra, tách ra, vỡ ra

stationary ['stei/nari] adj tĩnh, đứng yên, ổn định

strategy ['stratad3i] n chiến thuật, sách lược,

wrist watch [rist WB^] n đồng hồ đeo tay

accompany [3'kAmpani] v đệm nhạc, phụ họa
align [a'lain] v sắp cho thẳng hàng

amplification [,§mplifi'keijn] n sự khuyếch đại công suất

be focused [bi 'foukast] phr điều tiêu, hội tụ

beam of light [bi:m a:v lait] phr chùm, tia ánh sáng

UNIT 7

110
blade [bleid] n cánh (tua bin)
damaged tissue ['d^mid3 'tiju:] phr cơ bị tổn thương

drilling [driling] n việc khoan lỗ

emission [i'mijn] n sự phát ra, bốc ra

fraction of a ['frakjn a:va 'sekand] phr một phần nghìn giây

second
frequency ['fri:kw3nsi] n tần suất, số

identify [ai'dentifai] v xác định

intense [in'tens] adj chói, mãnh liệt, dữ dội

microwave ['maikreweiv] n vi sóng, sóng cực ngắn

missile ['misal] n tên lửa

precise [pri'sais] adj chính xác

radiation [reidi'eijn] n bức xạ, phóng xạ

ray [rei] n tia

semiconductor [,semikan'dAkt3] n chất bán dẫn

shape ưeip] n hình dạng

solid ['sa:lid] adj thể rắn

spot welding [spa:t welding] phr hàn điểm

stimulate ['stimjuleit] v kích thích, khích động

target ['ta:rgit] n mục tiêu, mục đích

vaporize ['veiparaiz] v làm cho bốc, bay hơi

absorber [ab'so:rbar ] n thiết bị hấp thụ, hút thu
adjusting [a'd3Asting] n điều chỉnh

circuit ['s3:rkit] n chu vi, mạch (điện)

cycle ['saikl] n vòng, chu kỳ

device [di'vais] n thiết bị, dụng cụ

UNIT 8

111
drum speed [drAm spi:d] n.phr vận tốc lồng giặt
expand [ik'sp^nd] v giãn nở, mở rộng

feedback ['fi:db®k] n phản hồi

sensitive pellet ['sensativ 'pelit] n.phr viên, bi cảm ứng

lock [la:k] v,n khóa chặt

position [pa'zijn] n vị trí, địa điểm

pressure ['pre/ar] n áp suất, áp lực

pump [pAmp] v,n bơm, máy bơm

reach [ri: jn v,n đạt được, tới được

sensor ['sensar] n bộ cảm biến

separately ['separatli] adv riêng rẽ, tách biệt

solenoid ['soulanoid] n,adj điện từ (Cuộn dây kim loại trở nên có
từ tính khi có dòng điện đi qua)

spin [spin] v,n xoay tròn, quay tròn

stage [steid3] n chu trình, giai đoạn

thermometer 0
[ 3r'ma:mitar] n nhiệt kế

valve [v^lv] n van

112
 REFERENCES

1. Cunningham, S. & Moor, P. (2007). New Cutting Edge (Pre-Intermediate). Longman.

2. Cunningham, S. & Moor, P. (2007). New Cutting Edge (Intermediate). Longman.

3. Eastwood, J. (1999). Oxford Practice Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

4. Eastwood, J. (1994). Oxford guide to English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

5. Glendinning, E.H. & Glendinning, N. (1995). Oxford English for electrical and mechanical

engineering. Oxford University Press.

6. Liên hiệp đường sắt Việt nam. (1999). Từ điển thuật ngữ đường sắt Anh - Việt. Hà nội: Nhà

xuất bản Giao thông vận tải.

7. Minh, ĐTT., Oanh, PK. & Thanh, BT. (2015). Englishfor Mechanical

Engineering. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Giao thông vận tải.

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